Optimization of drill bit design in bone drilling in order to mitigate the thermal necrosis by experimental and statistical approaches

Optimization of drill bit design in bone drilling in order to mitigate the thermal necrosis by experimental and statistical approaches | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Optimization of drill bit design in bone drilling in order to mitigate the thermal necrosis by experimental and statistical approaches Hossein Golshani, Ehsan Shakouri, Payam Saraeian This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7220401/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 13 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Purpose Bone temperature rise during drilling and subsequent thermal necrosis are a serious threat to orthopedic surgeries as they can cause irreversible damage to bone cells and failure of fracture treatment. Part of the bone temperature rise is due to chip formation while the other part is related to the heat sources of drill bit-hole wall friction and chip-hole wall friction. The present study has examined reduction of frictional heating by changing the drill bit design with an experimental and statistical approach. Methods Drilling tests were performed on 31 surfaces with drills of different designs under conditions of rotational speed of 1000 r.min − 1 , feed rate of 50 mm.min − 1 , and hole depth of 8 mm on the bovine femur. Results The change in the diameter and length of the different sections of the drill bit had a significant effect on the bone temperature rise; in 21 cases it led to a decrease, while in 6 cases it resulted in an increase in the temperature compared to the result of the standard drill ( T m =24°C). In addition, by means of statistical analysis through Minitab software, a statistical model of bone temperature rise was developed based on the drill geometry and optimal values for the drill geometry were extracted. Conclusion The validation test performed on the optimal drill revealed an acceptable agreement of its result ( T m =8.6°C) with the value predicted by statistical analysis ( T m =8.8°C) as well as the possibility of preventing thermal necrosis by using this new design for the drill. Orthopedic surgery Bone drilling Thermal necrosis Friction Drill bit design Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 9 Figure 10 Figure 11 Figure 12 Figure 13 Figure 14 Figure 15 Figure 16 Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Table 1 is available in the Supplementary Files section. Supplementary Files Table1.docx Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 31 Jan, 2026 Reviews received at journal 21 Dec, 2025 Reviews received at journal 12 Dec, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 07 Dec, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 07 Dec, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 06 Dec, 2025 Reviews received at journal 06 Dec, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 04 Dec, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 04 Dec, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 16 Nov, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 28 Jul, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 28 Jul, 2025 First submitted to journal 26 Jul, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7220401","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":548588754,"identity":"07239374-ecef-4ac5-b6d2-365b5f73b909","order_by":0,"name":"Hossein Golshani","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Islamic Azad University North Tehran Branch","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Hossein","middleName":"","lastName":"Golshani","suffix":""},{"id":548588755,"identity":"a4cb18a1-d411-4007-8e94-3144750b04dd","order_by":1,"name":"Ehsan 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necrosis by experimental and statistical approaches","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"research-on-biomedical-engineering","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"rbme","sideBox":"Learn more about [Research on Biomedical Engineering](http://link.springer.com/journal/42600)","snPcode":"42600","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/42600/3","title":"Research on Biomedical Engineering","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"Orthopedic surgery, Bone drilling, Thermal necrosis, Friction, Drill bit design","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7220401/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7220401/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003ch2\u003ePurpose\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eBone temperature rise during drilling and subsequent thermal necrosis are a serious threat to orthopedic surgeries as they can cause irreversible damage to bone cells and failure of fracture treatment. Part of the bone temperature rise is due to chip formation while the other part is related to the heat sources of drill bit-hole wall friction and chip-hole wall friction. The present study has examined reduction of frictional heating by changing the drill bit design with an experimental and statistical approach.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMethods\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eDrilling tests were performed on 31 surfaces with drills of different designs under conditions of rotational speed of 1000 r.min\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, feed rate of 50 mm.min\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, and hole depth of 8 mm on the bovine femur.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResults\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe change in the diameter and length of the different sections of the drill bit had a significant effect on the bone temperature rise; in 21 cases it led to a decrease, while in 6 cases it resulted in an increase in the temperature compared to the result of the standard drill (\u003cem\u003eT\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003em\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e=24\u0026deg;C). In addition, by means of statistical analysis through \u003cem\u003eMinitab\u003c/em\u003e software, a statistical model of bone temperature rise was developed based on the drill geometry and optimal values for the drill geometry were extracted.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eConclusion\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe validation test performed on the optimal drill revealed an acceptable agreement of its result (\u003cem\u003eT\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003em\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e=8.6\u0026deg;C) with the value predicted by statistical analysis (\u003cem\u003eT\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003em\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e=8.8\u0026deg;C) as well as the possibility of preventing thermal necrosis by using this new design for the drill.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Optimization of drill bit design in bone drilling in order to mitigate the thermal necrosis by experimental and statistical approaches","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-11-26 16:37:27","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7220401/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2026-01-31T13:07:47+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-12-21T10:19:38+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-12-12T05:53:59+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"329714023420764009790964946603297004957","date":"2025-12-08T03:20:21+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"91927760058839043284936309136419186579","date":"2025-12-07T07:13:12+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"129889254641333543527864485830768150546","date":"2025-12-07T02:28:51+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-12-06T08:43:05+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"83575878579840362311716415756821467770","date":"2025-12-05T03:36:13+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"100402656594407299550964025225920237006","date":"2025-12-04T14:34:14+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-11-16T23:38:30+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-07-28T20:05:04+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-07-28T07:48:37+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Research on Biomedical Engineering","date":"2025-07-26T09:59:41+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"research-on-biomedical-engineering","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"rbme","sideBox":"Learn more about [Research on Biomedical Engineering](http://link.springer.com/journal/42600)","snPcode":"42600","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/42600/3","title":"Research on Biomedical Engineering","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"efb4340e-ebb4-4c3e-8fd6-faaf7039652e","owner":[],"postedDate":"November 26th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-03-17T15:25:42+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-11-26 16:37:27","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7220401","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7220401","identity":"rs-7220401","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}