Global, Regional, and National Burden of Kidney, Bladder, and Prostate Cancers and Their Attributable Risk Factors, 1990-2019

Abstract Background: To investigate the burden and attributable risk factors for three genitourinary cancers in 204 countries and territories during 30 years.Methods: We extracted data of kidney, bladder, and prostate cancers from the Global Burden of Disease 2019 database, including incidence, mortality, disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), and the attributable risk factors from 1990 to 2019. Estimated annual percentage changes (EAPC) were calculated to assess the changes in age-standardized incidence rate, age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR), and age-standardized DALYs rate (ASDR). The associations between cancers burden and socio-demographic index (SDI) were also analyzed.Results: Compared with 1990, the global incident cases of kidney, bladder, and prostate cancers have increased by 154.78%, 123.34%, and 169.11% in 2019. The ASMR and ASDR of bladder cancer (EAPC = -0.68 for ASMR, EAPC = -0.83 for ASDR) and prostate cancer (EAPC = -0.75 for ASMR, EAPC = -0.71 for ASDR) showed a downward trend, but kidney cancer increased (EAPC = 0.35 for ASMR, EAPC = 0.12 for ASDR). Of all cancers, incidence, mortality, and DALYs were higher in the high-level SDI regions and countries. The burden of bladder cancer and prostate cancer was mainly distributed among older men, while the burden of kidney cancer increases among younger men. Smoking related mortality and DALYs decreased, but high body-mass index and high fasting plasma glucose related mortality and DALYs increased among kidney, bladder, and prostate cancers between 1990 and 2019.Conclusions: Kidney, bladder, and prostate cancers remain the major global public health challenge until 2019. We suggest the 204 countries and territories to take positive cancer prevention and intervention strategies, especially the urologists and urological related academic associations.