The relationship of religious practices and depression with mediating role of religious belief and sleeping problem among women cancer patients in Pakistan

The relationship of religious practices and depression with mediating role of religious belief and sleeping problem among women cancer patients in Pakistan | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article The relationship of religious practices and depression with mediating role of religious belief and sleeping problem among women cancer patients in Pakistan Wizra Saeed, Nisma Merdad, Saima Kulsoom, Muhammad Umer Khan, and 1 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-6597293/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 7 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Breast cancer is one of the major medical illnesses among women and a rising cause of mortality in Pakistan. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between religious practices and depression, with the mediating roles of religious beliefs and sleeping problems among female breast cancer patients. A total of 384 breast cancer patients aged 25 to 50 years (M ± SD = 39.6 ± 6.10 years) were recruited from various hospitals in the districts of Faisalabad and Lahore, Pakistan. The Patient Health Questionnaire-9, Religious Practices Scale, Religious Belief Scale, and Sleep Hygiene Scales were used to assess the outcome variables after obtaining consent from participants according to set inclusion and exclusion criteria. All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS-Version 27Results show that cancer patients who experience sleep disturbances are at a higher risk of developing depression. Moreover, patients who engage in religious practices are less likely to exhibit signs of depression. Healthy religious practices, which offer individuals relaxation, optimism, and a clear sense of purpose, may help alleviate the symptoms of depression. In conclusion, religious practices reduce depressive symptoms by improving sleep quality, thereby helping to maintain the sound mental health of breast cancer patients. Religious practice Religious Beliefs Depression Sleep problem Breast cancer patients Figures Figure 1 Introduction Cancer has become one of the most disastrous illnesses all over the world, when it comes to health concern. The World Health Organization (WHO) reported a total of 2.3 million breast cancer cases in 2022, including cases among teenage females [ 1 , 2 ] .WHO reports that 41.6% of breast cancer cases in Pakistani women are diagnosed [ 3 ]. In 2020, there were 19.3 million new cancers cases, and 10 million cancer-related deaths reported worldwide. According to a recent survey, breast cancer is the most common malignancy among females, accounting for 2.3 million new cases (11.7%) and 1.8 million deaths (18%). Other types of cancer that significantly contribute to cancer-related deaths include colorectal cancer (9.4%), liver cancer (8.3%), and stomach cancer (7.7%) [ 4 ]. There were 25,928 cases of breast cancer reported in Pakistan in the year 2020, which accounts for 14% of all cancer diagnoses. Breast cancer is, therefore, the most prevalent and most fatal form of cancer in Pakistan [ 5 ]. According to the study conducted in Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital, one in nine women is thought to be affected by breast cancer. Asian countries have the highest cancer rates globally, with 233.6 cases per 100,000 people, and Pakistan is among the countries with the highest rates [ 6 ]. Breast cancer has increasingly become the most prevalent life-threatening medical condition in Pakistan, significantly reducing life expectancy among women after puberty. It is estimated that 1 in 9 women have breast cancer at some stage in their lives [ 7 ]. Global cancer statistics from 2020 show that breast cancer accounted for 28.7% (25,928) of all new cancer cases and 11.7% (13,725) of all cancer deaths in Pakistan [ 4 ]. In 2020, Pakistan had a population of 220 million, with 0.18 million new cancer cases and 0.12 million cancer-related deaths. In 2021, a study conducted by Shifa International Hospital in Pakistan estimated that the risk of breast cancer among women aged 50-64years and 30–34 years was expected to increase by 130.7%. Cancer is a life-threatening disease, and patients diagnosed with cancer may probably face psychological distress, which can affect the disease trajectory. This distress may manifest as hopelessness, disease-related anxiety, depression, and sleep problems [ 8 ]. Research has shown that psychological therapies are particularly useful in managing the stress experienced by cancer patients due to their illness. These therapies also help patients adhere to their treatment, improving their quality of life [ 9 ]. Cancer patients undergoing diagnostic procedures often develop a general sense of depression, especially when they believe their condition is worsening over time. In certain circumstances, this depression can become highly problematic [ 10 ]. It has been determined that depression is a significant biopsychological factor in oncology patients; however, when patients require acute emotional care, medical professionals frequently fail to recognize it [ 11 ]. Depression is estimated to affect anywhere from 1.5 percent to 50 percent of cancer patients [ 12 ]. Maintaining emotional stability is crucial for effective stress management, particularly for individuals facing terminal illnesses. Depression and sleep disturbances are linked to increased mortality rates and the development of various diseases, but their effects on cancer patients are particularly severe [ 13 ]. Sleep disturbances are a primary symptom in individuals with depression and were once believed to be merely a manifestation of depression [ 14 ]. Studies have shown that inadequate sleep is closely linked to depression [ 15 , 16 ]. Cancer patients who struggle with psychiatric challenges are more likely to resort to negative coping mechanisms [ 17 ]. It is essential to use healthy coping strategies to manage stress effectively. Researchers have recognized that religion can serve as a coping mechanism, enhancing overall well-being [ 18 ]. Research indicates that religious practices and beliefs can significantly reduce depression [ 19 , 20 , 21 ]. In terms of religious coping, individuals use their religious convictions and beliefs to face and overcome life's challenges or discomfort, protecting them from developing learned helplessness and discouragement [ 22 ]. Participating in religious activities offers various benefits, including improved mental health, contentment, freedom from conflicts, stability, and increased awareness [ 23 ]. Engaging in religious rituals, attending services, praying, and practicing meditation can provide a sense of meaning, purpose, and connection to something greater than oneself [ 24 ]. These practices often foster positive emotions such as appreciation, faith, hope, gratitude, and forgiveness, which have been associated with lower levels of depression [ 25 ]. Religious beliefs could counteract the negative thought patterns and self-criticism that contribute to depressive symptoms by emphasizing forgiveness, love, and acceptance ([ 26 ]. For individuals suffering from depression, incorporating religious ideas and practices can be a powerful resource, offering solace, hope, and a path to recovery [ 27 ]. Islam, one of the three largest Abrahamic faiths, has more than 1.5 billion followers worldwide. It has often been described as a comprehensive way of life, making it important to explore how it may assist individuals in coping with chronic illnesses. However, there is currently limited information available on Islam and the management of long-term diseases like cancer [ 28 ]. Psychologists and psychiatrists from Iran, the United States, Europe, and the Arab world have written ninety-three studies investigating the connection between mental illness and spirituality or religious beliefs [ 29 ]. (Cannon et al., 2022). Both religious practice and religious belief or spirituality is significant factors that influence and are influenced by depression [ 21 , 30 , 31 ]. Study aim Based on our understanding and literature review, there is no research examining the relationship between religious beliefs, coping strategies, and distress levels among oncology patients in Pakistan. The current study aims to investigate the association between depression and religious practice among female cancer patients, as well as the mediating roles of religious belief and sleep disturbance. The following hypotheses were formulated based on the literature review: There will be a relationship between the Religious Practice Scale (RPS) and Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ) with the mediating role of the Religious Belief Scale (RBS) among women with cancer. There will be a relationship between RPS and PHQ with the mediating role of the Sleep Hygiene Scale (SHS) among women with cancer. There will be a significant difference between patients with breast cancer and those with other types of cancer regarding PHQ, RPS, RBS, and SHS among women with cancer. There will be a significant difference between single and married women regarding PHQ, RPS, RBS, and SHS among women with cancer. There will be a significant difference among cancer stages regarding PHQ, RPS, RBS, and SHS among female cancer patients. Research Design and Methods Study design This quantitative cross-sectional study was conducted at Allied Hospital in Faisalabad, Pakistan, and Jinnah Hospital in Lahore, Pakistan. The sample size was determined using G-Power software (version 3.1.9.4), with an effect size of 0.35, an α error of 0.001, and a power of 0.95. The G-Power calculator indicated a required sample size of 356 participants. However, we recruited 384 participants who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria for the study. Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria Participants in this study were stable cancer patients at various stages of the disease. However, individuals with severe health issues or those undergoing major surgeries were excluded. Additionally, patients with significant communication difficulties, physical disabilities, or head injuries were omitted. Patients receiving inpatient care were also excluded from the study. Participation was entirely voluntary, and only patients who were motivated to participate were included. Measures Each participant received a consent form on the first page of the questionnaire. This form provided information about the research, including the study's goals, confidentiality, privacy, and the option to withdraw. It also indicated that signing the form meant the participant voluntarily agreed to participate in the study. The subsequent section of the questionnaire collected personal information from the participants, such as their gender, marital status, age, education, place of residence (owned or rented), employment status, number of earners per month, type of cancer, age at diagnosis, cancer stage, and type of treatment they were receiving. In addition, information about their religious beliefs, depression symptoms and sleep patterns were collected by using the following measures. The Short Muslim Practice and Belief Scale (SMPBS)[32]: The SMPBS was used to evaluate religious practices and beliefs. Originally developed by Tayyiba AlMarri (2009), the scale was translated into Urdu by Ghayas and Batool (2016). The SMPBS examines various religious traits and assesses the degree of participation in Islamic religious activities. It is divided into two sections: the first contains nine items divided into two subscales (religious practice and religious belief). In contrast, the second section consists of five items that assess religious conviction. For the current study, Cronbach’s alpha reliability coefficient for the Urdu version of the SMPBS was determined to be .78. Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) [ 33 ]: The PHQ-9 was used to measure the severity of depression in cancer patients. It consists of nine items that assess the presence and severity of depressive symptoms over the past two weeks. Higher scores indicate more severe symptoms, with each item rated on a scale from 0 to 3. The PHQ-9 demonstrates high internal consistency, with a Cronbach's alpha of 0.89 . Adolescent Sleep Hygiene Scale (ASHS) [34]: The ASHS is a 28-item self-report measure that evaluates practices affecting sleep in adolescents across eight conceptual domains: sleep environment (5 items), daytime sleep (2 items), behavioral (3 items), emotional (6 items), physiological (5 items), substances (2 items), bedtime routine (1 item), and sleep stability (3 items). The internal consistency values for the subscales are as follows: α = .60 (sleep environment), α = .62 (daytime sleep), α = .81 (behavioral), α = .61 (emotional), α = .78 (physiological), α = .50 (substances), α = .68 (bedtime routine), and α = .84 (overall scale). Procedure Approval was initially obtained from the Ethical Review Committee. Data collection was conducted using a purposeful sampling strategy. After receiving clearance from the committee, the study proposal was presented to the departmental research committee and subsequently sent to the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of Government College University Faisalabad for final approval. Data collection was then carried out with authorization from the hospital administration. A researcher who collected the data provided a brief explanation of the study’s goals and the benefits to the participants, in addition to presenting written information on the informed consent form. The researcher also informed participants that their involvement was entirely voluntary. The hospital’s on-call oncologist referred patients to the data collection researcher, who then recruited and screened the individuals. Three researchers collected data, one in Lahore and the other in Faisalabad. The data collection process was completed within 6 to 8 months. Ethical Consideration To protect participants' rights during data collection, the researcher kept them informed throughout the process. Patients thoroughly reviewed the consent form and were asked to sign it to indicate their agreement to participate in the study. The data collector also informed participants that they could withdraw from the study if they felt any distress. Participants were reassured about the confidentiality of their information and the protection of their identities. The data collection researchers adhered to fundamental ethical principles, including the protection of patient's rights and the maintenance of their dignity and respect. All ethical considerations were strictly followed in this study. Statistical Analysis Descriptive statistics were used to provide an overview of the participant's demographic information. The results were analyzed using t-tests, ANOVA, and mediation analysis on SPSS-Version 27. Results In this study, 384 subjects were recruited from the outpatient departments of two hospitals in Punjab, Pakistan. Sixteen participants were excluded because they did not meet the inclusion criteria or did not complete the screening procedures. Among the 368 remaining females, 191 (49.7%) were single, and 193 (50.3%) were married. Regarding educational qualifications, 76 participants (19.8%) had education below the metric level, 88 (22.9%) had completed matriculation, 69 (18.7%) had FA-level qualifications, 71 (18.8%) had BA-level qualifications, and 80 (21.8%) had MA-level qualifications or higher. Participants were also categorized by their place of residence: 195 (50.8%) were from rural areas, while 189 (49.2%) were from urban areas. Socio-economic status was classified as follows: 129 participants (33.6%) were from lower socio-economic status, 144 (37.5%) were from middle socioeconomic status, and 111 (28.9%) were from higher socio-economic status. The study also assessed the type and stage of cancer among participants: 26.8% were at stage I, 26.3% were at stage II, 21.4% were at stage III, and 25.5% were at stage IV. In terms of cancer type, 44.8% of the patients were diagnosed with breast cancer, while 55.2% had other types of cancer (see Table 1 ). Table 1 Demographics information Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Stages Stage-I 103 26.8 26.8 26.8 Stage-II 101 26.3 26.3 53.1 Stage-III 82 21.4 21.4 74.5 Stage-IV 98 25.5 25.5 100.0 Total 384 100.0 100.0 ToC Breast cancer 172 44.8 44.8 44.8 Other cancer 212 55.2 55.2 100.0 Total 384 100.0 100.0 Edu <Metric 76 19.8 19.8 19.8 Metric 88 22.9 22.9 42.7 FA 69 18.0 18.0 60.7 BA 71 18.5 18.5 79.2 Master & above 80 20.8 20.8 100.0 Total 384 100.0 100.0 Rural/Urban 1.00 195 50.8 50.8 50.8 2.00 189 49.2 49.2 100.0 Total 384 100.0 100.0 MS Sing 191 49.7 49.7 49.7 Married 193 50.3 50.3 100.0 Total 384 100.0 100.0 SES Low 129 33.6 33.6 33.6 Middle 144 37.5 37.5 71.1 High 111 28.9 28.9 100.0 Total 384 100.0 100.0 Note: ToC = Type of Cancer, Edu. = Education, MS = Marital Status, SES = Socioeconomic Status [Place Table 1 here] The t-test results comparing patients with breast cancer to those with other types of cancer on the variables of PHQ, RPS, RBS, and SHS indicate that females with breast cancer exhibit higher levels of depression and sleep disturbances, as well as greater religious coping and stronger religious beliefs (see Table 2 ). Table 2 t-test statistics for the scale of PHQ, RPS, RBS, and SHS among cancer patients with types of cancer(N = 384). Patients with Breast Cancer (n = 172) Patients with Other Cancer (n = 212) T P Std.Err Diff 95% Confidence Interval of the Difference M SD M SD Lower Upper PHQ.9 9.38 3.62 16.91 4.87 -16.844 .000 .44718 -8.41171 -6.65323 RPS 11.66 3.12 8.85 1.78 11.055 .000 .25420 2.31032 3.30991 RBS 17.95 2.39 15.99 1.43 9.936 .000 .19755 1.57450 2.35134 RPBS 29.62 4.22 24.84 2.14 14.342 .000 .33280 4.11868 5.42739 PHY 16.84 4.05 12.54 3.52 11.092 .000 .38710 3.53264 5.05485 BEH 11.52 2.19 9.76 2.54 7.132 .000 .24565 1.26889 2.23487 COG 18.48 6.68 11.65 5.23 11.139 .000 .61295 5.62226 8.03263 ENV 14.50 4.10 11.77 3.42 7.036 .000 .38694 1.96163 3.48321 STA 3.4. 2.28 2.57 1.16 4.744 .000 .18017 .50051 1.20901 DAY 6.64 2.84 4.32 2.97 7.809 .000 .29858 1.74461 2.91873 SUB 3.17 1.36 2.31 1.37 6.749 .000 .12711 .60791 1.10776 BED 4.89 0.40 4.43 0.68 7.739 .000 .05901 .34064 .57270 SHST 73.83 14.04 59.39 10.61 11.473 .000 1.25852 11.96437 16.91337 Note: PHQ = Patients Health Questionnaire RPS Religious practice scale, RBS Religious belief scale subscale, RPBS Religious practice and belief scale, PHY = Physiological Factor Sleep hygiene sub scale, BEH = Behavioral Arousal Factor, COG = Cognitive/Emotional Factor, ENV = Sleep Environment Factor, STA = Sleep Stability Factor, DAY = Daytime Sleep Factor, SUB = Substances Facto, BED = Bedtime Routine Factor, SHST = Sleep Hygiene Scale total. Additionally, t-test results comparing single and married women on these variables reveal that married women experience higher levels of depression and sleep disturbances and lower levels of religious coping and religious beliefs compared to single women with cancer (see Table 3 ). Table 3 t-test statistics for the scale of PHQ, RPS, RBS, and SHS among cancer patients with single and married women’s of cancer(N = 384). Single Women (n = 191) Married Women (n = 193) T P SE 95% Confidence Interval of the Difference M SD M SD Lower Upper PHQ.9 12.29 5.35 14.76 5.86 -4.315 .000 .57333 -3.60093 -1.34637 RPS 10.60 3.06 9.64 2.52 3.371 .001 .28623 .40200 1.52757 RBS 17.13 2.17 16.62 2.10 2.374 .018 .21880 .08929 .94970 RPBS 27.73 4.24 26.25 3.63 3.679 .000 .40346 .69099 2.27757 PHY 15.31 4.46 13.65 4.04 3.801 .000 .43453 .79746 2.50620 BEH 10.93 2.40 10.17 2.64 2.912 .004 .25723 .24321 1.25475 COG 15.86 6.86 13.57 6.69 3.316 .001 .69179 .93378 3.65418 ENV 13.24 3.97 12.75 4.03 1.209 .227 .40823 − .30894 1.29638 STA 3.11 1.99 2.82 1.58 1.566 .118 .18381 − .07363 .64917 DAY 5.72 3.12 5.01 3.11 2.250 .025 .31769 .09006 1.33932 SUB 2.79 1.37 2.61 1.24 1.460 .145 .13337 − .06746 .45701 BED 4.71 0.61 4.57 0.63 2.182 .030 .06273 .01356 .26026 SHST 67.14 13.87 64.59 14.44 1.763 .079 1.44554 − .29416 5.39028 Note: PHQ = Patients Health Questionnaire RPS Religious practice scale, RBS Religious belief scale subscale, RPBS Religious practice and belief scale, PHY = Physiological Factor Sleep hygiene sub scale, BEH = Behavioral Arousal Factor, COG = Cognitive/Emotional Factor, ENV = Sleep Environment Factor, STA = Sleep Stability Factor, DAY = Daytime Sleep Factor, SUB = Substances Facto, BED = Bedtime Routine Factor, SHST = Sleep Hygiene Scale total. [Place Tables 2 and 3 here] One-way ANOVA results on the variables of PHQ, RPS, RBS, and SHS across different stages of cancer indicate significant mean differences in depression, religious coping, and religious belief. However, no significant differences were found in sleep disturbances among the different stages of cancer (see Table 4 ). Tukey's post-hoc tests further explored these differences across stages I, II, III, and IV in women with cancer (see Table 5 ). Table 4 Descriptive statistics (M & SD) and one-way Anova statistics for the scale of PHQ, RPS, RBS, and SHS among cancer patients with types of cancer(N = 384). Types of Cancer N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error 95% Confidence Interval for Mean MS F P Lower Bound Upper Bound PHQ.9 Stage-I 103 11.5049 5.63406 .55514 280.392 9.029 .000 10.4037 12.6060 Stage-II 101 13.0000 4.81664 .47927 31.053 12.0491 13.9509 Stage-III 82 14.9024 5.65382 .62436 13.6602 16.1447 Stage-IV 98 15.0816 6.13705 .61994 13.8512 16.3120 RPS Stage-I 103 11.8447 3.78531 .37298 146.737 21.014 .000 11.1049 12.5845 Stage-II 101 9.8416 1.61699 .16090 6.983 9.5224 10.1608 Stage-III 82 9.2927 2.08159 .22987 8.8353 9.7501 Stage-IV 98 9.2755 2.44435 .24692 8.7854 9.7656 RBS Stage-I 103 17.7184 2.59871 .25606 35.099 7.957 .000 17.2106 18.2263 Stage-II 101 16.5347 1.58470 .15768 4.411 16.2218 16.8475 Stage-III 82 16.7317 1.91839 .21185 16.3102 17.1532 Stage-IV 98 16.4388 2.12528 .21469 16.0127 16.8649 SHS Stage-I 103 67.4146 17.94964 1.76863 415.098 2.075 .103 63.9065 70.9226 Stage-II 101 67.5871 9.70782 .96596 200.015 65.6707 69.5036 Stage-III 82 64.6720 13.28434 1.46701 61.7531 67.5908 Stage-IV 98 63.4286 14.15074 1.42944 60.5915 66.2656 Note: PHQ = Patients Health Questionnaire RPS = Religious Practices Scale, RBS = Religious Belief Scale, SHS = Sleep Hygiene Scale. Table 5 One way Anova statistics for the scale of PHQ, RPS, RBS, and SHS among cancer patients with types of cancer(N = 384). Dependent Variable (I) Stages (J) Stages Mean Difference (I-J) Std. Error Sig. 95% Confidence Interval Lower Bound Upper Bound PHQ.9 Stage-I Stage-II -1.49515 .78035 .223 -3.5088 .5185 Stage-III -3.39758 * .82474 .000 -5.5258 -1.2694 Stage-IV -3.57678 * .78636 .000 -5.6059 -1.5476 Stage-II Stage-I 1.49515 .78035 .223 − .5185 3.5088 Stage-III -1.90244 .82835 .101 -4.0399 .2351 Stage-IV -2.08163 * .79015 .043 -4.1206 − .0427 Stage-III Stage-I 3.39758 * .82474 .000 1.2694 5.5258 Stage-II 1.90244 .82835 .101 − .2351 4.0399 Stage-IV − .17919 .83401 .996 -2.3313 1.9729 Stage-IV Stage-I 3.57678 * .78636 .000 1.5476 5.6059 Stage-II 2.08163 * .79015 .043 .0427 4.1206 Stage-III .17919 .83401 .996 -1.9729 2.3313 RPS Stage-I Stage-II 2.00308 * .37005 .000 1.0482 2.9580 Stage-III 2.55198 * .39109 .000 1.5428 3.5612 Stage-IV 2.56915 * .37289 .000 1.6069 3.5314 Stage-II Stage-I -2.00308 * .37005 .000 -2.9580 -1.0482 Stage-III .54890 .39281 .502 − .4647 1.5625 Stage-IV .56607 .37469 .432 − .4008 1.5329 Stage-III Stage-I -2.55198 * .39109 .000 -3.5612 -1.5428 Stage-II − .54890 .39281 .502 -1.5625 .4647 Stage-IV .01717 .39549 1.000 -1.0034 1.0377 Stage-IV Stage-I -2.56915 * .37289 .000 -3.5314 -1.6069 Stage-II − .56607 .37469 .432 -1.5329 .4008 Stage-III − .01717 .39549 1.000 -1.0377 1.0034 RBS Stage-I Stage-II 1.18379 * .29411 .000 .4249 1.9427 Stage-III .98674 * .31084 .009 .1846 1.7888 Stage-IV 1.27967 * .29637 .000 .5149 2.0444 Stage-II Stage-I -1.18379 * .29411 .000 -1.9427 − .4249 Stage-III − .19705 .31220 .922 -1.0027 .6085 Stage-IV .09588 .29780 .988 − .6726 .8643 Stage-III Stage-I − .98674 * .31084 .009 -1.7888 − .1846 Stage-II .19705 .31220 .922 − .6085 1.0027 Stage-IV .29293 .31433 .788 − .5182 1.1040 Stage-IV Stage-I -1.27967 * .29637 .000 -2.0444 − .5149 Stage-II − .09588 .29780 .988 − .8643 .6726 Stage-III − .29293 .31433 .788 -1.1040 .5182 SHS Stage-I Stage-II − .17257 1.98046 1.000 -5.2830 4.9379 Stage-III 2.74261 2.09311 .557 -2.6585 8.1437 Stage-IV 3.98599 1.99571 .191 -1.1638 9.1358 Stage-II Stage-I .17257 1.98046 1.000 -4.9379 5.2830 Stage-III 2.91518 2.10227 .508 -2.5096 8.3400 Stage-IV 4.15856 2.00532 .164 -1.0160 9.3332 Stage-III Stage-I -2.74261 2.09311 .557 -8.1437 2.6585 Stage-II -2.91518 2.10227 .508 -8.3400 2.5096 Stage-IV 1.24338 2.11664 .936 -4.2185 6.7052 Stage-IV Stage-I -3.98599 1.99571 .191 -9.1358 1.1638 Stage-II -4.15856 2.00532 .164 -9.3332 1.0160 Stage-III -1.24338 2.11664 .936 -6.7052 4.2185 * The mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level. Note: PHQ = Patients Health Questionnaire RPS = Religious Practices Scale, RBS = Religious Belief Scale, SHS = Sleep Hygiene Scale. [Place Tables 4 and 5 here] Mediation analysis: The findings indicate that RPS is a significant negative predictor of PHQ, meaning that higher religious practices and spirituality are associated with lower levels of depression. Additionally, RPS is significantly and positively correlated with both RBS and SHS, suggesting that greater religious practices and spirituality predict higher levels of religious belief and better sleep hygiene. Furthermore, RBS and SHS are significantly negatively correlated with PHQ, indicating that both are significant predictors of depression. The indirect effects analysis reveals that RBS and SHS serve as significant mediators between RPS and PHQ. Specifically, increases in RBS and SHS are associated with a reduction in depression, whereas decreases in RBS and SHS are linked to an increase in depression (see Table 6 and Table 7 ). Table 6 Mediation Analysis of RPS and PHQ with Mediating Role of RBS and SHS among Women breast Cancer Patients(N = 384) Predictors RBS SHS PHQ Coeff. SE P Coeff. SE P Coeff. SE P Constant 19.60 .91 .001 46.01 5.50 .001 31.19 1.44 .001 RPS − .38 .04 .001 − .12 0.25 .017 − .20 0.05 .001 RBS − .15 0.05 .001 SHS − .23 0.01 .001 Covariates Age − .24 .02 .001 − .04 .09 .428 .14 .02 .001 Edu. − .20 .06 .001 .004 .37 .915 .03 .06 .071 MS − .03 .16 .452 .008 1.86 1.01 .07 .17 .001 SES − .63 .18 .001 .794 1.10 .001 − .41 .24 .001 R 2 = .476 R 2 = .553 R 2 = .924 F (7,376) = 68.61, p < .001 F (7,376) = 93.50, p < .001 F (7, 376) = 654.95, p < .001 Note: RPS = Religious Practices Scale, RBS = Religious Belief Scale, SHS = Sleep Hygiene Scale, PHQ = Patients Health Questionnaire, Edu. = Education, MS = Marital Status, SES = Socioeconomic Status Table 7 Indirect Effects of RBS and SHS between RPS and PHQ among Women Cancer Patients (N = 384) Mediator Effect Boots 95%BootCI BootLL Boot RBS .17 .07 .05 .30 SHS .06 .05 − .04 .16 Note. Effect = standardized regression coefficient, BootCI = bootstrapped confidence interval, BootLL = bootstrapped lower limit, BootUL = bootstrapped upper limit, RBS = Religious Belief Scale, SHS = Sleep Hygiene Scale [Place Table 7 here] The mediation model shows a direct correlation between RPS and PHQ, as well as an indirect effect of RBS and SHS on the relationship between RPS and PHQ. The values presented reflect the regression weights, with standard errors provided in parentheses. Statistical significance is indicated as follows: * = p < .05, ** = p < .01, and *** = p < .001. In the model, c represents the total effect, c’ denotes the direct effect, and 𝑎∗𝑏 represents the indirect effect (see Fig. 1 ). [Place Fig. 1 here] Discussion This research enhances our understanding of the relationship between religious practice and depression among cancer patients and examines the mediating roles of religious belief and sleep problems. Significant differences were observed between breast cancer patients and those with other types of cancer concerning PHQ, RPS, RBS, and SHS. Notably, single participants exhibited higher levels of depression compared to married women. One-way analysis revealed significant variations in PHQ, RPS, RBS, and SHS across different stages of cancer. The findings indicate that RPS (Religious Practice and Spirituality) is a significant negative predictor of depression (PHQ). RPS is also positively correlated with RBS (Religious Beliefs Scale) and SHS (Sleep Hygiene Scale), suggesting that RPS is a positive predictor of both RBS and SHS.Additionally, RBS and SHS are significantly associated with depression, highlighting their roles as important predictors of PHQ. Furthermore, RBS and SHS were found to be significant mediators in the relationship between RPS and depression. Specifically, increases in RBS and SHS are associated with a reduction in depression levels, while decreases in RBS and SHS are linked to a higher likelihood of depression. Each of these results is explained in greater detail below. Our findings indicate that religious practice is a significant and negative predictor of depression. Engaging in religious activities is associated with reduced depressive symptoms and improved overall well-being [ 19 , 35 ]. Cancer patients who participate in religious activities tend to experience lower levels of depression compared to those who do not [ 36 , 37 ]. Strong religious beliefs help individuals adapt to stress and adversity more effectively, thereby reducing the likelihood of developing depression. It has been observed that spirituality, often linked to strong religious convictions, significantly enhances individuals' psychological well-being. Individuals with robust spiritual beliefs report greater fulfillment, increased joy, and a better sense of their health and psychological state. Integrating spiritual activities into one’s life can serve as a supportive intervention in managing depression [ 38 , 39 ]. Additionally, our study explored how sleep issues and religious beliefs might mediate the relationship between religious practices and depression in cancer patients. We found a strong negative relationship between depression and religious beliefs. Our research also examined the mediating role of religious beliefs and sleep disturbances between religious practices and depression. Studies have shown that engaging in religious activities, such as praying, fasting, and other practices, can improve sleep quality and overall quality of life among cancer patients [ 40 , 41 ]. Research indicates that strong religious beliefs enhance coping abilities and help manage distress, including sleep problems associated with a cancer diagnosis. Cancer patients with robust religious beliefs tend to have more positive attitudes toward life and a greater sense of belonging compared to those with weaker beliefs [ 42 ]. Religious practices among cancer patients assist in addressing health-related challenges [ 43 ]. Strong religious beliefs not only help individuals navigate stressful conditions but also support cancer patients in managing various issues, including sleep disturbances [ 44 ]. Sleep disturbances significantly impact both physical and psychological well-being [ 45 ]. A significant correlation exists between sleep disorders and psychological distress in cancer patients [ 15 ]. Patients with sleep disturbances are at an increased risk of developing depression because the apprehension about the disease makes them uncomfortable psychologically. Patients who engage in religious practices are less likely to show signs of depression [ 46 ]. Healthy religious practices can provide relaxation, optimism, acceptance and a sense of purpose, which may help alleviate depressive symptoms. When offering holistic care to cancer patients, healthcare providers should consider their religious beliefs [ 47 ] Limitations This study has the following limitations that should be considered. First, the research sample consisted solely of female cancer patients, which limits the generalizability of the findings for male Brest cancer patients. Future studies should include male participants to evaluate whether the observed results are consistent across genders and to explore potential gender differences in coping mechanisms and psychological responses. Additionally, while the study indicates that religious involvement and positive religious beliefs can provide support to patients facing mental health challenges, such as depression, it does not specify strategies or interventions that could help patients manage these issues more effectively. Incorporating targeted interventions and coping strategies into future research could provide a more comprehensive understanding of how to address the psychological needs of cancer patients. Recommendation and implications of the study Religion and Religious-based therapy have shown potential in addressing not only depression but also issues like sleep problems, which are common among cancer patients. Understanding how such interventions can be tailored to different cancer types and stages could enhance their effectiveness and help in developing more personalized treatment plans. The findings from this study offer valuable context for mental health professionals seeking to design and implement treatment approaches for patients with cancer. However, these insights are not limited to oncology alone. They can also inform the management of other chronic illnesses, such as diabetes and HIV/AIDS, where psychological distress and coping strategies play a critical role in overall health outcomes. Other researchers should conduct intervention-based qualitative or quantitative studies on the variables explored in this research to gain further insights into its strengths and limitations Conclusion This study revealed differences in depression, sleep patterns, and religious beliefs among patients with various types and stages of cancer. It was found that religious practices significantly predicted levels of depression, religious beliefs, and sleep quality. Additionally, both religious beliefs and sleep quality emerged as significant predictors of depression. Furthermore, religious beliefs and sleep quality were identified as mediators in the relationship between religious practices and depression. These findings can inform the development of interventions aimed at improving mental health for cancer patients. Abbreviations BC Breast Cancer PHQ-9 Patient Health Questionnaire -9 RPS Religious practice scale RBS Religious belief scale subscale RPBS Religious practice and belief scale PHY Physiological Factor Sleep Hygiene Subscale BEH Behavioral Arousal Factor COG Cognitive/Emotional Factor ENV Sleep Environment Factor STA Sleep Stability Factor DAY Daytime Sleep Factor SUB Substances Factor BED Bedtime Routine Factor SHST Sleep Hygiene Scale total . Declarations Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate: The Institutional Review Board and Ethics Committee of Government College University Faisalabad (GCU/ERC/210) have approved all of the study's planned procedures. Participants in the study gave their consent. We followed all applicable policies when enrolling, screening, collecting, analyzing, and validating participants' data. The Government College University Faisalabad (GCUF) ethical committee's ethical criteria were followed throughout the entire research process. Furthermore, informed consent was obtained. Consent for publication : Not applicable. Availability of data and materials : The datasets generated and analyzed during the current study are not publicly available but are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. Competing interests : The authors do not have competition of interest. Funding : None. Author contributions : Wizra Saeed (WS) Nisma Murdad (NM), Umar Khan (UK) and Khalid Husain (KH) conceptualized the idea and designed the study; WS, NM and UK drafted the manuscript; NM and Saima Kulsoom (SK) carried out the analysis and interpreted the results; WS, UM and SK collected the data; WS, NM, KH and UK reviewed the paper for intellectual content; and WS, NM, UK, SK and KH reviewed the final manuscript and gave their consent. Acknowledgements : The authors would like to thank all participants Conflict of interest: All the authors mutually agreed to submit this manuscript to this journal, and no one has any conflict of interest. Funding: No funding was received from any agency/institution. References Siegel RL, Miller KD, Fuchs HE, Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2022. Cancer J Clin. 2022;72(1):7–33. Furer A, Afek A, Sommer A, Keinan-Boker L, Derazne E, Levi Z, Twig G. Adolescent obesity and midlife cancer risk: a population-based cohort study of 2· 3 million adolescents in Israel. lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2020;8(3):216–25. Tufail M, Wu C. Exploring the Burden of Cancer in Pakistan: An Analysis of 2019 Data. J Epidemiol Global Health. 2023;13(2):333–43. https://doi.org/10.1007/s44197-023-00104-5 . Sung H, Ferlay J, Siegel RL, Laversanne M, Soerjomataram I, Jemal A, Bray F. Global Cancer Statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN Estimates of Incidence and Mortality Worldwide for 36 Cancers in 185 Countries. Cancer J Clin. 2021;71(3):209–49. https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.21660 . Khan NU, Khan BM, Azam I, Hayat A. Current Situation of Breast Cancer in Pakistan and the Dire Need of Early Diagnosis. Curr Trends OMICS. 2024;4(2). Article 2. https://doi.org/10.32350/cto.42.01 . Arif M, Javed M, Raza H. Breast Cancer in Pakistan: Alarming Situation of Breast Cancer in Near Future. Iran J Public Health. 2020;49(4):812–3. Menhas R, Umer S. Breast Cancer among Pakistani Women. Iran J Public Health. 2015;44(4):586–7. Pitman A, Suleman S, Hyde N, Hodgkiss A. (2018). Depression and anxiety in patients with cancer. BMJ, 361 . Abrahams HJG, Gielissen MFM, Verhagen CAHHVM, Knoop H. The relationship of fatigue in breast cancer survivors with quality of life and factors to address in psychological interventions: a systematic review. Clin Psychol Rev. 2018;63:1–11. Durosini I, Pravettoni G. Patients' representation of oncological disease: Psychological Aspects in the cancer journey. Front Psychol. 2023;14:1087083. Thakur A, Prasad N, Raina K, Sharma R, Chaudhary A. Role of plant-based anticancer compounds in treatment of breast cancer. Curr Pharmacol Rep. 2023;9(6):468–88. Zeilinger EL, Oppenauer C, Knefel M, Kantor V, Schneckenreiter C, Lubowitzki S, Gaiger A. Prevalence of anxiety and depression in people with different types of cancer or haematologic malignancies: a cross-sectional study. Epidemiol psychiatric Sci. 2022;31:e74. Lan A, Li H, Shen M, Li D, Shu D, Liu Y, Tang H, Li K, Peng Y, Liu S. Association of depressive symptoms and sleep disturbances with survival among US adult cancer survivors. BMC Med. 2024;22(1):225. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-024-03451-7 . Fang H, Tu S, Sheng J, Shao A. Depression in sleep disturbance: A review on a bidirectional relationship, mechanisms and treatment. J Cell Mol Med. 2019;23(4):2324–32. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcmm.14170 . Zhu W, Gao J, Guo J, Wang L, Li W. Anxiety, depression, and sleep quality among breast cancer patients in North China: Mediating roles of hope and medical social support. Support Care Cancer. 2023;31(9):514. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00520-023-07972-4 . Mogavero MP, DelRosso LM, Fssanfulla F, Bruni O, Ferri R. Sleep disorders and cancer: State of the art and future perspectives. Sleep Med Rev. 2021;56:101409. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2020.101409 . Ng CG, Mohamed S, Kaur K, Sulaiman AH, Zainal NZ, Taib NA, MyBCC Study group. (2017). Perceived distress and its association with depression and anxiety in breast cancer patients. PLoS ONE, 12(3), e0172975. Aflakseir A, Mahdiyar M. The role of religious coping strategies in predicting depression among a sample of women with fertility problems in Shiraz. J Reprod infertility. 2016;17(2):117. Abbas Q, Kanwal U, Saeed W, Khan MU, Shahzadi M, Faran M. Relationship of Muslim Religiosity and Death Anxiety with the Mediating Effect of Optimism and Depression Among Cancer Patients in Pakistan. J Relig Health. 2022;61(2):1418–36. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-021-01415-2 . Garssen B, Visser A, Pool G. Does Spirituality or Religion Positively Affect Mental Health? Meta-analysis of Longitudinal Studies. Int J Psychol Relig. 2021;31(1):4–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/10508619.2020.1729570 . Saeed W, Abbas Q, Kanwal U, Khan UM, Shahzadi M, Faran M. Relationship of Muslim Religiosity and Death Anxiety with the Mediating Effect of Optimism and Depression Among Cancer Patients. J Relig Health. 2021. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-465671/v1 . Szcześniak M, Madej D, Bielecka G. Relationship between world assumptions and post-traumatic growth among polish Cancer patients: moderating effect of rumination. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19(19):12444. Fox L, Monroy-Iglesias MJ, Aggarwal A, Haire K, Purushotham A, Spicer J, Van Hemelrijck M. Association between COVID-19 burden and delays to diagnosis and treatment of cancer patients in England. J Cancer Policy. 2022;31:100316. Rossato L, Benfato JC, Ullán AM, Scorsolini-Comin F. Religious–spiritual experiences of family members and caregivers of children and adolescents with cancer. Palliat Support Care. 2022;20(5):711–9. Pasha-Zaidi N, Al-Seheel A, Bridges-Lyman K, Dasti R. (2021). Gratitude and Wellbeing: Cultivating Islamically-Integrated Pathways to Health and Wellness. In N. Pasha-Zaidi, editor, Toward a Positive Psychology of Islam and Muslims: Spirituality, struggle, and social justice (pp. 207–234). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-72606-5_10 Tsomokos DI, Dunbar RIM. The role of religion in adolescent mental health: Faith as a moderator of the relationship between distrust and depression. Relig Brain Behav. 2023;0(0):1–18. https://doi.org/10.1080/2153599X.2023.2248230 . Grossoehme DH, Friebert S, Baker JN, Tweddle M, Needle J, Chrastek J, Thompkins J, Wang J, Cheng YI, Lyon ME. Association of Religious and Spiritual Factors With Patient-Reported Outcomes of Anxiety, Depressive Symptoms, Fatigue, and Pain Interference Among Adolescents and Young Adults With Cancer. JAMA Netw Open. 2020;3(6):e206696. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.6696 . Toledo G, Ochoa CY, Farias AJ. Religion and spirituality: Their role in the psychosocial adjustment to breast cancer and subsequent symptom management of adjuvant endocrine therapy. Support Care Cancer. 2021;29(6):3017–24. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00520-020-05722-4 . Cannon AJ, Dokucu ME, Loberiza FR. Interplay between spirituality and religiosity on the physical and mental well-being of cancer survivors. Support Care Cancer. 2022;30(2):1407–17. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00520-021-06534-w . Vieten C, Lukoff D. Spiritual and religious competencies in psychology. Am Psychol. 2022;77(1):26–38. https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000821 . Soósová MS, Timková V, Dimunová L, Mauer B. Spirituality as a Mediator Between Depressive Symptoms and Subjective Well-being in Older Adults. Clin Nurs Res. 2021;30(5):707–17. https://doi.org/10.1177/1054773821991152 . Ghayas S, Batool S. Urdu Translation and Validation of Short Muslim Practice and Belief Scale in Pakistan. Span J Psychol. 2016;19:E22. https://doi.org/10.1017/sjp.2016.21 . Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JBW. The PHQ-9. J Gen Intern Med. 2001;16(9):606–13. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x . Storfer-Isser A, Lebourgeois M, Harsh J, Tompsett C, Redline S. (2013). Psychometric properties of the Adolescent Sleep Hygiene Scale. Journal of Sleep Research , 22 . https://doi.org/10.1111/jsr.12059 Zhang Y, Schnabel CA, Schroeder BE, Jerevall PL, Jankowitz RC, Fornander T, Stål O, Brufsky AM, Sgroi D, Erlander MG. Breast cancer index identifies early-stage estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer patients at risk for early- and late-distant recurrence. Clin Cancer Res. 2013;19(15):4196 – 205. 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-13-0804 . Epub 2013 Jun 11. PMID: 23757354. Al Ahwal MS, Zaben A, Sehlo F, Khalifa MG, D. A., Koenig HG. Religiosity and telomere length in colorectal cancer patients in Saudi Arabia. J Relig Health. 2018;57:672–82. Kavak Budak F, Özdemir A, Gültekin A, Ayhan MO, Kavak M. The effect of religious belief on depression and hopelessness in advanced cancer patients. J Relig Health. 2021;60:2745–55. Almaraz D, Saiz J, Moreno Martín F, Sánchez-Iglesias I, Molina AJ, Goldsby TL. August). What aspects of religion and spirituality affect the physical health of cancer patients? A systematic review. Healthcare. Volume 10. MDPI; 2022. p. 1447. 8. Fernández-Niño JA, Guerra-Gómez JA, Idrovo AJ. Multimorbidity patterns among COVID-19 deaths: proposal for the construction of etiological models. Revista Panam de Salud Pública. 2020;44:e166. Khalili-Tanha, G., Khalili-Tanha, N., Rouzbahani, A. K., Mahdieh, R., Jasemi, K.,Ghaderi, R., … Avan, A. (2024). Diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive biomarkers in gastric cancer: from conventional to novel biomarkers. Translational Research.. Khoramirad A, Mousavi M, Dadkhahtehrani T, Pourmarzi D. Relationship between sleep quality and spiritual well-being/religious activities in Muslim women with breast cancer. J Relig Health. 2015;54:2276–85. Cao W, Chen HD, Yu YW, Li N, Chen WQ. Changing profiles of cancer burden worldwide and in China: a secondary analysis of the global cancer statistics 2020. Chin Med J. 2021;134(7):783–91. Shorofi SA, Nozari-Mirarkolaei F, Arbon P, Bagheri-Nesamie M. Depression and sleep quality among Iranian women with breast cancer. Asian Pac J Cancer Prevention: APJCP. 2021;22(11):3433. Al Maqbali M, Al Sinani M, Alsayed A, Gleason AM. Prevalence of sleep disturbance in patients with cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Nurs Res. 2022;31(6):1107–23. Hamilton NA, Nelson CA, Stevens N, Kitzman H. Sleep and psychological well-being. Soc Indic Res. 2007;82:147–63. Al Eid NA, Alqahtani MM, Marwa K, Arnout BA, Alswailem HS, Toaimi A, A. A. Religiosity, psychological resilience, and mental health among breast cancer patients in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Breast cancer: basic Clin Res. 2020;14:1178223420903054. Kelly EP, Paredes AZ, Tsilimigras DI, Hyer JM, Pawlik TM. (2022). The role of religion and spirituality in cancer care: An umbrella review of the literature. Surgical Oncology , 42 , 101389. Scales References. Ghayas S, Batool S. Urdu Translation and Validation of Short Muslim Practice and Belief Scale in Pakistan. Span J Psychol. 2016;19:E22. https://doi.org/10.1017/sjp.2016.21 . Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JBW. The PHQ-9. J Gen Intern Med. 2001;16(9):606–13. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x . Storfer-Isser A, Lebourgeois M, Harsh J, Tompsett C, Redline S. (2013). Psychometric properties of the Adolescent Sleep Hygiene Scale. Journal of Sleep Research , 22 . https://doi.org/10.1111/jsr.12059 Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Reviewers agreed at journal 18 Jul, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 11 Jul, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 09 Jul, 2025 Editor invited by journal 10 Jun, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 26 May, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 24 May, 2025 First submitted to journal 24 May, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-6597293","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":483314805,"identity":"a9220aca-56b7-4273-b980-880ad48427ec","order_by":0,"name":"Wizra Saeed","email":"data:image/png;base64,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","orcid":"","institution":"Effat University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Wizra","middleName":"","lastName":"Saeed","suffix":""},{"id":483314807,"identity":"2733f3e7-97f0-4e75-a5b6-ad97a4c77a5f","order_by":1,"name":"Nisma Merdad","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Effat University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Nisma","middleName":"","lastName":"Merdad","suffix":""},{"id":483314808,"identity":"afe121d9-b5f2-44ce-8333-4e9f5a456cd9","order_by":2,"name":"Saima Kulsoom","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Bahria University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Saima","middleName":"","lastName":"Kulsoom","suffix":""},{"id":483314809,"identity":"5827f1c8-890f-4b36-a0ca-db7fb5260d73","order_by":3,"name":"Muhammad Umer Khan","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Bahria University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Muhammad","middleName":"Umer","lastName":"Khan","suffix":""},{"id":483314811,"identity":"43c24a4a-9f77-4b2c-9631-a32acab5d51c","order_by":4,"name":"Mohammad Khalid Husain","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Effat University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Mohammad","middleName":"Khalid","lastName":"Husain","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-05-05 20:53:11","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6597293/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6597293/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":86660264,"identity":"6419b61a-f9f6-4153-b4d8-c521f360c74d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-07-14 10:34:18","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":51665,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eStructural Mediational Model of RBS and SHS between RPS and PHQ among Women Cancer Patients (N=384)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNote\u003cem\u003e: RPS= Religious Practices Scale\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eRBS= Religious Belief Scale, SHS=Sleep Hygiene Scale, PHQ= Patients Health Questionnaire, Edu. = Education, MS= Marital Status, SES= Socioeconomic Status\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage144.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6597293/v1/83856b5d962d2cf77194f677.png"},{"id":86663453,"identity":"8e929b36-2469-4b94-b511-8d5850f8c637","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-07-14 10:50:18","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1599655,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6597293/v1/a16f503a-2894-4e5a-a029-47477f8195eb.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"The relationship of religious practices and depression with mediating role of religious belief and sleeping problem among women cancer patients in Pakistan","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eCancer has become one of the most disastrous illnesses all over the world, when it comes to health concern. The World Health Organization (WHO) reported a total of 2.3\u0026nbsp;million breast cancer cases in 2022, including cases among teenage females [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e] .WHO reports that 41.6% of breast cancer cases in Pakistani women are diagnosed [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e]. In 2020, there were 19.3\u0026nbsp;million new cancers cases, and 10\u0026nbsp;million cancer-related deaths reported worldwide.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAccording to a recent survey, breast cancer is the most common malignancy among females, accounting for 2.3\u0026nbsp;million new cases (11.7%) and 1.8\u0026nbsp;million deaths (18%).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eOther types of cancer that significantly contribute to cancer-related deaths include colorectal cancer (9.4%), liver cancer (8.3%), and stomach cancer (7.7%) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThere were 25,928 cases of breast cancer reported in Pakistan in the year 2020, which accounts for 14% of all cancer diagnoses. Breast cancer is, therefore, the most prevalent and most fatal form of cancer in Pakistan [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e]. According to the study conducted in Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital, one in nine women is thought to be affected by breast cancer. Asian countries have the highest cancer rates globally, with 233.6 cases per 100,000 people, and Pakistan is among the countries with the highest rates [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eBreast cancer has increasingly become the most prevalent life-threatening medical condition in Pakistan, significantly reducing life expectancy among women after puberty. It is estimated that 1 in 9 women have breast cancer at some stage in their lives [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e]. Global cancer statistics from 2020 show that breast cancer accounted for 28.7% (25,928) of all new cancer cases and 11.7% (13,725) of all cancer deaths in Pakistan [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn 2020, Pakistan had a population of 220\u0026nbsp;million, with 0.18\u0026nbsp;million new cancer cases and 0.12\u0026nbsp;million cancer-related deaths. In 2021, a study conducted by Shifa International Hospital in Pakistan estimated that the risk of breast cancer among women aged 50-64years and 30–34 years was expected to increase by 130.7%.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eCancer is a life-threatening disease, and patients diagnosed with cancer may probably face psychological distress, which can affect the disease trajectory. This distress may manifest as hopelessness, disease-related anxiety, depression, and sleep problems [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e]. Research has shown that psychological therapies are particularly useful in managing the stress experienced by cancer patients due to their illness. These therapies also help patients adhere to their treatment, improving their quality of life [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eCancer patients undergoing diagnostic procedures often develop a general sense of depression, especially when they believe their condition is worsening over time. In certain circumstances, this depression can become highly problematic [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e]. It has been determined that depression is a significant biopsychological factor in oncology patients; however, when patients require acute emotional care, medical professionals frequently fail to recognize it [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e]. Depression is estimated to affect anywhere from 1.5 percent to 50 percent of cancer patients [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eMaintaining emotional stability is crucial for effective stress management, particularly for individuals facing terminal illnesses. Depression and sleep disturbances are linked to increased mortality rates and the development of various diseases, but their effects on cancer patients are particularly severe [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e]. Sleep disturbances are a primary symptom in individuals with depression and were once believed to be merely a manifestation of depression [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eStudies have shown that inadequate sleep is closely linked to depression [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e]. Cancer patients who struggle with psychiatric challenges are more likely to resort to negative coping mechanisms [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e]. It is essential to use healthy coping strategies to manage stress effectively. Researchers have recognized that religion can serve as a coping mechanism, enhancing overall well-being [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eResearch indicates that religious practices and beliefs can significantly reduce depression [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e]. In terms of religious coping, individuals use their religious convictions and beliefs to face and overcome life's challenges or discomfort, protecting them from developing learned helplessness and discouragement [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e]. Participating in religious activities offers various benefits, including improved mental health, contentment, freedom from conflicts, stability, and increased awareness [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e]. Engaging in religious rituals, attending services, praying, and practicing meditation can provide a sense of meaning, purpose, and connection to something greater than oneself [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThese practices often foster positive emotions such as appreciation, faith, hope, gratitude, and forgiveness, which have been associated with lower levels of depression [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e]. Religious beliefs could counteract the negative thought patterns and self-criticism that contribute to depressive symptoms by emphasizing forgiveness, love, and acceptance ([\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e]. For individuals suffering from depression, incorporating religious ideas and practices can be a powerful resource, offering solace, hope, and a path to recovery [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIslam, one of the three largest Abrahamic faiths, has more than 1.5\u0026nbsp;billion followers worldwide. It has often been described as a comprehensive way of life, making it important to explore how it may assist individuals in coping with chronic illnesses. However, there is currently limited information available on Islam and the management of long-term diseases like cancer [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePsychologists and psychiatrists from Iran, the United States, Europe, and the Arab world have written ninety-three studies investigating the connection between mental illness and spirituality or religious beliefs [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e]. (Cannon et al., 2022). Both religious practice and religious belief or spirituality is significant factors that influence and are influenced by depression [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eStudy aim\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBased on our understanding and literature review, there is no research examining the relationship between religious beliefs, coping strategies, and distress levels among oncology patients in Pakistan. The current study aims to investigate the association between depression and religious practice among female cancer patients, as well as the mediating roles of religious belief and sleep disturbance.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe following hypotheses were formulated based on the literature review:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003col\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eThere will be a relationship between the Religious Practice Scale (RPS) and Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ) with the mediating role of the Religious Belief Scale (RBS) among women with cancer.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eThere will be a relationship between RPS and PHQ with the mediating role of the Sleep Hygiene Scale (SHS) among women with cancer.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eThere will be a significant difference between patients with breast cancer and those with other types of cancer regarding PHQ, RPS, RBS, and SHS among women with cancer.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eThere will be a significant difference between single and married women regarding PHQ, RPS, RBS, and SHS among women with cancer.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eThere will be a significant difference among cancer stages regarding PHQ, RPS, RBS, and SHS among female cancer patients.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"Research Design and Methods","content":"\u003ch2\u003eStudy design\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis quantitative cross-sectional study was conducted at Allied Hospital in Faisalabad, Pakistan, and Jinnah Hospital in Lahore, Pakistan. The sample size was determined using G-Power software (version 3.1.9.4), with an effect size of 0.35, an α error of 0.001, and a power of 0.95. The G-Power calculator indicated a required sample size of 356 participants. However, we recruited 384 participants who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria for the study.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch3\u003eInclusion and Exclusion Criteria\u003c/h3\u003e\u003cp\u003eParticipants in this study were stable cancer patients at various stages of the disease. However, individuals with severe health issues or those undergoing major surgeries were excluded. Additionally, patients with significant communication difficulties, physical disabilities, or head injuries were omitted. Patients receiving inpatient care were also excluded from the study. Participation was entirely voluntary, and only patients who were motivated to participate were included.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch3\u003eMeasures\u003c/h3\u003e\u003cp\u003eEach participant received a consent form on the first page of the questionnaire. This form provided information about the research, including the study's goals, confidentiality, privacy, and the option to withdraw. It also indicated that signing the form meant the participant voluntarily agreed to participate in the study. The subsequent section of the questionnaire collected personal information from the participants, such as their gender, marital status, age, education, place of residence (owned or rented), employment status, number of earners per month, type of cancer, age at diagnosis, cancer stage, and type of treatment they were receiving. In addition, information about their religious beliefs, depression symptoms and sleep patterns were collected by using the following measures.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch3\u003eThe Short Muslim Practice and Belief Scale (SMPBS)[32]:\u003c/h3\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe SMPBS was used to evaluate religious practices and beliefs. Originally developed by Tayyiba AlMarri (2009), the scale was translated into Urdu by Ghayas and Batool (2016). The SMPBS examines various religious traits and assesses the degree of participation in Islamic religious activities. It is divided into two sections: the first contains nine items divided into two subscales (religious practice and religious belief). In contrast, the second section consists of five items that assess religious conviction. For the current study, Cronbach’s alpha reliability coefficient for the Urdu version of the SMPBS was determined to be .78.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003ePatient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR49\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e]:\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe PHQ-9 was used to measure the severity of depression in cancer patients. It consists of nine items that assess the presence and severity of depressive symptoms over the past two weeks. Higher scores indicate more severe symptoms, with each item rated on a scale from 0 to 3. The PHQ-9 demonstrates high internal consistency, with a Cronbach's alpha of 0.89 .\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch3\u003eAdolescent Sleep Hygiene Scale (ASHS) [34]:\u003c/h3\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe ASHS is a 28-item self-report measure that evaluates practices affecting sleep in adolescents across eight conceptual domains: sleep environment (5 items), daytime sleep (2 items), behavioral (3 items), emotional (6 items), physiological (5 items), substances (2 items), bedtime routine (1 item), and sleep stability (3 items). The internal consistency values for the subscales are as follows: α = .60 (sleep environment), α = .62 (daytime sleep), α = .81 (behavioral), α = .61 (emotional), α = .78 (physiological), α = .50 (substances), α = .68 (bedtime routine), and α = .84 (overall scale).\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch3\u003eProcedure\u003c/h3\u003e\u003cp\u003e Approval was initially obtained from the Ethical Review Committee. Data collection was conducted using a purposeful sampling strategy. After receiving clearance from the committee, the study proposal was presented to the departmental research committee and subsequently sent to the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of Government College University Faisalabad for final approval. Data collection was then carried out with authorization from the hospital administration.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e A researcher who collected the data provided a brief explanation of the study’s goals and the benefits to the participants, in addition to presenting written information on the informed consent form. The researcher also informed participants that their involvement was entirely voluntary. The hospital’s on-call oncologist referred patients to the data collection researcher, who then recruited and screened the individuals. Three researchers collected data, one in Lahore and the other in Faisalabad. The data collection process was completed within 6 to 8 months.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eEthical Consideration\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eTo protect participants' rights during data collection, the researcher kept them informed throughout the process. Patients thoroughly reviewed the consent form and were asked to sign it to indicate their agreement to participate in the study. The data collector also informed participants that they could withdraw from the study if they felt any distress. Participants were reassured about the confidentiality of their information and the protection of their identities. The data collection researchers adhered to fundamental ethical principles, including the protection of patient's rights and the maintenance of their dignity and respect. All ethical considerations were strictly followed in this study.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eStatistical Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eDescriptive statistics were used to provide an overview of the participant's demographic information. The results were analyzed using t-tests, ANOVA, and mediation analysis on SPSS-Version 27.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn this study, 384 subjects were recruited from the outpatient departments of two hospitals in Punjab, Pakistan. Sixteen participants were excluded because they did not meet the inclusion criteria or did not complete the screening procedures.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAmong the 368 remaining females, 191 (49.7%) were single, and 193 (50.3%) were married. Regarding educational qualifications, 76 participants (19.8%) had education below the metric level, 88 (22.9%) had completed matriculation, 69 (18.7%) had FA-level qualifications, 71 (18.8%) had BA-level qualifications, and 80 (21.8%) had MA-level qualifications or higher.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eParticipants were also categorized by their place of residence: 195 (50.8%) were from rural areas, while 189 (49.2%) were from urban areas. Socio-economic status was classified as follows: 129 participants (33.6%) were from lower socio-economic status, 144 (37.5%) were from middle socioeconomic status, and 111 (28.9%) were from higher socio-economic status.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe study also assessed the type and stage of cancer among participants: 26.8% were at stage I, 26.3% were at stage II, 21.4% were at stage III, and 25.5% were at stage IV. In terms of cancer type, 44.8% of the patients were diagnosed with breast cancer, while 55.2% had other types of cancer (see Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDemographics information\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"8\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFrequency\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePercent\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eValid Percent\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCumulative Percent\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"4\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStages\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStage-I\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e103\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e26.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e26.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e26.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStage-II\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e101\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e26.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e26.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e53.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStage-III\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e82\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e74.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStage-IV\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e98\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e25.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e25.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e384\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eToC\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBreast cancer\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e172\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e44.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e44.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e44.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOther cancer\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e212\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e55.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e55.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e384\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"5\" rowspan=\"6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEdu\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;Metric\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e76\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e19.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e19.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e19.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMetric\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e88\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e42.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFA\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e69\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e60.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBA\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e71\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e79.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMaster \u0026amp; above\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e80\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e384\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRural/Urban\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e195\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e50.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e50.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e50.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e189\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e49.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e49.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e384\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSing\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e191\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e49.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e49.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e49.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMarried\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e193\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e50.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e50.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e384\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSES\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLow\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e129\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e33.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e33.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e33.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMiddle\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e144\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e37.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e37.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e71.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHigh\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e111\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e28.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e28.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e384\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003ctfoot\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"8\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eNote: ToC\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Type of Cancer, Edu. = Education, MS\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Marital Status, SES\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Socioeconomic Status\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tfoot\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e[Place Table \u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e here]\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe t-test results comparing patients with breast cancer to those with other types of cancer on the variables of PHQ, RPS, RBS, and SHS indicate that females with breast cancer exhibit higher levels of depression and sleep disturbances, as well as greater religious coping and stronger religious beliefs (see Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003et-test statistics for the scale of PHQ, RPS, RBS, and SHS among cancer patients with types of cancer(N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;384).\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"10\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePatients with Breast Cancer (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;172)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePatients with Other Cancer (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;212)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eT\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eP\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStd.Err Diff\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e95% Confidence Interval of the Difference\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eM\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eM\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLower\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUpper\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePHQ.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.38\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.62\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16.91\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.87\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-16.844\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.44718\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-8.41171\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-6.65323\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRPS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.66\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.12\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.85\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.78\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.055\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.25420\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.31032\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.30991\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRBS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17.95\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.39\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15.99\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.43\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.936\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.19755\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.57450\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.35134\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRPBS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e29.62\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.22\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24.84\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.14\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14.342\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.33280\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.11868\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.42739\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePHY\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16.84\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.05\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12.54\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.52\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.092\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.38710\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.53264\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.05485\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBEH\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.52\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.19\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.76\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.54\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.132\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.24565\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.26889\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.23487\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCOG\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18.48\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.68\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.65\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.23\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.139\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.61295\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.62226\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.03263\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eENV\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14.50\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.77\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.42\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.036\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.38694\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.96163\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.48321\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSTA\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.4.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.28\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.57\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.16\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.744\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.18017\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.50051\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.20901\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDAY\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.64\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.84\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.32\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.97\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.809\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.29858\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.74461\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.91873\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSUB\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.17\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.36\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.31\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.37\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.749\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.12711\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.60791\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.10776\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBED\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.89\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.40\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.43\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.68\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.739\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.05901\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.34064\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.57270\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSHST\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e73.83\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14.04\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e59.39\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.61\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.473\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.25852\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.96437\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16.91337\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003ctfoot\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"10\"\u003eNote: \u003cem\u003ePHQ\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Patients Health Questionnaire RPS Religious practice scale, RBS Religious belief scale subscale, RPBS Religious practice and belief scale, PHY\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Physiological Factor Sleep hygiene sub scale, BEH\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Behavioral Arousal Factor, COG\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Cognitive/Emotional Factor, ENV\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Sleep Environment Factor, STA\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Sleep Stability Factor, DAY\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Daytime Sleep Factor, SUB\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Substances Facto, BED\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Bedtime Routine Factor, SHST\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Sleep Hygiene Scale total.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tfoot\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAdditionally, t-test results comparing single and married women on these variables reveal that married women experience higher levels of depression and sleep disturbances and lower levels of religious coping and religious beliefs compared to single women with cancer (see Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003et-test statistics for the scale of PHQ, RPS, RBS, and SHS among cancer patients with single and married women\u0026rsquo;s of cancer(N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;384).\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"10\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSingle Women (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;191)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMarried Women (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;193)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eT\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eP\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSE\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e95% Confidence Interval of the Difference\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eM\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eM\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLower\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUpper\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePHQ.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12.29\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.35\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14.76\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.86\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-4.315\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.57333\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-3.60093\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-1.34637\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRPS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.60\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.06\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.64\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.52\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.371\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.28623\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.40200\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.52757\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRBS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17.13\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.17\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16.62\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.374\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.018\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.21880\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.08929\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.94970\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRPBS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e27.73\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.24\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e26.25\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.63\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.679\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.40346\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.69099\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.27757\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePHY\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15.31\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.46\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13.65\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.04\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.801\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.43453\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.79746\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.50620\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBEH\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.93\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.40\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.17\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.64\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.912\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.004\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.25723\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.24321\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.25475\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCOG\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15.86\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.86\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13.57\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.69\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.316\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.69179\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.93378\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.65418\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eENV\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13.24\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.97\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12.75\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.03\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.209\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.227\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.40823\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.30894\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.29638\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSTA\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.99\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.82\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.58\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.566\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.118\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.18381\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.07363\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.64917\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDAY\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.72\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.12\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.250\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.025\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.31769\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.09006\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.33932\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSUB\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.79\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.37\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.61\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.24\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.460\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.145\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.13337\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.06746\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.45701\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBED\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.71\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.61\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.57\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.63\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.182\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.030\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.06273\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.01356\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.26026\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSHST\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e67.14\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13.87\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e64.59\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14.44\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.763\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.079\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.44554\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.29416\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.39028\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003ctfoot\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"10\"\u003eNote: \u003cem\u003ePHQ\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Patients Health Questionnaire RPS Religious practice scale, RBS Religious belief scale subscale, RPBS Religious practice and belief scale, PHY\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Physiological Factor Sleep hygiene sub scale, BEH\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Behavioral Arousal Factor, COG\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Cognitive/Emotional Factor, ENV\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Sleep Environment Factor, STA\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Sleep Stability Factor, DAY\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Daytime Sleep Factor, SUB\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Substances Facto, BED\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Bedtime Routine Factor, SHST\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Sleep Hygiene Scale total.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tfoot\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e[Place Tables \u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e and \u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e here]\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eOne-way ANOVA results on the variables of PHQ, RPS, RBS, and SHS across different stages of cancer indicate significant mean differences in depression, religious coping, and religious belief. However, no significant differences were found in sleep disturbances among the different stages of cancer (see Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). Tukey's post-hoc tests further explored these differences across stages I, II, III, and IV in women with cancer (see Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eDescriptive statistics (M \u0026amp; SD) and one-way Anova statistics for the scale of PHQ, RPS, RBS, and SHS among cancer patients with types of cancer(N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;384).\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"11\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTypes of Cancer\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStd. Deviation\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStd. Error\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e95% Confidence Interval for Mean\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eF\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eP\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLower Bound\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUpper Bound\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePHQ.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStage-I\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e103\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.5049\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.63406\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.55514\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e280.392\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.029\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.4037\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12.6060\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStage-II\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e101\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13.0000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.81664\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.47927\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e31.053\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12.0491\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13.9509\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStage-III\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e82\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14.9024\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.65382\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.62436\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13.6602\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16.1447\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStage-IV\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e98\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15.0816\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.13705\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.61994\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13.8512\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16.3120\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRPS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStage-I\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e103\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.8447\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.78531\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.37298\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e146.737\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21.014\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.1049\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12.5845\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStage-II\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e101\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.8416\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.61699\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.16090\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.983\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.5224\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.1608\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStage-III\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e82\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.2927\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.08159\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.22987\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.8353\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.7501\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStage-IV\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e98\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.2755\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.44435\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.24692\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.7854\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.7656\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRBS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStage-I\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e103\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17.7184\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.59871\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.25606\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e35.099\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.957\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17.2106\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18.2263\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStage-II\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e101\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16.5347\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.58470\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.15768\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.411\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16.2218\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16.8475\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStage-III\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e82\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16.7317\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.91839\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.21185\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16.3102\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17.1532\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStage-IV\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e98\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16.4388\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.12528\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.21469\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16.0127\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16.8649\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSHS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStage-I\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e103\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e67.4146\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17.94964\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.76863\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e415.098\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.075\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.103\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e63.9065\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e70.9226\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStage-II\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e101\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e67.5871\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.70782\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.96596\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e200.015\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e65.6707\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e69.5036\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStage-III\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e82\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e64.6720\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13.28434\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.46701\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e61.7531\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e67.5908\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStage-IV\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e98\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e63.4286\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14.15074\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.42944\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e60.5915\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e66.2656\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003ctfoot\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"11\"\u003eNote: \u003cem\u003ePHQ\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Patients Health Questionnaire RPS\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Religious Practices Scale, RBS\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Religious Belief Scale, SHS\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Sleep Hygiene Scale.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tfoot\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOne way Anova statistics for the scale of PHQ, RPS, RBS, and SHS among cancer patients with types of cancer(N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;384).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"8\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDependent Variable\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e(I) Stages\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e(J) Stages\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMean Difference (I-J)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStd. Error\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSig.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e95% Confidence Interval\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLower Bound\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUpper Bound\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"11\" rowspan=\"12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePHQ.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStage-I\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStage-II\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-1.49515\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.78035\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.223\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-3.5088\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.5185\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStage-III\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-3.39758\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.82474\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-5.5258\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-1.2694\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStage-IV\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-3.57678\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.78636\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-5.6059\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-1.5476\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStage-II\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStage-I\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.49515\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.78035\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.223\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.5185\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.5088\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStage-III\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-1.90244\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.82835\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.101\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-4.0399\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.2351\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStage-IV\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-2.08163\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.79015\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.043\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-4.1206\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.0427\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStage-III\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStage-I\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.39758\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.82474\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.2694\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.5258\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStage-II\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.90244\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.82835\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.101\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.2351\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.0399\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStage-IV\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.17919\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.83401\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.996\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-2.3313\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.9729\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStage-IV\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStage-I\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.57678\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.78636\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.5476\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.6059\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStage-II\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.08163\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.79015\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.043\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.0427\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.1206\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStage-III\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.17919\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.83401\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.996\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-1.9729\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.3313\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"11\" rowspan=\"12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRPS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStage-I\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStage-II\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.00308\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.37005\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.0482\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.9580\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStage-III\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.55198\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.39109\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.5428\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.5612\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStage-IV\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.56915\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.37289\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.6069\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.5314\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStage-II\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStage-I\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-2.00308\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.37005\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-2.9580\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-1.0482\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStage-III\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.54890\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.39281\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.502\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.4647\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.5625\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStage-IV\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.56607\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.37469\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.432\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.4008\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.5329\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStage-III\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStage-I\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-2.55198\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.39109\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-3.5612\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-1.5428\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStage-II\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.54890\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.39281\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.502\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-1.5625\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.4647\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStage-IV\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.01717\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.39549\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-1.0034\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.0377\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStage-IV\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStage-I\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-2.56915\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.37289\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-3.5314\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-1.6069\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStage-II\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.56607\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.37469\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.432\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-1.5329\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.4008\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStage-III\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.01717\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.39549\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-1.0377\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.0034\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"11\" rowspan=\"12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRBS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStage-I\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStage-II\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.18379\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.29411\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.4249\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.9427\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStage-III\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.98674\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.31084\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.009\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.1846\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.7888\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStage-IV\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.27967\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.29637\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.5149\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.0444\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStage-II\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStage-I\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-1.18379\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.29411\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-1.9427\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.4249\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStage-III\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.19705\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.31220\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.922\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-1.0027\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.6085\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStage-IV\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.09588\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.29780\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.988\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.6726\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.8643\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStage-III\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStage-I\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.98674\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.31084\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.009\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-1.7888\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.1846\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStage-II\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.19705\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.31220\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.922\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.6085\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.0027\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStage-IV\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.29293\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.31433\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.788\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.5182\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.1040\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStage-IV\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStage-I\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-1.27967\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.29637\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-2.0444\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.5149\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStage-II\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.09588\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.29780\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.988\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.8643\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.6726\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStage-III\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.29293\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.31433\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.788\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-1.1040\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.5182\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"11\" rowspan=\"12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSHS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStage-I\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStage-II\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.17257\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.98046\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-5.2830\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.9379\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStage-III\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.74261\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.09311\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.557\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-2.6585\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.1437\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStage-IV\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.98599\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.99571\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.191\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-1.1638\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.1358\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStage-II\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStage-I\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.17257\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.98046\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-4.9379\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.2830\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStage-III\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.91518\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.10227\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.508\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-2.5096\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.3400\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStage-IV\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.15856\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.00532\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.164\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-1.0160\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.3332\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStage-III\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStage-I\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-2.74261\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.09311\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.557\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-8.1437\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.6585\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStage-II\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-2.91518\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.10227\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.508\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-8.3400\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.5096\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStage-IV\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.24338\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.11664\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.936\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-4.2185\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.7052\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStage-IV\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStage-I\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-3.98599\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.99571\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.191\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-9.1358\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.1638\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStage-II\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-4.15856\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.00532\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.164\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-9.3332\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.0160\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStage-III\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-1.24338\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.11664\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.936\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-6.7052\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.2185\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"8\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e* The mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003ctfoot\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"8\"\u003eNote: \u003cem\u003ePHQ\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Patients Health Questionnaire RPS\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Religious Practices Scale, RBS\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Religious Belief Scale, SHS\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Sleep Hygiene Scale.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tfoot\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e[Place Tables \u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e and \u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e here]\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec14\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMediation analysis:\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe findings indicate that RPS is a significant negative predictor of PHQ, meaning that higher religious practices and spirituality are associated with lower levels of depression. Additionally, RPS is significantly and positively correlated with both RBS and SHS, suggesting that greater religious practices and spirituality predict higher levels of religious belief and better sleep hygiene.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFurthermore, RBS and SHS are significantly negatively correlated with PHQ, indicating that both are significant predictors of depression. The indirect effects analysis reveals that RBS and SHS serve as significant mediators between RPS and PHQ. Specifically, increases in RBS and SHS are associated with a reduction in depression, whereas decreases in RBS and SHS are linked to an increase in depression (see Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e and Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab6\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 6\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMediation Analysis of RPS and PHQ with Mediating Role of RBS and SHS among Women breast Cancer Patients(N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;384)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"13\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c12\" colnum=\"12\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c13\" colnum=\"13\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePredictors\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRBS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSHS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePHQ\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCoeff.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSE\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCoeff.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSE\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCoeff.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSE\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eConstant\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e19.60\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.91\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e46.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.50\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e31.19\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.44\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRPS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.38\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.04\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.12\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.25\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.017\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.20\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRBS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.15\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSHS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.23\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCovariates\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAge\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.24\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.02\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.04\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.09\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.428\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.14\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.02\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEdu.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.20\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.06\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.004\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.37\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.915\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.03\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.06\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.071\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.03\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.16\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.452\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.008\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.86\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.07\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.17\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSES\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.63\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.18\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.794\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.41\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.24\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eR\u003c/em\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003e2\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003csub\u003e=\u003c/sub\u003e.476\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eR\u003c/em\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003e2\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003csub\u003e=\u003c/sub\u003e.553\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eR\u003c/em\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003e2\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003csub\u003e=\u003c/sub\u003e.924\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eF\u003c/em\u003e(7,376)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;68.61, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eF\u003c/em\u003e(7,376)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;93.50, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eF\u003c/em\u003e(7, 376)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;654.95, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003ctfoot\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"13\"\u003eNote: \u003cem\u003eRPS\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Religious Practices Scale, RBS\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Religious Belief Scale, SHS\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Sleep Hygiene Scale, PHQ\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Patients Health Questionnaire, Edu. = Education, MS\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Marital Status, SES\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Socioeconomic Status\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tfoot\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab7\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 7\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIndirect Effects of RBS and SHS \u003cem\u003ebetween RPS and PHQ among Women Cancer Patients\u003c/em\u003e (N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;384)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMediator\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eEffect\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBoots\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e95%BootCI\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBootLL\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBoot\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRBS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.17\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.07\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.05\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.30\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSHS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.06\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.05\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;.04\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e.16\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003ctfoot\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"5\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eNote. Effect\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;standardized regression coefficient, BootCI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;bootstrapped confidence interval, BootLL\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;bootstrapped lower limit, BootUL\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;bootstrapped upper limit, RBS\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Religious Belief Scale, SHS\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Sleep Hygiene Scale\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tfoot\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e[Place Table \u003cspan refid=\"Tab7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e here]\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe mediation model shows a direct correlation between RPS and PHQ, as well as an indirect effect of RBS and SHS on the relationship between RPS and PHQ. The values presented reflect the regression weights, with standard errors provided in parentheses. Statistical significance is indicated as follows: * = p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.05, ** = p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.01, and *** = p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001. In the model, c represents the total effect, c\u0026rsquo; denotes the direct effect, and \u0026#119886;\u0026lowast;\u0026#119887; represents the indirect effect (see Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e[Place Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e here]\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis research enhances our understanding of the relationship between religious practice and depression among cancer patients and examines the mediating roles of religious belief and sleep problems. Significant differences were observed between breast cancer patients and those with other types of cancer concerning PHQ, RPS, RBS, and SHS. Notably, single participants exhibited higher levels of depression compared to married women. One-way analysis revealed significant variations in PHQ, RPS, RBS, and SHS across different stages of cancer.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe findings indicate that RPS (Religious Practice and Spirituality) is a significant negative predictor of depression (PHQ). RPS is also positively correlated with RBS (Religious Beliefs Scale) and SHS (Sleep Hygiene Scale), suggesting that RPS is a positive predictor of both RBS and SHS.Additionally, RBS and SHS are significantly associated with depression, highlighting their roles as important predictors of PHQ. Furthermore, RBS and SHS were found to be significant mediators in the relationship between RPS and depression. Specifically, increases in RBS and SHS are associated with a reduction in depression levels, while decreases in RBS and SHS are linked to a higher likelihood of depression. Each of these results is explained in greater detail below.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eOur findings indicate that religious practice is a significant and negative predictor of depression. Engaging in religious activities is associated with reduced depressive symptoms and improved overall well-being [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e]. Cancer patients who participate in religious activities tend to experience lower levels of depression compared to those who do not [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eStrong religious beliefs help individuals adapt to stress and adversity more effectively, thereby reducing the likelihood of developing depression. It has been observed that spirituality, often linked to strong religious convictions, significantly enhances individuals' psychological well-being. Individuals with robust spiritual beliefs report greater fulfillment, increased joy, and a better sense of their health and psychological state. Integrating spiritual activities into one\u0026rsquo;s life can serve as a supportive intervention in managing depression [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e38\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e39\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAdditionally, our study explored how sleep issues and religious beliefs might mediate the relationship between religious practices and depression in cancer patients. We found a strong negative relationship between depression and religious beliefs. Our research also examined the mediating role of religious beliefs and sleep disturbances between religious practices and depression. Studies have shown that engaging in religious activities, such as praying, fasting, and other practices, can improve sleep quality and overall quality of life among cancer patients [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e40\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e41\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eResearch indicates that strong religious beliefs enhance coping abilities and help manage distress, including sleep problems associated with a cancer diagnosis. Cancer patients with robust religious beliefs tend to have more positive attitudes toward life and a greater sense of belonging compared to those with weaker beliefs [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e42\u003c/span\u003e]. Religious practices among cancer patients assist in addressing health-related challenges [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e43\u003c/span\u003e]. Strong religious beliefs not only help individuals navigate stressful conditions but also support cancer patients in managing various issues, including sleep disturbances [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e44\u003c/span\u003e]. Sleep disturbances significantly impact both physical and psychological well-being [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e45\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eA significant correlation exists between sleep disorders and psychological distress in cancer patients [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e]. Patients with sleep disturbances are at an increased risk of developing depression because the apprehension about the disease makes them uncomfortable psychologically. Patients who engage in religious practices are less likely to show signs of depression [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e46\u003c/span\u003e]. Healthy religious practices can provide relaxation, optimism, acceptance and a sense of purpose, which may help alleviate depressive symptoms. When offering holistic care to cancer patients, healthcare providers should consider their religious beliefs [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR47\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e47\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec16\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eLimitations\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis study has the following limitations that should be considered. First, the research sample consisted solely of female cancer patients, which limits the generalizability of the findings for male Brest cancer patients. Future studies should include male participants to evaluate whether the observed results are consistent across genders and to explore potential gender differences in coping mechanisms and psychological responses. Additionally, while the study indicates that religious involvement and positive religious beliefs can provide support to patients facing mental health challenges, such as depression, it does not specify strategies or interventions that could help patients manage these issues more effectively. Incorporating targeted interventions and coping strategies into future research could provide a more comprehensive understanding of how to address the psychological needs of cancer patients.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec17\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eRecommendation and implications of the study\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eReligion and Religious-based therapy have shown potential in addressing not only depression but also issues like sleep problems, which are common among cancer patients. Understanding how such interventions can be tailored to different cancer types and stages could enhance their effectiveness and help in developing more personalized treatment plans. The findings from this study offer valuable context for mental health professionals seeking to design and implement treatment approaches for patients with cancer. However, these insights are not limited to oncology alone. They can also inform the management of other chronic illnesses, such as diabetes and HIV/AIDS, where psychological distress and coping strategies play a critical role in overall health outcomes. Other researchers should conduct intervention-based qualitative or quantitative studies on the variables explored in this research to gain further insights into its strengths and limitations\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study revealed differences in depression, sleep patterns, and religious beliefs among patients with various types and stages of cancer. It was found that religious practices significantly predicted levels of depression, religious beliefs, and sleep quality. Additionally, both religious beliefs and sleep quality emerged as significant predictors of depression. Furthermore, religious beliefs and sleep quality were identified as mediators in the relationship between religious practices and depression. These findings can inform the development of interventions aimed at improving mental health for cancer patients.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Abbreviations","content":"\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 234px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBreast Cancer\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePHQ-9\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 234px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePatient Health Questionnaire -9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRPS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 234px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eReligious practice scale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRBS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 234px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eReligious belief scale subscale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRPBS\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 234px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eReligious practice and belief scale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePHY \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 234px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePhysiological Factor Sleep Hygiene Subscale\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBEH \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 234px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBehavioral Arousal Factor\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCOG \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 234px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCognitive/Emotional Factor\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eENV \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 234px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSleep Environment Factor\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSTA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 234px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSleep Stability Factor\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDAY \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 234px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDaytime Sleep Factor\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSUB \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 234px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSubstances Factor\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBED \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 234px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBedtime Routine Factor\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 144px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSHST\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 234px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSleep Hygiene Scale total\u003cem\u003e.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics Approval and Consent to Participate:\u003c/strong\u003e The Institutional Review Board and Ethics Committee of Government College University Faisalabad (GCU/ERC/210) have approved all of the study\u0026apos;s planned procedures. Participants in the study gave their consent. We followed all applicable policies when enrolling, screening, collecting, analyzing, and validating participants\u0026apos; data. The Government College University Faisalabad (GCUF) ethical committee\u0026apos;s ethical criteria were followed throughout the entire research process. Furthermore, informed consent was obtained.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication\u003c/strong\u003e: Not applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of data and materials\u003c/strong\u003e: The datasets generated and analyzed during the current study are not publicly available but are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests\u003c/strong\u003e: The authors do not have competition of interest.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e: None.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor contributions\u003c/strong\u003e: Wizra Saeed (WS) Nisma Murdad (NM), Umar Khan (UK) and Khalid Husain (KH) conceptualized the idea and designed the study; WS, NM and UK drafted the manuscript; NM and Saima Kulsoom (SK) carried out the analysis and interpreted the results; WS, UM and SK collected the data; WS, NM, KH and UK reviewed the paper for intellectual content; and WS, NM, UK, SK and KH reviewed the final manuscript and gave their consent.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/strong\u003e: The authors would like to thank all participants\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConflict of interest:\u003c/strong\u003e All the authors mutually agreed to submit this manuscript to this journal, and no one has any conflict of interest.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding:\u003c/strong\u003e No funding was received from any agency/institution.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSiegel RL, Miller KD, Fuchs HE, Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2022. Cancer J Clin. 2022;72(1):7\u0026ndash;33.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eFurer A, Afek A, Sommer A, Keinan-Boker L, Derazne E, Levi Z, Twig G. Adolescent obesity and midlife cancer risk: a population-based cohort study of 2\u0026middot; 3 million adolescents in Israel. lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2020;8(3):216\u0026ndash;25.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eTufail M, Wu C. Exploring the Burden of Cancer in Pakistan: An Analysis of 2019 Data. J Epidemiol Global Health. 2023;13(2):333\u0026ndash;43. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1007/s44197-023-00104-5\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1007/s44197-023-00104-5\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSung H, Ferlay J, Siegel RL, Laversanne M, Soerjomataram I, Jemal A, Bray F. Global Cancer Statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN Estimates of Incidence and Mortality Worldwide for 36 Cancers in 185 Countries. Cancer J Clin. 2021;71(3):209\u0026ndash;49. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.3322/caac.21660\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.3322/caac.21660\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKhan NU, Khan BM, Azam I, Hayat A. Current Situation of Breast Cancer in Pakistan and the Dire Need of Early Diagnosis. Curr Trends OMICS. 2024;4(2). \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003eArticle 2. https://doi.org/10.32350/cto.42.01\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"Article 2. 10.32350/cto.42.01\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eArif M, Javed M, Raza H. Breast Cancer in Pakistan: Alarming Situation of Breast Cancer in Near Future. Iran J Public Health. 2020;49(4):812\u0026ndash;3.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMenhas R, Umer S. Breast Cancer among Pakistani Women. Iran J Public Health. 2015;44(4):586\u0026ndash;7.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePitman A, Suleman S, Hyde N, Hodgkiss A. (2018). Depression and anxiety in patients with cancer. BMJ, \u003cem\u003e361\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAbrahams HJG, Gielissen MFM, Verhagen CAHHVM, Knoop H. The relationship of fatigue in breast cancer survivors with quality of life and factors to address in psychological interventions: a systematic review. Clin Psychol Rev. 2018;63:1\u0026ndash;11.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eDurosini I, Pravettoni G. Patients' representation of oncological disease: Psychological Aspects in the cancer journey. Front Psychol. 2023;14:1087083.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eThakur A, Prasad N, Raina K, Sharma R, Chaudhary A. Role of plant-based anticancer compounds in treatment of breast cancer. Curr Pharmacol Rep. 2023;9(6):468\u0026ndash;88.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eZeilinger EL, Oppenauer C, Knefel M, Kantor V, Schneckenreiter C, Lubowitzki S, Gaiger A. Prevalence of anxiety and depression in people with different types of cancer or haematologic malignancies: a cross-sectional study. Epidemiol psychiatric Sci. 2022;31:e74.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eLan A, Li H, Shen M, Li D, Shu D, Liu Y, Tang H, Li K, Peng Y, Liu S. Association of depressive symptoms and sleep disturbances with survival among US adult cancer survivors. BMC Med. 2024;22(1):225. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-024-03451-7\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1186/s12916-024-03451-7\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eFang H, Tu S, Sheng J, Shao A. Depression in sleep disturbance: A review on a bidirectional relationship, mechanisms and treatment. J Cell Mol Med. 2019;23(4):2324\u0026ndash;32. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1111/jcmm.14170\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1111/jcmm.14170\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eZhu W, Gao J, Guo J, Wang L, Li W. Anxiety, depression, and sleep quality among breast cancer patients in North China: Mediating roles of hope and medical social support. Support Care Cancer. 2023;31(9):514. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1007/s00520-023-07972-4\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1007/s00520-023-07972-4\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMogavero MP, DelRosso LM, Fssanfulla F, Bruni O, Ferri R. Sleep disorders and cancer: State of the art and future perspectives. Sleep Med Rev. 2021;56:101409. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2020.101409\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/j.smrv.2020.101409\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eNg CG, Mohamed S, Kaur K, Sulaiman AH, Zainal NZ, Taib NA, MyBCC Study group. (2017). Perceived distress and its association with depression and anxiety in breast cancer patients. PLoS ONE, 12(3), e0172975.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAflakseir A, Mahdiyar M. The role of religious coping strategies in predicting depression among a sample of women with fertility problems in Shiraz. J Reprod infertility. 2016;17(2):117.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAbbas Q, Kanwal U, Saeed W, Khan MU, Shahzadi M, Faran M. Relationship of Muslim Religiosity and Death Anxiety with the Mediating Effect of Optimism and Depression Among Cancer Patients in Pakistan. J Relig Health. 2022;61(2):1418\u0026ndash;36. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-021-01415-2\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1007/s10943-021-01415-2\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eGarssen B, Visser A, Pool G. Does Spirituality or Religion Positively Affect Mental Health? Meta-analysis of Longitudinal Studies. Int J Psychol Relig. 2021;31(1):4\u0026ndash;20. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1080/10508619.2020.1729570\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1080/10508619.2020.1729570\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSaeed W, Abbas Q, Kanwal U, Khan UM, Shahzadi M, Faran M. Relationship of Muslim Religiosity and Death Anxiety with the Mediating Effect of Optimism and Depression Among Cancer Patients. J Relig Health. 2021. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-465671/v1\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.21203/rs.3.rs-465671/v1\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSzcześniak M, Madej D, Bielecka G. Relationship between world assumptions and post-traumatic growth among polish Cancer patients: moderating effect of rumination. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19(19):12444.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eFox L, Monroy-Iglesias MJ, Aggarwal A, Haire K, Purushotham A, Spicer J, Van Hemelrijck M. Association between COVID-19 burden and delays to diagnosis and treatment of cancer patients in England. J Cancer Policy. 2022;31:100316.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eRossato L, Benfato JC, Ull\u0026aacute;n AM, Scorsolini-Comin F. Religious\u0026ndash;spiritual experiences of family members and caregivers of children and adolescents with cancer. Palliat Support Care. 2022;20(5):711\u0026ndash;9.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePasha-Zaidi N, Al-Seheel A, Bridges-Lyman K, Dasti R. (2021). Gratitude and Wellbeing: Cultivating Islamically-Integrated Pathways to Health and Wellness. In N. Pasha-Zaidi, editor, \u003cem\u003eToward a Positive Psychology of Islam and Muslims: Spirituality, struggle, and social justice\u003c/em\u003e (pp. 207\u0026ndash;234). Springer International Publishing. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-72606-5_10\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1007/978-3-030-72606-5_10\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eTsomokos DI, Dunbar RIM. The role of religion in adolescent mental health: Faith as a moderator of the relationship between distrust and depression. Relig Brain Behav. 2023;0(0):1\u0026ndash;18. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1080/2153599X.2023.2248230\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1080/2153599X.2023.2248230\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eGrossoehme DH, Friebert S, Baker JN, Tweddle M, Needle J, Chrastek J, Thompkins J, Wang J, Cheng YI, Lyon ME. Association of Religious and Spiritual Factors With Patient-Reported Outcomes of Anxiety, Depressive Symptoms, Fatigue, and Pain Interference Among Adolescents and Young Adults With Cancer. JAMA Netw Open. 2020;3(6):e206696. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.6696\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.6696\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eToledo G, Ochoa CY, Farias AJ. Religion and spirituality: Their role in the psychosocial adjustment to breast cancer and subsequent symptom management of adjuvant endocrine therapy. Support Care Cancer. 2021;29(6):3017\u0026ndash;24. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1007/s00520-020-05722-4\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1007/s00520-020-05722-4\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eCannon AJ, Dokucu ME, Loberiza FR. Interplay between spirituality and religiosity on the physical and mental well-being of cancer survivors. Support Care Cancer. 2022;30(2):1407\u0026ndash;17. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1007/s00520-021-06534-w\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1007/s00520-021-06534-w\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eVieten C, Lukoff D. Spiritual and religious competencies in psychology. Am Psychol. 2022;77(1):26\u0026ndash;38. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000821\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1037/amp0000821\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSo\u0026oacute;sov\u0026aacute; MS, Timkov\u0026aacute; V, Dimunov\u0026aacute; L, Mauer B. Spirituality as a Mediator Between Depressive Symptoms and Subjective Well-being in Older Adults. Clin Nurs Res. 2021;30(5):707\u0026ndash;17. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1177/1054773821991152\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1177/1054773821991152\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eGhayas S, Batool S. Urdu Translation and Validation of Short Muslim Practice and Belief Scale in Pakistan. Span J Psychol. 2016;19:E22. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1017/sjp.2016.21\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1017/sjp.2016.21\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JBW. The PHQ-9. J Gen Intern Med. 2001;16(9):606\u0026ndash;13. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1046/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1046/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eStorfer-Isser A, Lebourgeois M, Harsh J, Tompsett C, Redline S. (2013). Psychometric properties of the Adolescent Sleep Hygiene Scale. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Sleep Research\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e22\u003c/em\u003e. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1111/jsr.12059\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1111/jsr.12059\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eZhang Y, Schnabel CA, Schroeder BE, Jerevall PL, Jankowitz RC, Fornander T, St\u0026aring;l O, Brufsky AM, Sgroi D, Erlander MG. Breast cancer index identifies early-stage estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer patients at risk for early- and late-distant recurrence. Clin Cancer Res. 2013;19(15):4196\u0026thinsp;\u0026ndash;\u0026thinsp;205. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-13-0804\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-13-0804\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e. Epub 2013 Jun 11. PMID: 23757354.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAl Ahwal MS, Zaben A, Sehlo F, Khalifa MG, D. A., Koenig HG. Religiosity and telomere length in colorectal cancer patients in Saudi Arabia. J Relig Health. 2018;57:672\u0026ndash;82.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKavak Budak F, \u0026Ouml;zdemir A, G\u0026uuml;ltekin A, Ayhan MO, Kavak M. The effect of religious belief on depression and hopelessness in advanced cancer patients. J Relig Health. 2021;60:2745\u0026ndash;55.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAlmaraz D, Saiz J, Moreno Mart\u0026iacute;n F, S\u0026aacute;nchez-Iglesias I, Molina AJ, Goldsby TL. August). What aspects of religion and spirituality affect the physical health of cancer patients? A systematic review. Healthcare. Volume 10. MDPI; 2022. p. 1447. 8.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eFern\u0026aacute;ndez-Ni\u0026ntilde;o JA, Guerra-G\u0026oacute;mez JA, Idrovo AJ. Multimorbidity patterns among COVID-19 deaths: proposal for the construction of etiological models. Revista Panam de Salud P\u0026uacute;blica. 2020;44:e166.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKhalili-Tanha, G., Khalili-Tanha, N., Rouzbahani, A. K., Mahdieh, R., Jasemi, K.,Ghaderi, R., \u0026hellip; Avan, A. (2024). Diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive biomarkers in gastric cancer: from conventional to novel biomarkers. Translational Research..\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKhoramirad A, Mousavi M, Dadkhahtehrani T, Pourmarzi D. Relationship between sleep quality and spiritual well-being/religious activities in Muslim women with breast cancer. J Relig Health. 2015;54:2276\u0026ndash;85.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eCao W, Chen HD, Yu YW, Li N, Chen WQ. Changing profiles of cancer burden worldwide and in China: a secondary analysis of the global cancer statistics 2020. Chin Med J. 2021;134(7):783\u0026ndash;91.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eShorofi SA, Nozari-Mirarkolaei F, Arbon P, Bagheri-Nesamie M. Depression and sleep quality among Iranian women with breast cancer. Asian Pac J Cancer Prevention: APJCP. 2021;22(11):3433.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAl Maqbali M, Al Sinani M, Alsayed A, Gleason AM. Prevalence of sleep disturbance in patients with cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Nurs Res. 2022;31(6):1107\u0026ndash;23.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eHamilton NA, Nelson CA, Stevens N, Kitzman H. Sleep and psychological well-being. Soc Indic Res. 2007;82:147\u0026ndash;63.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAl Eid NA, Alqahtani MM, Marwa K, Arnout BA, Alswailem HS, Toaimi A, A. A. Religiosity, psychological resilience, and mental health among breast cancer patients in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Breast cancer: basic Clin Res. 2020;14:1178223420903054.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKelly EP, Paredes AZ, Tsilimigras DI, Hyer JM, Pawlik TM. (2022). The role of religion and spirituality in cancer care: An umbrella review of the literature. \u003cem\u003eSurgical Oncology\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e42\u003c/em\u003e, 101389. \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e\u003cp\u003eScales References.\u003c/p\u003e\u003col start=48\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eGhayas S, Batool S. Urdu Translation and Validation of Short Muslim Practice and Belief Scale in Pakistan. Span J Psychol. 2016;19:E22. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1017/sjp.2016.21\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1017/sjp.2016.21\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JBW. The PHQ-9. J Gen Intern Med. 2001;16(9):606\u0026ndash;13. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1046/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1046/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eStorfer-Isser A, Lebourgeois M, Harsh J, Tompsett C, Redline S. (2013). Psychometric properties of the Adolescent Sleep Hygiene Scale. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Sleep Research\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e22\u003c/em\u003e. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1111/jsr.12059\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1111/jsr.12059\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-psychology","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"psyo","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Psychology](http://bmcpsychology.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"BMC Psychology","twitterHandle":"BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Religious practice, Religious Beliefs, Depression, Sleep problem, Breast cancer patients","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6597293/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6597293/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eBreast cancer is one of the major medical illnesses among women and a rising cause of mortality in Pakistan. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between religious practices and depression, with the mediating roles of religious beliefs and sleeping problems among female breast cancer patients. A total of 384 breast cancer patients aged 25 to 50 years (M\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;39.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.10 years) were recruited from various hospitals in the districts of Faisalabad and Lahore, Pakistan. The Patient Health Questionnaire-9, Religious Practices Scale, Religious Belief Scale, and Sleep Hygiene Scales were used to assess the outcome variables after obtaining consent from participants according to set inclusion and exclusion criteria. All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS-Version 27Results show that cancer patients who experience sleep disturbances are at a higher risk of developing depression. Moreover, patients who engage in religious practices are less likely to exhibit signs of depression. Healthy religious practices, which offer individuals relaxation, optimism, and a clear sense of purpose, may help alleviate the symptoms of depression. In conclusion, religious practices reduce depressive symptoms by improving sleep quality, thereby helping to maintain the sound mental health of breast cancer patients.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"The relationship of religious practices and depression with mediating role of religious belief and sleeping problem among women cancer patients in Pakistan","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-07-14 10:34:12","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6597293/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"236054867454232713003623160553743032704","date":"2025-07-18T08:38:29+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"26965247022126967072446683885373137243","date":"2025-07-11T16:29:08+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-07-09T05:34:33+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2025-06-10T10:34:33+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-05-26T07:37:47+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-05-24T12:56:37+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"BMC Psychology","date":"2025-05-24T12:55:30+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-psychology","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"psyo","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Psychology](http://bmcpsychology.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"BMC Psychology","twitterHandle":"BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"d9b58658-4ae9-46ea-8e34-0c1b3fb523f2","owner":[],"postedDate":"July 14th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-07-14T10:34:12+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-07-14 10:34:12","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-6597293","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-6597293","identity":"rs-6597293","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}