Investigation of the plasma reaction behavior of a Coke Oven Gas with trace oxygen in a coaxial DBD reactor

Investigation of the plasma reaction behavior of a Coke Oven Gas with trace oxygen in a coaxial DBD reactor | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Investigation of the plasma reaction behavior of a Coke Oven Gas with trace oxygen in a coaxial DBD reactor Tim Nitsche, Heiko Lohmann, Marcus Budt This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-5157614/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 5 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The presented study shows experimental results with literature comparison for understanding of the oxygen removal in coke oven gas (COG) with plasma. The reaction of oxygen with the main COG components H 2 , CH 4 , and CO are investigated as well as the occurrence of potential side reactions as the splitting of CO 2 and CH 4 . Further potential side reactions in the COG mixture known from literature as hydrogenation reactions are discussed in contrast to the observations of the experiments. nonthermal plasma plasma chemistry coaxial DBD coke oven gas Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 1 Introduction Chemical conversions with non-thermal plasma (NTP) are getting increased attention due to the unique reaction conditions caused by the non-equilibrium state of the plasma gas. For the optimal usage of this technology, more theoretical understanding of the plasma chemistry in the gas is crucial. Current models for plasma chemical conversion allow already a good description and prediction of NTP synthesis reactions of up to four components in the gas feed [ 1 , 2 ]. This includes plasma chemical conversions as for instance of CO 2 [ 3 ], nitrogen [ 4 – 6 ], methane [ 7 ] and oxygen or air [ 8 , 9 ]. However, especially the field of gas cleaning mixtures a higher number of gas components in the gas feed can occur as for instance in the VOC oxidation [ 10 ]. Despite that models for these complex gas mixtures are already under development [ 11 ], more experimental insight is necessary, before the prediction of the reaction outcome of such gas mixtures with models can be done reliably and accurately. One example for such a complex gas mixture is coke oven gas (COG), which is a hydrogen enriched gas generated as side product during coke production from coal. COG consists beside H 2 mainly of gaseous carbon compounds as CH 4 , CO, and CO 2 , and N 2 . Additionally, hydrocarbons as ethylene or benzene can be detected in the COG mixture as well as traces of for example oxygen, sulfur compounds, and ammonia [ 12 ], which already indicate the high complexity of the gas mixture. The main usage of COG is as fuel gas as for instance in steel mill ovens, whereas excess gas is burned causing emission of additional CO 2 . However, due to the energy transition, the usage of the hydrogen in the COG for other applications as for instance as chemical reduction agent is desirable and thus investigated in the cooperative project Carbon2Chem® [ 12 ]. One efficient method to separate H 2 from COG is pressure swing adsorption (PSA) [ 13 ]. However, during the coking process oxygen enriches in the COG in the range from 0,01 − 3 vol% due to air leakages or chemically bound oxygen from the coal. Oxygen is considered as an impurity for the PSA with the potential to form explosive mixtures, if a certain threshold is exceeded. Thus, the O 2 content of the COG is desired to be minimized, which is realized by deoxygenation processes. State of the art for the removal of oxygen up to contents of 2 vol% in gas streams is the catalytic conversion [ 14 ]. For the deoxygenation of H 2 streams, typical catalysts are based on Pt and Pd and convert oxygen traces even at room temperature [ 15 ]. However, the COG demands already higher reaction temperatures by usage of noble metal catalysts of 250°C and higher due to reversible blockage of the active sites by CO of the COG [ 16 ]. Additionally, the huge variety of COG compositions contains many different organic and inorganic gaseous compounds, which could contain further unknown deactivating agents for the applied deoxygenation catalysts. To enable a fast industrial implementation of the hydrogen recovery via PSA from several COG streams with high oxygen contents, oxygen conversion processes with less sensitivity to trace components are desirable, since the development of adapted catalysts for each COG composition can delay the implementation. NTP is a promising approach to overcome the restrictions of the catalytic deoxygenation in the COG. The high-temperature electrons can collide with several molecules of the COG to activate multiple reactions depending on the electron energy distribution in the NTP. Consequently, it is expected that gas traces, which act as deactivating substances for a catalyst should have less influence on the conversion due to the different activation method. But therefore, a lower selectivity might be the result for the targeted oxygen conversion due to the whole activation of the COG mixture with NTP. Nevertheless, first experiments of the oxygen removal with an dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) in a COG model mixture showed oxygen removal rates up to 70% without significant changes of the COG composition at reaction temperatures below 200°C [ 17 ] (also observed in this experiments as shown in Fig. 7 ). This was not initially expected, since the main components H 2 , CH 4 , CO, CO 2 and N 2 can undergo further reactions in the NTP as for instance the reduction of CO 2 /CO with H 2 and CH 4 [ 3 ] or the reaction of N 2 and H 2 to ammonia [ 18 ]. For detecting crucial gas components or process parameters for a more selective and effective oxygen conversion, a better understanding of the plasma chemistry in the COG is required. Therefore, the reaction behavior of oxygen with the COG main components is investigated experimentally more in detail in the following study. Furthermore, the results are contrasted with the current state of research about potential reactions of the COG components in a DBD reactor to identify important process measurements. 2 Materials and Methods The trial setup is known from previous experiments [ 17 , 19 ]. The investigated gas mixtures are generated with bottled gases of the COG components H 2 , CH 4 , CO, CO 2, and N 2 . The oxygen traces are added via mixtures of N 2 with 10 vol% O 2 . The bottled gases are dosed by mass flow controllers El-Select (Fa. Bronkhorst). The referenced model COG mixture composed of 63 vol% H 2 , 22 vol% CH 4 , 2 vol% CO 2 , 7 vol% CO, and 1,000 ppmV O 2 with N 2 in balance (≈ 6 vol%). The total gas flow rate ( \(\:{\dot{V}}_{total})\) for all investigations is 0.1 Nm³/h. The plasma reactor is a coaxial DBD reactor (Fig. 1 ), which consists of a quartz glass tube with 35.4 mm inner diameter ( \(\:{\text{d}}_{\text{i},\text{r}}\) and a wall thickness of 2.3 mm. The high-voltage electrode consists of stainless steel and its outer diameter is adjusted to a discharge annular gap width ( \(\:{x}_{gap})\) of 2 mm. The length of the high-voltage electrode is adjusted to enable NTP treatment with a nominal residence time ( \(\:{\tau\:}_{nom}\) ) of 1 s in the plasma zone (calculated with Eq. (1)). The outer electrode, which is wrapped around the quartz glass tube, consists of a 500 µm stainless-steel mesh. \(\:{\tau\:}_{nom}\left[s\right]=\frac{{\pi\:}^{2}}{4}\cdot\:\:\frac{{\text{d}}_{\text{i},\text{r}}^{2}-\:{{(\text{d}}_{\text{i},\text{r}}-2\cdot\:{x}_{gap})}^{2}\:\:}{{\dot{V}}_{total}}\) Eq. (1) A G2000 high-voltage generator provided by Fa. Redline supplies the plasma reactor with AC voltages up to 20 kV PP . The high-voltage is generated by excitation of an LC-resonance cycle with rectangular pulses adjustable via primary voltage U prim, and two duty cycles. The first duty cycle controls the width of the rectangular pulse controlled by ratio R and the frequency f. The second duty cycle limits the energy input in the resonance cycle controlled by t on and t off , which are adjusted for the experiment to maintain a power input on the primary side (P G ) of 30–40 W. The G2000 generator possesses an internal voltage and current measurement at the primary side of the transformer, which allows measurment of the plasma power input P G with respect to the generator efficiency. Additionally, a voltage divider (resistors connected in series with a total resistance of 100 MOhm, voltage ratio 1:10000) is installed on the secondary side as well as a shunt resistor on the ground (0,27 Ohm) of the transformer to monitor the curve of the high-voltage via a Tektronix DPO 5204B oscilloscope. Due to the phase shift of the high-voltage and current measurement (> 40°), the power on the secondary side cannot be measured precisely (an accuracy < < 1° is needed). The trials are conducted with the fixed voltage input of the primary side of the transformer (U prim ) of 220 V and the parameters of both duty cycles are kept constant. The reaction products are analyzed by an Emerson multichannel analyzer, consisting of a thermal conductivity detector for H 2 in the range of 0-100 vol%, infrared spectroscopy cells for CO, CO 2 , and CH 4 in the range of 0-100 vol% as well as an electrochemical Pb/PbO 2 -sensor for the detection of O 2 in the range of 10–2,000 ppmV. The O 2 conversion results in NTP are compared by the O 2 conversion degree \(\:{X}_{{O}_{2}}\) as calculated in Eq. (2) from the oxygen content in the feed \(\:{{\upvarphi\:}}_{{\text{O}}_{2,\text{S}\text{t}\text{a}\text{r}\text{t}}}\) and after the reaction \(\:{{\upvarphi\:}}_{{\text{O}}_{2}}\) . \(\:{X}_{{O}_{2}}\left[\%\right]=\frac{{{\upvarphi\:}}_{{\text{O}}_{2,\text{S}\text{t}\text{a}\text{r}\text{t}}}-{{\upvarphi\:}}_{{\text{O}}_{2}}}{{{\upvarphi\:}}_{{\text{O}}_{2,\text{S}\text{t}\text{a}\text{r}\text{t}}}}\) Eq. (2) All conversion experiments are performed in the same reactor assembly, since its known, that the reassembly of the reactor affects the conversion resulting in an increased systematic error [ 20 ]. The random error is obtained by repetition of the conversion trials and the error of the oxygen analyzer is considered as the systematic error of the conversion. The results are further characterized and compared with the specific energy input (SEI) in Eq. (3). \(\:SEI\left[\frac{J}{L}\right]=\frac{{\text{P}}_{\text{G}}}{{\dot{V}}_{total}}\) Eq. (3) The results are further characterized and compared with the energy yield (EY) in Eq. (4) (for removal process with plasma also known as energy efficiency). \(\:E{Y}_{{O}_{2},removed}\left[\frac{mol}{J}\right]=\frac{{\dot{V}}_{total}\cdot\:{X}_{{O}_{2}}\cdot\:{{\upvarphi\:}}_{{\text{O}}_{2,\text{S}\text{t}\text{a}\text{r}\text{t}}}}{{\text{P}}_{\text{G}}\cdot\:\text{22,4}\frac{L}{mol}}\) Eq. (4) 3 Results and Discussion It was observed in previous experiments that 1,000 ppmV oxygen in a model COG can be converted with a DBD plasma without significant change of the COG composition [ 17 ]. Furthermore, the results showed, that the main component hydrogen is an important species to achieve higher oxygen conversions in the plasma. The results of the study assume either an influence of the plasma chemical kinetics or the plasma discharge by hydrogen. To get more clarification about that, in the following experiments the behavior of O 2 with the other main COG components CH 4 , CO, and CO 2 are investigated in more detail and compared with the influence of H 2 . The results are based on the PhD Thesis written in german of the main author [ 19 ] and further compared with the current state of research. 3.1 Oxidation behaviour of H 2 , CH 4 and CO in a DBD plasma From chemical thermodynamics it is expected, that at our estimated DBD reactor temperatures from 100–200°C (estimation described in [ 17 ]) the main COG components hydrogen (up to 65 vol% in COG, ∆G 473 = -419,9 kJ/mol), methane (up to 25 vol% in COG, G 473 = − 800,5 kJ/mol), and carbon monoxide (up to 8 vol% in COG, G 473 = − 483,7 kJ/mol) prefer to react with oxygen. In order to prove this, the COG components are mixed separately with nitrogen (potential side reactions of this gas are discussed at the end of the section) and varied in their content in discrete steps of 10, 20, 30 vol% (Fig. 2 ). For the experiments, the primary voltage of the high-voltage reactor is set from 220 V to a maximum of 300 V, because CO and CH 4 are increasing the breakdown voltage of the DBD reactor compared to mixtures with N 2 and H 2 . The power input is simultaneously limited to 30 W by increasing t off . For the three investigated COG components an oxidation reaction is observed in the DBD at power inputs about 30 W, which corresponds to a specific energy input (SEI) of 1,080 J/L. The highest oxygen conversion in the range of 22–30%, is observed with hydrogen as oxidizable reactant. Furthermore, the increasing hydrogen content from 10 to 30 vol% leads to a rise in the conversion, which is in good agreement with the observations in previous experiments [ 17 ]. In general, it is expected, that a higher amount of any of the oxidizable reactants will contribute to a higher conversion due to the higher contact probability with oxygen. However, this effect is observed only for hydrogen but not for CH 4 and CO. Up to 20% oxygen are converted in the presence of 10–30 vol% methane and 10 % oygen are converted with 10–30 vol% CO. It is concluded that a CO or CH 4 gas content of 10 vol% is already sufficient excess. If this reaction is described with a power law, the plasma oxidation kinetics of CH 4 and CO act as a reaction of pseudo-first order. Since a hydrogen content of 10 vol% or higher should be as well a sufficient excess for a pseudo-first order behavior as well, it is assumed, that the reaction improvement with increasing hydrogen content might be not influence the chemical kinetics but the plasma discharge. One hint therefore is the observation, that hydrogen can be already ignited at primary voltages of 170 V, whereas nitrogen and carbon monoxide are ignited at 220–230 V and CH 4 at primary voltages of 250 V. This observation is attributed to the lower cross section of the hydrogen (which is set in correlation to the covolume \(\:b\) of the Van der Waals equation of \(\:{b}_{{H}_{2}}\) = 26.6 ml/mol)) compared to nitrogen( \(\:{b}_{{N}_{2}}\) = 39 ml/mol), methane ( \(\:{b}_{{CH}_{4}}\) = 43 ml/mol) and CO ( \(\:{b}_{CO}\) = 39 ml/mol). It is concluded that the lower cross section of hydrogen compared to the other gases resulting in more accelerated electrons at the same power input and thus more potential reactive plasma species. The higher covolume and cross section of CH 4 compared to CO might also contribute to the higher average oxygen conversion with CH 4 . The beneficial effect of hydrogen on the plasma discharge was also observed in further experiments, where the addition of hydrogen to the gas mixture is advantageous for the distribution of the temperature within the coaxial gap, which is interpreted as a higher distribution of the plasma discharge (Fig. 3 ). The pure visual observation of the discharge pattern itself does not allow this conclusion, since the adding of hydrogen reduces the violet light emission in the DBD plasma. Thus, additional observation with an infrared camera (model T425, Fa. FLIR) was applied. The results of Fig. 3 show, that from 0–40 vol% the infrared area of the hottest zone in the center increases and from 60 to 99% percent as well, but with a drop of the maximum measured temperature in the hottest zone. The local increase in temperature is correlated to the higher local electron current in the mesh resulting in higher local ohmic heating. At hydrogen contents above 60 vol% the plasma current is more distributed over the mesh, leading to less local heating. From these observations it can be assumed, that by achieving at plasma discharge which is distributed all over the coaxial gap the beneficial effect of hydrogen might be reduced. However, in oxygen conversion experiments in a surface DBD with homogeneous plasma distribution, the beneficial effect at 1.000 ppm was observed as well at various hydrogen contents [ 21 ]. The observations of Fig. 2 and Fig. 3 indicate, that 10 vol% H 2 affecting mainly the plasma and apparently not directly the reaction rate by increasing contact probability due to already sufficient gas excess similar to CO and CH 4 . As a consequence, H 2 is assumed to be described as a pseudo-first order reaction as well. If the plasmachemical oxidation of H 2 , CH 4 and CO are all reactions of pseudo-first order, the variation of the oxygen content should influence the reaction rate. This is investigated by variation of the oxygen content for the three gas compounds at a content of 20 vol% in N 2 (Fig. 4 ). with \(\:{\dot{\varvec{V}}}_{\varvec{t}\varvec{o}\varvec{t}\varvec{a}\varvec{l}}\) = 0.1 Nm³/h, τ nom = 1 s, U Prim = 300 V and p = 0.1 bar(g). Error bars indicate the systematic error plus random error with 95% confidence The increasing oxygen content leads for all investigated gases to a slight decrease of the oxygen removal rate, thus the reaction order of oxygen should be lower than one. The lower reaction order can be explained with the increasing oxygen load of the gas at constant power input. While the number of high-temperature electrons remains constant, more oxygen molecules are added and thus reactive species are generated less effective, if oxygen must be mainly activated by the plasma. Because the conversion degree does not allow a full description of the reaction kinetics, the reaction behavior the results of Fig. 2 and Fig. 4 are converted into an average reaction rate \(\:\stackrel{-}{r}\) expressed by a change of the partial pressure. With the calculated average reaction rates, a first comparison of the kinetic parameters is conducted by expressing the reaction behavior with the power law in Eq. (2), dependent on the partial pressure of the oxidizable gases \(\:{p}_{Gas}\) with its reaction order \(\:{n}_{Gas}\) , the oxygen partial pressure \(\:{p}_{{O}_{2}}\:\) with its reaction order \(\:{n}_{{O}_{2}}\) as well as the speed constant \(\:{k}_{p}\) . \(\:\stackrel{-}{r}={k}_{p}\cdot\:{p}_{Gas}^{{n}_{Gas}}\cdot\:{p}_{{O}_{2}}^{{n}_{O2}}\) Eq. (2) The reaction orders \(\:{n}_{Gas}\) and \(\:{n}_{{O}_{2}}\) and are calculated together with the rate constant \(\:{k}_{p}\) by linear regression of the logarithmic reaction rates (results concluded in Table 1 ). The rate constant is calculated from both variation experiments and thus the error of \(\:{k}_{p}\) can be calculated as well. Table 1 Averaged kinetic parameters (rate constant \(\:{\varvec{k}}_{\varvec{p}}\) , reaction order for oxygen \(\:{\varvec{n}}_{{\varvec{O}}_{2}}\) and the oxidizable gas \(\:{\varvec{n}}_{\varvec{G}\varvec{a}\varvec{s}}\) ) for the model coke oven gas conversion – not usable for a general kinetic modelling gas k p [Pa (−nGas−nO2) s − 1 ] n Gas n O2 H 2 0.24 ± 0.03 0.33 0.87 CH 4 9.77 ± 0.23 –0.03 0.77 CO 1.98 ± 0.11 0.09 0.72 These calculated kinetic parameters are suitable for a first qualitative comparison of the reaction behavior of the investigated components, since all reactions take place in the same reactor with the same volume flow rate. However, these data represent averaged kinetic parameters over a residence time of 1 s and thus are not applicable for plasmachemical kinetic modelling. As expected from the results in Fig. 2 , the calculated reaction order of CH 4 and CO are approximately zero and thus are not contributing to the reaction rate. As already discussed before, the improved reaction rate at higher hydrogen should influence the plasma discharge and thus the conversion, resulting in the reaction order of 0.33. The reaction order for oxygen is for all COG components lower than one, which is assumed to be a result of the increasing ration between the oxygen molecules and the available plasma electrons, which should not change significantly due to the same generator parameters and resulting power inputs in the experiments. \(\:{n}_{{O}_{2}}\) has the highest reaction order with 0.87 in hydrogen compared to CH 4 and CO. This might be contributed to the plasma enhancing effect of hydrogen at 20 vol%. The reaction constant of methane is higher than from CO, indicating a higher contact probability with the oxygen, which could be caused by to the higher cross section or covolume of methane compared to the other gases as discussed before. Especially hydrogen has a very low \(\:{k}_{p}\) , which is in good agreement with its lower cross section or covolume. Because the value could be calculated for a constant hydrogen content as well for a varying content, the incluence of the plasma from the hydrogen can be neglected here. It can be further shown that these averaged kinetic parameters can be reproduced, if the reactor is disassembled and reassembled in between (Table 2 ). More important, the parameters are only valid if the plasma input parameters of the high-voltage generator are kept in the same range. Table 2 Averaged kinetic parameters of hydrogen at different reactor conditions Reproduction p H2 U Prim t off P G n H2 1 10–30 vol% 300 V 1.4 ms 30–31 W 0.33 1 10–30 vol% 220 V 0.8 ms 33–35 W 0.72 2 0–99 vol% 220 V 0.8 ms 31–34 W 0.77 The lowering of the primary voltage U Prim as well as the adaptation of the power input t off leads to an even higher increase of the hydrogen reaction order n H2 from 0.33 up to 0.72 of hydrogen. From a lower primary voltage, a lower mean average electron energy is expected. Due to that, the beneficial effect of the hydrogen has a higher impact. These results indicate further influences on the kinetics from the plasma like for example electron energy distribution or so on, which can be examined in further investigations. From these results it is clearer, that with increasing hydrogen content the general plasmachemical reactivity overall is improved due to the influence of hydrogen on the plasma discharge, but not due to a higher collision probability of hydrogen with oxygen. Whereas the oxygen should mainly react with H 2 , CH 4 and CO, it must be considered, that the chosen inert gas nitrogen can undergo further reactions as well in a DBD reactor. So it can react with oxygen, which is known for example from the ozone production in air where the oxygen undesirably forms with nitrogen NOx [ 9 , 22 ]. However, in further experiments (see section 3.3) it is observed, that less than 1 % of 1000 ppmV molecular oxygen will react in pure nitrogen at similar power inputs and thus the consumption of nitrogen with oxygen is considered as negligible. The formation of NH 3 is also possible with nitrogen and methane. But this product was not detected qualitatively in our experiments with Cu(SO 4 ) as detecting agent. Furthermore, HCN could be formed in the CH 4 /N 2 mixture. However, in DBD experiments with this mixture at an SEI of 6 kJ/l without oxygen the amount of HCN was considerable less than the formation of hydrogen (three magnitudes lower than the N 2 concentration) [ 23 ]. 3.2 Influence of CO 2 From CO 2 no high consumption of O 2 is expected, since it is the most stable oxidation product of carbon. The formation of CO 3 in plasma is known [ 24 ] but due to its instability the back reaction should be more favored. However, in NTP the CO 2 in the COG could also generate additional oxygen, since in NTP the CO 2 molecule can be splitted into CO and O 2 [ 25 ]. This reaction is detected in the investigated volume DBD by measurement of the trace oxygen increase after ignition of the plasma (Fig. 5 ). The CO 2 content is varied to observe the extent of the splitting. 2 vol% of CO 2 in nitrogen, which is exited with a volume DBD plasma at 30 W, lead to increase of oxygen up to 160 ppmV and with 20 vol% CO 2 , up to 900 ppm O 2 are generated. If assumed, that the mean electron energy in the volume DBD is 5 eV, only the formation of CO is occurring. Thus, for both investigated concentrations about 1% of CO 2 is converted in the DBD plasma. In further experiments it is shown, that additional hydrogen in the gas mixture suppresses the formation of molecular oxygen of CO 2 in the DBD plasma. Already 20 vol% of hydrogen are sufficient to exclude the effect of additional O 2 formation caused by CO 2 splitting. It is assumed, that the added hydrogen interact with the CO 2 intermediates during the splitting reaction instead of consuming the generated O 2 in a follow-up reaction. This is concluded from the observation, that the generated oxygen content of 900 ppm cannot be completely converted in hydrogen at an applied power of 30 W. However, if hydrogen is interacting with the reaction intermediates of the CO 2 splitting reaction or the hydration of the generated O 2 occurs as a follow up reaction needs to be clarified with further applied analytic systems or optical emission spectroscopy. Additionally, the influence of added molecular oxygen to the CO 2 splitting reaction is investigated. As assumed, additional O 2 suppresses the formation of oxygen via CO 2 splitting due to the increased back reaction rate of CO with O 2 . However, if the oxygen inlet concentration increases from 500 to 1,000 ppmV the additional generated oxygen is increasing as well. It is known from the microwave plasma chemistry, that O radicals are initiating further CO 2 splitting [ 26 ]. Thus, the radical formation might occur and compensating the effect of the initial increased back reaction rate of CO with O 2 . 3.3 Combined effect of the coke oven gas components The previous results show, that oxygen reacts with H 2 , CH 4 and CO in the DBD-plasma at power inputs around 1 kJ/L. Herein, the hydrogen content plays the most crucial role for the oxygen removal rate. This could be further confirmed by the stepwise addition of the COG components CO 2 , CO and CH 4 to the hydrogen / nitrogen mixture (Fig. 6 ). If 63 vol% of H 2 are present in the gas mixture, additional CH 4 , CO 2 or CO have no significant contribution to the oxygen removal rate compared to hydrogen. The influence of N 2 is neglectable. However, because hydrogen has the highest influence on the conversion, it might be assumed, that oxygen will mainly react with the hydrogen. The initial change of the main component analysis after the plasma ignition of the COG with oxygen from the multichannel analyzer does not confirm this assumption (Fig. 7 ). After initiation of the COG conversion with the DBD plasma an increase in the concentration of H 2 and CO 2 are observed, but the concentration of CO and CH 4 is decreasing. Due to the higher cross section of CO and CH 4 compared to H 2 it can be assumed, that these molecules are more likely to react with the oxygen in the plasma. The increase of CO 2 might be the result of the oxidation of methane and CO. Furthermore, an increase of the H 2 is observed which is assumed to be the result of the pyrolysis of methane, which is discussed in in the observed plasma chemistry at 3.4. This result supports the thesis of previous experiments, that higher H 2 contents improves the conversion by influencing the plasma and not due to the higher contact probability of O 2 with H 2 . 3.4 Discussion of the observed plasma chemistry The results from this study shows, that O 2 can react with H 2 , CH 4 and CO, whereas CO 2 and N 2 are barely reacting with oxygen concentrations below 2000 ppmV and thus can be considered as inert gases in the COG mixture. Furthermore, the results in Fig. 2 and Fig. 7 indicate, that oxygen in the COG prefers to react with CH 4 and CO due to their higher cross section. Because increasing contents of CH 4 and CO does not improve significantly the conversion, it can be assumed, that oxygen is the molecule mainly activated by the plasma. This observation is now contrasted with postulated mechanisms in the literature Researching the available literature, it can be found, that postulated plasma chemical oxidation mechanisms in a DBD are starting usually with the formation of oxygen radicals caused by the plasma. From the known bonding energies of the COG components, the DBD plasma requires a mean electron energy around 5 eV (Table 3 ) to initiate oxygen dissociation. For a DBD this electron energy is rather probable [ 27 ] compared with other atmospheric NTP systems as the gliding arc or microwave plasma [ 28 ]. Because non-thermal plasmas are not in a thermodynamical equilibrium, the dissociation energy is expected to be even higher, because it also considers an additional activation energy. Table 3: Overview of possible plasmachemical reaction pathways in the investigated model COG [29–31] Bond Thermodynamical dissociation energy Plasmachemical dissociation energy H – H 4,5 eV - C- H (CH 4 ) 4.3-4.5 eV 8,8 – 9 eV C ≡ O (CO) 11,1 eV - C=O (CO 2 ) 5,5 eV >7 eV Nࣕ≡N (N 2 ) 9,8 eV 9,8-10,2 eV O=O (O2) 5,2 eV 5.6 eV From the known electron energies, is can be assumed that beside oxygen, hydrogen might also be dissociated in the DBD plasma to form reactive radicals. However, the literature claims, that oxygen will rather dissociate than hydrogen to form subsequently hydroxy radicals according to a postulated reaction mechanism [ 32 ]. Another paper even postulated, that in the DBD a vibrated state hydrogen is advantageous so even a vibration seems rather probable than the dissociation of hydrogen [ 33 ]. H2 (ν > 0) + O → H· + ·OH For the oxidation of methane, an initial dissociation of oxygen is expected, due to the lower electron energy needed for the cleavage of the oxygen double bond compared to methane. The postulated reaction mechanism for methane oxidation propose the activation and dissociation of oxygen as well [ 34 ]. However, compared to the proposed reaction mechanism for hydrogen oxidation an exited and dissociated singulet oxygen is necessary to initiate the methane oxidation in the DBD plasma. Singulet oxygen needs an electron energy of 1 eV, whereas the dissociation of oxygen requires 5–6 eV. Even the sum of both electron energies is still lower than the kinetic energy necessary to break the methane bond in the plasma according to (Table 3 ). CH 4 + O(1 D ) → CH 3 · + ·OH The experiments showed, that CO can also undergo oxidation directly with oxygen, which is also known from literature [ 35 ]. However, claims about the reaction behavior are only mechanism, that CO will unlikely dissociate [ 36 ]. One proposal for a oxidation mechanism in the literature is done with the reaction with OH radicals in NTP [ 37 ] as well as with ozone [ 38 ]. However, either the direct oxidation with O 2 / O 3 or the reaction with OH radicals, both reactions rather propose the activation of O 2 instead of CO. It is concluded from the proposed mechanism that oxygen should be mainly activated via dissociation in the plasma, whereas H 2 , CH 4 , and CO are mainly reacting with the activated oxygen and its radicals. However, the final validation of this claim needs to be clarified in future investigations with further in-situ analysis as optical emission spectroscopy. Beside the reactions of oxygen with the COG components, further reaction pathways are possible in the model COG mixture ( but also with a gas chromatography system no ammonia traces were detected so far.) and due to the higher content of these components (> 1 vol%) compared to oxygen (< 0,2 vol%), reactions of these components among each other are even rather expected than the oxidation initially. Table 4: Overview of possible plasmachemical reaction pathways in the investigated model COG in a DBD reactor Possible reaction in COG plasma Observed ? Main active species in DBD Applied SEI Observed conversion Reference 2 H 2 + O 2 → 2 H 2 O yes Vibrated hydrogen + O radicals 4,5 kJ/L 10% [32, 39] CH 4 + 2 O 2 → 2 H 2 O + CO 2 yes Singulet O radicals 0,14 kJ/l < 10 % (1000 ppm CH4 in Air) [40] CH 4 + 0.5 kJ/L < 10 % (2:1 CH 4 : O 2 ) ADDIN 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[41] 2 CO + O 2 → 2 CO 2 yes O radical species 1,1 kJ/l 10 % (O 2 at 1000 ppmV) This work 2 CO 2 → 2 CO + O 2 Yes, without H 2 Vibrated CO 2 1-25 kJ/l 3 kJ/L 2 kJ/l 20 kJ/L < 35 % [46–48] CO + H 2 → CH 4, MeOH,… H radicals + CO No ref. found No ref. found - N 2 + 3 H 2 → 2 NH 3 not at all radical N 2 rather than vibrational N 2 0.8 kJ/L 9.3 kJ/L <<1 % 1.43 % [49, 50] ADDIN CitaviPlaceholder{{"$id":"1","$type":"SwissAcademic.Citavi.Citations.WordPlaceholder, SwissAcademic.Citavi","Entries":[{"$id":"2","$type":"SwissAcademic.Citavi.Citations.WordPlaceholderEntry, SwissAcademic.Citavi","Id":"adc0b6d5-4853-4614-bfa2-7fd5f9c39130","RangeLength":4,"ReferenceId":"4fbfe118-637c-47d0-b865-aaaa5d3a67d3","PageRange":{"$id":"3","$type":"SwissAcademic.PageRange, SwissAcademic","EndPage":{"$id":"4","$type":"SwissAcademic.PageNumber, SwissAcademic","IsFullyNumeric":false,"NumberingType":0,"NumeralSystem":0},"NumberingType":0,"NumeralSystem":0,"StartPage":{"$id":"5","$type":"SwissAcademic.PageNumber, 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nitrogen","Translators":[],"Volume":"10","CreatedBy":"_Niti","CreatedOn":"2024-07-26T12:04:12","ModifiedBy":"_Niti","Id":"64ffc538-ef1b-4c98-a290-4fc22fa4954d","ModifiedOn":"2024-11-18T09:21:08","Project":{"$ref":"8"}},"UseNumberingTypeOfParentDocument":false}],"FormattedText":{"$id":"28","Count":1,"TextUnits":[{"$id":"29","FontStyle":{"$id":"30","Neutral":true},"ReadingOrder":1,"Text":"[23, 54]"}]},"Tag":"CitaviPlaceholder#5850a70d-8fa3-48b8-87b7-b5163075663b","Text":"[23, 54]","WAIVersion":"6.17.0.0"}} [23, 54] Especially due to the high hydrogen content in the COG hydrogenation reactions are expected as the reduction of nitrogen to NH 3 or the reaction of hydrogen with CO and CO 2 via the Sabatier reaction to form methane or other hydrocarbons, but in comparison to the oxygen conversion, no hydrogenation turnover in the range of 0,1 vol% or higher could be observed. Based on the findings in literature, SEI of 20 kJ/L or higher are used to activate CO 2 for hydrogenation with relevant conversion rates. CO is expected to be activated with less SEI, but cannot be validated based on the current research. The hydrogenation of nitrogen even without the presence of oxygen was also not observed in this or in previous studies [ 17 ]. However, the monitoring of NH 3 was realized in the past via the qualitative proof with Copper(II)-sulfate, which requires certain amounts of ammonia over time to indicate ammonia formation but also with a gas chromatography system no ammonia traces were detected so far. Dry reforming can be a possible reduction reaction of CO 2 after the COG treatment in the DBD as well. However, the results show an increase of the CO 2 content, thus methane seems rather prefer the reaction with oxygen instead with CO 2 . This is also known from literature, but this effect was observed on higher SEIs (> 7 kJ/L) and oxygen contents (> 4 %).[ 55 ] . Plasma splitting reactions on the other hand are observed in this reactor as the splitting of CO 2 (section 3.2). but is not expected for the COG mixture, since hydrogen is present there. Additionally, the formation of carbon is observed during long term experiments (> 4 hours) with methane in the COG mixture (Fig. 8 ) indicating a splitting of CH 4 into carbon and H 2 which might also contribute to the H 2 increase in Fig. 7 . This study shows, that in COG a huge variety of reactions are possible, if activated with a DBD plasma, but only certain reactions are observed as the oxidation reactions and the pyrolysis of methane. The observed plasma chemistry is valid for the range of 500-1,500 ppm and shows that even at low oxygen contents, that the oxidation and splitting reactions seems to be more preferred than the hydrogenation reactions in a DBD, if a SEI of about 1,000 J/L is applied. The applied SEI for the removal of 38% of 1000 ppm oxygen is in the same range as in our previous experiments for oxygen removal in COG [ 17 , 20 ] of 1000–1500 J/L and an energy yield for the oxygen removal in the range 7.5–23.5 nmol/J is achieved. In other experiments is could be be shown, that with a surface DBD stack the SEI can be even further reduced to 375 J/L for the oxygen removal, whereas 70% of 1.000 ppm O 2 in an 60/40 H 2 /N 2 -mixture are removed [ 21 ]. The reduction of the energy input with the surface DBD compared to a volume is the result of lesser gas volume, which is converted into plasma. However, because the surface DBD plasma enables an intensive exchange of the plasma gas with the non-exited gas molecules, still high conversions can be achieved. An specific energy input of 375 J/L is comparable to already established plasma gas cleaning technologies as VOC cleaning in the range of 10–500 J/L [ 56 – 58 ]. Furthermore, if the COG has 60% hydrogen, the hydrogen can be recovered with an plasma energy input of 625 J/L H2 and the additional energy required for the compression in the PSA. It is estimated, that approximately 600–1500 J/L H2 are required for an isentropic compression of a COG (density = 0.4 kg/L, molar mass = 9 g/mol, isentropic coefficient = 1.3, overall efficiency = 85 %) witin a pressure range of 10–50 bar. COG is already available at steel mills with coke as reduction agent and thus plasma oxygen removal combined with PSA (energy demand of 2.300 J/L H2 ) can be an energy efficient alternative for hydrogen production on site compared to an additional water electrolysis system (with current values of 4,5 kWh/m 3 H2 or 16.200 J/L H2 ). Steel mill with coke driven blast furnaces produce high amounts of CO 2 and thus, the additional hydrogen of the COG can be used to convert the CO 2 in value added chemical and additionally avoid the greenhouse gas emissions. 4 Conclusion and outlook Coke oven gas consists of mainly of the gas components H 2 , CO, CO 2 , CH 4 and N 2 , which can undergo a huge variety of reactions in plasma. Herein we show in experiments, which reactions take place in combination with trace oxygen and first conclusions about preferred reactions. The used coaxial DBD system activates the reaction of 1,000 ppmV O 2 with H 2 , CH 4 and CO, whereas CO 2 and N 2 barely consume oxygen. CO 2 generate additional O 2 in the used DBD plasma reactor, but if hydrogen is present, this reaction does need to be considered in the COG. If H 2 , CH 4 and CO are available in the same gas mixture with stochiometric excess, the initial consumption with CO and CH 4 is higher, which might be contributed to their higher molecular or cross section compared to H 2 . However, increasing of CH 4 and CO contents are not improving the reaction rate of the oxygen., whereas H 2 is contributing to higher conversion degrees due to more efficient plasma distribution in this reactor caused by the reduction of the averaged free mean path of the COG. Furthermore, the reaction rate of hydrogen changes at the same power if the parameter of the high-voltage generator are changed, which also is an indicator of the influence of H 2 on the plasma discharge. Beside the oxidation reactions, splitting reactions of CO 2 and CH 4 were observed in the DBD. Whereas CO 2 splitting does not seem to influence the conversion result if hydrogen is present, the methane splitting leads to a considerable deposition of carbon on the high-voltage electrode. The following experiments give a first overview of the potential plasma chemical reaction system in the COG. Further insights into the system should be obtained in ongoing experiments with gas chromatography coupled with mass spectroscopy, optical emission spectroscopy and electric measurements. Additionally, other components as H 2 S, propane, water and organics as acetone or toluene are present in the COG as well and their influence will be investigated in further ongoing experiments. Based on this as well on ongoing results a first plasmachemical reaction model for the conversion of oxygen in COG can be designed. Symbols used k [Pa (1-nGas-nO2) s -1 ] reaction constant P [W] power p [Pa] pressure p x [Pa] partial pressure of component x r [Pa s -1 ] reaction rate SEI [J L -1 ] specific energy input [m³ s -1 ] volume flow rate t [s] switching off time (pulse width modulation) U [V] voltage X x [-] conversion degree for component x Greek symbols Φ [1] volume fraction τ [1] gas residence time Subscripts und superscripts G high-voltage generator (input voltage) prim primary side transformer n x [-] reaction order of component x off off-time pulse width modulation nom nominal (calculated estimation, not actual) off off-time pulse width modulation total flow of complete gas mixture Abbreviations COG coke oven gas DBD dielectric barrier discharge NTP non-thermal plasma PSA ^ pressure swing adsorption Declarations Author Contribution T.N. wrote the main manuscript and prepared the figures. The other authors (H.L. and M.B.) reviewed the manuscript and gave scientific guidance during the research. Acknowledgment The work is performed in collaboration with our partners in the research project Carbon2Chem®, which is funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-5157614","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":379882650,"identity":"40240408-96f8-4fd4-9d1a-8144eec697ed","order_by":0,"name":"Tim Nitsche","email":"data:image/png;base64,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","orcid":"","institution":"Fraunhofer Institute for Environmental, Safety and Energy Technology UMSICHT","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Tim","middleName":"","lastName":"Nitsche","suffix":""},{"id":379882651,"identity":"34e30fde-911b-4e66-920f-bb746ad7a7e1","order_by":1,"name":"Heiko Lohmann","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Fraunhofer Institute for Environmental, Safety and Energy Technology UMSICHT","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Heiko","middleName":"","lastName":"Lohmann","suffix":""},{"id":379882652,"identity":"5c8a0d92-d6f1-46b0-a79d-df4483ffda84","order_by":2,"name":"Marcus Budt","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Fraunhofer Institute for Environmental, Safety and Energy Technology UMSICHT","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Marcus","middleName":"","lastName":"Budt","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-09-26 09:38:37","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5157614/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5157614/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":69569144,"identity":"8add0e7a-172b-442f-a9ae-4362cac178fc","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-11-21 18:28:23","extension":"jpg","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":48193,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSchematic presentation of coaxial DBD reactor for oxygen removal with non-thermal plasma [17, 19]\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Fig1.tif.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5157614/v1/5b30349fa9bf224b2fc87bd6.jpg"},{"id":69569148,"identity":"ed02fa6e-c029-4892-aca7-d44b0b47051d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-11-21 18:28:23","extension":"jpg","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":165146,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eOxidation behavior of H2, CO and CH4 with 1,000 ppmV O2 with balance in N2 results in a coaxial DBD reactor with V ̇_total= 0.1 Nm³/h, τnom = 1 s, UPrim = 300 V and p = 0.1 bar(g). Error bars indicate the systematic error plus random error with 95 % confidence\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Fig2.tif.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5157614/v1/c185265d9766f83a1e5835e1.jpg"},{"id":69569582,"identity":"295bca87-240f-4116-a492-0f72697397a7","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-11-21 18:36:23","extension":"jpg","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":342142,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eInfluence of hydrogen content in N\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e on plasma discharge visibility (upper section) and the temperature distribution visualized by an infrared camera (ε = 0,75)\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Fig3.tif.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5157614/v1/36546beb500302e821b9c80b.jpg"},{"id":69569143,"identity":"b14b35a7-3a2e-4428-a155-f288f3d35ddd","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-11-21 18:28:23","extension":"jpg","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":47924,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSee image above for figure legend\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Fig4.tif.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5157614/v1/e505f717f3163c988f41725f.jpg"},{"id":69569178,"identity":"e463459f-77ee-4ba6-85bd-4d79b1a7b303","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-11-21 18:28:26","extension":"jpg","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":63773,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSee image above for figure legend\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Fig5.tif.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5157614/v1/aaec5a2c519925afbeab442d.jpg"},{"id":69569179,"identity":"1f34fd0e-5dfb-4bc8-add1-57ca24d3dad5","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-11-21 18:28:26","extension":"jpg","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":58343,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSee image above for figure legend\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Fig6.tif.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5157614/v1/cd781218451a0510483b154a.jpg"},{"id":69569152,"identity":"65226dee-de3b-4dad-a1f7-54dd0dd6d9b0","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-11-21 18:28:23","extension":"jpg","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":126862,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eChange of coke oven gas components after plasma ignition\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Fig7.tif.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5157614/v1/45124f032675204f2b799735.jpg"},{"id":69569155,"identity":"72f99d50-d9a1-4cb1-9b17-821cf9002342","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-11-21 18:28:23","extension":"jpg","order_by":8,"title":"Figure 8","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":32126,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eExample of local carbon deposition on high voltage electrode of the coaxial DBD reactor after oxygen removal in gas mixtures enriched with methane\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Fig8.tif.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5157614/v1/630ddb2521215e4e2058d9b9.jpg"},{"id":69571040,"identity":"bf3a011e-2702-43fa-8180-6d0bb22e5247","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-11-21 19:00:24","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1773631,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5157614/v1/cf8b45ad-04e5-45d8-acf1-8f1a39ad26bc.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Investigation of the plasma reaction behavior of a Coke Oven Gas with trace oxygen in a coaxial DBD reactor","fulltext":[{"header":"1 Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eChemical conversions with non-thermal plasma (NTP) are getting increased attention due to the unique reaction conditions caused by the non-equilibrium state of the plasma gas. For the optimal usage of this technology, more theoretical understanding of the plasma chemistry in the gas is crucial. Current models for plasma chemical conversion allow already a good description and prediction of NTP synthesis reactions of up to four components in the gas feed [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]. This includes plasma chemical conversions as for instance of CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e], nitrogen [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR5\" citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e], methane [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e] and oxygen or air [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e]. However, especially the field of gas cleaning mixtures a higher number of gas components in the gas feed can occur as for instance in the VOC oxidation [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e]. Despite that models for these complex gas mixtures are already under development [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e], more experimental insight is necessary, before the prediction of the reaction outcome of such gas mixtures with models can be done reliably and accurately.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOne example for such a complex gas mixture is coke oven gas (COG), which is a hydrogen enriched gas generated as side product during coke production from coal. COG consists beside H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e mainly of gaseous carbon compounds as CH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e, CO, and CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, and N\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e. Additionally, hydrocarbons as ethylene or benzene can be detected in the COG mixture as well as traces of for example oxygen, sulfur compounds, and ammonia [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e], which already indicate the high complexity of the gas mixture. The main usage of COG is as fuel gas as for instance in steel mill ovens, whereas excess gas is burned causing emission of additional CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e. However, due to the energy transition, the usage of the hydrogen in the COG for other applications as for instance as chemical reduction agent is desirable and thus investigated in the cooperative project Carbon2Chem\u0026reg; [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOne efficient method to separate H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e from COG is pressure swing adsorption (PSA) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e]. However, during the coking process oxygen enriches in the COG in the range from 0,01 \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;3 vol% due to air leakages or chemically bound oxygen from the coal. Oxygen is considered as an impurity for the PSA with the potential to form explosive mixtures, if a certain threshold is exceeded. Thus, the O\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e content of the COG is desired to be minimized, which is realized by deoxygenation processes. State of the art for the removal of oxygen up to contents of 2 vol% in gas streams is the catalytic conversion [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e]. For the deoxygenation of H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e streams, typical catalysts are based on Pt and Pd and convert oxygen traces even at room temperature [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e]. However, the COG demands already higher reaction temperatures by usage of noble metal catalysts of 250\u0026deg;C and higher due to reversible blockage of the active sites by CO of the COG [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e]. Additionally, the huge variety of COG compositions contains many different organic and inorganic gaseous compounds, which could contain further unknown deactivating agents for the applied deoxygenation catalysts. To enable a fast industrial implementation of the hydrogen recovery via PSA from several COG streams with high oxygen contents, oxygen conversion processes with less sensitivity to trace components are desirable, since the development of adapted catalysts for each COG composition can delay the implementation.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNTP is a promising approach to overcome the restrictions of the catalytic deoxygenation in the COG. The high-temperature electrons can collide with several molecules of the COG to activate multiple reactions depending on the electron energy distribution in the NTP. Consequently, it is expected that gas traces, which act as deactivating substances for a catalyst should have less influence on the conversion due to the different activation method. But therefore, a lower selectivity might be the result for the targeted oxygen conversion due to the whole activation of the COG mixture with NTP. Nevertheless, first experiments of the oxygen removal with an dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) in a COG model mixture showed oxygen removal rates up to 70% without significant changes of the COG composition at reaction temperatures below 200\u0026deg;C [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e] (also observed in this experiments as shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis was not initially expected, since the main components H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, CH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e, CO, CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e and N\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e can undergo further reactions in the NTP as for instance the reduction of CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e/CO with H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e and CH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e] or the reaction of N\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e and H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e to ammonia [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e]. For detecting crucial gas components or process parameters for a more selective and effective oxygen conversion, a better understanding of the plasma chemistry in the COG is required. Therefore, the reaction behavior of oxygen with the COG main components is investigated experimentally more in detail in the following study. Furthermore, the results are contrasted with the current state of research about potential reactions of the COG components in a DBD reactor to identify important process measurements.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2 Materials and Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe trial setup is known from previous experiments [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e]. The investigated gas mixtures are generated with bottled gases of the COG components H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, CH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e, CO, CO\u003csub\u003e2,\u003c/sub\u003e and N\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e. The oxygen traces are added via mixtures of N\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e with 10 vol% O\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e. The bottled gases are dosed by mass flow controllers El-Select (Fa. Bronkhorst). The referenced model COG mixture composed of 63 vol% H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, 22 vol% CH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e, 2 vol% CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, 7 vol% CO, and 1,000 ppmV O\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e with N\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e in balance (\u0026asymp;\u0026thinsp;6 vol%). The total gas flow rate (\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:{\\dot{V}}_{total})\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e for all investigations is 0.1 Nm\u0026sup3;/h.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe plasma reactor is a coaxial DBD reactor (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e), which consists of a quartz glass tube with 35.4 mm inner diameter (\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:{\\text{d}}_{\\text{i},\\text{r}}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e and a wall thickness of 2.3 mm. The high-voltage electrode consists of stainless steel and its outer diameter is adjusted to a discharge annular gap width (\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:{x}_{gap})\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e of 2 mm. The length of the high-voltage electrode is adjusted to enable NTP treatment with a nominal residence time (\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:{\\tau\\:}_{nom}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e) of 1 s in the plasma zone (calculated with Eq.\u0026nbsp;(1)). The outer electrode, which is wrapped around the quartz glass tube, consists of a 500 \u0026micro;m stainless-steel mesh.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"No\" id=\"Taba\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"2\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:{\\tau\\:}_{nom}\\left[s\\right]=\\frac{{\\pi\\:}^{2}}{4}\\cdot\\:\\:\\frac{{\\text{d}}_{\\text{i},\\text{r}}^{2}-\\:{{(\\text{d}}_{\\text{i},\\text{r}}-2\\cdot\\:{x}_{gap})}^{2}\\:\\:}{{\\dot{V}}_{total}}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEq.\u0026nbsp;(1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA G2000 high-voltage generator provided by Fa. Redline supplies the plasma reactor with AC voltages up to 20 kV\u003csub\u003ePP\u003c/sub\u003e. The high-voltage is generated by excitation of an LC-resonance cycle with rectangular pulses adjustable via primary voltage U\u003csub\u003eprim,\u003c/sub\u003e and two duty cycles. The first duty cycle controls the width of the rectangular pulse controlled by ratio R and the frequency f. The second duty cycle limits the energy input in the resonance cycle controlled by t\u003csub\u003eon\u003c/sub\u003e and t\u003csub\u003eoff\u003c/sub\u003e, which are adjusted for the experiment to maintain a power input on the primary side (P\u003csub\u003eG\u003c/sub\u003e) of 30\u0026ndash;40 W. The G2000 generator possesses an internal voltage and current measurement at the primary side of the transformer, which allows measurment of the plasma power input P\u003csub\u003eG\u003c/sub\u003e with respect to the generator efficiency. Additionally, a voltage divider (resistors connected in series with a total resistance of 100 MOhm, voltage ratio 1:10000) is installed on the secondary side as well as a shunt resistor on the ground (0,27 Ohm) of the transformer to monitor the curve of the high-voltage via a Tektronix DPO 5204B oscilloscope. Due to the phase shift of the high-voltage and current measurement (\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;40\u0026deg;), the power on the secondary side cannot be measured precisely (an accuracy\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;1\u0026deg; is needed). The trials are conducted with the fixed voltage input of the primary side of the transformer (U\u003csub\u003eprim\u003c/sub\u003e) of 220 V and the parameters of both duty cycles are kept constant.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe reaction products are analyzed by an Emerson multichannel analyzer, consisting of a thermal conductivity detector for H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e in the range of 0-100 vol%, infrared spectroscopy cells for CO, CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, and CH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e in the range of 0-100 vol% as well as an electrochemical Pb/PbO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e-sensor for the detection of O\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e in the range of 10\u0026ndash;2,000 ppmV. The O\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e conversion results in NTP are compared by the O\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e conversion degree \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:{X}_{{O}_{2}}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e as calculated in Eq.\u0026nbsp;(2) from the oxygen content in the feed \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:{{\\upvarphi\\:}}_{{\\text{O}}_{2,\\text{S}\\text{t}\\text{a}\\text{r}\\text{t}}}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e and after the reaction \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:{{\\upvarphi\\:}}_{{\\text{O}}_{2}}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"No\" id=\"Tabb\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"2\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:{X}_{{O}_{2}}\\left[\\%\\right]=\\frac{{{\\upvarphi\\:}}_{{\\text{O}}_{2,\\text{S}\\text{t}\\text{a}\\text{r}\\text{t}}}-{{\\upvarphi\\:}}_{{\\text{O}}_{2}}}{{{\\upvarphi\\:}}_{{\\text{O}}_{2,\\text{S}\\text{t}\\text{a}\\text{r}\\text{t}}}}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEq.\u0026nbsp;(2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAll conversion experiments are performed in the same reactor assembly, since its known, that the reassembly of the reactor affects the conversion resulting in an increased systematic error [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e]. The random error is obtained by repetition of the conversion trials and the error of the oxygen analyzer is considered as the systematic error of the conversion.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe results are further characterized and compared with the specific energy input (SEI) in Eq.\u0026nbsp;(3).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"No\" id=\"Tabc\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"2\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:SEI\\left[\\frac{J}{L}\\right]=\\frac{{\\text{P}}_{\\text{G}}}{{\\dot{V}}_{total}}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEq.\u0026nbsp;(3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe results are further characterized and compared with the energy yield (EY) in Eq.\u0026nbsp;(4) (for removal process with plasma also known as energy efficiency).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"No\" id=\"Tabd\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"2\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:E{Y}_{{O}_{2},removed}\\left[\\frac{mol}{J}\\right]=\\frac{{\\dot{V}}_{total}\\cdot\\:{X}_{{O}_{2}}\\cdot\\:{{\\upvarphi\\:}}_{{\\text{O}}_{2,\\text{S}\\text{t}\\text{a}\\text{r}\\text{t}}}}{{\\text{P}}_{\\text{G}}\\cdot\\:\\text{22,4}\\frac{L}{mol}}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEq.\u0026nbsp;(4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"3 Results and Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eIt was observed in previous experiments that 1,000 ppmV oxygen in a model COG can be converted with a DBD plasma without significant change of the COG composition [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e]. Furthermore, the results showed, that the main component hydrogen is an important species to achieve higher oxygen conversions in the plasma. The results of the study assume either an influence of the plasma chemical kinetics or the plasma discharge by hydrogen. To get more clarification about that, in the following experiments the behavior of O\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e with the other main COG components CH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e, CO, and CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e are investigated in more detail and compared with the influence of H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e. The results are based on the PhD Thesis written in german of the main author [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e] and further compared with the current state of research.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.1 Oxidation behaviour of H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, CH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e and CO in a DBD plasma\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrom chemical thermodynamics it is expected, that at our estimated DBD reactor temperatures from 100\u0026ndash;200\u0026deg;C (estimation described in [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e]) the main COG components hydrogen (up to 65 vol% in COG, ∆G\u003csub\u003e473\u003c/sub\u003e = -419,9 kJ/mol), methane (up to 25 vol% in COG, G\u003csub\u003e473\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;800,5 kJ/mol), and carbon monoxide (up to 8 vol% in COG, G\u003csub\u003e473\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;483,7 kJ/mol) prefer to react with oxygen. In order to prove this, the COG components are mixed separately with nitrogen (potential side reactions of this gas are discussed at the end of the section) and varied in their content in discrete steps of 10, 20, 30 vol% (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). For the experiments, the primary voltage of the high-voltage reactor is set from 220 V to a maximum of 300 V, because CO and CH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e are increasing the breakdown voltage of the DBD reactor compared to mixtures with N\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e and H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e. The power input is simultaneously limited to 30 W by increasing t\u003csub\u003eoff\u003c/sub\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor the three investigated COG components an oxidation reaction is observed in the DBD at power inputs about 30 W, which corresponds to a specific energy input (SEI) of 1,080 J/L. The highest oxygen conversion in the range of 22\u0026ndash;30%, is observed with hydrogen as oxidizable reactant. Furthermore, the increasing hydrogen content from 10 to 30 vol% leads to a rise in the conversion, which is in good agreement with the observations in previous experiments [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e]. In general, it is expected, that a higher amount of any of the oxidizable reactants will contribute to a higher conversion due to the higher contact probability with oxygen. However, this effect is observed only for hydrogen but not for CH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e and CO. Up to 20% oxygen are converted in the presence of 10\u0026ndash;30 vol% methane and 10 % oygen are converted with 10\u0026ndash;30 vol% CO. It is concluded that a CO or CH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e gas content of 10 vol% is already sufficient excess. If this reaction is described with a power law, the plasma oxidation kinetics of CH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e and CO act as a reaction of pseudo-first order.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSince a hydrogen content of 10 vol% or higher should be as well a sufficient excess for a pseudo-first order behavior as well, it is assumed, that the reaction improvement with increasing hydrogen content might be not influence the chemical kinetics but the plasma discharge. One hint therefore is the observation, that hydrogen can be already ignited at primary voltages of 170 V, whereas nitrogen and carbon monoxide are ignited at 220\u0026ndash;230 V and CH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e at primary voltages of 250 V. This observation is attributed to the lower cross section of the hydrogen (which is set in correlation to the covolume \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:b\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e of the Van der Waals equation of \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:{b}_{{H}_{2}}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e = 26.6 ml/mol)) compared to nitrogen(\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:{b}_{{N}_{2}}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e = 39 ml/mol), methane (\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:{b}_{{CH}_{4}}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e = 43 ml/mol) and CO (\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:{b}_{CO}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e = 39 ml/mol). It is concluded that the lower cross section of hydrogen compared to the other gases resulting in more accelerated electrons at the same power input and thus more potential reactive plasma species. The higher covolume and cross section of CH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e compared to CO might also contribute to the higher average oxygen conversion with CH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe beneficial effect of hydrogen on the plasma discharge was also observed in further experiments, where the addition of hydrogen to the gas mixture is advantageous for the distribution of the temperature within the coaxial gap, which is interpreted as a higher distribution of the plasma discharge (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). The pure visual observation of the discharge pattern itself does not allow this conclusion, since the adding of hydrogen reduces the violet light emission in the DBD plasma. Thus, additional observation with an infrared camera (model T425, Fa. FLIR) was applied.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe results of Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e show, that from 0\u0026ndash;40 vol% the infrared area of the hottest zone in the center increases and from 60 to 99% percent as well, but with a drop of the maximum measured temperature in the hottest zone. The local increase in temperature is correlated to the higher local electron current in the mesh resulting in higher local ohmic heating. At hydrogen contents above 60 vol% the plasma current is more distributed over the mesh, leading to less local heating. From these observations it can be assumed, that by achieving at plasma discharge which is distributed all over the coaxial gap the beneficial effect of hydrogen might be reduced. However, in oxygen conversion experiments in a surface DBD with homogeneous plasma distribution, the beneficial effect at 1.000 ppm was observed as well at various hydrogen contents [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe observations of Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e and Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e indicate, that 10 vol% H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e affecting mainly the plasma and apparently not directly the reaction rate by increasing contact probability due to already sufficient gas excess similar to CO and CH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e. As a consequence, H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e is assumed to be described as a pseudo-first order reaction as well. If the plasmachemical oxidation of H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, CH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e and CO are all reactions of pseudo-first order, the variation of the oxygen content should influence the reaction rate. This is investigated by variation of the oxygen content for the three gas compounds at a content of 20 vol% in N\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003ewith\u003c/b\u003e \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:{\\dot{\\varvec{V}}}_{\\varvec{t}\\varvec{o}\\varvec{t}\\varvec{a}\\varvec{l}}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e= 0.1 Nm\u0026sup3;/h, τ\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003enom\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u003cb\u003e=\u0026thinsp;1 s, U\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003ePrim\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e \u003cb\u003e= 300 V and p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.1 bar(g). Error bars indicate the systematic error plus random error with 95% confidence\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe increasing oxygen content leads for all investigated gases to a slight decrease of the oxygen removal rate, thus the reaction order of oxygen should be lower than one. The lower reaction order can be explained with the increasing oxygen load of the gas at constant power input. While the number of high-temperature electrons remains constant, more oxygen molecules are added and thus reactive species are generated less effective, if oxygen must be mainly activated by the plasma.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBecause the conversion degree does not allow a full description of the reaction kinetics, the reaction behavior the results of Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e and Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e are converted into an average reaction rate \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:\\stackrel{-}{r}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e expressed by a change of the partial pressure. With the calculated average reaction rates, a first comparison of the kinetic parameters is conducted by expressing the reaction behavior with the power law in Eq.\u0026nbsp;(2), dependent on the partial pressure of the oxidizable gases \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:{p}_{Gas}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e with its reaction order \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:{n}_{Gas}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e, the oxygen partial pressure \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:{p}_{{O}_{2}}\\:\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003ewith its reaction order \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:{n}_{{O}_{2}}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e as well as the speed constant \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:{k}_{p}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"No\" id=\"Tabe\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"2\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:\\stackrel{-}{r}={k}_{p}\\cdot\\:{p}_{Gas}^{{n}_{Gas}}\\cdot\\:{p}_{{O}_{2}}^{{n}_{O2}}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEq.\u0026nbsp;(2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe reaction orders \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:{n}_{Gas}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e and \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:{n}_{{O}_{2}}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e and are calculated together with the rate constant \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:{k}_{p}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e by linear regression of the logarithmic reaction rates (results concluded in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). The rate constant is calculated from both variation experiments and thus the error of \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:{k}_{p}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e can be calculated as well.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAveraged kinetic parameters (rate constant \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:{\\varvec{k}}_{\\varvec{p}}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e, reaction order for oxygen \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:{\\varvec{n}}_{{\\varvec{O}}_{2}}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e and the oxidizable gas \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:{\\varvec{n}}_{\\varvec{G}\\varvec{a}\\varvec{s}}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e ) for the model coke oven gas conversion \u0026ndash; not usable for a general kinetic modelling\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003egas\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ek\u003csub\u003ep\u003c/sub\u003e [Pa\u003csup\u003e(\u0026minus;nGas\u0026minus;nO2)\u003c/sup\u003e s\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003en\u003csub\u003eGas\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003en\u003csub\u003eO2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eH\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.24\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.87\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.77\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ndash;0.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.77\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCO\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.98\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.72\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThese calculated kinetic parameters are suitable for a first qualitative comparison of the reaction behavior of the investigated components, since all reactions take place in the same reactor with the same volume flow rate. However, these data represent averaged kinetic parameters over a residence time of 1 s and thus are not applicable for plasmachemical kinetic modelling.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs expected from the results in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, the calculated reaction order of CH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e and CO are approximately zero and thus are not contributing to the reaction rate. As already discussed before, the improved reaction rate at higher hydrogen should influence the plasma discharge and thus the conversion, resulting in the reaction order of 0.33. The reaction order for oxygen is for all COG components lower than one, which is assumed to be a result of the increasing ration between the oxygen molecules and the available plasma electrons, which should not change significantly due to the same generator parameters and resulting power inputs in the experiments.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e \u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:{n}_{{O}_{2}}\\)\u003c/span\u003e \u003c/span\u003e has the highest reaction order with 0.87 in hydrogen compared to CH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e and CO. This might be contributed to the plasma enhancing effect of hydrogen at 20 vol%. The reaction constant of methane is higher than from CO, indicating a higher contact probability with the oxygen, which could be caused by to the higher cross section or covolume of methane compared to the other gases as discussed before. Especially hydrogen has a very low \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:{k}_{p}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e, which is in good agreement with its lower cross section or covolume. Because the value could be calculated for a constant hydrogen content as well for a varying content, the incluence of the plasma from the hydrogen can be neglected here.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIt can be further shown that these averaged kinetic parameters can be reproduced, if the reactor is disassembled and reassembled in between (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). More important, the parameters are only valid if the plasma input parameters of the high-voltage generator are kept in the same range.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAveraged kinetic parameters of hydrogen at different reactor conditions\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eReproduction\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003eH2\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eU\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003ePrim\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003et\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003eoff\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003eG\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003en\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003eH2\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u0026ndash;30\u0026nbsp;vol%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e300\u0026nbsp;V\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4\u0026nbsp;ms\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u0026ndash;31\u0026nbsp;W\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u0026ndash;30\u0026nbsp;vol%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e220\u0026nbsp;V\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.8\u0026nbsp;ms\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33\u0026ndash;35\u0026nbsp;W\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.72\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u0026ndash;99\u0026nbsp;vol%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e220\u0026nbsp;V\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.8\u0026nbsp;ms\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31\u0026ndash;34\u0026nbsp;W\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.77\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe lowering of the primary voltage \u003cem\u003eU\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003ePrim\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e as well as the adaptation of the power input \u003cem\u003et\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003eoff\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e leads to an even higher increase of the hydrogen reaction order \u003cem\u003en\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003eH2\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e from 0.33 up to 0.72 of hydrogen. From a lower primary voltage, a lower mean average electron energy is expected. Due to that, the beneficial effect of the hydrogen has a higher impact. These results indicate further influences on the kinetics from the plasma like for example electron energy distribution or so on, which can be examined in further investigations. From these results it is clearer, that with increasing hydrogen content the general plasmachemical reactivity overall is improved due to the influence of hydrogen on the plasma discharge, but not due to a higher collision probability of hydrogen with oxygen.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhereas the oxygen should mainly react with H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, CH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e and CO, it must be considered, that the chosen inert gas nitrogen can undergo further reactions as well in a DBD reactor. So it can react with oxygen, which is known for example from the ozone production in air where the oxygen undesirably forms with nitrogen NOx [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e]. However, in further experiments (see section 3.3) it is observed, that less than 1 % of 1000 ppmV molecular oxygen will react in pure nitrogen at similar power inputs and thus the consumption of nitrogen with oxygen is considered as negligible. The formation of NH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e is also possible with nitrogen and methane. But this product was not detected qualitatively in our experiments with Cu(SO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e) as detecting agent. Furthermore, HCN could be formed in the CH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e/N\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e mixture. However, in DBD experiments with this mixture at an SEI of 6 kJ/l without oxygen the amount of HCN was considerable less than the formation of hydrogen (three magnitudes lower than the N\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e concentration) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.2 Influence of CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrom CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e no high consumption of O\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e is expected, since it is the most stable oxidation product of carbon. The formation of CO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e in plasma is known [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e] but due to its instability the back reaction should be more favored. However, in NTP the CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e in the COG could also generate additional oxygen, since in NTP the CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e molecule can be splitted into CO and O\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e]. This reaction is detected in the investigated volume DBD by measurement of the trace oxygen increase after ignition of the plasma (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e). The CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e content is varied to observe the extent of the splitting.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 vol% of CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e in nitrogen, which is exited with a volume DBD plasma at 30 W, lead to increase of oxygen up to 160 ppmV and with 20 vol% CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, up to 900 ppm O\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e are generated. If assumed, that the mean electron energy in the volume DBD is 5 eV, only the formation of CO is occurring. Thus, for both investigated concentrations about 1% of CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e is converted in the DBD plasma.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn further experiments it is shown, that additional hydrogen in the gas mixture suppresses the formation of molecular oxygen of CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e in the DBD plasma. Already 20 vol% of hydrogen are sufficient to exclude the effect of additional O\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e formation caused by CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e splitting. It is assumed, that the added hydrogen interact with the CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e intermediates during the splitting reaction instead of consuming the generated O\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e in a follow-up reaction. This is concluded from the observation, that the generated oxygen content of 900 ppm cannot be completely converted in hydrogen at an applied power of 30 W. However, if hydrogen is interacting with the reaction intermediates of the CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e splitting reaction or the hydration of the generated O\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e occurs as a follow up reaction needs to be clarified with further applied analytic systems or optical emission spectroscopy.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdditionally, the influence of added molecular oxygen to the CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e splitting reaction is investigated. As assumed, additional O\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e suppresses the formation of oxygen via CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e splitting due to the increased back reaction rate of CO with O\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e. However, if the oxygen inlet concentration increases from 500 to 1,000 ppmV the additional generated oxygen is increasing as well. It is known from the microwave plasma chemistry, that O radicals are initiating further CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e splitting [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e]. Thus, the radical formation might occur and compensating the effect of the initial increased back reaction rate of CO with O\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.3 Combined effect of the coke oven gas components\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe previous results show, that oxygen reacts with H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, CH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e and CO in the DBD-plasma at power inputs around 1 kJ/L. Herein, the hydrogen content plays the most crucial role for the oxygen removal rate. This could be further confirmed by the stepwise addition of the COG components CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, CO and CH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e to the hydrogen / nitrogen mixture (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIf 63 vol% of H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e are present in the gas mixture, additional CH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e, CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e or CO have no significant contribution to the oxygen removal rate compared to hydrogen. The influence of N\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e is neglectable. However, because hydrogen has the highest influence on the conversion, it might be assumed, that oxygen will mainly react with the hydrogen. The initial change of the main component analysis after the plasma ignition of the COG with oxygen from the multichannel analyzer does not confirm this assumption (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAfter initiation of the COG conversion with the DBD plasma an increase in the concentration of H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e and CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e are observed, but the concentration of CO and CH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e is decreasing. Due to the higher cross section of CO and CH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e compared to H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e it can be assumed, that these molecules are more likely to react with the oxygen in the plasma. The increase of CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e might be the result of the oxidation of methane and CO. Furthermore, an increase of the H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e is observed which is assumed to be the result of the pyrolysis of methane, which is discussed in in the observed plasma chemistry at 3.4. This result supports the thesis of previous experiments, that higher H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e contents improves the conversion by influencing the plasma and not due to the higher contact probability of O\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e with H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.4 Discussion of the observed plasma chemistry\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe results from this study shows, that O\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e can react with H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, CH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e and CO, whereas CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e and N\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e are barely reacting with oxygen concentrations below 2000 ppmV and thus can be considered as inert gases in the COG mixture. Furthermore, the results in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e and Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e indicate, that oxygen in the COG prefers to react with CH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e and CO due to their higher cross section. Because increasing contents of CH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e and CO does not improve significantly the conversion, it can be assumed, that oxygen is the molecule mainly activated by the plasma. This observation is now contrasted with postulated mechanisms in the literature\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eResearching the available literature, it can be found, that postulated plasma chemical oxidation mechanisms in a DBD are starting usually with the formation of oxygen radicals caused by the plasma. From the known bonding energies of the COG components, the DBD plasma requires a mean electron energy around 5 eV (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e) to initiate oxygen dissociation. For a DBD this electron energy is rather probable [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e] compared with other atmospheric NTP systems as the gliding arc or microwave plasma [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e]. Because non-thermal plasmas are not in a thermodynamical equilibrium, the dissociation energy is expected to be even higher, because it also considers an additional activation energy.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:8.0pt;margin-left:0in;font-size:12px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;font-weight:bold;'\u003eTable 3: Overview of possible plasmachemical reaction pathways in the investigated model COG [29\u0026ndash;31]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv align=\"\" style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:8.0pt;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\n \u003ctable style=\"border: none;width: 85%;border-collapse: collapse;\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38.82%;border-top: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid rgb(102, 102, 102);border-right: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 37.45pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:8.0pt;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"MS Mincho\";'\u003eBond\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 29.18%;border-top: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid rgb(102, 102, 102);border-right: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 37.45pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:8.0pt;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"MS Mincho\";font-family: \"Times New Roman\";'\u003eThermodynamical dissociation energy\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 32%;border-top: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid rgb(102, 102, 102);border-right: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 37.45pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:8.0pt;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"MS Mincho\";'\u003ePlasmachemical dissociation energy\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38.82%;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17.3pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"MS Mincho\";'\u003eH \u0026ndash; H\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 29.18%;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17.3pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:107%;font-family:\"MS Mincho\";'\u003e4,5 eV\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 32%;background: rgb(204, 204, 204);padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17.3pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"MS Mincho\";color:black;'\u003e-\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38.82%;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17.3pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"MS Mincho\";'\u003eC- H (CH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 29.18%;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17.3pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:107%;font-family:\"MS Mincho\";'\u003e4.3-4.5 eV\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 32%;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17.3pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:107%;font-family:\"MS Mincho\";'\u003e8,8 \u0026ndash; 9 eV\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38.82%;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17.3pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"MS Mincho\";'\u003eC\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family: \"MS Mincho\";'\u003e\u0026equiv; O (CO)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 29.18%;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17.3pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:107%;font-family:\"MS Mincho\";'\u003e11,1 eV\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 32%;background: rgb(204, 204, 204);padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17.3pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"MS Mincho\";color:black;'\u003e-\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38.82%;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17.3pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"MS Mincho\";'\u003eC=O (CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 29.18%;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17.3pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:107%;font-family:\"MS Mincho\";'\u003e5,5 eV\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 32%;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17.3pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:107%;font-family:\"MS Mincho\";'\u003e\u0026gt;7 eV\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38.82%;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17.3pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Times New Roman\",serif;color:black;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"MS Mincho\";'\u003eNࣕ\u0026equiv;N (N\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 29.18%;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17.3pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:107%;font-family:\"MS Mincho\";'\u003e9,8 eV\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 32%;background: rgb(204, 204, 204);padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17.3pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"MS Mincho\";color:black;'\u003e9,8-10,2 eV\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 38.82%;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17.3pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:107%;font-family:\"MS Mincho\";'\u003eO=O (O2)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 29.18%;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17.3pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:107%;font-family:\"MS Mincho\";'\u003e5,2 eV\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 32%;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17.3pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:107%;font-family:\"MS Mincho\";'\u003e5.6 eV\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrom the known electron energies, is can be assumed that beside oxygen, hydrogen might also be dissociated in the DBD plasma to form reactive radicals. However, the literature claims, that oxygen will rather dissociate than hydrogen to form subsequently hydroxy radicals according to a postulated reaction mechanism [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e]. Another paper even postulated, that in the DBD a vibrated state hydrogen is advantageous so even a vibration seems rather probable than the dissociation of hydrogen [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eH2 (ν\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0)\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;O \u003cb\u003e\u0026rarr;\u003c/b\u003e H\u0026middot; + \u0026middot;OH\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor the oxidation of methane, an initial dissociation of oxygen is expected, due to the lower electron energy needed for the cleavage of the oxygen double bond compared to methane. The postulated reaction mechanism for methane oxidation propose the activation and dissociation of oxygen as well [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e]. However, compared to the proposed reaction mechanism for hydrogen oxidation an exited and dissociated singulet oxygen is necessary to initiate the methane oxidation in the DBD plasma. Singulet oxygen needs an electron energy of 1 eV, whereas the dissociation of oxygen requires 5\u0026ndash;6 eV. Even the sum of both electron energies is still lower than the kinetic energy necessary to break the methane bond in the plasma according to (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;O(1\u003csup\u003eD\u003c/sup\u003e) \u0026rarr; CH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026middot; + \u0026middot;OH\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe experiments showed, that CO can also undergo oxidation directly with oxygen, which is also known from literature [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e]. However, claims about the reaction behavior are only mechanism, that CO will unlikely dissociate [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e]. One proposal for a oxidation mechanism in the literature is done with the reaction with OH radicals in NTP [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e] as well as with ozone [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e38\u003c/span\u003e]. However, either the direct oxidation with O\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e / O\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e or the reaction with OH radicals, both reactions rather propose the activation of O\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e instead of CO.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIt is concluded from the proposed mechanism that oxygen should be mainly activated via dissociation in the plasma, whereas H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, CH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e, and CO are mainly reacting with the activated oxygen and its radicals. However, the final validation of this claim needs to be clarified in future investigations with further in-situ analysis as optical emission spectroscopy.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBeside the reactions of oxygen with the COG components, further reaction pathways are possible in the model COG mixture ( but also with a gas chromatography system no ammonia traces were detected so far.) and due to the higher content of these components (\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;1 vol%) compared to oxygen (\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0,2 vol%), reactions of these components among each other are even rather expected than the oxidation initially.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:8.0pt;margin-left:0in;font-size:12px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;font-weight:bold;'\u003eTable 4: Overview of possible plasmachemical reaction pathways in the investigated model COG in a DBD reactor\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv align=\"\" style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:8.0pt;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\n \u003ctable style=\"border: none;border-collapse: collapse;width: 100%;\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 26.58%;border-top: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid rgb(102, 102, 102);border-right: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:8.0pt;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"MS Mincho\";'\u003ePossible reaction\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;in COG plasma\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15.64%;border-top: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid rgb(102, 102, 102);border-right: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:8.0pt;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"MS Mincho\";font-family: \"Times New Roman\";'\u003eObserved ?\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15.6%;border-top: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid rgb(102, 102, 102);border-right: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:8.0pt;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"MS Mincho\";'\u003eMain active species in DBD\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10.94%;border-top: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid rgb(102, 102, 102);border-right: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:8.0pt;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"MS Mincho\";'\u003eApplied SEI\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 18.78%;border-top: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid rgb(102, 102, 102);border-right: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:8.0pt;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"MS Mincho\";'\u003eObserved conversion\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12.48%;border-top: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid rgb(102, 102, 102);border-right: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:8.0pt;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"MS Mincho\";'\u003eReference\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 26.58%;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"MS Mincho\";'\u003e2 H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e + O\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"MS Mincho\";font-family:\"Times New Roman\";'\u003e\u0026rarr;\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"MS Mincho\";'\u003e\u0026nbsp;2 H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15.64%;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:107%;font-family:\"MS Mincho\";'\u003eyes\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15.6%;background: rgb(204, 204, 204);padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"MS Mincho\";color:black;'\u003eVibrated hydrogen + O radicals\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10.94%;background: rgb(204, 204, 204);padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"MS Mincho\";color:black;'\u003e4,5 kJ/L\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 18.78%;background: rgb(204, 204, 204);padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"MS Mincho\";color:black;'\u003e10%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12.48%;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:107%;font-family:\"MS Mincho\";'\u003e[32, 39]\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 26.58%;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:107%;font-family:\"MS Mincho\";'\u003eCH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e + 2 O\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height: 107%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\";'\u003e\u0026rarr;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:107%;font-family:\"MS Mincho\";'\u003e\u0026nbsp;2 H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO + CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"MS Mincho\";'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15.64%;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:107%;font-family:\"MS Mincho\";'\u003eyes\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15.6%;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:107%;font-family:\"MS Mincho\";'\u003eSingulet O\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;radicals\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10.94%;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:107%;font-family:\"MS Mincho\";'\u003e0,14 kJ/l\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 18.78%;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:107%;font-family:\"MS Mincho\";'\u003e\u0026lt; 10 % (1000 ppm CH4 in Air)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12.48%;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:107%;font-family:\"MS Mincho\";'\u003e[40]\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 26.58%;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:107%;font-family:\"MS Mincho\";'\u003eCH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e + \u0026lt;2 O\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height: 107%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\";'\u003e\u0026rarr;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:107%;font-family:\"MS Mincho\";'\u003e\u0026nbsp;MeOH, CO\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15.64%;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:107%;font-family:\"MS Mincho\";'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15.6%;background: rgb(204, 204, 204);padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"MS Mincho\";color:black;'\u003eSingulet O\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;radicals\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd 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style='font-size:13px;line-height:107%;font-family:\"MS Mincho\";'\u003e[42]\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 26.58%;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:107%;font-family:\"MS Mincho\";'\u003eCH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:107%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\";'\u003e\u0026rarr;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:107%;font-family:\"MS Mincho\";'\u003e\u0026nbsp;C + 2 H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15.64%;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:107%;font-family:\"MS Mincho\";'\u003eyes\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15.6%;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:107%;font-family:\"MS Mincho\";'\u003eDissociated CH\u003csub\u003e4\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sub\u003especies\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10.94%;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"MS Mincho\";color:black;'\u003e\u0026gt; 3 kJ/L\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 18.78%;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:107%;font-family:\"MS Mincho\";'\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026nbsp;10 %\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12.48%;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:107%;font-family:\"MS Mincho\";color:red;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color:windowtext;\"\u003e[28]\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 26.58%;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:107%;font-family:\"MS Mincho\";'\u003eCH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e + CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height: 107%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\";'\u003e\u0026rarr;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:107%;font-family:\"MS Mincho\";'\u003e\u0026nbsp;2 CO + 2 H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15.64%;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:107%;font-family:\"MS Mincho\";'\u003eno\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15.6%;background: rgb(204, 204, 204);padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"MS Mincho\";color:black;'\u003eCH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e radical\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10.94%;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:107%;font-family:\"MS Mincho\";'\u003e\u0026gt; 2 kJ/l\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 18.78%;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:107%;font-family:\"MS Mincho\";'\u003e\u0026lt; 50%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12.48%;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:107%;font-family:\"MS Mincho\";'\u003e[43\u0026ndash;45]\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 26.58%;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:107%;font-family:\"MS Mincho\";'\u003eCO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e + H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:107%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\";'\u003e\u0026rarr;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:107%;font-family:\"MS Mincho\";'\u003e\u0026nbsp;CH\u003csub\u003e4,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sub\u003eMeOH,\u0026hellip;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"MS Mincho\";'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15.64%;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:107%;font-family:\"MS Mincho\";'\u003eno\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15.6%;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:107%;font-family:\"MS Mincho\";'\u003eH radicals + CO from CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e splitting\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10.94%;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"MS Mincho\";color:black;'\u003e\u0026gt; 20 kJ/L\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:107%;font-family:\"MS Mincho\";'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 18.78%;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:107%;font-family:\"MS Mincho\";'\u003e\u0026lt; 35 %\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:107%;font-family:\"MS Mincho\";'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12.48%;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:107%;font-family:\"MS Mincho\";'\u003e[46\u0026ndash;48]\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 26.58%;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:107%;font-family:\"MS Mincho\";'\u003eCO + H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:107%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\";'\u003e\u0026rarr;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:107%;font-family:\"MS Mincho\";'\u003e\u0026nbsp;CH\u003csub\u003e4,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sub\u003eMeOH,\u0026hellip;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:107%;font-family:\"MS Mincho\";'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15.64%;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:107%;font-family:\"MS Mincho\";'\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15.6%;background: rgb(204, 204, 204);padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"MS Mincho\";color:black;'\u003eH radicals + CO\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10.94%;background: rgb(204, 204, 204);padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"MS Mincho\";color:black;'\u003eNo ref. found\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 18.78%;background: rgb(204, 204, 204);padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"MS Mincho\";color:black;'\u003eNo ref. found\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12.48%;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;line-height:107%;font-family:\"MS Mincho\";'\u003e-\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 26.58%;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"MS Mincho\";'\u003eN\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e + 3 H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"MS Mincho\";font-family:\"Times New Roman\";'\u003e\u0026rarr;\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:13px;font-family:\"MS Mincho\";'\u003e\u0026nbsp;2 NH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15.64%;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 17pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp 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SwissAcademic.Citavi","Name":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","Protected":false,"CreatedBy":"_Niti","CreatedOn":"2024-07-26T12:04:12","ModifiedBy":"_Niti","Id":"cd354bcf-4fd7-44d4-baea-04b0908aa92d","ModifiedOn":"2024-07-26T12:04:12","Project":{"$ref":"8"}}],"Quotations":[],"Rating":0,"ReferenceType":"JournalArticle","ShortTitle":"Kamarinopoulou, Wittreich et al. – Direct HCN synthesis via plasma-assisted","ShortTitleUpdateType":0,"SourceOfBibliographicInformation":"RIS","StaticIds":["4c165723-b081-44dd-93ff-60feb1f7d0c9"],"TableOfContentsComplexity":0,"TableOfContentsSourceTextFormat":0,"Tasks":[],"Title":"Direct HCN synthesis via plasma-assisted conversion of methane and nitrogen","Translators":[],"Volume":"10","CreatedBy":"_Niti","CreatedOn":"2024-07-26T12:04:12","ModifiedBy":"_Niti","Id":"64ffc538-ef1b-4c98-a290-4fc22fa4954d","ModifiedOn":"2024-11-18T09:21:08","Project":{"$ref":"8"}},"UseNumberingTypeOfParentDocument":false}],"FormattedText":{"$id":"28","Count":1,"TextUnits":[{"$id":"29","FontStyle":{"$id":"30","Neutral":true},"ReadingOrder":1,"Text":"[23, 54]"}]},"Tag":"CitaviPlaceholder#5850a70d-8fa3-48b8-87b7-b5163075663b","Text":"[23, 54]","WAIVersion":"6.17.0.0"}}\u003cspan style='mso-element:field-separator'\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c![endif]--\u003e[23, 54]\n \u003c!--[if supportFields]\u003e\u003cspan style='mso-element:field-end'\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c![endif]--\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e \u003cp\u003eEspecially due to the high hydrogen content in the COG hydrogenation reactions are expected as the reduction of nitrogen to NH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e or the reaction of hydrogen with CO and CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e via the Sabatier reaction to form methane or other hydrocarbons, but in comparison to the oxygen conversion, no hydrogenation turnover in the range of 0,1 vol% or higher could be observed. Based on the findings in literature, SEI of 20 kJ/L or higher are used to activate CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e for hydrogenation with relevant conversion rates. CO is expected to be activated with less SEI, but cannot be validated based on the current research. The hydrogenation of nitrogen even without the presence of oxygen was also not observed in this or in previous studies [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e]. However, the monitoring of NH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e was realized in the past via the qualitative proof with Copper(II)-sulfate, which requires certain amounts of ammonia over time to indicate ammonia formation but also with a gas chromatography system no ammonia traces were detected so far. Dry reforming can be a possible reduction reaction of CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e after the COG treatment in the DBD as well. However, the results show an increase of the CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e content, thus methane seems rather prefer the reaction with oxygen instead with CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e. This is also known from literature, but this effect was observed on higher SEIs (\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;7 kJ/L) and oxygen contents (\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;4 %).[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR55\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e55\u003c/span\u003e] .\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePlasma splitting reactions on the other hand are observed in this reactor as the splitting of CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e (section 3.2). but is not expected for the COG mixture, since hydrogen is present there. Additionally, the formation of carbon is observed during long term experiments (\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;4 hours) with methane in the COG mixture (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig8\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e) indicating a splitting of CH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e into carbon and H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e which might also contribute to the H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e increase in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study shows, that in COG a huge variety of reactions are possible, if activated with a DBD plasma, but only certain reactions are observed as the oxidation reactions and the pyrolysis of methane. The observed plasma chemistry is valid for the range of 500-1,500 ppm and shows that even at low oxygen contents, that the oxidation and splitting reactions seems to be more preferred than the hydrogenation reactions in a DBD, if a SEI of about 1,000 J/L is applied.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe applied SEI for the removal of 38% of 1000 ppm oxygen is in the same range as in our previous experiments for oxygen removal in COG [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e] of 1000\u0026ndash;1500 J/L and an energy yield for the oxygen removal in the range 7.5\u0026ndash;23.5 nmol/J is achieved. In other experiments is could be be shown, that with a surface DBD stack the SEI can be even further reduced to 375 J/L for the oxygen removal, whereas 70% of 1.000 ppm O\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e in an 60/40 H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e/N\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e-mixture are removed [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e]. The reduction of the energy input with the surface DBD compared to a volume is the result of lesser gas volume, which is converted into plasma. However, because the surface DBD plasma enables an intensive exchange of the plasma gas with the non-exited gas molecules, still high conversions can be achieved.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAn specific energy input of 375 J/L is comparable to already established plasma gas cleaning technologies as VOC cleaning in the range of 10\u0026ndash;500 J/L [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR57\" citationid=\"CR56\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e56\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR58\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e58\u003c/span\u003e]. Furthermore, if the COG has 60% hydrogen, the hydrogen can be recovered with an plasma energy input of 625 J/L\u003csub\u003eH2\u003c/sub\u003e and the additional energy required for the compression in the PSA. It is estimated, that approximately 600\u0026ndash;1500 J/L\u003csub\u003eH2\u003c/sub\u003e are required for an isentropic compression of a COG (density\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.4 kg/L, molar mass\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;9 g/mol, isentropic coefficient\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.3, overall efficiency\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;85 %) witin a pressure range of 10\u0026ndash;50 bar.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCOG is already available at steel mills with coke as reduction agent and thus plasma oxygen removal combined with PSA (energy demand of 2.300 J/L\u003csub\u003eH2\u003c/sub\u003e) can be an energy efficient alternative for hydrogen production on site compared to an additional water electrolysis system (with current values of 4,5 kWh/m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003csub\u003eH2\u003c/sub\u003e or 16.200 J/L\u003csub\u003eH2\u003c/sub\u003e). Steel mill with coke driven blast furnaces produce high amounts of CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e and thus, the additional hydrogen of the COG can be used to convert the CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e in value added chemical and additionally avoid the greenhouse gas emissions.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"4 Conclusion and outlook","content":"\u003cp\u003eCoke oven gas consists of mainly of the gas components H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, CO, CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, CH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e and N\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, which can undergo a huge variety of reactions in plasma. Herein we show in experiments, which reactions take place in combination with trace oxygen and first conclusions about preferred reactions.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe used coaxial DBD system activates the reaction of 1,000 ppmV O\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e with H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, CH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e and CO, whereas CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e and N\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e barely consume oxygen. CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e generate additional O\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e in the used DBD plasma reactor, but if hydrogen is present, this reaction does need to be considered in the COG. If H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, CH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e and CO are available in the same gas mixture with stochiometric excess, the initial consumption with CO and CH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e is higher, which might be contributed to their higher molecular or cross section compared to H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e. However, increasing of CH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e and CO contents are not improving the reaction rate of the oxygen., whereas H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e is contributing to higher conversion degrees due to more efficient plasma distribution in this reactor caused by the reduction of the averaged free mean path of the COG. Furthermore, the reaction rate of hydrogen changes at the same power if the parameter of the high-voltage generator are changed, which also is an indicator of the influence of H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e on the plasma discharge. Beside the oxidation reactions, splitting reactions of CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e and CH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e were observed in the DBD. Whereas CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e splitting does not seem to influence the conversion result if hydrogen is present, the methane splitting leads to a considerable deposition of carbon on the high-voltage electrode.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe following experiments give a first overview of the potential plasma chemical reaction system in the COG. Further insights into the system should be obtained in ongoing experiments with gas chromatography coupled with mass spectroscopy, optical emission spectroscopy and electric measurements. Additionally, other components as H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eS, propane, water and organics as acetone or toluene are present in the COG as well and their influence will be investigated in further ongoing experiments. Based on this as well on ongoing results a first plasmachemical reaction model for the conversion of oxygen in COG can be designed.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Symbols used","content":"\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003ek \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;[Pa\u003csup\u003e(1-nGas-nO2)\u003c/sup\u003e s\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e]\u0026nbsp;reaction constant\u003cbr\u003e\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;[W] \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;power\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; 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\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;reaction rate\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cem\u003eSEI\u003c/em\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; [J L\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e] \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;specific energy input\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cimg src=\"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABIAAAAQCAYAAAAbBi9cAAAAAXNSR0IArs4c6QAAAARnQU1BAACxjwv8YQUAAAAJcEhZcwAADsMAAA7DAcdvqGQAAADiSURBVDhPtZO9DYQwDIWd2wDRUtGl5aejhwUQIzAEi0BBzQRMAAPQUbEBOwTsMycFcqQ47pMix4/o5WGBUDvwAC+uP2M1iuMYqqri7juPJfrfjMZxBCEErSzLWAXaHzqeuYCJzhRFgSnVuq6sKDVNE2l1XbOiY5xREARUXdeliszzDGmaQlmWrJxgQ42u6+j2A0wWRZFaloWVK8ZEnufx7k3btpDnOfi+z4oBNtQYhuGTCFNgGhtWo30u1NswvpqUkmrTNBCGISRJQv0tbHgBHzmOo30Cd9wa9X3PnZ2HfhGADfiPp3jl86cvAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC\" width=\"18\" height=\"16\"\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\";'\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;[m\u0026sup3;\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\";color:black;'\u003es\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e] \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;volume flow rate\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003et \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;[s] \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; switching off time (pulse width modulation)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:8.0pt;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003eU \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; [V] \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;voltage\u003cbr\u003e\u003cem\u003eX\u003csub\u003ex\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; [-] \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; conversion degree for component x\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin-top:12.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:6.0pt;margin-left:.25in;text-indent:-.25in;font-size:19px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003eGreek symbols\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\";'\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026Phi; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; [1] \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;volume fraction\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:8.0pt;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style='font-family:\"Times New Roman\";'\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026tau; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;[1] \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;gas residence time\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin-top:12.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:6.0pt;margin-left:.25in;text-indent:-.25in;font-size:19px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003eSubscripts und superscripts\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003eG \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; high-voltage generator (input voltage)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003eprim\u003csub\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sub\u003eprimary side transformer\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cem\u003en\u003csub\u003ex\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; [-] \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; reaction order of component x\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003eoff \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;off-time pulse width modulation\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003enom \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; nominal (calculated estimation, not actual)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003eoff \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;off-time pulse width modulation\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003etotal \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; flow of complete gas mixture\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin-top:12.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:6.0pt;margin-left:.25in;text-indent:-.25in;font-size:19px;font-family:\"Cambria\",serif;'\u003eAbbreviations\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003eCOG \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; coke oven gas\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003eDBD \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; dielectric barrier discharge\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin:0in;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003eNTP \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;non-thermal plasma\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style='font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;font-family:\"Times New Roman\";'\u003ePSA \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;^ \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;pressure swing adsorption\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eT.N. wrote the main manuscript and prepared the figures. The other authors (H.L. and M.B.) reviewed the manuscript and gave scientific guidance during the research.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAcknowledgment\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe work is performed in collaboration with our partners in the research project Carbon2Chem\u0026reg;, which is funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eWang W, Snoeckx R, Zhang X, Cha MS, Bogaerts A (2018) J Phys Chem C 122(16):8704\u0026ndash;8723. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.1021/acs.jpcc.7b10619\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1021/acs.jpcc.7b10619\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMa J, Richley JC, Davies DRW, Ashfold MNR, Mankelevich YA (2010) J Phys Chem A 114(37):10076\u0026ndash;10089. \u003cspan 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class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"plasma-chemistry-and-plasma-processing","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":" Learn more about [Plasma Chemistry and Plasma Processing](https://www.springer.com/journal/11090 ","snPcode":"11090","submissionUrl":"https://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/pcpp","title":"Plasma Chemistry and Plasma Processing","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"nonthermal plasma, plasma chemistry, coaxial DBD, coke oven gas","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5157614/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5157614/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThe presented study shows experimental results with literature comparison for understanding of the oxygen removal in coke oven gas (COG) with plasma. The reaction of oxygen with the main COG components H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, CH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e, and CO are investigated as well as the occurrence of potential side reactions as the splitting of CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e and CH\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e. Further potential side reactions in the COG mixture known from literature as hydrogenation reactions are discussed in contrast to the observations of the experiments.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Investigation of the plasma reaction behavior of a Coke Oven Gas with trace oxygen in a coaxial DBD reactor","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-11-21 18:28:17","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5157614/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2024-12-06T01:13:44+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"8881645447695398519774152247588201538","date":"2024-11-26T01:16:04+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2024-11-24T07:50:55+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2024-11-19T08:48:03+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Plasma Chemistry and Plasma Processing","date":"2024-11-18T14:18:03+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"plasma-chemistry-and-plasma-processing","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":" Learn more about [Plasma Chemistry and Plasma Processing](https://www.springer.com/journal/11090 ","snPcode":"11090","submissionUrl":"https://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/pcpp","title":"Plasma Chemistry and Plasma Processing","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"2082aaf4-5167-44ec-b778-3d806776adca","owner":[],"postedDate":"November 21st, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-01-06T10:48:22+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-11-21 18:28:17","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-5157614","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-5157614","identity":"rs-5157614","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}