Vegetation-Droplet Effects on Canopy Interception and Ground Deposition in Aerial Application of Fire-extinguishing Agent

Vegetation-Droplet Effects on Canopy Interception and Ground Deposition in Aerial Application of Fire-extinguishing Agent | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Vegetation-Droplet Effects on Canopy Interception and Ground Deposition in Aerial Application of Fire-extinguishing Agent Sheng-Hua Xiong, Yan-Zhao Shi, Wan-Ki Chow, Yuan-Hua He This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8145969/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 6 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Aerial application of fire-extinguishing agent is an important method for rapidly constructing firebreaks. Using spray experiments on Schima superba and Pinus massoniana , this study examines how vegetation and droplet properties affect canopy interception and ground deposition during canopy penetration. Droplet velocity and size distributions were measured using particle image velocimetry and image analysis, and leaf hydrophobicity was measured by contact-angle goniometry. Subsequently, based on fire-extinguishing agent spray experiments and a relative importance analysis, the influences of vegetation and droplet properties on canopy interception and ground deposition were quantified. The results show that the static contact angle of Pinus massoniana is 14.5% higher than Schima superba . Moreover, compared with Schima superba , Pinus massoniana exhibits higher interception and lagged-dripping capacities, and this trend becomes more pronounced as LAI increases. When LAI rises from 1.2 to 2.18, the interception-rate difference between Pinus massoniana and Schima superba increases from 1.2% to 2.8%, while the difference in lagged dripping increases from 9.8% to 11.2%. Finally, according to the relative-importance results, the average contributions of flow rate, droplet size, and velocity to interception and deposition are 49.28%/46.95%, 40.77%/41.92%, and 10.82%/11.13%, respectively, yielding a consistent ranking of influence: flow rate > droplet size > velocity . Aerial application of fire-extinguishing agent Canopy interception Ground deposition Relative importance analysis Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Reviews received at journal 25 Jan, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 21 Dec, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 20 Nov, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 20 Nov, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 20 Nov, 2025 First submitted to journal 18 Nov, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-8145969","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":551187068,"identity":"f2f270a6-910f-4e2c-b041-5e8002fc34a5","order_by":0,"name":"Sheng-Hua Xiong","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Civil Aviation Flight University of China","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Sheng-Hua","middleName":"","lastName":"Xiong","suffix":""},{"id":551187070,"identity":"1e98a89b-6dcb-4616-9850-e1756b45dfbf","order_by":1,"name":"Yan-Zhao Shi","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Civil Aviation Flight University of 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Using spray experiments on \u003cem\u003eSchima superba\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003ePinus massoniana\u003c/em\u003e, this study examines how vegetation and droplet properties affect canopy interception and ground deposition during canopy penetration. Droplet velocity and size distributions were measured using particle image velocimetry and image analysis, and leaf hydrophobicity was measured by contact-angle goniometry. Subsequently, based on fire-extinguishing agent spray experiments and a relative importance analysis, the influences of vegetation and droplet properties on canopy interception and ground deposition were quantified. The results show that the static contact angle of \u003cem\u003ePinus massoniana\u003c/em\u003e is 14.5% higher than \u003cem\u003eSchima superba\u003c/em\u003e. Moreover, compared with \u003cem\u003eSchima superba\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003ePinus massoniana\u003c/em\u003e exhibits higher interception and lagged-dripping capacities, and this trend becomes more pronounced as LAI increases. When LAI rises from 1.2 to 2.18, the interception-rate difference between \u003cem\u003ePinus massoniana\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eSchima superba\u003c/em\u003e increases from 1.2% to 2.8%, while the difference in lagged dripping increases from 9.8% to 11.2%. Finally, according to the relative-importance results, the average contributions of flow rate, droplet size, and velocity to interception and deposition are 49.28%/46.95%, 40.77%/41.92%, and 10.82%/11.13%, respectively, yielding a consistent ranking of influence: \u003cem\u003eflow rate\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;\u003cem\u003edroplet size\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;\u003cem\u003evelocity\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Vegetation-Droplet Effects on Canopy Interception and Ground Deposition in Aerial Application of Fire-extinguishing Agent","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-11-28 17:47:17","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8145969/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-01-26T02:29:22+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"164436768397858899017687558104386076372","date":"2025-12-22T01:22:06+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-11-20T16:00:11+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-11-20T15:13:58+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-11-20T07:15:17+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Fire Technology","date":"2025-11-18T13:12:10+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"fire-technology","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"fire","sideBox":"Learn more about [Fire Technology](http://link.springer.com/journal/10694)","snPcode":"10694","submissionUrl":"https://submission.springernature.com/new-submission/10694/3","title":"Fire Technology","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"cdd95f14-c021-4b39-bfb9-787c0142d779","owner":[],"postedDate":"November 28th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-11-28T17:47:18+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-11-28 17:47:17","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-8145969","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-8145969","identity":"rs-8145969","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}