Bi-modal microwave neuromodulation via thermal and nonthermal mechanisms

Electrical neuromodulation, the current clinical standard, is invasive, expensive, and prone to malfunction. Electromagnetic waves can perform noninvasive neuromodulation, but existing methods are limited by the tradeoff between penetration depth and spatial precision. Microwaves in the 0.9 – 3 GHz range are widely used for telecommunications and can penetrate to the deep brain. Microwaves have been shown to nonthermally modulate neural activity, but the acute bioeffects remain unclear and under-studied. Here, we employ a microwave rod antenna (MRA) to demonstrate bi-modal neuromodulation via thermal and non-thermal mechanisms. The MRA enabled electrophysiological recordings of neurons exposed to microwaves, which elucidated the differential effects of pulsed and continuous microwaves on neurons. These findings build the foundation for developing microwave-based wireless neuromodulation devices for drug-free treatment of seizures and chronic pain.