Comprehensive Study on Shape Shifting Behaviors of Thermally Activated Hinges in FDM-based 4D Printing

Comprehensive Study on Shape Shifting Behaviors of Thermally Activated Hinges in FDM-based 4D Printing | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Comprehensive Study on Shape Shifting Behaviors of Thermally Activated Hinges in FDM-based 4D Printing Iman Salimi Nezhad, Mohammad Golzar, Amirhossein Behravesh, Shahabaddin Zare This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-791407/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 4 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract 4D printing of shape shifting structures, aka “hinges”, has raised a new standard in many fields. By using these hinges in certain parts of a 3D printed structures, a pre designed complex 3D shape with potential multifunctional application can be achieved from flat structure. This paper proposes a comprehensive semi-empirical model to predict the final shape shifting behavior and magnitude of the hinges printed by FDM process. First, all FDM main parameters are selected and reduced by design of experiment to printing speed, lamina thickness, nozzle temperature as well as printing pattern. In order to develop the model, a time-dependent constitutive model with these four process parameters were extracted for strain of an SMP homogeneous single layer structure using a fractional Zener model accompanied with Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) technique. Thereafter, the mathematical relations for shape shifting behavior of bilayer 4D printed structures were developed for beam bending and twisting by modifying Timoshenko’s constitutive equations. A comprehensive shape-shifting model was established including 3D printing parameters, angles, thickness ratios, activation time and temperature which was compared to the experimental data and results predicted both shape shifting behavior and magnitude of the hinges with good agreement. In addition, a novel flowchart was suggested to design and achieve the desired shape shifting behaviors. The proposed model and flowchart are novel tools to design 4D structures through desired shape-shifting of the hinges. Biotechnology and Bioengineering 4D printing FDM Shape-Shifting PLA Constitutive model Full Text Supplementary Files AppendixI.docx Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Reviews received at journal 23 Aug, 2021 Reviewers invited by journal 22 Aug, 2021 Editor assigned by journal 11 Aug, 2021 First submitted to journal 06 Aug, 2021 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-791407","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":47438953,"identity":"23757a5d-dc12-451e-a2cd-059d2c2d2b05","order_by":0,"name":"Iman Salimi Nezhad","email":"","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9223-2268","institution":"Tarbiat Modares University Faculty of Engineering","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Iman","middleName":"Salimi","lastName":"Nezhad","suffix":""},{"id":47438954,"identity":"42152637-090e-4324-b89d-2fbb0e690248","order_by":1,"name":"Mohammad 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Technology","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"4D printing, FDM, Shape-Shifting, PLA, Constitutive model","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-791407/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-791407/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e4D printing of shape shifting structures, aka “hinges”, has raised a new standard in many fields. By using these hinges in certain parts of a 3D printed structures, a pre designed complex 3D shape with potential multifunctional application can be achieved from flat structure. This paper proposes a comprehensive semi-empirical model to predict the final shape shifting behavior and magnitude of the hinges printed by FDM process. First, all FDM main parameters are selected and reduced by design of experiment to printing speed, lamina thickness, nozzle temperature as well as printing pattern. In order to develop the model, a time-dependent constitutive model with these four process parameters were extracted for strain of an SMP homogeneous single layer structure using a fractional Zener model accompanied with Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) technique. Thereafter, the mathematical relations for shape shifting behavior of bilayer 4D printed structures were developed for beam bending and twisting by modifying Timoshenko’s constitutive equations. A comprehensive shape-shifting model was established including 3D printing parameters, angles, thickness ratios, \u0026nbsp;activation time and temperature which was compared to the experimental data and results predicted both shape shifting behavior and magnitude of the hinges with good agreement. In addition, a novel flowchart was suggested to design and achieve the desired shape shifting behaviors. 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