Feeding the Future: Analyzing the Factors Influencing Bottle-Feeding Among Infants Under 0-6 Months in Bangladesh

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Shameem Hossain, Md Shamsur Rahman, Nishat Tasnim Simi, Humayra Amin This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7231606/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Objective This cross-sectional study investigated the socio-demographic predictors of bottle-feeding among infants aged 0–6 months in Bangladesh. Design A cross sectional study utilizing a structured and pre-tested questionnaire for data collection. Setting The study, conducted from October to December 2024 in the Dhaka and Jessore districts. Participants were selected from mother-and-child healthcare facilities through convenient sampling, ensuring representation from both urban and rural areas. Participants A total of 335 mothers with infants aged 0–6 month were selected through interviewing techniques from healthcare facilities. Main Outcome measure The primary outcome measure was the prevalence and socio-demographic predictors of bottle-feeding among infants aged 0–6 months in Bangladesh. Analysis Statistical analyses, including chi-square tests and binary logistic regression, identified significant predictors of bottle-feeding. Result Infants aged 5–6 months and those with birth weights ≥ 2.5 kg were more likely to be bottle-fed, while infants aged 3–4 months and those with lower birth weights were less likely to be bottle-fed. Younger mothers (< 18 years) and those residing in rural areas were consistently associated with higher odds of bottle-feeding. Although gender, family income, and maternal education showed varying effects, some associations diminished after adjusting for other factors. Conclusions and Implications These findings underscore the need for targeted public health interventions, such as breastfeeding education for younger mothers and strategies to address rural disparities, in order to promote optimal infant feeding practices and improve child health outcomes in Bangladesh. Bottle-Feeding feeding practice Public Health Brest feeding in Bangladesh Introduction Bottle-feeding refers to the practice of feeding an infant using a bottle, typically with formula, expressed breast milk, or other milk substitutes [1]. While exclusive breastfeeding is universally recommended for infants up to 6 months of age due to its unmatched nutritional, immunological, and developmental benefits, bottle-feeding is becoming increasingly prevalent worldwide [2]. The first 0–6 months of life is a crucial developmental period characterized by rapid growth. During this stage, infants require essential nutrients to support proper growth, organ development, and the maturation of vital systems such as metabolism and the central nervous system [3, 4]. Formula feeding, which is a common alternative to breastfeeding, is associated with various health risks, including diarrhea, malnutrition, acute respiratory infections, protein-energy malnutrition, and iron deficiency, all of which can lead to long-term developmental issues such as mental retardation [5, 6]. The absence of breastfeeding in this critical period impairs infant survival and health outcomes [7]. Breastfeeding, on the other hand, provides a complete source of nutrition, crucial for the infant's rapid growth and metabolic development. Inadequate nutrition during this early phase can hinder an infant's growth and increase the risk of long-term health complications [8]. Only 32.6% of newborns globally are exclusively breastfed for the first six months of their lives, despite the well-established advantages of nursing, according to UNICEF's 2011 World's Children Report. According to data from the 2014 Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey (BDHS), 55% of women in Bangladesh breastfeed, and the median breastfeeding duration is nine months. In terms of breastfeeding patterns, however, there are significant disparities between urban and rural locations, with bottle-feeding being more common in urban areas. This variance emphasizes how practical, cultural, and socioeconomic issues affect baby feeding decisions. The high infant mortality rates in many underdeveloped nations are mostly caused by the absence of exclusive breastfeeding throughout the first six months of life. Bottle-feeding is more prevalent in urban areas, where socioeconomic reasons, urbanization, and the marketing of breastmilk substitutes have been recognized as important drivers to the drop in breastfeeding patterns, according to a research conducted in India by [9]. On the other hand, breastfeeding rates are frequently greater in rural regions [10]. In Bangladesh, a nation of over 158 million people, 65.5% of people reside in rural regions [11]. In Bangladesh, breastfeeding is becoming less common, while bottle-feeding is becoming more popular. The high price of formula milk is out of reach for many families due to financial instability and poverty, which exacerbates the problem [8]. Furthermore, it is typical in Bangladesh to use pre-lacteal feeding techniques, such as giving neonates honey, sweetened water, or mustard oil in their first few days of life. These cultural ideas are based on the idea that these drugs are strong and illness-proof [7]. This study is to determine the incidence of bottle-feeding and the sociodemographic parameters influencing bottle-feeding habits among infants aged 0–6 months in both urban and rural regions of Bangladesh, given the vital relevance of infant feeding practices for long-term health. It is crucial to comprehend these elements in order to guide focused public health initiatives and encourage better newborn feeding habits nationwide. Methodologies 2.1 Study Location, target population, and research strategy. The cross-sectional survey was carried out in Bangladesh's Jessore and Dhaka districts from October to December 2024. The main city of Bangladesh, Dhaka, is renowned for its crowded metropolitan setting, whereas Jessore is a significant district in the southwest of the nation with a more rural and agricultural terrain. Moms of babies and young children between the ages of 0 and 6 months were the study's target population. Because they were chosen to represent both urban and rural environments, the participants provided a thorough understanding of bottle-feeding methods. 2.2 Sample size and sampling To determine the sample size, Cochran's formula for cross-sectional studies was applied: $$\:\text{n}=\frac{{z}^{2}p\left(1-p\right)}{{d}^{2}}$$ Where p is the predicted population proportion, d is the margin of error, n is the necessary sample size, and z is the z-score that corresponds to the desired confidence level in this study. According to research, 6.2% of women bottle-feed their children, with a 95% confidence level (z = 1.96) and a ± 5% margin of error (d = 0.05). A sample size of 249 was determined to be necessary. The sample size was increased to 277 by adding 10% to account for any non-responses. Data were collected from mothers of children aged 0–6 months who visited several mother and child care hospitals or health care facilities in both Dhaka and Jessore districts. Convenient sampling was employed to select participants from these settings. 2.3 Data collection procedure The structured questionnaire used to collect the data was pre-tested and given by qualified interviewers. After being developed in English, the questionnaire was translated into Bengali and then back into English to ensure that the information was accurate and consistent. Both data collectors and supervisors received training on the study’s objectives, the purpose of the research, and the interviewing techniques aligned with the instrument. A pre-test was conducted with 10% of participants who resembled the study group. Based on the results of the pre-test, any questions or sections that were found to be unclear, poorly constructed, or likely to yield unreliable data were revised and improved for clarity and accuracy. 2.4 Statistical analysis The statistical software SPSS version 22 was used to conduct descriptive and inferential analyses. The chi-square test was used to assess the relationships between categorical variables. To identify important factors influencing bottle-feeding behaviors, binary logistic regression with adjusted odds ratios (AORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) was employed. The multivariate logistic regression model only contained the features the bivariate analysis showed to have significant relationships. We assessed the goodness of fit of the logistic regression model using the Hosmer-Lemeshow test. Significant statistical differences were defined as P-values less than 0.05. Result 3.1 Socio-demographic characteristics Table 1 Socio-demographic characteristics of study participants (n = 335). Characteristics Bottle Feeding χ² p- value Yes, n (%) No, n (%) Child Gender 4.14 0.042* Male 45 (32.4) 94 (67.6) Female 85 (43.4) 111 (56.6) Children Age 0–2 months 22 (23.7) 71 (76.3) 17.94 < 0.000* 3–4 months 66 (51.6) 62 (48.4) 5–6 months 42 (36.8) 72 (63.2) Weight of child at birth <2.5 kg 45 (27.6) 118 (72.4) 16.77 < 0.000* ≥ 2.5 kg 85 (49.4) 87 (50.6) Mother age at child birth <18 years 14 (53.8) 12 (46.2) 6.97 0.031* 18–28 years 67 (33.3) 134 (66.7) 29–38 years 49 (45.4) 59 (54.6) Mother’s education level Illiterate 11 (55.0) 9 (45.0) 4.05 0.131 Primary 38 (33.0) 77 (67.0) Secondary/ higher 81 (40.5) 119 (59.5) Family Income 35,000 BDT 28 (43.1) 37 (56.9) Household family size ≤ 4 members 112 (39.9) 169 (60.1) 0.81 0.368 >4 members 18 (33.3) 36 (66.7) Mothers’ occupation Housewife 102 (37.0) 174 (63.0) 2.26 0.133 Working 28 (47.5) 31 (52.5) Type of residence area Urban 99 (44.2) 125 (55.8) 8.27 0.004* Rural 31 (27.9) 80 (72.1) Delivery type of baby Normal delivery 38 (34.2) 73 (65.8) 1.46 0.227 Cesarean delivery 92 (41.1) 132 (58.9) Attended antenatal care Yes 101 (41.2) 114 (58.8) 2.25 0.134 No 29 (32.2) 61 (67.8) *Significant at p value < 0.05 Table 1 presents the results of the study participants' sociodemographic traits (n = 335) showed a number of noteworthy correlations with bottle-feeding practices. Compared to female children, male children were less likely to be bottle-fed (χ² = 4.14, p = 0.042). Younger infants (0–2 months) were less likely to be bottle-fed than older infants (3–4 months and 5–6 months) (χ² = 17.94, p < 0.000), indicating that age was a major effect. There was a significant correlation between birth weight and bottle-feeding as well; children weighing less than 2.5 kg at birth were less likely to be bottle-fed than those weighing 2.5 kg or more (χ² = 16.77, p < 0.000). Another important predictor was the age of the mother at delivery; younger mothers (less than 18 years old) were more likely to bottle-feed than older mothers (18–28 years old and 29–38 years old) (χ² = 6.97, p = 0.031). There was a significant correlation between family income and bottle feeding; households with higher incomes (> 35,000 BDT) were more likely to bottle-feed than those with lower incomes (< 15,000 BDT) (χ² = 8.46, p = 0.037). There was also a significant correlation between the kind of living region and bottle-feeding behavior, with urban inhabitants being more likely than rural people to do so (χ² = 8.27, p = 0.004). The mother's occupation, the manner of birth, the size of the family, her education level, and her attendance at prenatal care did not significantly correlate with bottle-feeding practices. These results demonstrate how crucial sociodemographic variables are in determining the research population's bottle-feeding habits. 3.2 Predictors of bottle feeding practice Table 2 Bivariate and Multivariate analysis of factors associated with bottle feeding in children Characteristics Bottle Feeding CAR (95% CI) AOR (95% CI) Yes, (N = 130) No (N = 205) n (%) n (%) Child Gender Male 45 (32.4) 94 (67.6) 1 1 Female 85 (43.4) 111 (56.6) 1.60 (1.01–2.51)* 0.76 (0.46–1.24) Children Age 0–2 months 22 (23.7) 71 (76.3) 1 1 3–4 months 66 (51.6) 62 (48.4) 0.53 (0.28–0.97)* 0.47 (0.25–0.91)* 5–6 months 42 (36.8) 72 (63.2) 1.82 (1.09–3.05)* 1.44 (0.82–2.52) Weight of child at birth <2.5 kg 45 (27.6) 118 (72.4) 1 1 ≥ 2.5 kg 85 (49.4) 87 (50.6) 0.39 (0.24–0.61)* 0.50 (0.30–0.82)* Mother age at child birth <18 years 14 (53.8) 12 (46.2) 1 1 18–28 years 67 (33.3) 134 (66.7) 1.40 (0.59–3.31) 2.68 (1.01–7.09)* 29–38 years 49 (45.4) 59 (54.6) 0.60 (0.37–0.97)* 0.69 (0.41–1.16) Family Income 35,000 BDT 28 (43.1) 37 (56.9) 1.24 (0.66–2.33) Type of residence area Urban 99 (44.2) 125 (55.8) 1 1 Rural 31 (27.9) 80 (72.1) 2.04 (1.25–3.34)* 1.83 (1.50–3.19)* *Significant at p value < 0.05; 1: referent Table 2 presents the results of the bivariate and multivariate analyses of the variables related to children's bottle-feeding habits. This link was not significant after adjustment (AOR: 0.76, 95% CI: 0.46–1.24), but the bivariate analysis revealed that female children were more likely than boys to be bottle-fed (CAR: 1.60, 95% CI: 1.01–2.51, p < 0.05). In both bivariate (CAR: 0.53, 95% CI: 0.28–0.97, p < 0.05) and multivariate (AOR: 0.47, 95% CI: 0.25–0.91, p < 0.05) analyses, children aged 3–4 months were less likely than those aged 0–2 months to be bottle-fed, while children aged 5–6 months had more odds in the bivariate analysis (CAR: 1.82, 95% CI: 1.09–3.05, p < 0.05), but not after adjustment (AOR: 1.44, 95% CI: 0.82–2.52). The chances of bottle-feeding were reduced in both bivariate (CAR: 0.39, 95% CI: 0.24–0.61, p < 0.05) and multivariate (AOR: 0.50, 95% CI: 0.30–0.82, p < 0.05) studies for birth weights ≥ 2.5 kg. However, this was not significant in the bivariate analysis. In the multivariate analysis, mothers aged 18–28 years had higher chances of bottle-feeding than mothers under 18 years (AOR: 2.68, 95% CI: 1.01–7.09, p < 0.05). Bivariate analysis revealed decreased chances for mothers aged 29–38 years (CAR: 0.60, 95% CI: 0.37–0.97, p < 0.05); however, following adjustment, the link was not significant (AOR: 0.69, 95% CI: 0.41–1.16). In both bivariate (CAR: 2.04, 95% CI: 1.25–3.34, p < 0.05) and multivariate (AOR: 1.83, 95% CI: 1.50–3.19, p < 0.05) analyses, rural residence was consistently linked to higher odds of bottle-feeding compared to urban areas, but family income did not significantly affect bottle-feeding. Discussion The socio-demographic characteristics and predictors of bottle-feeding practices revealed several significant associations. Female children were more likely to be bottle-fed compared to male children in the bivariate analysis, but this association diminished after adjustment, aligning with earlier research indicating gender-based feeding practices that vary across cultures [12, 13]. Age emerged as a critical determinant, with infants aged 5–6 months being more likely to be bottle-fed than younger infants, consistent with studies suggesting that the perceived convenience of bottle-feeding increases as solid food introduction nears [14, 15]. Remarkably, babies weighing (< 2.5 kg) were less likely to be bottle-fed, which may indicate that parents or medical professionals are more cautious when it comes to feeding low-birth-weight babies [16]. Another important factor was the age of the mother; younger mothers (less than 18 years old) were more likely to bottle-feed than older mothers (18–28 years old), most likely as a result of their lack of experience and understanding about breastfeeding [17, 18]. These results were supported by the multivariate analysis, which identified residency, mother age, and birth weight as important variables. Contrary to popular belief that bottle-feeding is more common in urban areas, living in a rural area was linked to higher odds of bottle-feeding. This could be due to local cultural customs or economic factors that affect feeding habits in rural areas [19, 20]. In contrast, family income did not significantly influence bottle-feeding after adjustment, challenging previous studies that emphasize income as a critical determinant, suggesting instead that maternal education or cultural norms may play a more prominent role [21, 22]. The findings have significant implications for public health initiatives targeting optimal infant feeding practices. Tailored interventions addressing rural mothers' needs, particularly in areas with high bottle-feeding prevalence, could be effective. Additionally, programs targeting younger and less experienced mothers with breastfeeding education may reduce reliance on bottle feeding. Policymakers should also consider the cultural and socio-economic dimensions influencing feeding practices to design holistic, context-sensitive campaigns. Limitation of the study The cross-sectional design of this study restricts the ability to infer causal relationships. The reliance on self-reported data introduces the possibility of recall bias, which may affect the accuracy of responses. Moreover, the use of convenience sampling may limit the generalizability of the findings, as the sample may not fully capture the diverse socio-demographic characteristics of the broader population. Future research employing longitudinal designs could provide valuable insights into temporal changes in bottle-feeding practices and their long-term implications for child health. Additionally, qualitative studies could delve deeper into the cultural, emotional, and contextual factors influencing feeding decisions, offering a more comprehensive understanding of the motivations and barriers shaping these behaviors. Conclusion This study highlights key socio-demographic factors influencing bottle-feeding practices among Bangladeshi children aged 0–6 months. Maternal age, infant birth weight, and rural residence emerged as significant predictors, while family income had no notable effect. Younger mothers and rural residents were more likely to adopt bottle-feeding, and older infants (5–6 months) showed higher prevalence, reflecting convenience as solid foods are introduced. Public health campaigns should target younger mothers and rural areas to promote exclusive breastfeeding and address cultural and socio-economic influences. Future research should focus on the long-term impacts of bottle-feeding and enhancing breastfeeding support systems. Declarations Author Contribution Md. Shameem Hossain contributed to investigation, data collection, statistical analysis, data curation, and writing – original draft and review. Md. Shamsur Rahman was responsible for conceptualization, supervision, investigation, and writing – review and editing. Nishat Tasnim Simi contributed to data collection, data curation, and writing – original draft. Humayra Amin contributed to data collection, data curation, and writing – original draft. Acknowledgement The authors sincerely thank the participants of this study for their active involvement and invaluable contributions throughout the research. Special appreciation is extended to Professor Md. Bellal Hossain and Associate Professor Nizam Uddin from the Department of Nutrition and Food Engineering at Daffodil International University for their insightful feedback and guidance in developing the questionnaire. Ethics Approval Statement: This study was approved by the Department of Nutrition and Food Engineering at Daffodil International University, Bangladesh. The ethical clearance provided by the Ethical Committee of Daffodil International University and all procedures involving human participants were conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the committee. Participant Consent Statement: Informed consent was obtained from all participants' legal guardians prior to data collection. Participation was voluntary, and guardians were assured of confidentiality and the right to withdraw at any stage. References D. Getachew, E. Getachew, A. N. Yirsaw, H. S. Ayele, G. A. Andargie, A. A. Lakew, A. A. Tareke, N. S. Zeru and G. Lakew, "Prevalence of Bottle‐Feeding Practice and AssociatedFactors Among Mothers of Children Under Five in theWorld, 2024: Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis," Reproductive, Female and Child Health, pp. 1-8, 2024. Irdawati and Y. 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Shameem Hossain","email":"data:image/png;base64,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","orcid":"","institution":"Daffodil International University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Md.","middleName":"Shameem","lastName":"Hossain","suffix":""},{"id":491820707,"identity":"64096dc1-688f-4ad2-9adb-5223a7c7f17c","order_by":1,"name":"Md Shamsur Rahman","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Daffodil International University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Md","middleName":"Shamsur","lastName":"Rahman","suffix":""},{"id":491820708,"identity":"317fb6ce-6f7c-483f-b4cb-e2994cbc071a","order_by":2,"name":"Nishat Tasnim Simi","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Daffodil International University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Nishat","middleName":"Tasnim","lastName":"Simi","suffix":""},{"id":491820710,"identity":"77a94c11-6aad-46c4-870d-6a05029a25be","order_by":3,"name":"Humayra Amin","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Daffodil International University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Humayra","middleName":"","lastName":"Amin","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-07-28 08:38:34","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7231606/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7231606/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":90855960,"identity":"4d254538-3fd7-4349-a763-c23a0e3dcfd6","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-09 04:53:38","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":908382,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7231606/v1/cae26708-01eb-4c9d-b587-fd37b0d4187a.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003eFeeding the Future: Analyzing the Factors Influencing Bottle-Feeding Among Infants Under 0-6 Months in Bangladesh\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eBottle-feeding refers to the practice of feeding an infant using a bottle, typically with formula, expressed breast milk, or other milk substitutes [1]. While exclusive breastfeeding is universally recommended for infants up to 6 months of age due to its unmatched nutritional, immunological, and developmental benefits, bottle-feeding is becoming increasingly prevalent worldwide [2]. The first 0\u0026ndash;6 months of life is a crucial developmental period characterized by rapid growth. During this stage, infants require essential nutrients to support proper growth, organ development, and the maturation of vital systems such as metabolism and the central nervous system [3, 4].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFormula feeding, which is a common alternative to breastfeeding, is associated with various health risks, including diarrhea, malnutrition, acute respiratory infections, protein-energy malnutrition, and iron deficiency, all of which can lead to long-term developmental issues such as mental retardation [5, 6]. The absence of breastfeeding in this critical period impairs infant survival and health outcomes [7]. Breastfeeding, on the other hand, provides a complete source of nutrition, crucial for the infant's rapid growth and metabolic development. Inadequate nutrition during this early phase can hinder an infant's growth and increase the risk of long-term health complications [8].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eOnly 32.6% of newborns globally are exclusively breastfed for the first six months of their lives, despite the well-established advantages of nursing, according to UNICEF's 2011 World's Children Report. According to data from the 2014 Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey (BDHS), 55% of women in Bangladesh breastfeed, and the median breastfeeding duration is nine months. In terms of breastfeeding patterns, however, there are significant disparities between urban and rural locations, with bottle-feeding being more common in urban areas. This variance emphasizes how practical, cultural, and socioeconomic issues affect baby feeding decisions.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe high infant mortality rates in many underdeveloped nations are mostly caused by the absence of exclusive breastfeeding throughout the first six months of life. Bottle-feeding is more prevalent in urban areas, where socioeconomic reasons, urbanization, and the marketing of breastmilk substitutes have been recognized as important drivers to the drop in breastfeeding patterns, according to a research conducted in India by [9]. On the other hand, breastfeeding rates are frequently greater in rural regions [10].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn Bangladesh, a nation of over 158\u0026nbsp;million people, 65.5% of people reside in rural regions [11]. In Bangladesh, breastfeeding is becoming less common, while bottle-feeding is becoming more popular. The high price of formula milk is out of reach for many families due to financial instability and poverty, which exacerbates the problem [8]. Furthermore, it is typical in Bangladesh to use pre-lacteal feeding techniques, such as giving neonates honey, sweetened water, or mustard oil in their first few days of life. These cultural ideas are based on the idea that these drugs are strong and illness-proof [7].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis study is to determine the incidence of bottle-feeding and the sociodemographic parameters influencing bottle-feeding habits among infants aged 0\u0026ndash;6 months in both urban and rural regions of Bangladesh, given the vital relevance of infant feeding practices for long-term health. It is crucial to comprehend these elements in order to guide focused public health initiatives and encourage better newborn feeding habits nationwide.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methodologies","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e2.1 Study Location, target population, and research strategy.\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe cross-sectional survey was carried out in Bangladesh's Jessore and Dhaka districts from October to December 2024. The main city of Bangladesh, Dhaka, is renowned for its crowded metropolitan setting, whereas Jessore is a significant district in the southwest of the nation with a more rural and agricultural terrain. Moms of babies and young children between the ages of 0 and 6 months were the study's target population. Because they were chosen to represent both urban and rural environments, the participants provided a thorough understanding of bottle-feeding methods.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e2.2 Sample size and sampling\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eTo determine the sample size, Cochran's formula for cross-sectional studies was applied:\u003cdiv id=\"Equa\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equa\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$$\\:\\text{n}=\\frac{{z}^{2}p\\left(1-p\\right)}{{d}^{2}}$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhere p is the predicted population proportion, d is the margin of error, n is the necessary sample size, and z is the z-score that corresponds to the desired confidence level in this study. According to research, 6.2% of women bottle-feed their children, with a 95% confidence level (z\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.96) and a\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5% margin of error (d\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.05). A sample size of 249 was determined to be necessary. The sample size was increased to 277 by adding 10% to account for any non-responses. Data were collected from mothers of children aged 0\u0026ndash;6 months who visited several mother and child care hospitals or health care facilities in both Dhaka and Jessore districts. Convenient sampling was employed to select participants from these settings.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e2.3 Data collection procedure\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe structured questionnaire used to collect the data was pre-tested and given by qualified interviewers. After being developed in English, the questionnaire was translated into Bengali and then back into English to ensure that the information was accurate and consistent. Both data collectors and supervisors received training on the study\u0026rsquo;s objectives, the purpose of the research, and the interviewing techniques aligned with the instrument. A pre-test was conducted with 10% of participants who resembled the study group. Based on the results of the pre-test, any questions or sections that were found to be unclear, poorly constructed, or likely to yield unreliable data were revised and improved for clarity and accuracy.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e2.4 Statistical analysis\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe statistical software SPSS version 22 was used to conduct descriptive and inferential analyses. The chi-square test was used to assess the relationships between categorical variables. To identify important factors influencing bottle-feeding behaviors, binary logistic regression with adjusted odds ratios (AORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) was employed. The multivariate logistic regression model only contained the features the bivariate analysis showed to have significant relationships. We assessed the goodness of fit of the logistic regression model using the Hosmer-Lemeshow test. Significant statistical differences were defined as P-values less than 0.05.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Result","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e3.1 Socio-demographic characteristics\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSocio-demographic characteristics of study participants (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;335).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCharacteristics\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBottle Feeding\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eχ\u0026sup2;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ep- value\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYes, n (%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo, n (%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChild Gender\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.14\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.042*\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e45 (32.4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e94 (67.6)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e85 (43.4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e111 (56.6)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChildren Age\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u0026ndash;2 months\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22 (23.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e71 (76.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17.94\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.000*\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3\u0026ndash;4 months\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e66 (51.6)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e62 (48.4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5\u0026ndash;6 months\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e42 (36.8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e72 (63.2)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eWeight of child at birth\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;2.5 kg\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e45 (27.6)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e118 (72.4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16.77\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.000*\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026ge; 2.5 kg\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e85 (49.4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e87 (50.6)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMother age at child birth\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;18 years\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14 (53.8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12 (46.2)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.97\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.031*\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18\u0026ndash;28 years\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e67 (33.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e134 (66.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e29\u0026ndash;38 years\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e49 (45.4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e59 (54.6)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMother\u0026rsquo;s education level\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIlliterate\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11 (55.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9 (45.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.05\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.131\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePrimary\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e38 (33.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e77 (67.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSecondary/ higher\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e81 (40.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e119 (59.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFamily Income\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;15,000 BDT\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e27 (33.8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e53 (66.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.46\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.037*\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15,000\u0026ndash;25,000 BDT\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e27 (29.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e64 (70.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e26,000\u0026ndash;35,000 BDT\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e48 (48.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e51 (51.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;35,000 BDT\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e28 (43.1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e37 (56.9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eHousehold family size\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026le; 4 members\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e112 (39.9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e169 (60.1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.81\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.368\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;4 members\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18 (33.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e36 (66.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMothers\u0026rsquo; occupation\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHousewife\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e102 (37.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e174 (63.0)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.26\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.133\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWorking\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e28 (47.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e31 (52.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eType of residence area\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUrban\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e99 (44.2)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e125 (55.8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.27\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.004*\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRural\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e31 (27.9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e80 (72.1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDelivery type of baby\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNormal delivery\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e38 (34.2)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e73 (65.8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.46\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.227\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCesarean delivery\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e92 (41.1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e132 (58.9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAttended antenatal care\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e101 (41.2)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e114 (58.8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.25\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.134\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e29 (32.2)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e61 (67.8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003ctfoot\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"5\"\u003e*Significant at p value\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tfoot\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e presents the results of the study participants' sociodemographic traits (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;335) showed a number of noteworthy correlations with bottle-feeding practices. Compared to female children, male children were less likely to be bottle-fed (χ\u0026sup2; = 4.14, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.042). Younger infants (0\u0026ndash;2 months) were less likely to be bottle-fed than older infants (3\u0026ndash;4 months and 5\u0026ndash;6 months) (χ\u0026sup2; = 17.94, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.000), indicating that age was a major effect. There was a significant correlation between birth weight and bottle-feeding as well; children weighing less than 2.5 kg at birth were less likely to be bottle-fed than those weighing 2.5 kg or more (χ\u0026sup2; = 16.77, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.000). Another important predictor was the age of the mother at delivery; younger mothers (less than 18 years old) were more likely to bottle-feed than older mothers (18\u0026ndash;28 years old and 29\u0026ndash;38 years old) (χ\u0026sup2; = 6.97, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.031). There was a significant correlation between family income and bottle feeding; households with higher incomes (\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;35,000 BDT) were more likely to bottle-feed than those with lower incomes (\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;15,000 BDT) (χ\u0026sup2; = 8.46, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.037). There was also a significant correlation between the kind of living region and bottle-feeding behavior, with urban inhabitants being more likely than rural people to do so (χ\u0026sup2; = 8.27, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.004). The mother's occupation, the manner of birth, the size of the family, her education level, and her attendance at prenatal care did not significantly correlate with bottle-feeding practices. These results demonstrate how crucial sociodemographic variables are in determining the research population's bottle-feeding habits.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e3.2 Predictors of bottle feeding practice\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eBivariate and Multivariate analysis of factors associated with bottle feeding in children\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCharacteristics\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBottle Feeding\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCAR (95% CI)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAOR (95% CI)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYes, (N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;130)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo (N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;205)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003en (%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003en (%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChild Gender\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e45 (32.4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e94 (67.6)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e85 (43.4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e111 (56.6)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.60 (1.01\u0026ndash;2.51)*\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.76 (0.46\u0026ndash;1.24)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChildren Age\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u0026ndash;2 months\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22 (23.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e71 (76.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3\u0026ndash;4 months\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e66 (51.6)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e62 (48.4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.53 (0.28\u0026ndash;0.97)*\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.47 (0.25\u0026ndash;0.91)*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5\u0026ndash;6 months\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e42 (36.8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e72 (63.2)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.82 (1.09\u0026ndash;3.05)*\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.44 (0.82\u0026ndash;2.52)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eWeight of child at birth\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;2.5 kg\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e45 (27.6)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e118 (72.4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026ge; 2.5 kg\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e85 (49.4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e87 (50.6)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.39 (0.24\u0026ndash;0.61)*\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.50 (0.30\u0026ndash;0.82)*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMother age at child birth\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;18 years\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14 (53.8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12 (46.2)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18\u0026ndash;28 years\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e67 (33.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e134 (66.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.40 (0.59\u0026ndash;3.31)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2.68 (1.01\u0026ndash;7.09)*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e29\u0026ndash;38 years\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e49 (45.4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e59 (54.6)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.60 (0.37\u0026ndash;0.97)*\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.69 (0.41\u0026ndash;1.16)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFamily Income\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;15,000 BDT\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e27 (33.8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e53 (66.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15,000\u0026ndash;25,000 BDT\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e27 (29.7)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e64 (70.3)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.67 (0.34\u0026ndash;1.32)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e26,000\u0026ndash;35,000 BDT\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e48 (48.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e51 (51.5)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.55 (0.28\u0026ndash;1.08)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;35,000 BDT\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e28 (43.1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e37 (56.9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.24 (0.66\u0026ndash;2.33)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eType of residence area\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUrban\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e99 (44.2)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e125 (55.8)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRural\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e31 (27.9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e80 (72.1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.04 (1.25\u0026ndash;3.34)*\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1.83 (1.50\u0026ndash;3.19)*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003ctfoot\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"5\"\u003e*Significant at p value\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05; 1: referent\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tfoot\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e presents the results of the bivariate and multivariate analyses of the variables related to children's bottle-feeding habits. This link was not significant after adjustment (AOR: 0.76, 95% CI: 0.46\u0026ndash;1.24), but the bivariate analysis revealed that female children were more likely than boys to be bottle-fed (CAR: 1.60, 95% CI: 1.01\u0026ndash;2.51, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). In both bivariate (CAR: 0.53, 95% CI: 0.28\u0026ndash;0.97, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) and multivariate (AOR: 0.47, 95% CI: 0.25\u0026ndash;0.91, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) analyses, children aged 3\u0026ndash;4 months were less likely than those aged 0\u0026ndash;2 months to be bottle-fed, while children aged 5\u0026ndash;6 months had more odds in the bivariate analysis (CAR: 1.82, 95% CI: 1.09\u0026ndash;3.05, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05), but not after adjustment (AOR: 1.44, 95% CI: 0.82\u0026ndash;2.52). The chances of bottle-feeding were reduced in both bivariate (CAR: 0.39, 95% CI: 0.24\u0026ndash;0.61, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) and multivariate (AOR: 0.50, 95% CI: 0.30\u0026ndash;0.82, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) studies for birth weights\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;2.5 kg. However, this was not significant in the bivariate analysis. In the multivariate analysis, mothers aged 18\u0026ndash;28 years had higher chances of bottle-feeding than mothers under 18 years (AOR: 2.68, 95% CI: 1.01\u0026ndash;7.09, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). Bivariate analysis revealed decreased chances for mothers aged 29\u0026ndash;38 years (CAR: 0.60, 95% CI: 0.37\u0026ndash;0.97, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05); however, following adjustment, the link was not significant (AOR: 0.69, 95% CI: 0.41\u0026ndash;1.16). In both bivariate (CAR: 2.04, 95% CI: 1.25\u0026ndash;3.34, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) and multivariate (AOR: 1.83, 95% CI: 1.50\u0026ndash;3.19, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) analyses, rural residence was consistently linked to higher odds of bottle-feeding compared to urban areas, but family income did not significantly affect bottle-feeding.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe socio-demographic characteristics and predictors of bottle-feeding practices revealed several significant associations. Female children were more likely to be bottle-fed compared to male children in the bivariate analysis, but this association diminished after adjustment, aligning with earlier research indicating gender-based feeding practices that vary across cultures [12, 13]. Age emerged as a critical determinant, with infants aged 5\u0026ndash;6 months being more likely to be bottle-fed than younger infants, consistent with studies suggesting that the perceived convenience of bottle-feeding increases as solid food introduction nears [14, 15]. Remarkably, babies weighing (\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;2.5 kg) were less likely to be bottle-fed, which may indicate that parents or medical professionals are more cautious when it comes to feeding low-birth-weight babies [16]. Another important factor was the age of the mother; younger mothers (less than 18 years old) were more likely to bottle-feed than older mothers (18\u0026ndash;28 years old), most likely as a result of their lack of experience and understanding about breastfeeding [17, 18]. These results were supported by the multivariate analysis, which identified residency, mother age, and birth weight as important variables. Contrary to popular belief that bottle-feeding is more common in urban areas, living in a rural area was linked to higher odds of bottle-feeding. This could be due to local cultural customs or economic factors that affect feeding habits in rural areas [19, 20]. In contrast, family income did not significantly influence bottle-feeding after adjustment, challenging previous studies that emphasize income as a critical determinant, suggesting instead that maternal education or cultural norms may play a more prominent role [21, 22].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe findings have significant implications for public health initiatives targeting optimal infant feeding practices. Tailored interventions addressing rural mothers' needs, particularly in areas with high bottle-feeding prevalence, could be effective. Additionally, programs targeting younger and less experienced mothers with breastfeeding education may reduce reliance on bottle feeding. Policymakers should also consider the cultural and socio-economic dimensions influencing feeding practices to design holistic, context-sensitive campaigns.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Limitation of the study","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe cross-sectional design of this study restricts the ability to infer causal relationships. The reliance on self-reported data introduces the possibility of recall bias, which may affect the accuracy of responses. Moreover, the use of convenience sampling may limit the generalizability of the findings, as the sample may not fully capture the diverse socio-demographic characteristics of the broader population. Future research employing longitudinal designs could provide valuable insights into temporal changes in bottle-feeding practices and their long-term implications for child health. Additionally, qualitative studies could delve deeper into the cultural, emotional, and contextual factors influencing feeding decisions, offering a more comprehensive understanding of the motivations and barriers shaping these behaviors.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study highlights key socio-demographic factors influencing bottle-feeding practices among Bangladeshi children aged 0\u0026ndash;6 months. Maternal age, infant birth weight, and rural residence emerged as significant predictors, while family income had no notable effect. Younger mothers and rural residents were more likely to adopt bottle-feeding, and older infants (5\u0026ndash;6 months) showed higher prevalence, reflecting convenience as solid foods are introduced. Public health campaigns should target younger mothers and rural areas to promote exclusive breastfeeding and address cultural and socio-economic influences. Future research should focus on the long-term impacts of bottle-feeding and enhancing breastfeeding support systems.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eMd. Shameem Hossain contributed to investigation, data collection, statistical analysis, data curation, and writing \u0026ndash; original draft and review. Md. Shamsur Rahman was responsible for conceptualization, supervision, investigation, and writing \u0026ndash; review and editing. Nishat Tasnim Simi contributed to data collection, data curation, and writing \u0026ndash; original draft. Humayra Amin contributed to data collection, data curation, and writing \u0026ndash; original draft.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAcknowledgement\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe authors sincerely thank the participants of this study for their active involvement and invaluable contributions throughout the research. Special appreciation is extended to Professor Md. Bellal Hossain and Associate Professor Nizam Uddin from the Department of Nutrition and Food Engineering at Daffodil International University for their insightful feedback and guidance in developing the questionnaire.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eEthics Approval Statement: This study was approved by the Department of Nutrition and Food Engineering at Daffodil International University, Bangladesh. The ethical clearance provided by the Ethical Committee of Daffodil International University and all procedures involving human participants were conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the committee.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eParticipant Consent Statement: Informed consent was obtained from all participants\u0026apos; legal guardians prior to data collection. Participation was voluntary, and guardians were assured of confidentiality and the right to withdraw at any stage.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eD. Getachew, E. Getachew, A. 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A. \u0026amp;. M. A. Quitadamo, \u0026quot;Trend and predictors of breastmilk feeding among very-low-birth-weight infants in NICU and at discharge.,\u0026quot; \u003cem\u003eNutrients, \u003c/em\u003evol. 15, no. 15, p. 3314, 2023. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eG. Birhan, E. S. Mohammed, S. tenia, B. Mengistu, A. Alemante, A. Alem and A. beleynah, \u0026quot;Prevalence of bottle feeding practice and its associated factors among mothers of infants less than six months at Addis Ababa public health centers, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2023,\u0026quot; \u003cem\u003eResearch Square, \u003c/em\u003e2023. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eE. Ara, I. A. Samsad, A. Sultana, Z. U. Sarmin, A. Aziz and F. 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Lal and S. K. Rai, \u0026quot;The Culture of Bottle-feeding,\u0026quot; \u003cem\u003eIndian Journal of Community Medicine, \u003c/em\u003evol. 34, no. 3, pp. 247-248, 2009. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eM. NK, \u0026quot;Determinants of bottle feeding among 0-24 months children,\u0026quot; \u003cem\u003eInternational Journal of Pediatric Research, \u003c/em\u003evol. 7, no. 1, pp. 14-21, 2019. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Bottle-Feeding, feeding practice, Public Health, Brest feeding in Bangladesh","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7231606/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7231606/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003ch2\u003eObjective\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis cross-sectional study investigated the socio-demographic predictors of bottle-feeding among infants aged 0\u0026ndash;6 months in Bangladesh.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eDesign\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eA cross sectional study utilizing a structured and pre-tested questionnaire for data collection.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eSetting\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe study, conducted from October to December 2024 in the Dhaka and Jessore districts. Participants were selected from mother-and-child healthcare facilities through convenient sampling, ensuring representation from both urban and rural areas.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eParticipants\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eA total of 335 mothers with infants aged 0\u0026ndash;6 month were selected through interviewing techniques from healthcare facilities.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMain Outcome measure\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe primary outcome measure was the prevalence and socio-demographic predictors of bottle-feeding among infants aged 0\u0026ndash;6 months in Bangladesh.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAnalysis\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eStatistical analyses, including chi-square tests and binary logistic regression, identified significant predictors of bottle-feeding.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResult\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eInfants aged 5\u0026ndash;6 months and those with birth weights\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;2.5 kg were more likely to be bottle-fed, while infants aged 3\u0026ndash;4 months and those with lower birth weights were less likely to be bottle-fed. Younger mothers (\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;18 years) and those residing in rural areas were consistently associated with higher odds of bottle-feeding. Although gender, family income, and maternal education showed varying effects, some associations diminished after adjusting for other factors.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eConclusions and Implications\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThese findings underscore the need for targeted public health interventions, such as breastfeeding education for younger mothers and strategies to address rural disparities, in order to promote optimal infant feeding practices and improve child health outcomes in Bangladesh.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Feeding the Future: Analyzing the Factors Influencing Bottle-Feeding Among Infants Under 0-6 Months in Bangladesh","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-07-31 07:27:24","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7231606/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"16450c92-580f-452f-8139-f47379a5c9ce","owner":[],"postedDate":"July 31st, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-09-09T04:53:21+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-07-31 07:27:24","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7231606","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7231606","identity":"rs-7231606","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}