Is Education Level Associated with Polypharmacy Considering Socio-economic Factors? A cross-sectional survey of the Amirkola Health and Aging Project

Is Education Level Associated with Polypharmacy Considering Socio-economic Factors? A cross-sectional survey of the Amirkola Health and Aging Project | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article Is Education Level Associated with Polypharmacy Considering Socio-economic Factors? A cross-sectional survey of the Amirkola Health and Aging Project Abolfazl Ghasemi, Zainab Gholamnia-Shirvani, Samaneh Pourhadi, and 3 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4763301/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The elderly population is more prone to chronic diseases, leading to polypharmacy, influenced by various factors. This study examined the relationship between education, socio-economics, and polypharmacy. As part of the initial phase of a cohort on the health status of the elderly in Amirkola City (northern Iran) initiated in 2011, this descriptive-analytical study (2023) involved individuals aged 60 and above. A total of 400 elderly participants were selected through stratified random sampling. Data were collected from the cohort database via demographic, medication, and medical history questionnaires. The average number of medications used was 3.80 ± 0.04. No significant association was found between education and polypharmacy (P = 0.127); however, a trend was observed where increased education corresponded with fewer polypharmacy. The highest medication usage (4.46 ± 3.27) was observed among the illiterate elderly. No significant association was identified between education and polypharmacy when considering gender, occupation, income satisfaction, and marital status (P > 0.05); yet, the majority of individuals experiencing polypharmacy were men, housewives, or retirees, those with low-income satisfaction, and married. The level of education had no significant relationship with polypharmacy considering socio-economics, despite the fact that the more literate elderly had less polypharmacy. The reason for the mentioned results should be investigated in future studies. Health sciences/Medical research Health sciences/Risk factors aging polypharmacy education socioeconomics Introduction Advancements in medical science and the growing elderly population have made elderly healthcare a global concern 1 . The number and proportion of individuals aged 60 and over are on the rise. In 2019, this demographic reached one billion and is projected to grow to 1.4 billion by 2030 and further to 2.1 billion by 2050. This rapid increase, especially pronounced in developing countries 2 , is occurring at an unprecedented pace and is expected to accelerate in the coming decades. The elderly population in Iran is also expanding, with approximately 9.5% of its population being over 60 years old and 1.6% over 65 years old. These figures are anticipated to rise to 11% by 2036 3 . Aging brings about various changes in the biological system, including reduced body volume, blood plasma, total body fluids, serum albumin levels, alterations in protein binding, decreased initial phase of liver metabolism, and diminished renal glomerular filtration and clearance. Specifically, aging can alter the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic processes of drugs. Pharmacokinetic changes encompass modifications in absorption, metabolism, release, protein binding, and hepatic and renal clearance. Pharmacodynamic alterations involve changes in the drug's action on the target tissue, leading to an increased risk of undesirable drug side effects among the elderly 4 , 5 . Furthermore, as life expectancy increases, so does the prevalence of chronic diseases and the need for healthcare services, including medication therapy 4 , 5 . The surge in the availability of both prescription and non-prescription drugs has resulted in the elderly consuming more medications than before. Research from various countries indicates that the elderly's drug usage exceeds more than twice their proportionate share in society 1 . A significant concern in the medication therapy of elderly patients is the concurrent use of multiple drugs. Over 20% of individuals aged 70 and above are prescribed more than five medications due to multiple health conditions prevalent in this age group 6 . Given the high incidence of using several drugs among the elderly, the term "polypharmacy" has been introduced. Polypharmacy is defined as the simultaneous use of five or more medications, regardless of the form or duration of use 7 – 9 . Essentially, polypharmacy refers to a situation where an individual consumes a large number of medications, which may include both necessary and unnecessary drugs 10 . The most frequent adverse outcomes of using multiple drugs include drug interactions, medication errors, adverse drug events and reactions, side effects, re-hospitalization, and increased healthcare costs 1 , 10 , 11 . Moreover, polypharmacy contributes to an increase in falls, the frequency and duration of hospital stays, and the mortality rate among the elderly population 4 . While the concurrent use of multiple drugs can be beneficial for managing certain chronic illnesses, inappropriate polydrug use can lead to drug interactions and adverse reactions 1 , 12 . The appropriate medication for the elderly should be prescribed based on the patient's disease history, drug tolerance, physical and mental health, mobility, memory, and family support 13 . Ignoring the various metabolic changes in drug absorption, distribution, and excretion in elderly bodies compared to middle-aged individuals is a key factor in the occurrence of undesirable side effects 14 . Several factors influence polypharmacy, including education level and socio-economic variables 2 , 5 . Polypharmacy is associated with factors such as education level, age, gender, occupation, marital status, and financial condition 10 , 15 . Some studies suggest that future research on polypharmacy should consider education level and gender differences to identify populations at risk 16 . Furthermore, studies have demonstrated the impact of education level and socio-economic factors on polypharmacy 16 – 20 . The prevalence of polypharmacy tends to rise with age. This increase may be attributed to the improper prescribing of medications, lack of appropriate treatment, medication errors, fewer restrictions on drug usage, and a rise in the availability of over-the-counter medications 5 , 21 . The elderly consume medications more than twice their proportionate share in society, with women accounting for a higher percentage 1 . Studies have found that, compared to men, women consume significantly more medications during hospitalization and upon discharge 15 . Further research indicates that women, individuals aged 65–74, those with lower education levels, unmarried seniors, and those suffering from more than four diseases simultaneously are most at risk for polypharmacy. Conversely, individuals with average financial status tend to experience lower rates of concurrent drug use 10 , 21 . Additional factors identified as influencing polypharmacy include age, gender, education level, frequency of doctor visits, and the types and number of diseases 22 . A lack of literacy and information among patients has been cited as one of the most common causes of polypharmacy in several studies 23 , 24 . Moreover, polypharmacy has been reported to occur more frequently in women than in men 25 , 26 . The study by Dadashi Haji et al. revealed that the rate of inappropriate medication use among the elderly in Amirkla city is notably high compared to other studies, putting the elderly at risk for adverse drug reactions 27 . In Amirkola City, despite previous research into factors influencing polypharmacy, the relationship between the level of education—a significant variable affecting polypharmacy—and socio-economic factors has not yet been explored. Given the high prevalence of polypharmacy, its significant impact, and adverse effects on the health of the elderly, there is a clear necessity to examine the factors contributing to it, particularly education level and socio-economic variables. The absence of related research in this area underscores the importance of this study, which aims to investigate the association between education level, socioeconomic factors, and polypharmacy among the elderly population in Amirkola City. By enhancing understanding in this domain, the study seeks to reduce hospitalizations related to medication issues among the elderly and decrease drug costs. Materials and Methods This descriptive-analytical cross-sectional study, conducted in 2023, is part of the Cohort study "Amirkola Health and Aging Project" (AHAP no. 892917), initiated in 2011 with 1,616 elderly participants aged 60 and above in Amirkola City, located in northern Iran. The participants in this study were the elderly aged over 60 years. The inclusion criteria were being 60 years or older and residing in Amirkola City. Insufficient information was the basis for exclusion. Based on a 95% confidence level, an 80% power, and the prevalence of polypharmacy (P1 = 0.25%, P2 = 10%) 28 , the sample size was calculated to be 97 individuals for each group. Ultimately, 400 participants (100 in each of the four educational groups: illiterate, primary, secondary, and diploma or higher) were selected through stratified random sampling. The research was conducted in the setting of the Amirkola elderly health status cohort study. Data were collected from the first phase of the Amirkola elderly cohort study database, using demographic questionnaires, medication questionnaires, and medical history. The demographic questionnaire covered age, gender, education level, occupation, income satisfaction, and marital status. The medication questionnaire comprised 12 queries about the history of medication use, including the number, type, and duration. Medication information was collected through self-reports, observation of the medications taken by the participant, and prescriptions from doctors 27 . Medical History Questionnaire: This tool assessed the number of concurrent diseases in an elderly individual. It collected the medical history of each participant, inquiring about the presence of various conditions such as diabetes, hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism, osteoporosis, stroke, Parkinson's disease, kidney stones, dementia, depression, epilepsy, high blood pressure, angina pectoris, heart failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, liver disease, kidney disease, gastric and duodenal ulcer, urinary incontinence, fecal incontinence, fractures, and cancer 27 . Data were processed using SPSS 23, employing descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation, frequency, and percentage) and analytical statistics (ANOVA and chi-square test) with a significance level set at less than 0.05. Data normality was evaluated by Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Zero cells (.0%) had an expected count of less than 5 to perform the chi-square test. This study was approved by the ethics committee of the Babol University of Medical Sciences with the ethical code IR.MUBABOL.HRI.REC.1401.224. Informed consent was obtained from all older adults before study initiation. For illiterate participants, informed consent was obtained from a legal guardian/ a legally authorized representative. The research was conducted under the declaration of Helsinki. Confidentiality was maintained regarding the information derived from the Amirkola Health and Aging Project (AHAP no. 892917) database, ensuring that the published results and data did not disclose participants' identities. Results Descriptive Results In this study, 400 elderly individuals with an average age of 68.18 ± 7.11 years participated. The average number of medications consumed was 3.80 ± 0.04. The largest age group among the participants was those aged 60-64 years (37.8%). Male participants accounted for 50.3% (201 individuals). Each educational level was represented by 100 individuals (25%). The majority of participants were married (342 individuals, 85.5%) and identified as housewives (168 individuals, 42%). Additionally, a significant portion of them reported little satisfaction with their income (164 individuals, 41%). The findings indicated that 63.3% (253 individuals) of the participants experienced polypharmacy (Table 1). Analytical Results Chi-square test results showed no significant association between the level of education and the prevalence of polypharmacy among the elderly participants Chi-Square=5.711, P=0.127). One-Way ANOVA revealed no significant association between the number of medications consumed and the participant's level of education or gender (P=0.085). However, an increase in education level generally led to a decrease in the number of medications consumed across both genders. The highest average number of medications used (4.46±3.27) was observed among "illiterate" participants (Table 2). Based on the Chi-square test results, there was no significant association between education level and the occurrence of polypharmacy in the elderly when considering gender (Chi-Square= 5.711, P=0.127), despite a majority of those experiencing polypharmacy being men. Among male elderly individuals, the highest proportion of those affected by polypharmacy (29.2% or 42 individuals) had secondary and high school education levels, whereas, among female elderly individuals, the majority affected by polypharmacy (29.4% or 32 individuals) possessed a "diploma and above" level of education. The relationship between polypharmacy and education level, considering the occupation of participants, was not statistically significant (P=0.127), though the largest number of elderly polypharmacy patients were "housewives and retirees." Similarly, no significant correlation was found between polypharmacy and education level in terms of satisfaction with income (P=0.127). Nonetheless, those most dissatisfied with their income were predominantly affected by polypharmacy, particularly among the illiterate elderly. The relationship between polypharmacy and education level, based on the marital status of participants, also showed no significant difference (P=0.127) (Table 3). Discussion This study explored the relationship between education and polypharmacy concerning socio-economic variables among the elderly in North Iran. The average number of medications utilized by 400 elderly participants was 3.80 ± 0.04. There was no significant correlation between education level and polypharmacy, including the quantity of medication used (P > 0.05); however, an increase in education level corresponded with a decrease in the number of medications used. The highest medication usage was observed among "illiterate" elderly individuals. There was no significant association between education level and polypharmacy across variables such as gender, occupation, income satisfaction, and marital status; nonetheless, the most affected by polypharmacy were "men," "housewives and retired individuals," those "dissatisfied with their income," and "married" individuals, respectively. The findings of this study did not reveal a significant relationship between education level and the incidence of polypharmacy among elderly participants. Similar to this, studies by Charlesworth et al., Hosseini et al., and Dianti et al. identified no significant association between polypharmacy and education level 28 – 30 . Delshad Nougabi et al. also observed no significant link between self-medication and education level 31 . Furthermore, Midão et al. identified only a weak correlation between education level and polypharmacy 32 . These outcomes align with those of the current study, where the highest and lowest frequencies of polypharmacy were seen among the elderly with "high school" education and those who were "illiterate," respectively. It appears that among the elderly, factors such as sources of drug information have a more pronounced impact on medication usage patterns and, consequently, on polypharmacy 6 , 31 . For instance, Delshad Nougabi et al. reported that physicians (68.7%) and drug brochures (2.8%) were the primary sources of medication information, with media (1.2%) being the least utilized 31 . Therefore, it is suggested that future studies should delve into the sources of pharmaceutical information. The findings of this study indicate that the education level of the elderly does not significantly impact the quantity of medications consumed. "Illiterate" elderly individuals, across both genders, used a higher average number of medications compared to those with higher educational levels, aligning with the findings of Dianati et al. and Yavari et al. 33 . However, these results contrast with those from studies by Dadashi Haji et al. 27 , Jorring Pallesen et al. 34 , Doheny et al. 35 , Wang et al. 20 , and Zhang et al. 19 . The discrepancies might be attributed to differences in sample size, study design and methodology, and the characteristics of the study populations, such as elderly residing in nursing homes. Taheri Fard et al. found a significant association between social status and medication use patterns for digestive system and nervous system diseases 36 . Similarly, Silva et al., despite finding no relationship between polypharmacy and education level, highlighted social inequalities in medication use 37 . While some studies have connected social and economic factors with health outcomes, the influence of education on these factors and consequently on health may vary across societies 34 . Yavari et al. investigated the relationship between polypharmacy and socio-demographic factors in the elderly and identified a direct and significant correlation between increased formal education years and polypharmacy 33 . Dadashi Haji et al. observed a significant link between education level and inappropriate medication use, though a direct relationship was not established 27 . In Denmark, Pallesen et al. reported that higher levels of education and income are associated with a lower risk of polypharmacy, underscoring the relationship between social and economic factors and medication use, where higher education and income levels reduce polypharmacy in the elderly 34 . Haider et al.'s research indicated that, even after adjusting for age, gender, residential area type, and concurrent chronic conditions, a lower education level was significantly associated with an increased risk of polypharmacy 38 . Thus, it is suggested that a lack of knowledge on health maintenance and unawareness about the side effects of self-medication among illiterate elderly contribute to increased arbitrary drug use and, consequently, more inappropriate medication use in this group 27 , 28 . In the study conducted by Chen et al., it was discovered that elderly individuals with chronic conditions tend to prioritize immediate problem resolution over long-term health needs. This situation leads to traditional medicine being used to bridge the psychological gap. Additionally, it was observed that individuals inclined towards using traditional medicine might erroneously believe that consuming multiple drugs simultaneously is a direct solution to managing their condition, owing to low health literacy and a lack of awareness about the potential adverse effects and risks associated with various medications 39 . Furthermore, Chen et al. highlighted the beneficial impact of education on mitigating functional decline among the elderly. They noted that not only does a higher level of education delay the onset of functional impairments, but educated elderly individuals also tend to address and manage their disabilities more effectively through continued learning and self-care practices 40 . The findings of this study revealed no significant association between education level and the incidence of polypharmacy when considering gender, despite a majority of those affected by polypharmacy being male. Ahmadi et al., in their study on the use of multiple medications among the elderly in Tehran, also found no significant gender difference in the prevalence of polypharmacy 1 . The findings of this research align with those of the current study, where the highest incidence of polypharmacy was observed among elderly men with "secondary and high school" education levels and women with "diploma and above" education levels, though this association was not statistically significant. It is important to note that, in contrast to this study, most previous studies assessed the relationship between gender and polypharmacy without considering education level. This discrepancy in findings could be attributed to education increasing health literacy and self-care, which diminishes the impact of factors like gender on polypharmacy incidence. Yavari et al. found that the frequency and likelihood of polypharmacy were lower in men compared to women, although this difference was not statistically significant 33 . Dadashi Haji et al., in their investigation of inappropriate medication use among the elderly, reported a relationship between gender and inappropriate drug use, where, despite a larger population of elderly men, women consumed a higher quantity of inappropriate medications than men 27 . Ayman Al-Dahshan et al.'s study in Qatar indicated that women were 1.18 times more likely to experience polypharmacy than men 41 . Haider et al.'s research on the Swedish elderly highlighted that women with lower education levels were more susceptible to polypharmacy 38 . However, a study in Spain observed a decrease in the prevalence of polypharmacy among elderly women from 2011/2012 to 2020, while an increase was noted among men over time 42 . Ho Jin Cho et al. also concluded that male gender is a predictor of polypharmacy 43 . The discrepancies observed across various studies could be attributed to differences in prescribing practices based on patient gender and variations in health-seeking behaviors 41 . For instance, women tend to engage more in health screening activities and are often more encouraged to participate in preventive health measures 44 ; thus, in recent years, they have utilized prevention services more than men, potentially reducing their exposure to polypharmacy. However, such conclusions may not universally apply to the elderly population across different countries. In studies conducted by Azadi et al. in Iran and Midão et al. in Europe, the prevalence of polypharmacy was found to be higher among women, attributed to their greater health-seeking behavior. Women tend to seek medical care more promptly and regularly than men and are accustomed to taking medications more frequently. This issue is exacerbated in Iran by the lack of regulations on the use of over-the-counter drugs and easy access to medications 32 , 45 . Nevertheless, recent measures in Iran, including the systematic recording of prescriptions by healthcare providers, have restricted the ability to re-obtain medications through previous prescriptions or without prescriptions at all, which might have influenced the findings of our study. In this study, no significant association was observed between the elderly's level of education and the incidence of polypharmacy when considering occupation. Nevertheless, the greatest prevalence of polypharmacy was noted among individuals identified as "housewives" and "retired." Azadi et al. reported no significant differences between socio-economic status and the prevalence of polypharmacy, countering their initial hypothesis that the lowest and highest socio-economic levels would result in lesser and greater healthcare utilization and better health status, respectively 45 . Furthermore, Assari et al.'s investigation into American elderly populations highlighted that employment status was not linked to polypharmacy; however, lower education and income levels were associated with an increased likelihood of using multiple medications. Their analysis also indicated that low income might be a more potent predictor of polypharmacy in older African Americans compared to their white counterparts 18 . Conversely, Dadashi Haji et al. found a correlation between inappropriate medication use and the economic status of the elderly, with the unemployed representing the highest percentage of individuals using inappropriate or caution-requiring drugs 27 . Employment during one's healthy years promotes social connections, financial independence, and self-confidence, especially among elderly men, which can directly influence their physical and mental well-being 46 . Nonetheless, these studies were limited by the incomplete adjustment for significant confounding variables, such as place of residence, cultural factors, and the inherent limitations of cross-sectional research designs 38 . This study revealed no significant association between the level of education and the incidence of polypharmacy about income satisfaction. Notably, the majority of elderly individuals experiencing polypharmacy reported low-income satisfaction, with a substantial proportion of these individuals being illiterate. Dianati et al. found no significant connection between economic status and polypharmacy 30 . Similarly, Taheri Fard et al. indicated that socio-economic status does not influence polypharmacy, aligning with the findings of this study 36 . However, Eltaher and Araby in Egypt identified education level and monthly income as predictors of polypharmacy 47 . Lower-income households often struggle to afford additional healthcare costs, resorting to reliance on commonly available drugs for chronic disease management. Contrarily, individuals from middle- and high-income brackets are more likely to seek healthcare services and have better access to healthcare facilities 39 . For instance, Badawy et al.'s research on the elderly in Kuwait highlighted factors such as lower education level, frequent hospital admissions, numerous clinic visits, and multiple concurrent diseases as risk factors for polypharmacy 17 . Moreover, higher socio-economic status may increase the usage of supplements, like multivitamins, contributing to polypharmacy 45 . Income is intimately linked to fulfilling health needs and, consequently, to individuals' health. However, the healthiest individuals are not always those with the highest incomes. This suggests that some people, despite having a good income, may lack knowledge about healthy eating and adherence to health practices. Thus, the portion of income allocated to education and health directly correlates with improved health, whereas income spent on other areas does not necessarily enhance health. This underscores the importance of literacy, education, and cultural factors. Nonetheless, the direct association between income and meeting critical health needs, thereby ensuring health, cannot be overlooked 48 . The findings of this study indicated no significant association between the level of education and polypharmacy based on the marital status of elderly participants. Polypharmacy was most prevalent among married elderly, a trend that aligns with the observation that the majority were married. In the studies conducted by Charlesworth et al. 29 and Dianati et al. 30 , no significant relationship was found between polypharmacy and marital status, aligning with our findings. Conversely, Jorring Pallesen et al. observed that married elderly individuals were less susceptible to polypharmacy compared to their divorced and widowed counterparts, suggesting that marriage enhances social connections, self-care, and access to healthcare services 34 . Similarly, in a study by Eltaher and Araby in Egypt, a significant association was noted between polypharmacy and marital status, with widows who suffered from multiple chronic diseases concurrently being the most affected 47 . It has been suggested that for elderly individuals who are currently single and living with family, a family member should oversee their medication management and control at home 31 . This study examined the relationship between education, socio-economic variables, and polypharmacy among Amirkola's elderly population. The limitations of this study include its cross-sectional nature, which precludes determination of causality, and reliance on self-reported data. Conclusions This study revealed that the level of education, in the context of socio-economic variables, did not significantly impact polypharmacy among Amirkola's elderly population. However, an increase in educational level was associated with a decrease in the number of medications consumed, with the highest consumption observed among the "illiterate" elderly. No significant relationship was found between education level and polypharmacy when considering factors such as sex, occupation, income satisfaction, and marital status, although the majority of individuals with polypharmacy were "men," "housewives and retirees," with "low-income satisfaction," and "married," respectively. These findings underscore the importance of considering educational level in designing interventions aimed at modifying the behavior of using multiple medications among the elderly. Declarations Competing interests The authors declare no competing interests. Author Contribution Conceptualization: Z.Gh, SR.H, and S.PMethodology: Z.Gh, SR.H, S.P, A.B and R.Gh Project administration: A.Gh, Z.Gh and SR.HFormal analysis: SR.H and A.BWriting Original Draft: Z.Gh and A.Gh Writing Review & Editing: Z.Gh and A.Gh Acknowledgments We extend our sincere appreciation to the Deputy of Research and Technology at Babol University of Medical Sciences for their financial and moral support of this project (724134683) and to the elderly participants. Data Availability “The datasets analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.” References Ahmadi, B., Alimohamadian, M. & Mahmoodi, M. Polypharmacy among older adults in Tehran. 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Dianati, M. et al. Polypharmacy and its related factors among the elderly population in Kashan, Iran during 2011-2012. Feyz Med Sci J 18 , 578-584. http://feyz.kaums.ac.ir/article-571-2473-en.html (2015). Delshad Noghabi, A., Darabi, F., Baloochi Beydokhti, T., Shareinia, H. & Radmanesh, R. Irrational use of medicine status in elderly population of Gonabad. Quarterly of the Horizon of Medical Sciences 19 , 297-304. http://imtj.gmu.ac.ir/article-291-1668-en.html (2014). Midão, L., Giardini, A., Menditto, E., Kardas, P. & Costa, E. Polypharmacy prevalence among older adults based on the survey of health, ageing and retirement in Europe. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 78 , 213-220. doi: 210.1016/j.archger.2018.1006.1018 (2018). Yavari, H. R., Akbari Kamrani, A. A., Bakhshi, E., Saboor, M. & Sahhaf, R. Association Between Polypharmacy and Socio-Demographic Factors Among Elderly Residents of Kahrizak Charity Foundation, Tehran, 2010-2011. Salmand: Iranian Journal of Ageing 8 , 7-14. http://salmandj.uswr.ac.ir/article-11-523-en.html (2014). Jørring Pallesen, A. V., Kristiansen, M., Westendorp, R. G. J. & Mortensen, L. H. Polypharmacy occurrence and the related risk of premature death among older adults in Denmark: A nationwide register-based cohort study. PLoS One 17 , e0264332. doi: 0264310.0261371/journal.pone.0264332, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0264332 (2022). Doheny, M. et al. Socio-demographic differences in polypharmacy and potentially inappropriate drug use among older people with different care needs and in care settings in Stockholm, Sweden. Scand J Public Health 51 , 11-20. doi: 10.1177/14034948211018384, doi:10.1177/14034948211018384 (2023). Taherifard, E. et al. Population‐based prevalence of polypharmacy and patterns of medication use in southwestern Iran: A cross‐sectional study. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 31 , 592-603. doi: 510.1002/pds.5418 (2022). Silva, I. R. et al. Polypharmacy, socioeconomic indicators and number of diseases: results from ELSA-Brasil. Rev Bras Epidemiol 23 , e200077. doi: 200010.201590/201980-549720200077 (2020). Haider, S. I., Johnell, K., Weitoft, G. R., Thorslund, M. & Fastbom, J. The influence of educational level on polypharmacy and inappropriate drug use: a register‐based study of more than 600,000 older people. J Am Geriatr Soc 57 , 62-69. DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2008.02040.x (2009). Chen, C. et al. Predictors of polypharmacy among elderly patients in china: the role of decision involvement, depression, and taking Chinese medicine behavior. Front Pharmacol 12 , 745688. doi: 745610.743389/fphar.742021.745688 (2021). Chen, H. & Hu, H. The relationship and mechanism between education and functional health status transition among older persons in China. BMC Geriatrics 18 , 89. doi.org/10.1186/s12877-12018-10785-12874 (2018). Al-Dahshan, A. et al. Prevalence of polypharmacy and the association with non-communicable diseases in Qatari elderly patients attending primary healthcare centers: a cross-sectional study. PLoS One 15 , e0234386. doi: 0234310.0231371/journal.pone.0234386 (2020). Cebrino, J. & Portero de la Cruz, S. Polypharmacy and associated factors: a gender perspective in the elderly Spanish population (2011–2020). Front Pharmacol 14 , 1189644. doi: 1189610.1183389/fphar.1182023.1189644 (2023). Cho, H. J., Chae, J., Yoon, S. H. & Kim, D. S. Factors related to polypharmacy and hyper‐polypharmacy for the elderly: A nationwide cohort study using National Health Insurance data in South Korea. Clin Transl Sci 16 , 193-205. doi: 110.1111/cts.13438 (2023). Tan, Y. W., Suppiah, S., Bautista, M. A. C. & Malhotra, R. Polypharmacy among community-dwelling elderly in Singapore: Prevalence, risk factors and association with medication non-adherence. Proceedings of Singapore Healthcare 28 , 224-231. doi.org/210.1177/201010581986848 (2019). Azadi, M. et al. Prevalence, pattern, and correlates of polypharmacy among Iranian Type II diabetic patients: results from pars cohort study. Arch Iran Med 24 , 657-664. doi: 610.34172/aim.32021.34194 (2021). Cheraghi, P., Cheragi, Z., Dosti Irani, A. & Sadri, M. Evaluation Of Self-Rated Health Index Status And Its Related Factors In Elderly Referring To Health Care Center Of Hamadan City In 2020: A Cross-Sectional Study. NAVIDNO 24 , 21-32. doi: 10.22038/NNJ.22021.58223.21293, doi:10.22038/nnj.2021.58223.1293 (2022). Eltaher, S. M. & Araby, E. M. Prevalence and factors associated with polypharmacy among elderly persons. Egypt J Community Med 37 , 55-61. doi: 10.21608/EJCM.22019.43370 (2019). seyfzadeh, A. Investigating the Elders’ Social Health and Its Related Factors: a Case Study of Azarshahr City. Journal of Geriatric Nursing 1 , 95-106. http://jgn.medilam.ac.ir/article-101-135-en.html (2015). Tables Table 1: Demographic and pharmaceutical characteristics of the elderly (n=400) % No. Category Variable 37.8 151 60-64 Age 29 116 65-69 15.5 62 70-74 9.7 39 75-79 4.7 19 80-84 3.3 13 85-99 100 400 Total 49.7 199 Female Gender 50.3 201 Male 100 400 Total 25 100 Illiterate Education 25 100 Primary 25 100 Secondary 25 100 Diploma≤ 100 400 Total 85.5 342 Married Marital status 14.5 58 Single 100 400 Total 42 168 Housewife Occupation 5.5 22 Farmer 10.5 42 Non-governmental 0.8 3 Employee 34.3 137 Retired 6 24 Unemployed 1 4 Day labor 100 400 Total 0.8 3 Very high Satisfaction with income 3 12 High 36.5 146 Moderate 41 164 Low 18.8 75 Very low 100 400 Total 63.3 253 Yes Polypharmacy 36.7 147 No 100 400 Total Table 2: The relationship between education level and polypharmacy and the number of drugs used by the elderly (n=400) Variable Category Polypharmacy No polypharmacy * P-Value No. % No. % 0.127 Education Illiterate 55 21.7 45 30.6 Primary 62 24.5 38 25.9 Secondary 71 28.1 29 19.7 Diploma≤ 65 25.7 35 23.8 Total 253 100 147 100 Variable Category Number of drugs Mean SD F ** P-Value Education Illiterate 100 4.46 3.27 2.226 0.085 Primary 100 3.63 3.18 Secondary 100 3.69 2.69 Diploma≤ 100 3.43 2.93 Total 400 3.80 3.04 Males’ education Illiterate 50 3.66 3.22 0.623 0.601 Primary 50 3.18 3.31 Secondary 51 2.98 2.25 Diploma≤ 50 2.98 2.59 Total 201 3.19 2.87 Females’ education Illiterate 50 5.2 3.14 1.956 0.122 Primary 50 4.08 3.01 Secondary 49 4.42 2.93 Diploma≤ 50 3.88 3.20 Total 199 4.41 3.10 * Chi-square, ** ANOVA Table 3. The association between education level and polypharmacy based on socio-economic variables among the elderly (n=400 Variable Category Polypharmacy No polypharmacy Chi-Square P-Value * No. % No. % 4.450 0.217 Males’ education Illiterate 33 22.9 17 29.8 Primary 36 25 14 24.6 Secondary 42 29.2 9 15.8 Diploma≤ 33 22.9 17 29.8 Total 144 100 57 100 Females’ education Illiterate 22 20.2 28 31.1 4.601 0.203 Primary 26 26.7 24 23.9 Secondary 29 26.6 20 22.2 Diploma≤ 32 29.4 18 20 Total 109 100 90 100 Housewife Illiterate 21 23.1 28 36.4 4.432 0.218 Primary 27 29.7 22 28.6 Secondary 27 29.7 19 24.7 Diploma≤ 16 17.6 8 10.4 Total 91 100 77 100 Farmer Illiterate 9 50 3 75 .993 0.609 Primary 7 38.9 1 25 Secondary 2 11.1 0 0 Diploma≤ 0 0 0 0 Total 18 100 4 100 Non-governmental Illiterate 7 22.6 3 27.3 5.272 0.153 Primary 12 38.7 6 54.5 Secondary 10 32.3 0 0 Diploma≤ 2 18.2 2 6.5 Total 31 100 11 100 Retired Illiterate 9 9.9 6 12.2 .935 0.817 Primary 13 16.3 8 14.3 Secondary 25 27.5 10 20.4 Diploma≤ 44 48.4 25 51 Total 91 100 49 100 Unemployed Illiterate 9 40.9 5 83.3 4.455 0.216 Primary 3 13.6 1 16.7 Secondary 7 31.8 0 0 Diploma≤ 3 13.6 0 0 Total 22 100 6 100 Income satisfaction (very high) Illiterate 1 50 0 0 3.000 0.223 Primary 0 0 0 0 Secondary 1 50 0 0 Diploma≤ 0 0 1 100 Total 2 100 1 100 Income satisfaction (high) Illiterate 0 0 2 33.3 3.619 0.164 Primary 1 16.7 2 33.3 Secondary 5 83.3 2 33.3 Diploma≤ 0 0 0 0 Total 6 100 6 100 Income satisfaction (moderate) Illiterate 16 15.2 8 19.5 1.280 0.734 Primary 22 21 11 26.8 Secondary 30 28.6 10 24.4 Diploma≤ 37 35.2 12 29.3 Total 105 100 41 100 Income satisfaction (low) Illiterate 31 29.2 14 24.1 5.407 0.144 Primary 25 23.6 19 32.8 Secondary 30 28.3 9 15.5 Diploma≤ 20 18.9 16 27.6 Total 106 100 58 100 Income satisfaction (very low) Illiterate 8 23.5 21 51.2 7.074 0.07 Primary 14 41.2 8 19.5 Secondary 9 26.5 8 19.5 Diploma≤ 3 8.8 4 9.8 Total 34 100 41 100 Single Illiterate 8 25 15 57.7 7.728 0.052 Primary 11 34.4 4 15.4 Secondary 7 21.9 2 7.7 Diploma≤ 6 18.8 5 19.2 Total 32 100 26 100 Married Illiterate 47 21.3 30 24.8 2.632 0.452 Primary 51 23.1 34 28.1 Secondary 64 29 27 22.3 Diploma≤ 59 26.7 30 24.8 Total 221 100 121 100 Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. 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A cross-sectional survey of the Amirkola Health and Aging Project","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eAdvancements in medical science and the growing elderly population have made elderly healthcare a global concern \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. The number and proportion of individuals aged 60 and over are on the rise. In 2019, this demographic reached one billion and is projected to grow to 1.4\u0026nbsp;billion by 2030 and further to 2.1\u0026nbsp;billion by 2050. This rapid increase, especially pronounced in developing countries \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e, is occurring at an unprecedented pace and is expected to accelerate in the coming decades. The elderly population in Iran is also expanding, with approximately 9.5% of its population being over 60 years old and 1.6% over 65 years old. These figures are anticipated to rise to 11% by 2036 \u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAging brings about various changes in the biological system, including reduced body volume, blood plasma, total body fluids, serum albumin levels, alterations in protein binding, decreased initial phase of liver metabolism, and diminished renal glomerular filtration and clearance. Specifically, aging can alter the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic processes of drugs. Pharmacokinetic changes encompass modifications in absorption, metabolism, release, protein binding, and hepatic and renal clearance. Pharmacodynamic alterations involve changes in the drug's action on the target tissue, leading to an increased risk of undesirable drug side effects among the elderly \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Furthermore, as life expectancy increases, so does the prevalence of chronic diseases and the need for healthcare services, including medication therapy \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. The surge in the availability of both prescription and non-prescription drugs has resulted in the elderly consuming more medications than before. Research from various countries indicates that the elderly's drug usage exceeds more than twice their proportionate share in society \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA significant concern in the medication therapy of elderly patients is the concurrent use of multiple drugs. Over 20% of individuals aged 70 and above are prescribed more than five medications due to multiple health conditions prevalent in this age group \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Given the high incidence of using several drugs among the elderly, the term \"polypharmacy\" has been introduced. Polypharmacy is defined as the simultaneous use of five or more medications, regardless of the form or duration of use \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR8\" citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Essentially, polypharmacy refers to a situation where an individual consumes a large number of medications, which may include both necessary and unnecessary drugs \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. The most frequent adverse outcomes of using multiple drugs include drug interactions, medication errors, adverse drug events and reactions, side effects, re-hospitalization, and increased healthcare costs \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Moreover, polypharmacy contributes to an increase in falls, the frequency and duration of hospital stays, and the mortality rate among the elderly population \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. While the concurrent use of multiple drugs can be beneficial for managing certain chronic illnesses, inappropriate polydrug use can lead to drug interactions and adverse reactions \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. The appropriate medication for the elderly should be prescribed based on the patient's disease history, drug tolerance, physical and mental health, mobility, memory, and family support \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Ignoring the various metabolic changes in drug absorption, distribution, and excretion in elderly bodies compared to middle-aged individuals is a key factor in the occurrence of undesirable side effects \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSeveral factors influence polypharmacy, including education level and socio-economic variables \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Polypharmacy is associated with factors such as education level, age, gender, occupation, marital status, and financial condition \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Some studies suggest that future research on polypharmacy should consider education level and gender differences to identify populations at risk \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Furthermore, studies have demonstrated the impact of education level and socio-economic factors on polypharmacy \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR17 CR18 CR19\" citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe prevalence of polypharmacy tends to rise with age. This increase may be attributed to the improper prescribing of medications, lack of appropriate treatment, medication errors, fewer restrictions on drug usage, and a rise in the availability of over-the-counter medications \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. The elderly consume medications more than twice their proportionate share in society, with women accounting for a higher percentage \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Studies have found that, compared to men, women consume significantly more medications during hospitalization and upon discharge \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Further research indicates that women, individuals aged 65\u0026ndash;74, those with lower education levels, unmarried seniors, and those suffering from more than four diseases simultaneously are most at risk for polypharmacy. Conversely, individuals with average financial status tend to experience lower rates of concurrent drug use \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Additional factors identified as influencing polypharmacy include age, gender, education level, frequency of doctor visits, and the types and number of diseases \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. A lack of literacy and information among patients has been cited as one of the most common causes of polypharmacy in several studies \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Moreover, polypharmacy has been reported to occur more frequently in women than in men \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. The study by Dadashi Haji et al. revealed that the rate of inappropriate medication use among the elderly in Amirkla city is notably high compared to other studies, putting the elderly at risk for adverse drug reactions \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn Amirkola City, despite previous research into factors influencing polypharmacy, the relationship between the level of education\u0026mdash;a significant variable affecting polypharmacy\u0026mdash;and socio-economic factors has not yet been explored. Given the high prevalence of polypharmacy, its significant impact, and adverse effects on the health of the elderly, there is a clear necessity to examine the factors contributing to it, particularly education level and socio-economic variables. The absence of related research in this area underscores the importance of this study, which aims to investigate the association between education level, socioeconomic factors, and polypharmacy among the elderly population in Amirkola City. By enhancing understanding in this domain, the study seeks to reduce hospitalizations related to medication issues among the elderly and decrease drug costs.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Materials and Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis descriptive-analytical cross-sectional study, conducted in 2023, is part of the Cohort study \"Amirkola Health and Aging Project\" (AHAP no. 892917), initiated in 2011 with 1,616 elderly participants aged 60 and above in Amirkola City, located in northern Iran. The participants in this study were the elderly aged over 60 years. The inclusion criteria were being 60 years or older and residing in Amirkola City. Insufficient information was the basis for exclusion. Based on a 95% confidence level, an 80% power, and the prevalence of polypharmacy (P1\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.25%, P2\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;10%) \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e, the sample size was calculated to be 97 individuals for each group. Ultimately, 400 participants (100 in each of the four educational groups: illiterate, primary, secondary, and diploma or higher) were selected through stratified random sampling. The research was conducted in the setting of the Amirkola elderly health status cohort study. Data were collected from the first phase of the Amirkola elderly cohort study database, using demographic questionnaires, medication questionnaires, and medical history.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe demographic questionnaire covered age, gender, education level, occupation, income satisfaction, and marital status.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe medication questionnaire comprised 12 queries about the history of medication use, including the number, type, and duration. Medication information was collected through self-reports, observation of the medications taken by the participant, and prescriptions from doctors \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMedical History Questionnaire: This tool assessed the number of concurrent diseases in an elderly individual. It collected the medical history of each participant, inquiring about the presence of various conditions such as diabetes, hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism, osteoporosis, stroke, Parkinson's disease, kidney stones, dementia, depression, epilepsy, high blood pressure, angina pectoris, heart failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, liver disease, kidney disease, gastric and duodenal ulcer, urinary incontinence, fecal incontinence, fractures, and cancer \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eData were processed using SPSS 23, employing descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation, frequency, and percentage) and analytical statistics (ANOVA and chi-square test) with a significance level set at less than 0.05. Data normality was evaluated by Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Zero cells (.0%) had an expected count of less than 5 to perform the chi-square test.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e This study was approved by the ethics committee of the Babol University of Medical Sciences with the ethical code IR.MUBABOL.HRI.REC.1401.224. Informed consent was obtained from all older adults before study initiation. For illiterate participants, informed consent was obtained from a legal guardian/ a legally authorized representative. The research was conducted under the declaration of Helsinki. Confidentiality was maintained regarding the information derived from the Amirkola Health and Aging Project (AHAP no. 892917) database, ensuring that the published results and data did not disclose participants' identities.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003ch2\u003eDescriptive Results\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn this study, 400 elderly individuals with an average age of 68.18 \u0026plusmn; 7.11 years participated. The average number of medications consumed was 3.80 \u0026plusmn; 0.04. The largest age group among the participants was those aged 60-64 years (37.8%). Male participants accounted for 50.3% (201 individuals). Each educational level was represented by 100 individuals (25%). The majority of participants were married (342 individuals, 85.5%) and identified as housewives (168 individuals, 42%). Additionally, a significant portion of them reported little satisfaction with their income (164 individuals, 41%). The findings indicated that 63.3% (253 individuals) of the participants experienced polypharmacy (Table 1).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eAnalytical Results\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eChi-square test results showed no significant association between the level of education and the prevalence of polypharmacy among the elderly participants Chi-Square=5.711, P=0.127). One-Way ANOVA revealed no significant association between the number of medications consumed and the participant\u0026apos;s level of education or gender (P=0.085). However, an increase in education level generally led to a decrease in the number of medications consumed across both genders. The highest average number of medications used (4.46\u0026plusmn;3.27) was observed among \u0026quot;illiterate\u0026quot; participants (Table 2).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBased on the Chi-square test results, there was no significant association between education level and the occurrence of polypharmacy in the elderly when considering gender (Chi-Square= 5.711, P=0.127), despite a majority of those experiencing polypharmacy being men. Among male elderly individuals, the highest proportion of those affected by polypharmacy (29.2% or 42 individuals) had secondary and high school education levels, whereas, among female elderly individuals, the majority affected by polypharmacy (29.4% or 32 individuals) possessed a \u0026quot;diploma and above\u0026quot; level of education. The relationship between polypharmacy and education level, considering the occupation of participants, was not statistically significant (P=0.127), though the largest number of elderly polypharmacy patients were \u0026quot;housewives and retirees.\u0026quot; Similarly, no significant correlation was found between polypharmacy and education level in terms of satisfaction with income (P=0.127). Nonetheless, those most dissatisfied with their income were predominantly affected by polypharmacy, particularly among the illiterate elderly. The relationship between polypharmacy and education level, based on the marital status of participants, also showed no significant difference (P=0.127) (Table 3).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study explored the relationship between education and polypharmacy concerning socio-economic variables among the elderly in North Iran. The average number of medications utilized by 400 elderly participants was 3.80\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.04. There was no significant correlation between education level and polypharmacy, including the quantity of medication used (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05); however, an increase in education level corresponded with a decrease in the number of medications used. The highest medication usage was observed among \"illiterate\" elderly individuals. There was no significant association between education level and polypharmacy across variables such as gender, occupation, income satisfaction, and marital status; nonetheless, the most affected by polypharmacy were \"men,\" \"housewives and retired individuals,\" those \"dissatisfied with their income,\" and \"married\" individuals, respectively.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe findings of this study did not reveal a significant relationship between education level and the incidence of polypharmacy among elderly participants. Similar to this, studies by Charlesworth et al., Hosseini et al., and Dianti et al. identified no significant association between polypharmacy and education level \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR29\" citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Delshad Nougabi et al. also observed no significant link between self-medication and education level \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Furthermore, Mid\u0026atilde;o et al. identified only a weak correlation between education level and polypharmacy \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. These outcomes align with those of the current study, where the highest and lowest frequencies of polypharmacy were seen among the elderly with \"high school\" education and those who were \"illiterate,\" respectively. It appears that among the elderly, factors such as sources of drug information have a more pronounced impact on medication usage patterns and, consequently, on polypharmacy \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. For instance, Delshad Nougabi et al. reported that physicians (68.7%) and drug brochures (2.8%) were the primary sources of medication information, with media (1.2%) being the least utilized \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Therefore, it is suggested that future studies should delve into the sources of pharmaceutical information.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe findings of this study indicate that the education level of the elderly does not significantly impact the quantity of medications consumed. \"Illiterate\" elderly individuals, across both genders, used a higher average number of medications compared to those with higher educational levels, aligning with the findings of Dianati et al. and Yavari et al. \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. However, these results contrast with those from studies by Dadashi Haji et al. \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e, Jorring Pallesen et al. \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e, Doheny et al. \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e, Wang et al. \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e, and Zhang et al. \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. The discrepancies might be attributed to differences in sample size, study design and methodology, and the characteristics of the study populations, such as elderly residing in nursing homes. Taheri Fard et al. found a significant association between social status and medication use patterns for digestive system and nervous system diseases \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Similarly, Silva et al., despite finding no relationship between polypharmacy and education level, highlighted social inequalities in medication use \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. While some studies have connected social and economic factors with health outcomes, the influence of education on these factors and consequently on health may vary across societies \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Yavari et al. investigated the relationship between polypharmacy and socio-demographic factors in the elderly and identified a direct and significant correlation between increased formal education years and polypharmacy \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Dadashi Haji et al. observed a significant link between education level and inappropriate medication use, though a direct relationship was not established \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. In Denmark, Pallesen et al. reported that higher levels of education and income are associated with a lower risk of polypharmacy, underscoring the relationship between social and economic factors and medication use, where higher education and income levels reduce polypharmacy in the elderly \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Haider et al.'s research indicated that, even after adjusting for age, gender, residential area type, and concurrent chronic conditions, a lower education level was significantly associated with an increased risk of polypharmacy \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e38\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Thus, it is suggested that a lack of knowledge on health maintenance and unawareness about the side effects of self-medication among illiterate elderly contribute to increased arbitrary drug use and, consequently, more inappropriate medication use in this group \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the study conducted by Chen et al., it was discovered that elderly individuals with chronic conditions tend to prioritize immediate problem resolution over long-term health needs. This situation leads to traditional medicine being used to bridge the psychological gap. Additionally, it was observed that individuals inclined towards using traditional medicine might erroneously believe that consuming multiple drugs simultaneously is a direct solution to managing their condition, owing to low health literacy and a lack of awareness about the potential adverse effects and risks associated with various medications \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e39\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Furthermore, Chen et al. highlighted the beneficial impact of education on mitigating functional decline among the elderly. They noted that not only does a higher level of education delay the onset of functional impairments, but educated elderly individuals also tend to address and manage their disabilities more effectively through continued learning and self-care practices \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e40\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. The findings of this study revealed no significant association between education level and the incidence of polypharmacy when considering gender, despite a majority of those affected by polypharmacy being male. Ahmadi et al., in their study on the use of multiple medications among the elderly in Tehran, also found no significant gender difference in the prevalence of polypharmacy \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. The findings of this research align with those of the current study, where the highest incidence of polypharmacy was observed among elderly men with \"secondary and high school\" education levels and women with \"diploma and above\" education levels, though this association was not statistically significant. It is important to note that, in contrast to this study, most previous studies assessed the relationship between gender and polypharmacy without considering education level. This discrepancy in findings could be attributed to education increasing health literacy and self-care, which diminishes the impact of factors like gender on polypharmacy incidence. Yavari et al. found that the frequency and likelihood of polypharmacy were lower in men compared to women, although this difference was not statistically significant \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Dadashi Haji et al., in their investigation of inappropriate medication use among the elderly, reported a relationship between gender and inappropriate drug use, where, despite a larger population of elderly men, women consumed a higher quantity of inappropriate medications than men \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Ayman Al-Dahshan et al.'s study in Qatar indicated that women were 1.18 times more likely to experience polypharmacy than men \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e41\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Haider et al.'s research on the Swedish elderly highlighted that women with lower education levels were more susceptible to polypharmacy \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e38\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. However, a study in Spain observed a decrease in the prevalence of polypharmacy among elderly women from 2011/2012 to 2020, while an increase was noted among men over time \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e42\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Ho Jin Cho et al. also concluded that male gender is a predictor of polypharmacy \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e43\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. The discrepancies observed across various studies could be attributed to differences in prescribing practices based on patient gender and variations in health-seeking behaviors \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e41\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. For instance, women tend to engage more in health screening activities and are often more encouraged to participate in preventive health measures \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e44\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e; thus, in recent years, they have utilized prevention services more than men, potentially reducing their exposure to polypharmacy. However, such conclusions may not universally apply to the elderly population across different countries. In studies conducted by Azadi et al. in Iran and Mid\u0026atilde;o et al. in Europe, the prevalence of polypharmacy was found to be higher among women, attributed to their greater health-seeking behavior. Women tend to seek medical care more promptly and regularly than men and are accustomed to taking medications more frequently. This issue is exacerbated in Iran by the lack of regulations on the use of over-the-counter drugs and easy access to medications \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e45\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Nevertheless, recent measures in Iran, including the systematic recording of prescriptions by healthcare providers, have restricted the ability to re-obtain medications through previous prescriptions or without prescriptions at all, which might have influenced the findings of our study.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn this study, no significant association was observed between the elderly's level of education and the incidence of polypharmacy when considering occupation. Nevertheless, the greatest prevalence of polypharmacy was noted among individuals identified as \"housewives\" and \"retired.\" Azadi et al. reported no significant differences between socio-economic status and the prevalence of polypharmacy, countering their initial hypothesis that the lowest and highest socio-economic levels would result in lesser and greater healthcare utilization and better health status, respectively \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e45\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Furthermore, Assari et al.'s investigation into American elderly populations highlighted that employment status was not linked to polypharmacy; however, lower education and income levels were associated with an increased likelihood of using multiple medications. Their analysis also indicated that low income might be a more potent predictor of polypharmacy in older African Americans compared to their white counterparts \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Conversely, Dadashi Haji et al. found a correlation between inappropriate medication use and the economic status of the elderly, with the unemployed representing the highest percentage of individuals using inappropriate or caution-requiring drugs \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Employment during one's healthy years promotes social connections, financial independence, and self-confidence, especially among elderly men, which can directly influence their physical and mental well-being \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e46\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Nonetheless, these studies were limited by the incomplete adjustment for significant confounding variables, such as place of residence, cultural factors, and the inherent limitations of cross-sectional research designs \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e38\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study revealed no significant association between the level of education and the incidence of polypharmacy about income satisfaction. Notably, the majority of elderly individuals experiencing polypharmacy reported low-income satisfaction, with a substantial proportion of these individuals being illiterate. Dianati et al. found no significant connection between economic status and polypharmacy \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Similarly, Taheri Fard et al. indicated that socio-economic status does not influence polypharmacy, aligning with the findings of this study \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. However, Eltaher and Araby in Egypt identified education level and monthly income as predictors of polypharmacy \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR47\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e47\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Lower-income households often struggle to afford additional healthcare costs, resorting to reliance on commonly available drugs for chronic disease management. Contrarily, individuals from middle- and high-income brackets are more likely to seek healthcare services and have better access to healthcare facilities \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e39\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. For instance, Badawy et al.'s research on the elderly in Kuwait highlighted factors such as lower education level, frequent hospital admissions, numerous clinic visits, and multiple concurrent diseases as risk factors for polypharmacy \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Moreover, higher socio-economic status may increase the usage of supplements, like multivitamins, contributing to polypharmacy \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e45\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIncome is intimately linked to fulfilling health needs and, consequently, to individuals' health. However, the healthiest individuals are not always those with the highest incomes. This suggests that some people, despite having a good income, may lack knowledge about healthy eating and adherence to health practices. Thus, the portion of income allocated to education and health directly correlates with improved health, whereas income spent on other areas does not necessarily enhance health. This underscores the importance of literacy, education, and cultural factors. Nonetheless, the direct association between income and meeting critical health needs, thereby ensuring health, cannot be overlooked \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR48\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e48\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe findings of this study indicated no significant association between the level of education and polypharmacy based on the marital status of elderly participants. Polypharmacy was most prevalent among married elderly, a trend that aligns with the observation that the majority were married.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the studies conducted by Charlesworth et al. \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e and Dianati et al. \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e, no significant relationship was found between polypharmacy and marital status, aligning with our findings. Conversely, Jorring Pallesen et al. observed that married elderly individuals were less susceptible to polypharmacy compared to their divorced and widowed counterparts, suggesting that marriage enhances social connections, self-care, and access to healthcare services \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Similarly, in a study by Eltaher and Araby in Egypt, a significant association was noted between polypharmacy and marital status, with widows who suffered from multiple chronic diseases concurrently being the most affected \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR47\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e47\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. It has been suggested that for elderly individuals who are currently single and living with family, a family member should oversee their medication management and control at home \u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study examined the relationship between education, socio-economic variables, and polypharmacy among Amirkola's elderly population. The limitations of this study include its cross-sectional nature, which precludes determination of causality, and reliance on self-reported data.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusions","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study revealed that the level of education, in the context of socio-economic variables, did not significantly impact polypharmacy among Amirkola's elderly population. However, an increase in educational level was associated with a decrease in the number of medications consumed, with the highest consumption observed among the \"illiterate\" elderly. No significant relationship was found between education level and polypharmacy when considering factors such as sex, occupation, income satisfaction, and marital status, although the majority of individuals with polypharmacy were \"men,\" \"housewives and retirees,\" with \"low-income satisfaction,\" and \"married,\" respectively. These findings underscore the importance of considering educational level in designing interventions aimed at modifying the behavior of using multiple medications among the elderly.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003ch2\u003eCompeting interests\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe authors declare no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eConceptualization: Z.Gh, SR.H, and S.PMethodology: Z.Gh, SR.H, S.P, A.B and R.Gh Project administration: A.Gh, Z.Gh and SR.HFormal analysis: SR.H and A.BWriting Original Draft: Z.Gh and A.Gh Writing Review \u0026amp; Editing: Z.Gh and A.Gh\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAcknowledgments\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e We extend our sincere appreciation to the Deputy of Research and Technology at Babol University of Medical Sciences for their financial and moral support of this project (724134683) and to the elderly participants.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eData Availability\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026ldquo;The datasets analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAhmadi, B., Alimohamadian, M. \u0026amp; Mahmoodi, M. 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dir=\"LTR\"\u003eNo.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.61904761904762%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003eCategory\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.61904761904762%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003eVariable\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.142857142857142%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e37.8\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.61904761904762%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e151\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.61904761904762%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e60-64\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.61904761904762%\" rowspan=\"7\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003eAge\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.68421052631579%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"38.1578947368421%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e116\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"38.1578947368421%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e65-69\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.68421052631579%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e15.5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"38.1578947368421%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e62\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"38.1578947368421%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e70-74\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.68421052631579%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e9.7\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"38.1578947368421%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e39\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"38.1578947368421%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e75-79\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.68421052631579%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e4.7\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"38.1578947368421%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"38.1578947368421%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e80-84\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.68421052631579%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e3.3\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"38.1578947368421%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"38.1578947368421%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e85-99\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.68421052631579%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e100\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"38.1578947368421%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e400\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"38.1578947368421%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003eTotal\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.142857142857142%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e49.7\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.61904761904762%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e199\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.61904761904762%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003eFemale\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.61904761904762%\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003eGender\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.68421052631579%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e50.3\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"38.1578947368421%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e201\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"38.1578947368421%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003eMale\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.68421052631579%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e100\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"38.1578947368421%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e400\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"38.1578947368421%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003eTotal\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.142857142857142%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.61904761904762%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e100\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.61904761904762%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003eIlliterate\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.61904761904762%\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003eEducation\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.68421052631579%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"38.1578947368421%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e100\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"38.1578947368421%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003ePrimary\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.68421052631579%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"38.1578947368421%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e100\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"38.1578947368421%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003eSecondary\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.68421052631579%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"38.1578947368421%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e100\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"38.1578947368421%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003eDiploma\u0026le;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.68421052631579%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e100\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"38.1578947368421%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e400\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"38.1578947368421%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003eTotal\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.142857142857142%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e85.5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.61904761904762%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e342\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.61904761904762%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003eMarried\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.61904761904762%\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003eMarital status\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.68421052631579%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e14.5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"38.1578947368421%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e58\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"38.1578947368421%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003eSingle\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.68421052631579%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e100\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"38.1578947368421%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e400\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"38.1578947368421%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003eTotal\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.142857142857142%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e42\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.61904761904762%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e168\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.61904761904762%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003eHousewife\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.61904761904762%\" rowspan=\"8\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003eOccupation\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.68421052631579%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e5.5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"38.1578947368421%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"38.1578947368421%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003eFarmer\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.68421052631579%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e10.5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"38.1578947368421%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e42\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"38.1578947368421%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003eNon-governmental\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.68421052631579%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e0.8\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"38.1578947368421%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"38.1578947368421%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003eEmployee\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.68421052631579%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e34.3\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"38.1578947368421%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e137\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"38.1578947368421%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003eRetired\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.68421052631579%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"38.1578947368421%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"38.1578947368421%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003eUnemployed\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.68421052631579%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"38.1578947368421%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"38.1578947368421%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003eDay labor\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.68421052631579%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e100\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"38.1578947368421%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e400\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"38.1578947368421%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003eTotal\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.142857142857142%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e0.8\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.61904761904762%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.61904761904762%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003eVery high\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.61904761904762%\" rowspan=\"6\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003eSatisfaction with income\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.68421052631579%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"38.1578947368421%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"38.1578947368421%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003eHigh\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.68421052631579%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e36.5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"38.1578947368421%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e146\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"38.1578947368421%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003eModerate\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.68421052631579%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e41\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"38.1578947368421%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e164\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"38.1578947368421%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003eLow\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.68421052631579%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e18.8\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"38.1578947368421%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e75\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"38.1578947368421%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003eVery low\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.68421052631579%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e100\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"38.1578947368421%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e400\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"38.1578947368421%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003eTotal\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.142857142857142%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e63.3\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.61904761904762%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e253\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.61904761904762%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003eYes\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.61904761904762%\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003ePolypharmacy\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.68421052631579%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e36.7\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"38.1578947368421%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e147\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"38.1578947368421%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003eNo\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.68421052631579%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e100\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"38.1578947368421%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e400\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"38.1578947368421%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003eTotal\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 2: The relationship between education level and polypharmacy and the number of drugs used by the elderly (n=400)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.285714285714286%\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVariable\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.285714285714286%\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCategory\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.571428571428573%\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePolypharmacy\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.571428571428573%\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNo polypharmacy\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.285714285714286%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e*\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eP-Value\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20%\" rowspan=\"6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.127\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.666666666666668%\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEducation\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.666666666666668%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIlliterate\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.666666666666668%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e55\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.666666666666668%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e21.7\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.666666666666668%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e45\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.666666666666668%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e30.6\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrimary\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e62\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e24.5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e38\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e25.9\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSecondary\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e71\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e28.1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e19.7\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDiploma\u0026le;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e65\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e25.7\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e23.8\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e253\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e100\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e147\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e100\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"100%\" colspan=\"7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.285714285714286%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVariable\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.285714285714286%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCategory\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.285714285714286%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNumber of drugs\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.285714285714286%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMean\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.285714285714286%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSD\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.285714285714286%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eF\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.285714285714286%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e**\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eP-Value\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.285714285714286%\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEducation\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.285714285714286%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIlliterate\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.285714285714286%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e100\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.285714285714286%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e4.46\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.285714285714286%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e3.27\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.285714285714286%\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.226\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.285714285714286%\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.085\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrimary\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e100\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e3.63\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e3.18\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSecondary\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e100\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e3.69\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e2.69\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDiploma\u0026le;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e100\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e3.43\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e2.93\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e400\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e3.80\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e3.04\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.285714285714286%\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMales\u0026rsquo; education\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.285714285714286%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIlliterate\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.285714285714286%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e50\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.285714285714286%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e3.66\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.285714285714286%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e3.22\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.285714285714286%\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.623\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.285714285714286%\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.601\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrimary\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e50\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e3.18\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e3.31\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSecondary\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e51\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e2.98\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e2.25\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDiploma\u0026le;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e50\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e2.98\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e2.59\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e201\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e3.19\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e2.87\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.285714285714286%\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFemales\u0026rsquo; education\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.285714285714286%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIlliterate\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.285714285714286%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e50\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.285714285714286%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e5.2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.285714285714286%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e3.14\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.285714285714286%\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.956\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.285714285714286%\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.122\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrimary\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e50\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e4.08\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e3.01\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSecondary\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e49\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e4.42\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e2.93\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDiploma\u0026le;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e50\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e3.88\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e3.20\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e199\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e4.41\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e3.10\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e* Chi-square, \u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e**\u003c/span\u003e ANOVA\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 3. The association between education level and polypharmacy based on socio-economic variables among the elderly (n=400\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.53290529695024%\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVariable\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.162118780096309%\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCategory\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.91653290529695%\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePolypharmacy\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.91653290529695%\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNo polypharmacy\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.272873194221509%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eChi-Square\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.199036918138042%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eP-Value\u003cspan dir=\"RTL\"\u003e*\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.201834862385322%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.743119266055047%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.201834862385322%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.743119266055047%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.678899082568808%\" rowspan=\"6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.450\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.431192660550458%\" rowspan=\"6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.217\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.413721413721415%\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMales\u0026rsquo; education\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.04781704781705%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIlliterate\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.592515592515593%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.176715176715177%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e22.9\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.592515592515593%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.176715176715177%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e29.8\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.693121693121693%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrimary\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.841269841269842%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.312169312169313%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.841269841269842%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.312169312169313%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e24.6\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.693121693121693%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSecondary\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.841269841269842%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e42\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.312169312169313%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e29.2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.841269841269842%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.312169312169313%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e15.8\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.693121693121693%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDiploma\u0026le;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.841269841269842%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.312169312169313%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e22.9\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.841269841269842%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.312169312169313%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e29.8\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.693121693121693%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.841269841269842%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e144\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.312169312169313%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e100\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.841269841269842%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e57\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.312169312169313%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e100\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.586151368760063%\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFemales\u0026rsquo; education\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.20450885668277%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIlliterate\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.077294685990339%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.75523349436393%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e20.2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.077294685990339%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.75523349436393%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e31.1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.305958132045088%\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.601\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.238325281803542%\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.203\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.693121693121693%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrimary\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.841269841269842%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.312169312169313%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e26.7\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.841269841269842%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.312169312169313%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e23.9\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.693121693121693%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSecondary\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.841269841269842%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.312169312169313%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e26.6\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.841269841269842%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.312169312169313%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e22.2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.693121693121693%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDiploma\u0026le;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.841269841269842%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.312169312169313%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e29.4\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.841269841269842%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.312169312169313%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.693121693121693%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.841269841269842%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e109\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.312169312169313%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e100\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.841269841269842%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e90\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.312169312169313%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e100\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.586151368760063%\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHousewife\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.20450885668277%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIlliterate\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.077294685990339%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.75523349436393%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e23.1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.077294685990339%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.75523349436393%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e36.4\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.305958132045088%\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.432\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.238325281803542%\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.218\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.693121693121693%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrimary\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.841269841269842%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.312169312169313%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e29.7\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.841269841269842%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.312169312169313%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e28.6\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.693121693121693%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSecondary\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.841269841269842%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.312169312169313%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e29.7\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.841269841269842%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.312169312169313%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e24.7\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.693121693121693%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDiploma\u0026le;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.841269841269842%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.312169312169313%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e17.6\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.841269841269842%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.312169312169313%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e10.4\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.693121693121693%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.841269841269842%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e91\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.312169312169313%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e100\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.841269841269842%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e77\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.312169312169313%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e100\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.586151368760063%\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFarmer\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.20450885668277%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIlliterate\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.077294685990339%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.75523349436393%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e50\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.077294685990339%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.75523349436393%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e75\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.305958132045088%\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.993\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.238325281803542%\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.609\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.693121693121693%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrimary\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.841269841269842%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.312169312169313%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e38.9\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.841269841269842%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.312169312169313%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.693121693121693%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSecondary\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.841269841269842%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.312169312169313%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e11.1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.841269841269842%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e0\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.312169312169313%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e0\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.693121693121693%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDiploma\u0026le;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.841269841269842%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e0\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.312169312169313%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e0\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.841269841269842%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e0\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.312169312169313%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e0\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.693121693121693%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.841269841269842%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.312169312169313%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e100\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.841269841269842%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.312169312169313%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e100\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.586151368760063%\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNon-governmental\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.20450885668277%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIlliterate\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.077294685990339%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.75523349436393%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e22.6\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.077294685990339%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.75523349436393%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e27.3\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.305958132045088%\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.272\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.238325281803542%\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.153\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.693121693121693%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrimary\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.841269841269842%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.312169312169313%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e38.7\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.841269841269842%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.312169312169313%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e54.5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.693121693121693%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSecondary\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.841269841269842%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.312169312169313%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e32.3\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.841269841269842%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e0\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.312169312169313%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e0\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.693121693121693%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDiploma\u0026le;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.841269841269842%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.312169312169313%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e18.2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.841269841269842%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.312169312169313%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e6.5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.693121693121693%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.841269841269842%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.312169312169313%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e100\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.841269841269842%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.312169312169313%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e100\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.586151368760063%\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRetired\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.20450885668277%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIlliterate\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.077294685990339%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.75523349436393%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e9.9\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.077294685990339%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.75523349436393%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e12.2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.305958132045088%\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.935\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.238325281803542%\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.817\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.693121693121693%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrimary\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.841269841269842%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.312169312169313%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e16.3\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.841269841269842%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.312169312169313%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e14.3\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.693121693121693%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSecondary\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.841269841269842%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.312169312169313%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e27.5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.841269841269842%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.312169312169313%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e20.4\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.693121693121693%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDiploma\u0026le;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.841269841269842%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e44\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.312169312169313%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e48.4\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.841269841269842%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.312169312169313%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e51\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.693121693121693%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.841269841269842%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e91\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.312169312169313%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e100\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.841269841269842%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e49\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.312169312169313%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e100\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.586151368760063%\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eUnemployed\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.20450885668277%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIlliterate\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.077294685990339%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.75523349436393%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e40.9\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.077294685990339%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.75523349436393%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e83.3\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.305958132045088%\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.455\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.238325281803542%\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.216\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.693121693121693%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrimary\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.841269841269842%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.312169312169313%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e13.6\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.841269841269842%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.312169312169313%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e16.7\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.693121693121693%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSecondary\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.841269841269842%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.312169312169313%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e31.8\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.841269841269842%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e0\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.312169312169313%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e0\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.693121693121693%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDiploma\u0026le;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.841269841269842%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.312169312169313%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e13.6\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.841269841269842%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e0\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.312169312169313%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e0\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.693121693121693%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.841269841269842%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.312169312169313%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e100\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.841269841269842%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.312169312169313%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e100\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.586151368760063%\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIncome satisfaction (very high)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.20450885668277%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIlliterate\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.077294685990339%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.75523349436393%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e50\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.077294685990339%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e0\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.75523349436393%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e0\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.305958132045088%\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.238325281803542%\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.223\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.693121693121693%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrimary\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.841269841269842%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e0\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.312169312169313%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e0\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.841269841269842%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e0\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.312169312169313%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e0\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.693121693121693%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSecondary\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.841269841269842%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.312169312169313%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e50\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.841269841269842%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e0\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.312169312169313%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e0\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.693121693121693%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDiploma\u0026le;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.841269841269842%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e0\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.312169312169313%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e0\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.841269841269842%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.312169312169313%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e100\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.693121693121693%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.841269841269842%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.312169312169313%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e100\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.841269841269842%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.312169312169313%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e100\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.586151368760063%\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIncome satisfaction (high)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.20450885668277%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIlliterate\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.077294685990339%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e0\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.75523349436393%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e0\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.077294685990339%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.75523349436393%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e33.3\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.305958132045088%\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.619\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.238325281803542%\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.164\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.693121693121693%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrimary\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.841269841269842%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.312169312169313%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e16.7\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.841269841269842%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.312169312169313%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e33.3\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.693121693121693%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSecondary\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.841269841269842%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.312169312169313%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e83.3\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.841269841269842%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.312169312169313%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e33.3\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.693121693121693%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDiploma\u0026le;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.841269841269842%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e0\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.312169312169313%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e0\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.841269841269842%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e0\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.312169312169313%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e0\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.693121693121693%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.841269841269842%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.312169312169313%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e100\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.841269841269842%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.312169312169313%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e100\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.586151368760063%\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIncome satisfaction (moderate)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.20450885668277%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIlliterate\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.077294685990339%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.75523349436393%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e15.2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.077294685990339%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.75523349436393%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e19.5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.305958132045088%\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.280\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.238325281803542%\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.734\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.693121693121693%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrimary\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.841269841269842%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.312169312169313%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.841269841269842%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.312169312169313%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e26.8\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.693121693121693%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSecondary\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.841269841269842%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.312169312169313%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e28.6\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.841269841269842%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.312169312169313%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e24.4\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.693121693121693%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDiploma\u0026le;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.841269841269842%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.312169312169313%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e35.2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.841269841269842%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.312169312169313%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e29.3\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.693121693121693%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.841269841269842%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e105\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.312169312169313%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e100\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.841269841269842%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e41\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.312169312169313%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e100\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.586151368760063%\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIncome satisfaction\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;(low)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.20450885668277%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIlliterate\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.077294685990339%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.75523349436393%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e29.2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.077294685990339%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.75523349436393%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e24.1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.305958132045088%\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.407\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.238325281803542%\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.144\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.693121693121693%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrimary\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.841269841269842%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.312169312169313%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e23.6\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.841269841269842%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.312169312169313%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e32.8\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.693121693121693%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSecondary\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.841269841269842%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.312169312169313%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e28.3\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.841269841269842%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.312169312169313%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e15.5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.693121693121693%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDiploma\u0026le;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.841269841269842%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.312169312169313%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e18.9\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.841269841269842%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.312169312169313%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e27.6\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.693121693121693%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.841269841269842%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e106\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.312169312169313%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e100\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.841269841269842%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e58\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.312169312169313%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e100\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.586151368760063%\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIncome satisfaction\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;(very low)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.20450885668277%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIlliterate\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.077294685990339%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.75523349436393%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e23.5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.077294685990339%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.75523349436393%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e51.2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.305958132045088%\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.074\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.238325281803542%\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.693121693121693%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrimary\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.841269841269842%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.312169312169313%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e41.2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.841269841269842%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.312169312169313%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e19.5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.693121693121693%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSecondary\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.841269841269842%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.312169312169313%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e26.5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.841269841269842%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.312169312169313%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e19.5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.693121693121693%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDiploma\u0026le;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.841269841269842%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.312169312169313%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e8.8\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.841269841269842%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.312169312169313%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e9.8\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.693121693121693%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.841269841269842%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.312169312169313%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e100\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.841269841269842%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e41\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.312169312169313%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e100\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.586151368760063%\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSingle\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.20450885668277%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIlliterate\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.077294685990339%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.75523349436393%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.077294685990339%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.75523349436393%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e57.7\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.305958132045088%\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.728\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.238325281803542%\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.052\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.693121693121693%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrimary\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.841269841269842%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.312169312169313%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e34.4\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.841269841269842%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.312169312169313%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e15.4\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.693121693121693%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSecondary\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.841269841269842%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.312169312169313%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e21.9\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.841269841269842%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.312169312169313%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e7.7\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.693121693121693%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDiploma\u0026le;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.841269841269842%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.312169312169313%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e18.8\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.841269841269842%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.312169312169313%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e19.2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.693121693121693%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.841269841269842%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.312169312169313%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e100\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.841269841269842%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.312169312169313%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e100\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n 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\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.238325281803542%\" rowspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.452\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.693121693121693%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrimary\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.841269841269842%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e51\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.312169312169313%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e23.1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.841269841269842%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.312169312169313%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e28.1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.693121693121693%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSecondary\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.841269841269842%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e64\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.312169312169313%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.841269841269842%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.312169312169313%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e22.3\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.693121693121693%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDiploma\u0026le;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.841269841269842%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e59\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.312169312169313%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e26.7\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.841269841269842%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.312169312169313%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e24.8\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.693121693121693%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.841269841269842%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e221\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.312169312169313%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e100\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.841269841269842%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e121\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.312169312169313%\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e100\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"aging, polypharmacy, education, socioeconomics","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4763301/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4763301/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThe elderly population is more prone to chronic diseases, leading to polypharmacy, influenced by various factors. This study examined the relationship between education, socio-economics, and polypharmacy. As part of the initial phase of a cohort on the health status of the elderly in Amirkola City (northern Iran) initiated in 2011, this descriptive-analytical study (2023) involved individuals aged 60 and above. A total of 400 elderly participants were selected through stratified random sampling. Data were collected from the cohort database via demographic, medication, and medical history questionnaires. The average number of medications used was 3.80\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.04. No significant association was found between education and polypharmacy (P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.127); however, a trend was observed where increased education corresponded with fewer polypharmacy. The highest medication usage (4.46\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.27) was observed among the illiterate elderly. No significant association was identified between education and polypharmacy when considering gender, occupation, income satisfaction, and marital status (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05); yet, the majority of individuals experiencing polypharmacy were men, housewives, or retirees, those with low-income satisfaction, and married. The level of education had no significant relationship with polypharmacy considering socio-economics, despite the fact that the more literate elderly had less polypharmacy. The reason for the mentioned results should be investigated in future studies.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Is Education Level Associated with Polypharmacy Considering Socio-economic Factors? A cross-sectional survey of the Amirkola Health and Aging Project","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-08-14 06:42:36","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4763301/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"0a579475-ba25-4e29-a5d7-554ce540149e","owner":[],"postedDate":"August 14th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[{"id":35719317,"name":"Health sciences/Medical research"},{"id":35719318,"name":"Health sciences/Risk factors"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-10-24T05:38:07+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-08-14 06:42:36","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4763301","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4763301","identity":"rs-4763301","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"7rjqhiLT3MXkJMwkYKINL","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}