BTR-SDN: A Blockchain-enabled Trusted Routing Scheme for SDN Interdomain

BTR-SDN: A Blockchain-enabled Trusted Routing Scheme for SDN Interdomain | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article BTR-SDN: A Blockchain-enabled Trusted Routing Scheme for SDN Interdomain Shuang Yang, Zhongsheng Jiang, Wansu Pan, Xingrong Jiang, Yuquan Tang, and 1 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7647938/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 11 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract With the evolution of Software-Defined Networking (SDN) toward distribution, cloudification, and servitization, multi-controller architectures have been widely adopted to enhance scalability. However, such architectures face challenges such as degraded inter-domain communication stability and security risks inherent in centralized trust mechanisms. To address these issues, we propose a Blockchain-enabled Trusted Routing scheme for SDN interdomain, called BTR-SDN. First, a multi-dimensional dynamic trust assessment model is designed to characterize and dynamically update the trustworthiness of participating entities by quantifying nodes’ historical behavior, performance metrics, and inter-domain reputation propagation. On this basis, a trust-aware hierarchical topology reconstruction and route pruning mechanism is introduced to adaptively adjust network views and path selection strategies according to trust assessment results, thereby enhancing the reliability of inter-domain communication. Furthermore, by leveraging the immutability of blockchain, critical information such as flow rules and routing decisions is anchored on-chain for attestation, while smart contracts are employed to automate policy enforcement, forming a closed-loop trustworthy assurance system. The experimental results demonstrate that BTR-SDN can not only allocate highly trusted paths suitable for various types of services, improving end-to-end transmission quality, but also effectively identify and isolate malicious nodes, significantly enhancing the security of inter-domain communication. Software-Defined Networking Blockchain Trust assessment Network Topology Reconstruction Inter-domain Communication Security Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 23 Dec, 2025 Reviews received at journal 09 Dec, 2025 Reviews received at journal 26 Nov, 2025 Reviews received at journal 26 Nov, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 06 Nov, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 05 Nov, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 03 Nov, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 31 Oct, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 30 Oct, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 19 Sep, 2025 First submitted to journal 18 Sep, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7647938","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":542687391,"identity":"0ae15364-1c56-4d58-8491-38d4252b7b3c","order_by":0,"name":"Shuang Yang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Shuang","middleName":"","lastName":"Yang","suffix":""},{"id":542687392,"identity":"145723e4-96ab-455e-a796-eb36fee8d160","order_by":1,"name":"Zhongsheng Jiang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Chinese Academy of 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Management","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"Software-Defined Networking, Blockchain, Trust assessment, Network Topology Reconstruction, Inter-domain Communication Security","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7647938/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7647938/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eWith the evolution of Software-Defined Networking (SDN) toward distribution, cloudification, and servitization, multi-controller architectures have been widely adopted to enhance scalability. However, such architectures face challenges such as degraded inter-domain communication stability and security risks inherent in centralized trust mechanisms. To address these issues, we propose a Blockchain-enabled Trusted Routing scheme for SDN interdomain, called BTR-SDN. First, a multi-dimensional dynamic trust assessment model is designed to characterize and dynamically update the trustworthiness of participating entities by quantifying nodes\u0026rsquo; historical behavior, performance metrics, and inter-domain reputation propagation. On this basis, a trust-aware hierarchical topology reconstruction and route pruning mechanism is introduced to adaptively adjust network views and path selection strategies according to trust assessment results, thereby enhancing the reliability of inter-domain communication. Furthermore, by leveraging the immutability of blockchain, critical information such as flow rules and routing decisions is anchored on-chain for attestation, while smart contracts are employed to automate policy enforcement, forming a closed-loop trustworthy assurance system. The experimental results demonstrate that BTR-SDN can not only allocate highly trusted paths suitable for various types of services, improving end-to-end transmission quality, but also effectively identify and isolate malicious nodes, significantly enhancing the security of inter-domain communication.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"BTR-SDN: A Blockchain-enabled Trusted Routing Scheme for SDN Interdomain","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-11-12 09:19:21","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7647938/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2025-12-23T13:11:17+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-12-10T00:08:09+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-11-26T14:19:45+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-11-26T13:10:51+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"118161357131766315035266826582095255628","date":"2025-11-06T10:31:56+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"216093960245848896941089151533688237290","date":"2025-11-05T14:45:19+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"194721010655773385335681130073063534048","date":"2025-11-03T13:58:28+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-10-31T12:51:59+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-10-30T11:01:49+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-09-19T08:51:57+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Journal of Network and Systems Management","date":"2025-09-18T09:33:11+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"journal-of-network-and-systems-management","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"jons","sideBox":"Learn more about [Journal of Network and Systems Management](http://link.springer.com/journal/10922)","snPcode":"10922","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/10922/3","title":"Journal of Network and Systems Management","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"30ff87c8-015a-4c04-9428-677dc73bd2a1","owner":[],"postedDate":"November 12th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-05-06T07:39:19+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-11-12 09:19:21","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7647938","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7647938","identity":"rs-7647938","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}