Tomato spotted wilt virusmanipulates the reproduction of its insect vector, western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis), to facilitate transmission

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV), one of the most devastating viruses of ornamental plants and vegetable crops worldwide, is transmitted by the western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande), in a persistent-propagative manner. How TSWV manipulates the reproduction of its vector to enhance transmission and whether infection with TSWV changes the mating behaviour of this thrips vector are not fully understood. RESULTS In this study, we found that TSWV-exposed thrips, in general, had a significantly longer developmental time than did non-exposed individuals. Such an increase was predominantly seen in adults, a stage associated with dispersal and virus transmission. TSWV-exposed F. occidentali s produced substantially more progeny than did non-exposed thrips. Interestingly, most of the increase in progeny came from an increase in males, a sex with a greater dispersal and virus transmission capability. Specifically, the sex ratio of progeny shifted from female biased (2-7:1) to evenly split or male biased. Regarding mating behaviour, compared to virus-free controls, TSWV-exposed F. occidentali s had significantly longer copulation duration, were more active in males, and remated less often in females. CONCLUSION These combined results suggest that TSWV alters the reproductive behaviour of its insect vector, F. occidentalis , to promote virus transmission. Consequently, a monitoring program capable of earlier detection of the virus and a reduced economic threshold for vector (thrips) control should be in consideration for the long-term, sustainable management of TSWV.