The potential of lunasin extract for the prevention of breast cancer progression by upregulating E-Cadherin and inhibiting ICAM-1

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Maulana" }, { "@type": "Person", "name": "Ari Estuningtyas" }, { "@type": "Person", "name": "Hadi Sunaryo" } ], "publisher": { "@type": "Organization", "name": "F1000Research", "logo": { "@type": "ImageObject", "url": "https://f1000research.com/img/AMP/F1000Research_image.png", "height": 480, "width": 60 } }, "image": { "@type": "ImageObject", "url": "https://f1000research.com/img/AMP/F1000Research_image.png", "height": 1200, "width": 150 }, "description": "Background: Research in natural substances for their anticancer potential has become increasingly popular. Lunasin, a soybean protein, is known to inhibit cancer progression via various pathways. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Lunasin Extract (LE) on the expression of Intercellular Adhesion Molecule 1 (ICAM-1) and epithelial cadherins (E-Cadherin) in breast cancer. Methods: In this true-experimental in vivo study, 24 Sprague-Dawley rats that were induced by 7,12-Dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA), were used. Based on the therapy given, the groups were divided into, normal, positive control (PC), negative control (NC), adjuvant, curative, and preventive. Lunasin was extracted from soybean seeds of the Grobogan variety in Indonesia. Tissue samples were obtained, processed, stained with anti-ICAM-1 and anti-E-Cadherin antibodies, examined under a microscope, and quantified using H-score. The data were analyzed using ANOVA, which was then followed by Duncan's test. Results: Statistically significant difference in ICAM-1 expression was observed between the following groups: adjuvant and NC, normal and NC, PC and NC, adjuvant and preventive, normal and preventive, PC and preventive, adjuvant and curative, normal and curative, PC and curative. E-Cadherin expression was significantly different between preventive and NC, adjuvant and NC, PC and NC, normal and NC, adjuvant and curative, PC and curative, normal and curative, normal and preventive. Significant negative correlation was found between ICAM-1 and E-Cadherin [-0.616 (-0.8165; -0.283)] with p = 0.001. Conclusion: Preventive dose of LE was able to reduce ICAM-1 expression while increasing E-Cadherin expression." } { "@context": "http://schema.org", "@type": "BreadcrumbList", "itemListElement": [ { "@type": "ListItem", "position": "1", "item": { "@id": "https://f1000research.com/", "name": "Home" } }, { "@type": "ListItem", "position": "2", "item": { "@id": "https://f1000research.com/browse/articles", "name": "Browse" } }, { "@type": "ListItem", "position": "3", "item": { "@id": "https://f1000research.com/articles/10-902", "name": "The potential of lunasin extract for the prevention of breast cancer..." } } ] } Home Browse The potential of lunasin extract for the prevention of breast cancer... ALL Metrics - Views Downloads Get PDF Get XML Cite How to cite this article Kusmardi K, Wiyarta E, Rusdi NK et al. The potential of lunasin extract for the prevention of breast cancer progression by upregulating E-Cadherin and inhibiting ICAM-1 [version 1; peer review: 2 approved, 1 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2021, 10 :902 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.55385.1 ) NOTE: If applicable, it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. Close Copy Citation Details Export Export Citation Sciwheel EndNote Ref. Manager Bibtex ProCite Sente EXPORT Select a format first Track Share ▬ ✚ Research Article The potential of lunasin extract for the prevention of breast cancer progression by upregulating E-Cadherin and inhibiting ICAM-1 [version 1; peer review: 2 approved, 1 approved with reservations] Kusmardi Kusmardi https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4300-723X 1-3 , Elvan Wiyarta https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5676-7804 4 , Numlil Khaira Rusdi https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8163-6312 5,6 , Andi Muh. Maulana 6,7 , Ari Estuningtyas 8 , Hadi Sunaryo 5,6 Kusmardi Kusmardi https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4300-723X 1-3 , Elvan Wiyarta https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5676-7804 4 , [...] Numlil Khaira Rusdi https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8163-6312 5,6 , Andi Muh. Maulana 6,7 , Ari Estuningtyas 8 , Hadi Sunaryo 5,6 PUBLISHED 08 Sep 2021 Author details Author details 1 Department of Anatomic Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Salemba Raya Street no.6, Jakarta, 10430, Indonesia 2 Drug Development Research Cluster, Indonesian Medical Education and Research Institute, Universitas Indonesia, Salemba Raya Street no.6, Jakarta, 10430, Indonesia 3 Human Cancer Research Cluster, Indonesian Medical Education and Research Institute, Universitas Indonesia, Salemba Raya Street no.6, Jakarta, 10430, Indonesia 4 Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Salemba Raya Street no.6, Jakarta, 10430, Indonesia 5 Faculty of Pharmacy and Science, Universitas Muhammadiyah Prof. DR. Hamka, Limau II Street, Jakarta, 12130, Indonesia 6 Doctoral Program for Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Salemba Raya Street no.6, Jakarta, 10430, Indonesia 7 Faculty of Medicine, University of Muhammadiyah Purwakarta, KH. Ahmad Dahlan Street, Central Java, 53182, Indonesia 8 Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Salemba Raya Street no.6, Jakarta, 10430, Indonesia Kusmardi Kusmardi Roles: Conceptualization, Funding Acquisition, Project Administration, Resources, Supervision, Validation, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing Elvan Wiyarta Roles: Data Curation, Formal Analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Software, Visualization, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing Numlil Khaira Rusdi Roles: Conceptualization, Data Curation, Investigation, Methodology, Validation, Writing – Review & Editing Andi Muh. Maulana Roles: Data Curation, Investigation, Methodology, Project Administration, Writing – Review & Editing Ari Estuningtyas Roles: Conceptualization, Data Curation, Investigation, Methodology, Supervision, Validation, Writing – Review & Editing Hadi Sunaryo Roles: Data Curation, Investigation, Methodology, Project Administration, Resources, Validation, Writing – Review & Editing OPEN PEER REVIEW DETAILS REVIEWER STATUS This article is included in the Oncology gateway. Abstract Background: Research in natural substances for their anticancer potential has become increasingly popular. Lunasin, a soybean protein, is known to inhibit cancer progression via various pathways. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Lunasin Extract (LE) on the expression of Intercellular Adhesion Molecule 1 (ICAM-1) and epithelial cadherins (E-Cadherin) in breast cancer. Methods: In this true-experimental in vivo study, 24 Sprague-Dawley rats that were induced by 7,12-Dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA), were used. Based on the therapy given, the groups were divided into, normal, positive control (PC), negative control (NC), adjuvant, curative, and preventive. Lunasin was extracted from soybean seeds of the Grobogan variety in Indonesia. Tissue samples were obtained, processed, stained with anti-ICAM-1 and anti-E-Cadherin antibodies, examined under a microscope, and quantified using H-score. The data were analyzed using ANOVA, which was then followed by Duncan's test. Results: Statistically significant difference in ICAM-1 expression was observed between the following groups: adjuvant and NC, normal and NC, PC and NC, adjuvant and preventive, normal and preventive, PC and preventive, adjuvant and curative, normal and curative, PC and curative. E-Cadherin expression was significantly different between preventive and NC, adjuvant and NC, PC and NC, normal and NC, adjuvant and curative, PC and curative, normal and curative, normal and preventive. Significant negative correlation was found between ICAM-1 and E-Cadherin [-0.616 (-0.8165; -0.283)] with p = 0.001. Conclusion: Preventive dose of LE was able to reduce ICAM-1 expression while increasing E-Cadherin expression. READ ALL READ LESS Keywords Lunasin, ICAM-1, E-Cadherin, Breast Cancer, Cancer Prevention Corresponding Author(s) Kusmardi Kusmardi ( [email protected] ) Elvan Wiyarta ( [email protected] ) Close Corresponding authors: Kusmardi Kusmardi, Elvan Wiyarta Competing interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Grant information: This research is supported by Universitas Indonesia grant number BA-343/UN2.RST/PPM.00.03.01/2021 The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. Copyright: © 2021 Kusmardi K et al . This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. How to cite: Kusmardi K, Wiyarta E, Rusdi NK et al. The potential of lunasin extract for the prevention of breast cancer progression by upregulating E-Cadherin and inhibiting ICAM-1 [version 1; peer review: 2 approved, 1 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2021, 10 :902 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.55385.1 ) First published: 08 Sep 2021, 10 :902 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.55385.1 ) Latest published: 08 Sep 2021, 10 :902 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.55385.1 ) Introduction Breast cancer is the most frequent type of cancer in women across the world. 1 In 2012, according to statistics from the Global Burden of Cancer Study, an estimated 1,671,149 new cases of breast cancer and 521,907 breast cancer deaths occurred in women worldwide, resulting in a prevalence of 25.1% of all cancers. 1 The 2018 Globocan statistics indicated that there was an 11.6% decline in the prevalence of breast cancer compared to the 2012 Globocan data. However, the prevalence of breast cancer remains the greatest in women. 2 Breast cancer, in specific a metastatic subtype, is an intricate and multi-staged malignant tumor. 3 A study by Müllar et al. 4 has shown that alterations in the intercellular adhesion molecules can play a vital role in the metastasis of breast cancer. Intercellular Adhesion Molecule 1 (ICAM-1) as a surface glycoprotein, functions as an adhesion molecule on tumor cells that could rearrange actin, promote pro-inflammatory cascade, and mediate multiple signaling pathways to regulate cell metastasis. 5 Although ICAM-1 expression varies depending on the breast cancer subtype, 6 its expression is significantly increased, especially in metastatic breast cancer. 7 Different from ICAM-1, epithelial cadherins (E-Cadherin) is a glycoprotein that functions as an adhesion protein between cells to maintain tissue integrity. 8 Therefore, low expression of E-Cadherin is associated with the progression of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in breast cancer. 8 Due to the high prevalence of this disease, developing breast cancer treatments have become a priority. Cancer is now treated with surgery, chemotherapy, radiation, and targeted therapy, 9 which have negative side effects. Chemotherapy as one of the most common cancer treatments has many significant side effects such as mucositis, neurotoxicity, chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy, reduced renal function, and bone marrow depression. 10 Many investigations are now developing cancer treatments using natural substances that might be capable of reducing these negative side effects. 11 Over the last several decades, an increasing number of plant-derived products, including soybean [ Glycine max (L.) Merr.], have been explored, as it is cheap, easy to grow, and abundant in nature. 12 Soy products are also known to lower the incidence and mortality of breast cancer, prostate cancer, colon cancer, and lung cancer. 13 - 15 The molecule in soybeans that works as an anti-cancer is considered to be a bioactive peptide called lunasin. This peptide was first discovered from a sample of commercially accessible soybean germplasm, originating in the United States. 16 Lunasin is a lipophilic peptide component made up of 44 amino acids that have anti-cancer, anti-oxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties, as well as the ability to control cholesterol biosynthesis in the body. 17 , 18 The challenges with synthetic lunasin are that the commercial price is quite high due to its costly and time-consuming synthesis process. Additionally, effective techniques for obtaining a significant amount of pure lunasin from plant sources do not exist. 19 Although Lunasin Extract (LE) from the Grobogan type has been shown to have anti-inflammatory and anti-cancerous effects in the colon, studies into various anti-cancer pathways of LE are required to better understand its molecular effect on breast cancer. 12 As such, this study aims to investigate the anti-cancer effects of LE from the Grobogan variety in Indonesia. We hypothesized that LE administration could suppress breast cancer progression by decreasing ICAM-1 expression while increasing E-Cadherin expression. By examining the effects of LE on these two molecules, this study is expected to investigate the potential of LE for the prevention of breast cancer progression via ICAM-1 and E-Cadherin expression pathway. Methods Lunasin extraction Soybean seeds (Glycine max (L.) Merr) of Grobogan variety were obtained at the Research Institute for Various Nuts and Tubers, Malang, East Java. Soybean seeds undergo the process of defatting in several stages. These seeds were washed with water, and ground using a 3 mm grinder (AEG type AMEB 80 FX). The powder was then wrapped in gauze and pressed at 100-150 atm for 30 minutes at 120°F, to create plates. The plates are turned into powder by using a mortar and pestle, as well as a blender. The powder obtained was sieved using a mesh sieve (Size 40) and placed into a plastic container and stored at 4°C until the maceration process. Extraction was carried out by the maceration process 11 with the use of Phosphate Buffer Saline solvent (PBS) at pH 7.4 (Abcam, ab270748). Soybean powder was added with PBS, stirred until homogeneous, and macerated for 60 minutes with occasional stirring. The maceration product was filtered using a Whatman 54 filter paper. The filtrate was collected and stored at 4°C. Finally, the filtrate was then dried using a rotary evaporator to obtain a thick extract. Standardization was performed for the viscous extract. The parameters included water content, acid insoluble ash content, heavy metal contamination, and microbial contamination. In this study, standardization of phytochemical components was also carried out, which included tests for alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, steroids, polyphenols, tannins, and triterpenoids. The levels of lunasin concentration in the thick extract were determined after some of the parameters were standardized. This process was done by dissolving 100 mg of thick extract in 8 mL of distilled water. The solution was sonicated for 30 minutes, and distilled water was added to a final volume of 10 mL (10,000 ppm solution), then centrifuged at 12,000 rpm for 30 minutes. The resulting supernatant was filtered through a 0.22 mm millipore sieve, resulting in a clear and colorless solution. High-performance liquid chromatography was used to determine the solution content. Extracts that provide higher concentrations of dissolved lunasin were used as LE in this study. Study design and sample calculation This study is a true-experimental in vivo laboratory study, which included Sprague-Dawley rats induced by 7,12-Dimethylbenz [a] anthracene (DMBA). This research was conducted from December 2020 to June 2021 at the Molecular Biology and Proteomics Core Facilities, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia Laboratory. The experimental protocols were approved by the Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Medicine, the University of Indonesia with protocol number KET-647/UN2.F1/ETIK/PPM.00.02/2019 . The experimental animals used in this study were female white rats (Sprague-Dawley) obtained from the National Agency for Drug and Food Control (Indonesia), aged 4-6 weeks, with bodyweight (BW) ranging from 60-80 grams. During the experiment and the analysis, no rats were excluded due to illness or any other reasons. Breast cancer induction was done using DMBA (Merck, D3254) at a dose of 20 mg/kg BW. All samples (n = 24) were divided into six groups consisting of four rats each. The groups were divided into normal, negative control (NC), positive control (PC), curative, adjuvant, and preventive. The sample size was determined by Federer’s formula. Federer’s formula: (T-1) (N-1) > 15 T = Number of groups N = Number of rats All samples were randomly allocated in each group using a random number generator. To avoid bias, the grouping data was only accessed by one researcher (E.W.). Other researchers were blinded until the research process was completed. Prior to the experiment, all samples in each group were acclimatized for 1 week. Then, each sample received a different treatment depending on their respective groups. The Normal group did not receive any treatment. The rats in the NC group only received DMBA induction until the end of the experiment. In the PC group, DMBA-induced rats with a tumor volume of 1-2 cm 3 were given Tamoxifen (Merck, 579002) (10 mg/kg BW) for 8 weeks. In the curative group, DMBA-induced rats with a tumor volume of 1-2 cm 3 were given LE (500 mg/kg BW) for 8 weeks. The adjuvant group, DMBA-induced rats with a tumor volume of 1-2 cm 3 , were given a combination of LE (500 mg/kg BW) and Tamoxifen (10 mg/kg BW) for 8 weeks. The rats in the preventive group received LE (500 mg/kg BW) in week 1, followed by DMBA. Then they were given LE (500 mg/kg BW) until the end of the study. Tumor volume was calculated using the formula: (length) × (width2)/2. 20 The total experiment lasted for 24 weeks. After being euthanized, paraffin blocks of breast cancer tissue from each rat were made for immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining. Unreliable paraffin blocks (e.g., broken/damaged paraffin blocks and/or paraffin blocks where the tumor mass was eaten by animals) were excluded. Ethics approval The experimental protocols were approved by the Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia with protocol number KET-647/UN2.F1/ETIK/PPM.00.02/2019 . The treatment and maintenance of the animals are following the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals by the Animal Care and Use Committee, namely by monitoring the temperature of 25°C, 12 hours of light-dark cycle, 55% humidity, as well as standard food and drink. 20 Anesthesia and euthanasia procedures are performed according to the American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA) Guidelines for the Euthanasia of Animals. 21 Anesthesia was performed with ketamine (Merck, NMID686C) at 75-100 mg/kg BW and xylazine (Merck, X1126) at a dose of 10 mg/kg BW intraperitoneally. All efforts were made to ameliorate any suffering of animals. All results are reviewed and reported following the reporting guidelines for animal pre-clinical studies, namely the Animal Research: Reporting of in vivo Experiments ( ARRIVE guideline ). 22 , 23 Tissue handling and IHC staining Breast cancer tissue in each sample was placed in a formalin buffer solution (Merck, HT501128), and cut into 3-5 mm thickness with a scalpel. Tissue samples were immersed in 96% ethanol (Merck, 443611) for 30 minutes, this process was repeated five times. The tissue was immersed in the xylol (Merck, 108297) solution for 15 minutes. The tissue was planted in solid paraffin with a melting point of 60-70°C for 30 minutes and placed in a 4 o C freezer for 10-15 minutes. The tissue in the paraffin block was cut using a microtome with a thickness of 3 mm and placed on a glass slide that had been coated with poly-L-lysine and heated in an oven at 60°C overnight. The tissue samples were deparaffinized with xylene three times for 3 minutes each and rehydrated with 100%, 95%, and 70% ethanol for 2, 2, and 1minute, respectively. The tissue samples were immersed in 0.01 M citrate buffer (Merck, 21545) pH 6.0 in the microwave for 5 minutes, and dripped with 3% hydrogen peroxide to remove endogenous peroxide for 5 minutes at room temperature. Each tissue sample was incubated with anti-ICAM-1 antibodies (MyBiosource, MBS2543949) and anti-E-Cadherin antibodies (Abcam, ab134047) in PBS for 2 hours at room temperature in a humidity chamber followed by overnight incubation at 4°C. The N-Universal negative control (Merck, 939B) was used as a negative control. The tissue samples were then incubated with the Novolink Polymer DS 250 test (Novolink, RE7140-CE) for 1 hour at room temperature, followed by incubation for 30 minutes with horseradish peroxidase-conjugated streptavidin (Abcam, ab7403). Proteins were visualized using 3,3′-diaminobenzidine (DAB) for 10 minutes at room temperature, which makes the expression of ICAM-1 and E-Cadherin observable based on the intensity of the brown color. Finally, hematoxylin-eosin counterstain, dehydration, and mounting of the tissue were performed. Quantification of ICAM and E-Cadherin expression Each tissue was observed using a light microscope at a total magnification of 400× and documented using a computer with Leica Application Suite (LAS) EZ V3.0.0 software (Leica Microsystems, Switzerland) and a camera that had been integrated with Leica DM750 microscope. Photographs were taken randomly with a total of ten visual fields per one tissue and standardized using a global white balance. The brown color intensity was calculated using the plugin program in Image J, IHC profiler , 24 which will quantify the intensity of the images. The results of quantification were converted into H-Score 25 based on the formula: (% low positive × 1) + (% positive × 2) + (% high positive × 3). Statistical analysis Data collection was entered into the main table using Microsoft Excel 2013 (Microsoft Corporation). The tabulated data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20 and visualized using GraphPad Prism 8 (RRID: SCR_002798). Data analysis was with the use of One-Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), followed by Duncan Post Hoc test to compare the differences. Differences of p < 0.05 are considered statistically significant. The correlation analysis between ICAM-1 expression and E-Cadherin was also analyzed using Pearson Correlation. The stronger the correlation, the closer the correlation coefficient value (r) is to 1 or −1. A positive r indicated a directly proportional correlation, while a negative r indicated an inverse correlation. The correlation model of the two biomarkers was also analyzed by simple linear regression. Results The representative image of IHC staining for ICAM-1 and E-Cadherin in breast tissue is shown in Figure 1 . Each image depicts a different expression based on the group and the biomarker (ICAM-1 and E-Cadherin). Some images, such as Figure 1 B, D, F, G, I, K, and L, show a greater brown color intensity than others, which suggests that the associated biomarker is expressed at a greater level. Figure 1. Representative image of immunohistochemistry staining for ICAM-1 and E-Cadherin in mouse breast tissue. Scale bar represents 50 μm. All images were taken at 400× magnification. However, qualitative evaluation alone is insufficient for reaching a conclusion. As a result, H-score quantification was used to quantify the quantitative expression of ICAM-1 and E-Cadherin. Table 1 shows the mean H-score in every group on ICAM-1 and E-Cadherin. Complete H-score data can be accessed in the extended data . 26 Figures 2 and 3 show ICAM-1 and E-Cadherin mean H-score differences between groups, respectively. Figure 2. Effect of ICAM-1 in all groups. Normal, positive control (PC), curative, adjuvant, and preventive groups have significantly different ICAM-1 expressions compared to the negative control (NC). Duncan Test was used to determine the difference between groups. * represents significant difference (p < 0.05) of groups versus NC. ○ represents a significant difference (p < 0.05) of groups versus preventive. Figure 3. Expression of E-Cadherin in all groups. Duncan Test was used to determine the difference between groups. * represents significant difference (p < 0.05) of groups compared to NC. • represents significant difference (p < 0.05) of groups compare to curative. ○ represents a significant difference (p < 0.05) of groups compare to preventive. Table 1. ICAM-1 and E-Cadherin Mean H-score. Group N ICAM-1 E-Cadherin Mean H-score SD 95% CI Mean H-score SD 95% CI Normal 5 31.38 2.19 27.89-34.88 82.57 17.44 54.81-110.33 Negative control 5 50.17 3.13 45.19-55.14 42.52 9.17 27.93-57.12 Positive control 5 31.91 3.53 29.29-37.54 73.99 2.32 69.70-77.09 Curative 5 44.25 0.85 42.89-45.59 49.67 8.12 36.46-62.29 Adjuvant 5 30.25 7.38 18.51-41.99 69.96 8.42 56.57-83.36 Preventive 5 40.41 3.48 34.88-45.94 63.38 6.21 53.50-73.25 One-Way ANOVA for ICAM-1 showed significant results (p < 0.001). Meanwhile, Duncan’s test results showed that there were significant differences in ICAM-1 expression between adjuvant and NC, normal and NC, PC and NC, adjuvant and preventive, normal and preventive, PC and preventive, adjuvant and curative, normal and curative, PC and curative as seen in Figure 2 . One-Way ANOVA analysis for E-Cadherin indicated significant results (p < 0.001). Meanwhile, Duncan’s test results showed there were significant differences between preventive and NC, adjuvant and NC, PC and NC, normal and NC, adjuvant and curative, PC and curative, normal and curative, normal and preventive as seen in Figure 3 . The results of the Pearson correlation analysis showed r = −0.616 (−0.8165; −0.283) with p = 0.001. The correlation between ICAM-1 and E-Cadherin expressions was negatively correlated with moderate strength. Further regression analysis produces a correlation model between E-Cadherin and ICAM-1 expressions through the equation y = −1.214x + 109.7, where y is E-Cadherin expression and x is ICAM-1 expressions, as seen in Figure 4 . Figure 4. Correlation between ICAM-1 and E-Cadherin expression. Discussion In this study, the relationship between LE administration in the DMBA-induced breast cancer model was assessed. ICAM-1 and E-Cadherin, molecules involved in breast cancer adhesion and progression, were evaluated in each group to determine their effect. In the breast cancer model, results revealed an inverse correlation between ICAM-1 and E-Cadherin expressions. Additionally, Tamoxifen, adjuvant LE, and preventative LE all had a significant effect on either lowering ICAM-1 expression or promoting E-Cadherin expression. DMBA as a breast carcinogen is commonly used to simulate mammary carcinogenesis for tumor research. 27 , 28 In this study, DMBA had a substantial influence on the expression of ICAM-1 and E-Cadherin. As demonstrated in Figures 2 and 3 , there is a substantial difference between NC and normal tissue samples. DMBA-induced breast models showed a significantly increased ICAM-1 expression. This is consistent with the fact that ICAM-1 expression rises with cancer progresses, 29 especially during metastasis, 30 although it is expressed at lower levels in normal tissues. 31 Several studies have also investigated DMBA as a tumor model and discovered a significant increase in ICAM-1 expression. 32 - 34 Although the evidence is inconclusive, the nuclear factor-kappaB (NFkB) pathway is considered to play a role in DMBA-induced ICAM-1 upregulation. 35 , 36 DMBA is able to potentiate NFkB 37 , 38 via Ras mutation in the Ras/Raf/mitogen-activated protein kinase/ERK kinase (MEK)/extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway, 39 , 40 thereby increasing ICAM-1 expression. 35 , 36 DMBA, however, decreased E-Cadherin expression. This is consistent with the hypothesis that E-Cadherin is expressed in normal cells, with its absence being a hallmark of EMT and a more migratory, invasive cancer. 41 , 42 These results are also consistent with other research that demonstrate a reduction in E-Cadherin expression following DMBA induction. 42 , 43 DMBA's impact on E-Cadherin, like that of ICAM-1, is mediated via NFkB activation 37 , 38 via the Ras-Raf-MEK-ERK pathway 39 thus causing E-Cadherin repression due to transcription factor TWIST expression. 44 DMBA can also activate aryl hydrocarbon receptors (AhR), promoting transcription of SNAI2 (Slug), 45 an E-Cadherin repressor protein. 46 Furthermore, the negative correlation of ICAM-1 and E-Cadherin was consistent with the functions of each molecule. Zhao et al. 47 has also shown that reduced expression of E-Cadherin was associated with increased expression of ICAM-1 in mice models of breast cancer. Tamoxifen, the most established hormone therapy for breast cancer, is an estrogen receptor antagonist that operates in its active metabolite, hydroxytamoxifen, in breast cancer. 48 This therapy decreased ICAM-1 expression, and increased E-Cadherin expression in DMBA-induced mouse models compared to NC, as seen in Figures 2 and 3 . This finding is consistent with the results of Sun et al. 48 who discovered that Tamoxifen administration can reduce the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/NFkB-mediated inflammatory response, resulting in a reduction in ICAM-1 expression. This process might potentially account for the rise in E-Cadherin following Tamoxifen administration. As previously stated, NFkB mediates E-Cadherin repression, 44 therefore, inhibiting this pathway will increase E-Cadherin expression. Furthermore, Tamoxifen could prevent the activation of Slug and Snail, the E-Cadherin protein inhibitors, by inhibiting Transforming Growth Factor Beta (TGF-β)/Smad, thus enhancing E-Cadherin expression. 49 In this study, three LE groups: adjuvant, curative, and preventive, had varying effects on ICAM-1 expression. At first impression, the adjuvant group appeared to have excellent outcomes since it was substantially different from NC, preventive, and curative groups, as seen in Figure 2 . This demonstrates that combining LE with Tamoxifen can dramatically lower ICAM-1 expression. However, this role may be attributed only to Tamoxifen, implying that the addition of LE had no meaningful effect on decreasing ICAM-1 expression. This was further confirmed as no significant difference between the adjuvant and PC group was found. As a result, an assessment of the effects of LE in the curative and preventive groups is essential. Figure 2 shows that the curative group did not have significant outcomes in terms of ICAM-1 expression. Zhu et al. 50 reported the same result, indicating that lunasin administered to monocytes was unable to decrease ICAM-1 expression. On the other hand, the preventive group showed some intriguing findings. Figure 2 shows a substantial difference in ICAM-1 expression between the preventive group with the other groups including NC, PC, and normal groups. This indicates that, even though LE at preventive doses considerably reduced ICAM-1 expression relative to NC, it was not as low as in the normal or PC groups. Although there has not been any research yet to show the preventive effect of LE on ICAM-1 expression, these findings may be explained by lunasin's antimitotic activity. A study by Hsieh et al. 51 found that lunasin had an anti-mitotic effect by suppressing mutations in a DMBA-induced mouse model. Jeong et al. 52 also shown that lunasin can prevent Ras mutations by inhibiting core H3 and H4 histone acetylation. This evidence explains why LE administered preventively (before DMBA induction) was more effective than LE administered curatively (after DMBA induction) in decreasing ICAM-1 expression. This is due to LE's ability to prevent the Ras mutation induced by DMBA, therefore preventing the NFkB pathway from being potentiated, which can enhance ICAM-1 expression. The three LE groups also exhibited distinct effects on E-Cadherin expression. The adjuvant group was able to significantly increase E-Cadherin expression as represented by the significant difference it has with both NC and curative ( Figure 3 ). However, similar to ICAM-1, this result might be attributed to the impact of Tamoxifen alone. Contrastingly, the curative group did not demonstrate a significant increase in E-Cadherin expression. A study by Pabona et al. 53 reported that the lunasin administration promoted E-Cadherin expression. However, their study is an in vitro study using synthetic lunasin, which is different from this study. The preventive group, unlike the curative group, showed a significant difference in E-Cadherin expression compared with the normal and NC group. However, this was not seen with the PC group. This suggests that administering a preventive dosage of LE in the breast cancer model was able to significantly enhance E-Cadherin expression relative to NC until it was as high as PC, but not as high as the normal group. Interestingly, unlike ICAM-1, E-Cadherin expression in the preventive group did not differ from that of the Tamoxifen group. This is possible because, as seen in Figure 5 , more pathways influence E-Cadherin expression than ICAM-1. This creates increased heterogeneity in the expression of E-Cadherin, which is difficult to identify in this study. Aside from these differences, the preventive group outperformed the curative group in terms of enhancing E-Cadherin expression, compared to the findings on ICAM-1 expression. This finding could be explained by the same mechanism that occurs in ICAM-1, namely mutation-inhibiting action by LE. 51 , 52 Figure 5. Schematic molecular pathway of LE regarding ICAM-1 dan E-Cadherin expression. 7,12-Dimethylbenz [a] anthracene (DMBA) can cause breast cancer by inducing Ras mutations, which cause nuclear factor-kappaB (NFkB) potentiation via the Ras-RAF-MEK-ERK pathway. ICAM-1 and TWIST expression will be enhanced as a result of NFkB activation. TWIST is a transcription factor that inhibits the production of E-Cadherin. DMBA can also bind to aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and promote the transcription of Slug, an inhibitor of E-Cadherin production. Lunasin extract suppresses Ras mutations, which contribute to the prevention of breast cancer progression. As a result, NFkB potentiation does not occur, resulting in a decrease in ICAM-1 expression, and an increase in E-Cadherin expression. Tamoxifen, on the other hand, can suppress Toll-like receptors (TLR)-4 and Transforming Growth Factor Beta (TGF-β). TLR-4 suppression may also prevent NFkB potentiation. Furthermore, TGF-β inhibition will disrupt the smad/Slug and smad/Snail pathways, resulting in inhibition of E-Cadherin production. This study has limitations, such as administrating one dose (500mg/kg BW) of the LE, therefore, the effects could not be compared in a dose-dependent manner. As a result, research with a more diversified dose is recommended. Furthermore, more study on other biomarkers, both in the same and distinct molecular pathways, is required to explore the preventive potential of LE in breast cancer. Conclusion A preventive dose of LE was able to reduce ICAM-1 expression while increasing E-Cadherin expression. Our findings show that LE has cancer-preventive effects in a well-characterized animal model of breast cancer. Further study, incorporating more biomarkers, is required to explore the mechanism of action of this peptide on mammary carcinogenesis as well as other forms of cancer. Data availability Extended data (Harvard Dataverse): The potential of lunasin extract for the prevention of breast cancer progression by upregulating E-Cadherin and inhibiting ICAM-1. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/EXUSQ2 . 26 This project contains the following extended data: • ICAM-1 Raw Data.tab: The ICAM-1 raw data is the result of the IHC profiler quantification. • ICAM-1 Grouping.tab: grouping the results of ICAM-1 raw data based on the treatment group (normal, negative control, positive control, adjuvant, curative, and preventive). • E-Cadherin Raw Data.tab: The result of the IHC profiler quantification. • E-Cadherin Grouping.tab: grouping the results of E-Cadherin raw data based on the treatment group (normal, negative control, positive control, adjuvant, curative, and preventive). • ICAM-1 and E-Cadherin Research Protocol.pdf: The experimental protocols were approved by the Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia with protocol number KET-647/UN2.F1/ETIK/PPM.00.02/2019. Data are available under the terms of the Creative Commons Zero “No rights reserved” data waiver (CC0 1.0 Public domain dedication). Reporting guidelines (Harvard Dataverse): ARRIVE checklist for “The potential of lunasin extract for the prevention of breast cancer progression by upregulating E-Cadherin and inhibiting ICAM-1”. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/EZTWXY . 23 This project contains the following extended data: • ARRIVE 2.0 Checklist_ICAM-1 and E-Cadherin.pdf Data are available under the terms of the Creative Commons Zero “No rights reserved” data waiver (CC0 1.0 Public domain dedication). Author contributions KK, NKR, AMM designed the concept of this research article. KK, EW, NKR, AMM performed the methodology. KK carried out the overall reproducibility of experiments and other research outputs. Application of statistical, mathematical, computational, or other formal techniques to analyze or synthesize study data was done by EW. Conducting the research and investigation process, specifically performing the experiments, or data/evidence collection was done by EW, NKR, AMM. The resources were provided by KK, AE, HS. The Organization and management of the datasets collection, as well as writing the original draft of this article was by EW. Review & Editing was done by KK, NKR, AMM, AE, HS. Verification, of the overall reproducibility of experiments and other research outputs was performed by KK, AMM, AE, HS. Acknowledgment We would like to thank Universitas Indonesia for supporting the research process. References 1. Ghoncheh M, Pournamdar Z, Salehiniya H: Incidence and Mortality and Epidemiology of Breast Cancer in the World. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2016; 17 (S3): 43–6. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text 2. Bray F, Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, et al. : Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin. 2018; 68 (6): 394–424. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text 3. 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Shanmugam M, Singh A, Baskaran N, et al. : Pro-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory potential of andrographolide during 7,12-dimethylbenz [a] anthracene induced hamster buccal pouch carcinogenesis. J Experimental Integrative Medicine. 2012; 2 . Publisher Full Text 38. Aggarwal BB: Nuclear factor-κB: The enemy within. Cancer Cell. 2004; 6 (3): 203–8. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text 39. Garg R, Ingle A, Maru G: Dietary turmeric modulates DMBA-induced p21ras, MAP kinases and AP-1/NF-κB pathway to alter cellular responses during hamster buccal pouch carcinogenesis. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2008; 232 (3): 428–39. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text 40. Bian Y, Terse A, Du J, et al. : Progressive tumor formation in mice with conditional deletion of TGF-beta signaling in head and neck epithelia is associated with activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway. Cancer Res. 2009; 69 (14): 5918–26. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text 41. 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Ikuta T, Kawajiri K: Zinc finger transcription factor Slug is a novel target gene of aryl hydrocarbon receptor. Exp Cell Res. 2006; 312 (18): 3585–94. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text 46. Bolós V, Peinado H, Pérez-Moreno MA, et al. : The transcription factor Slug represses E-cadherin expression and induces epithelial to mesenchymal transitions: a comparison with Snail and E47 repressors. J Cell Sci. 2003; 116 (Pt 3): 499–511. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text 47. Zhao L, Zhao Y, He Y, et al. : miR-19b promotes breast cancer metastasis through targeting MYLIP and its related cell adhesion molecules. Oncotarget. 2017; 8 . PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text 48. Sun X, Ji C, Hu T, et al. : Tamoxifen as an effective neuroprotectant against early brain injury and learning deficits induced by subarachnoid hemorrhage: possible involvement of inflammatory signaling. J Neuroinflammation. 2013; 10 : 157. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text 49. Yi EY, Park SY, Jung SY, et al. : Mitochondrial dysfunction induces EMT through the TGF-β/Smad/Snail signaling pathway in Hep3B hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Int J Oncol. 2015; 47 (5): 1845–53. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text 50. Zhu Y, Li H, Wang X: Lunasin abrogates monocytes to endothelial cells. Mol Immunol. 2017; 92 : 146–150. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text 51. Hsieh CC, Hernández-Ledesma B, de Lumen BO: Soybean peptide lunasin suppresses in vitro and in vivo 7,12-dimethylbenz [a]anthracene-induced tumorigenesis. J Food Sci. 2010; 75 (9): H311–6. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text 52. Jeong HJ, Jeong JB, Kim DS, et al. : Inhibition of core histone acetylation by the cancer preventive peptide lunasin. J Agric Food Chem. 2007; 55 (3): 632–7. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text 53. Pabona JM, Dave B, Su Y, et al. : The soybean peptide lunasin promotes apoptosis of mammary epithelial cells via induction of tumor suppressor PTEN: similarities and distinct actions from soy isoflavone genistein. Genes Nutr. 2013; 8 (1): 79–90. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text Comments on this article Comments (1) Version 1 VERSION 1 PUBLISHED 08 Sep 2021 Reader Comment 14 Sep 2021 Alfred Pakpahan , Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Trisakti, Jakarta, Indonesia 14 Sep 2021 Reader Comment Breast cancer is known the most frequent type of cancer that caused death in women across the world. Lunasin extract from Soybean seeds (Glycine max (L.) Merr) is a protein known to ... Continue reading Breast cancer is known the most frequent type of cancer that caused death in women across the world. Lunasin extract from Soybean seeds (Glycine max (L.) Merr) is a protein known to inhibit cancer progression via various pathways expression of Intercellular Adhesion Molecule 1 (ICAM-1) and epithelial cadherins (E-Cadherin) in breast cancer. This study shows statistically significant difference in ICAM-1 expression was observed between each group were studied. The advantage of this research is that it uses experimental animals to see the development of cancer cells and is presented with very clear immunochemical images. Calculation of the data and the presentation of clear graphs and schematic of the LE molecular pathway regarding the expression of ICAM-1 and E-Cadherin greatly help the reader to understand more deeply in this study. Breast cancer is known the most frequent type of cancer that caused death in women across the world. Lunasin extract from Soybean seeds (Glycine max (L.) Merr) is a protein known to inhibit cancer progression via various pathways expression of Intercellular Adhesion Molecule 1 (ICAM-1) and epithelial cadherins (E-Cadherin) in breast cancer. This study shows statistically significant difference in ICAM-1 expression was observed between each group were studied. The advantage of this research is that it uses experimental animals to see the development of cancer cells and is presented with very clear immunochemical images. Calculation of the data and the presentation of clear graphs and schematic of the LE molecular pathway regarding the expression of ICAM-1 and E-Cadherin greatly help the reader to understand more deeply in this study. Competing Interests: No competing interests Close Report a concern Comment ADD YOUR COMMENT Author details Author details 1 Department of Anatomic Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Salemba Raya Street no.6, Jakarta, 10430, Indonesia 2 Drug Development Research Cluster, Indonesian Medical Education and Research Institute, Universitas Indonesia, Salemba Raya Street no.6, Jakarta, 10430, Indonesia 3 Human Cancer Research Cluster, Indonesian Medical Education and Research Institute, Universitas Indonesia, Salemba Raya Street no.6, Jakarta, 10430, Indonesia 4 Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Salemba Raya Street no.6, Jakarta, 10430, Indonesia 5 Faculty of Pharmacy and Science, Universitas Muhammadiyah Prof. DR. Hamka, Limau II Street, Jakarta, 12130, Indonesia 6 Doctoral Program for Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Salemba Raya Street no.6, Jakarta, 10430, Indonesia 7 Faculty of Medicine, University of Muhammadiyah Purwakarta, KH. Ahmad Dahlan Street, Central Java, 53182, Indonesia 8 Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Salemba Raya Street no.6, Jakarta, 10430, Indonesia Kusmardi Kusmardi Roles: Conceptualization, Funding Acquisition, Project Administration, Resources, Supervision, Validation, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing Elvan Wiyarta Roles: Data Curation, Formal Analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Software, Visualization, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing Numlil Khaira Rusdi Roles: Conceptualization, Data Curation, Investigation, Methodology, Validation, Writing – Review & Editing Andi Muh. Maulana Roles: Data Curation, Investigation, Methodology, Project Administration, Writing – Review & Editing Ari Estuningtyas Roles: Conceptualization, Data Curation, Investigation, Methodology, Supervision, Validation, Writing – Review & Editing Hadi Sunaryo Roles: Data Curation, Investigation, Methodology, Project Administration, Resources, Validation, Writing – Review & Editing Competing interests No competing interests were disclosed. Grant information This research is supported by Universitas Indonesia grant number BA-343/UN2.RST/PPM.00.03.01/2021 The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. Article Versions (1) version 1 Published: 08 Sep 2021, 10:902 https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.55385.1 Copyright © 2021 Kusmardi K et al . This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Download Export To Sciwheel Bibtex EndNote ProCite Ref. Manager (RIS) Sente metrics Views Downloads F1000Research - - PubMed Central info_outline Data from PMC are received and updated monthly. - - Citations open_in_new 0 open_in_new 0 open_in_new SEE MORE DETAILS CITE how to cite this article Kusmardi K, Wiyarta E, Rusdi NK et al. The potential of lunasin extract for the prevention of breast cancer progression by upregulating E-Cadherin and inhibiting ICAM-1 [version 1; peer review: 2 approved, 1 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2021, 10 :902 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.55385.1 ) NOTE: If applicable, it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. COPY CITATION DETAILS track receive updates on this article Track an article to receive email alerts on any updates to this article. TRACK THIS ARTICLE Share Open Peer Review Current Reviewer Status: ? Key to Reviewer Statuses VIEW HIDE Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions Version 1 VERSION 1 PUBLISHED 08 Sep 2021 Views 0 Cite How to cite this report: Susanto H. Reviewer Report For: The potential of lunasin extract for the prevention of breast cancer progression by upregulating E-Cadherin and inhibiting ICAM-1 [version 1; peer review: 2 approved, 1 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2021, 10 :902 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.58953.r93818 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/10-902/v1#referee-response-93818 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. Close Copy Citation Details Reviewer Report 11 Oct 2021 Hardhono Susanto , Medicine Faculty, Diponegoro University, Semarang, Indonesia Approved VIEWS 0 https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.58953.r93818 This study examines the potential of Lunasin Extract (LE) as a natural product that can inhibit breast cancer progression through the biomarker mechanism. This study used biomarkers E-Chaderin and ICAM-1 as markers in evaluating the action of LE. This study ... Continue reading READ ALL This study examines the potential of Lunasin Extract (LE) as a natural product that can inhibit breast cancer progression through the biomarker mechanism. This study used biomarkers E-Chaderin and ICAM-1 as markers in evaluating the action of LE. This study used immunohistochemistry methods for assessing these biomarkers. This study indicates that LE can inhibit breast cancer progression by increasing E-Chaderin and decreasing ICAM-1. Some points that need to be addressed and clarified: The author needs to explain the origin of the use of LE in this study. Usually, in researching natural products, a minimum of 3 different doses will be used. If the author has conducted previous studies regarding the dose of this LE, it can be added to this study. The method used in this research is excellent and complete. As input, the results of the extraction and characterization of LE may be attached. This could be very helpful for other researchers who want to create LE with different parameters. The addition of Figure 5 is excellent and complete. Still, its placement in this study is more suitable as a hypothesis for further research. General conclusion: The content of this study has linearity with the authors’ expertise. They cite enough recent literature, clearly cited. The method contains adequate and sufficient details, e.g. sum of samples, the procedure of laboratory examination with a fit statistical method. They explain their result and discussion in good enough clearly their interpretation. The statement of the conclusion answers the aim of the study. Also, in reasonable and appropriate academic language. Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? Yes Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? Yes Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? Yes If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Yes Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Yes Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Yes Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise: Biomedical and Sports Medicine I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard. Close READ LESS CITE CITE HOW TO CITE THIS REPORT Susanto H. Reviewer Report For: The potential of lunasin extract for the prevention of breast cancer progression by upregulating E-Cadherin and inhibiting ICAM-1 [version 1; peer review: 2 approved, 1 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2021, 10 :902 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.58953.r93818 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/10-902/v1#referee-response-93818 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. COPY CITATION DETAILS Report a concern Respond or Comment COMMENT ON THIS REPORT Views 0 Cite How to cite this report: Priosoeryanto BP. Reviewer Report For: The potential of lunasin extract for the prevention of breast cancer progression by upregulating E-Cadherin and inhibiting ICAM-1 [version 1; peer review: 2 approved, 1 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2021, 10 :902 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.58953.r93820 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/10-902/v1#referee-response-93820 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. Close Copy Citation Details Reviewer Report 23 Sep 2021 Bambang Pontjo Priosoeryanto , Division of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia Approved VIEWS 0 https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.58953.r93820 This work is an interesting study about the potential of breast cancer therapeutic substance of lunasin from a natural product of soybean. The result is very clear and indicated the potential promising of lunasin to be a candidate for combating ... Continue reading READ ALL This work is an interesting study about the potential of breast cancer therapeutic substance of lunasin from a natural product of soybean. The result is very clear and indicated the potential promising of lunasin to be a candidate for combating breast cancer disorder. Some points need to be addressed and clarified: The work on extraction in the methods is very clear but there is no result information about the extract. Maybe it's better if there is a short piece of information about the extraction result, even if this extraction work will be published elsewhere. There is no information on how the author chose the dose of lunasin (500 mg/BW), what is the basic reason for this choice? It will be better if the type of cancer was also explained in the result by at least using a general hematoxylin-eosin staining method, it will enhance the understanding of the action of lunasin in the tumor type. Need clarification in the method of IHC, concerning the counterstain. it was written that used hematoxylin-eosin (it means hematoxylin and eosin) or only hematoxylin because hematoxylin will stain nuclear, while eosin stains cytoplasm. Figure 5 as a concept of hypothetical lunasin action is a good direction idea for further study for the clarification of the actions cascade. General conclusion : This work is a good study in order to elaborate the lunasin activity especially as an anticancer in the breast cancer model and will have a good impact on the development of therapeutic anticancer molecules although further study is needed. Results from this study have enriched the current information about lunasin in order to better understanding the lunasin activity and its molecular mechanism. Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? Yes Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? Yes Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? Partly If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Yes Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Yes Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Yes Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise: Cancer Pathology, Anticancer activity from natural substances I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard. Close READ LESS CITE CITE HOW TO CITE THIS REPORT Priosoeryanto BP. Reviewer Report For: The potential of lunasin extract for the prevention of breast cancer progression by upregulating E-Cadherin and inhibiting ICAM-1 [version 1; peer review: 2 approved, 1 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2021, 10 :902 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.58953.r93820 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/10-902/v1#referee-response-93820 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. COPY CITATION DETAILS Report a concern Respond or Comment COMMENT ON THIS REPORT Views 0 Cite How to cite this report: Chakraborty A. Reviewer Report For: The potential of lunasin extract for the prevention of breast cancer progression by upregulating E-Cadherin and inhibiting ICAM-1 [version 1; peer review: 2 approved, 1 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2021, 10 :902 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.58953.r94586 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/10-902/v1#referee-response-94586 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. Close Copy Citation Details Reviewer Report 22 Sep 2021 Asmi Chakraborty , Department of Translational Medicine, Translational Glycobiology Institute at FIU, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA Approved with Reservations VIEWS 0 https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.58953.r94586 This article offers a novel therapeutic molecule, lunasin, which can work synergistically with the current treatment option of Tamoxifen, in breast cancer. While the findings are exciting and merit investigation, the following points need to be addressed: ... Continue reading READ ALL This article offers a novel therapeutic molecule, lunasin, which can work synergistically with the current treatment option of Tamoxifen, in breast cancer. While the findings are exciting and merit investigation, the following points need to be addressed: Major: Include more details on the breast cancer type and what DMBA induces. DMBA is not spoken about before the methods. Since this is the only major experiment there needs to be more reasoning on why this was chosen. It is known in the literature that DMBA induced rat tumors are not invasive, have longer durations of latency. Hence, further justification of the model with help the reader. The authors mention that the cost of production of LE is expensive. Is the method used by the paper a cheaper way of producing it or are the authors simply mentioning this to state that this is a potential drawback? Although the authors mention in the conclusion that the lack of data on dose-dependent response is a drawback, there needs to be a reason for choosing the current dosage in the study. Perhaps a reference or any other justification. This is critical. The results need to be more elaborate. Did the authors perform any survival study on the animal groups? There are several unestablished connections being made in the discussion. While all the pathways are valid, connecting LE to the whole carcinogenic cascade is an over-interpretation of one experiment in the paper. In my opinion, this is not appropriate and needs further experimentation to be proven. The rat tumors can be homogenized to isolate RNA and protein to further validate the claims made in the discussion. Without this validation, the authors cannot claim the statements in the discussion as it is all speculative with regards to LE. Per the previous comment Figure 5. Should be a hypothesis or future direction-related figure. These are great future directions for the study. Overall, this is a promising study that can lead to the development of synergistic treatment with current therapy for breast cancer. While further investigation is needed, this paper does offer exciting insights into the role of LE as a therapeutic molecule in breast cancer treatment. Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? Yes Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? Yes Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? Partly If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Yes Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Yes Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Partly Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise: Cancer, Glycobiology, I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above. Close READ LESS CITE CITE HOW TO CITE THIS REPORT Chakraborty A. Reviewer Report For: The potential of lunasin extract for the prevention of breast cancer progression by upregulating E-Cadherin and inhibiting ICAM-1 [version 1; peer review: 2 approved, 1 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2021, 10 :902 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.58953.r94586 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/10-902/v1#referee-response-94586 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. COPY CITATION DETAILS Report a concern Respond or Comment COMMENT ON THIS REPORT Comments on this article Comments (1) Version 1 VERSION 1 PUBLISHED 08 Sep 2021 Reader Comment 14 Sep 2021 Alfred Pakpahan , Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Trisakti, Jakarta, Indonesia 14 Sep 2021 Reader Comment Breast cancer is known the most frequent type of cancer that caused death in women across the world. Lunasin extract from Soybean seeds (Glycine max (L.) Merr) is a protein known to ... Continue reading Breast cancer is known the most frequent type of cancer that caused death in women across the world. Lunasin extract from Soybean seeds (Glycine max (L.) Merr) is a protein known to inhibit cancer progression via various pathways expression of Intercellular Adhesion Molecule 1 (ICAM-1) and epithelial cadherins (E-Cadherin) in breast cancer. This study shows statistically significant difference in ICAM-1 expression was observed between each group were studied. The advantage of this research is that it uses experimental animals to see the development of cancer cells and is presented with very clear immunochemical images. Calculation of the data and the presentation of clear graphs and schematic of the LE molecular pathway regarding the expression of ICAM-1 and E-Cadherin greatly help the reader to understand more deeply in this study. Breast cancer is known the most frequent type of cancer that caused death in women across the world. Lunasin extract from Soybean seeds (Glycine max (L.) Merr) is a protein known to inhibit cancer progression via various pathways expression of Intercellular Adhesion Molecule 1 (ICAM-1) and epithelial cadherins (E-Cadherin) in breast cancer. This study shows statistically significant difference in ICAM-1 expression was observed between each group were studied. The advantage of this research is that it uses experimental animals to see the development of cancer cells and is presented with very clear immunochemical images. Calculation of the data and the presentation of clear graphs and schematic of the LE molecular pathway regarding the expression of ICAM-1 and E-Cadherin greatly help the reader to understand more deeply in this study. Competing Interests: No competing interests Close Report a concern Comment ADD YOUR COMMENT keyboard_arrow_left keyboard_arrow_right Open Peer Review Reviewer Status info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions Reviewer Reports Invited Reviewers 1 2 3 Version 1 08 Sep 21 read read read Asmi Chakraborty , Florida International University, Miami, USA Bambang Pontjo Priosoeryanto , IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia Hardhono Susanto , Diponegoro University, Semarang, Indonesia Comments on this article All Comments (1) Add a comment Sign up for content alerts Sign Up You are now signed up to receive this alert Browse by related subjects keyboard_arrow_left Back to all reports Reviewer Report 0 Views copyright © 2021 Susanto H. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 11 Oct 2021 | for Version 1 Hardhono Susanto , Medicine Faculty, Diponegoro University, Semarang, Indonesia 0 Views copyright © 2021 Susanto H. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. format_quote Cite this report speaker_notes Responses (0) Approved info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions This study examines the potential of Lunasin Extract (LE) as a natural product that can inhibit breast cancer progression through the biomarker mechanism. This study used biomarkers E-Chaderin and ICAM-1 as markers in evaluating the action of LE. This study used immunohistochemistry methods for assessing these biomarkers. This study indicates that LE can inhibit breast cancer progression by increasing E-Chaderin and decreasing ICAM-1. Some points that need to be addressed and clarified: The author needs to explain the origin of the use of LE in this study. Usually, in researching natural products, a minimum of 3 different doses will be used. If the author has conducted previous studies regarding the dose of this LE, it can be added to this study. The method used in this research is excellent and complete. As input, the results of the extraction and characterization of LE may be attached. This could be very helpful for other researchers who want to create LE with different parameters. The addition of Figure 5 is excellent and complete. Still, its placement in this study is more suitable as a hypothesis for further research. General conclusion: The content of this study has linearity with the authors’ expertise. They cite enough recent literature, clearly cited. The method contains adequate and sufficient details, e.g. sum of samples, the procedure of laboratory examination with a fit statistical method. They explain their result and discussion in good enough clearly their interpretation. The statement of the conclusion answers the aim of the study. Also, in reasonable and appropriate academic language. Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? Yes Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? Yes Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? Yes If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Yes Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Yes Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Yes Competing Interests No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise Biomedical and Sports Medicine I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard. reply Respond to this report Responses (0) Susanto H. Peer Review Report For: The potential of lunasin extract for the prevention of breast cancer progression by upregulating E-Cadherin and inhibiting ICAM-1 [version 1; peer review: 2 approved, 1 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2021, 10 :902 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.58953.r93818) NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/10-902/v1#referee-response-93818 keyboard_arrow_left Back to all reports Reviewer Report 0 Views copyright © 2021 Priosoeryanto B. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 23 Sep 2021 | for Version 1 Bambang Pontjo Priosoeryanto , Division of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia 0 Views copyright © 2021 Priosoeryanto B. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. format_quote Cite this report speaker_notes Responses (0) Approved info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions This work is an interesting study about the potential of breast cancer therapeutic substance of lunasin from a natural product of soybean. The result is very clear and indicated the potential promising of lunasin to be a candidate for combating breast cancer disorder. Some points need to be addressed and clarified: The work on extraction in the methods is very clear but there is no result information about the extract. Maybe it's better if there is a short piece of information about the extraction result, even if this extraction work will be published elsewhere. There is no information on how the author chose the dose of lunasin (500 mg/BW), what is the basic reason for this choice? It will be better if the type of cancer was also explained in the result by at least using a general hematoxylin-eosin staining method, it will enhance the understanding of the action of lunasin in the tumor type. Need clarification in the method of IHC, concerning the counterstain. it was written that used hematoxylin-eosin (it means hematoxylin and eosin) or only hematoxylin because hematoxylin will stain nuclear, while eosin stains cytoplasm. Figure 5 as a concept of hypothetical lunasin action is a good direction idea for further study for the clarification of the actions cascade. General conclusion : This work is a good study in order to elaborate the lunasin activity especially as an anticancer in the breast cancer model and will have a good impact on the development of therapeutic anticancer molecules although further study is needed. Results from this study have enriched the current information about lunasin in order to better understanding the lunasin activity and its molecular mechanism. Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? Yes Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? Yes Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? Partly If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Yes Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Yes Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Yes Competing Interests No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise Cancer Pathology, Anticancer activity from natural substances I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard. reply Respond to this report Responses (0) Priosoeryanto BP. Peer Review Report For: The potential of lunasin extract for the prevention of breast cancer progression by upregulating E-Cadherin and inhibiting ICAM-1 [version 1; peer review: 2 approved, 1 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2021, 10 :902 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.58953.r93820) NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/10-902/v1#referee-response-93820 keyboard_arrow_left Back to all reports Reviewer Report 0 Views copyright © 2021 Chakraborty A. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 22 Sep 2021 | for Version 1 Asmi Chakraborty , Department of Translational Medicine, Translational Glycobiology Institute at FIU, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA 0 Views copyright © 2021 Chakraborty A. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. format_quote Cite this report speaker_notes Responses (0) Approved With Reservations info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions This article offers a novel therapeutic molecule, lunasin, which can work synergistically with the current treatment option of Tamoxifen, in breast cancer. While the findings are exciting and merit investigation, the following points need to be addressed: Major: Include more details on the breast cancer type and what DMBA induces. DMBA is not spoken about before the methods. Since this is the only major experiment there needs to be more reasoning on why this was chosen. It is known in the literature that DMBA induced rat tumors are not invasive, have longer durations of latency. Hence, further justification of the model with help the reader. The authors mention that the cost of production of LE is expensive. Is the method used by the paper a cheaper way of producing it or are the authors simply mentioning this to state that this is a potential drawback? Although the authors mention in the conclusion that the lack of data on dose-dependent response is a drawback, there needs to be a reason for choosing the current dosage in the study. Perhaps a reference or any other justification. This is critical. The results need to be more elaborate. Did the authors perform any survival study on the animal groups? There are several unestablished connections being made in the discussion. While all the pathways are valid, connecting LE to the whole carcinogenic cascade is an over-interpretation of one experiment in the paper. In my opinion, this is not appropriate and needs further experimentation to be proven. The rat tumors can be homogenized to isolate RNA and protein to further validate the claims made in the discussion. Without this validation, the authors cannot claim the statements in the discussion as it is all speculative with regards to LE. Per the previous comment Figure 5. Should be a hypothesis or future direction-related figure. These are great future directions for the study. Overall, this is a promising study that can lead to the development of synergistic treatment with current therapy for breast cancer. While further investigation is needed, this paper does offer exciting insights into the role of LE as a therapeutic molecule in breast cancer treatment. Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? Yes Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? Yes Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? Partly If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Yes Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Yes Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Partly Competing Interests No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise Cancer, Glycobiology, I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above. reply Respond to this report Responses (0) Chakraborty A. Peer Review Report For: The potential of lunasin extract for the prevention of breast cancer progression by upregulating E-Cadherin and inhibiting ICAM-1 [version 1; peer review: 2 approved, 1 approved with reservations] . F1000Research 2021, 10 :902 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.58953.r94586) NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. 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