Prevalence of Lumpy Skin Disease and Evaluaton of the Efficacy of Antibacterial Drugs Against Secondary Bacterial Infection in Cattle at Khulna in Bangladesh

Prevalence of Lumpy Skin Disease and Evaluaton of the Efficacy of Antibacterial Drugs Against Secondary Bacterial Infection in Cattle at Khulna in Bangladesh | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Prevalence of Lumpy Skin Disease and Evaluaton of the Efficacy of Antibacterial Drugs Against Secondary Bacterial Infection in Cattle at Khulna in Bangladesh Alok Kumar Das, Md. Iftakharul Hasan, S.M. Iqbal Hossain, Pobitro Kumar Das, and 6 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-6314930/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 17 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Lumpy Skin Disease Virus (LSDV), a member of the Poxviridae family, is the perpetrator responsible for Lumpy Skin Disease (LSD). In the year 2023, a considerable number of cattle are found to be affected by LSD in Bangladesh. LSD affects livestock businesses by a tremendous amount of income, which is a subsector of agriculture. The study was conducted to find out the prevalence of Lumpy Skin Disease (LSD) in cattle from 15th April to 22nd June 2023 at Khulna District in Bangladesh. Data were collected during the study period. A total of 2556 cattle were studied; out of them, 1386 were infected with LSD and the prevalence was 54.22%, with female cattle exhibiting higher susceptibility than males. Local breed cattle were more prone to infection than cross-bred animals, particularly younger cattle (46.75%) and lower prevalence in older (9.09%). The most LSD cases had found in June month. The prevalence increased during Eid-ul-Adha due to the influx of cattle from various regions, including India. Parenteral administration of Oxytetracycline, Cephalosporin and Marbofloxacin effectively controlled and cured secondary bacterial complications within 7–10 days. Effective quarantine systems in border areas are recommended to prevent the entry and establishment of LSD, contributing to poverty alleviation through livestock disease control. Lumpy skin disease Cattle Skin Khulna Bangladesh Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 1. Introduction Cattle suffering from lumpy skin disease (LSD), an acute contagious viral sickness that is mainly found in most African nations, have significant morbidity and low mortality [ 1 ] . Similarly, LSD is still prevalent throughout the Middle East and represents a danger to the remaining regions of Europe and Asian nations [ 2 ] . Greece, Bulgaria, and several other Balkan countries were significantly affected due to the 2012 migration of LSD from Africa and the Middle East into South-Eastern Europe, which comprises several EU members as well. The World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) urges its members in vulnerable regions to initiate vaccination programs before viral entrance and promptly notify them of all incidences. Although the disease has never been documented in Australia, it has spread aggressively internationally [ 3 ] . The DNA double-stranded virus triggering lumpy skin disease is the source of LSD. It belongs to a member of the Poxviridae family genus Capripoxvirus [ 4 ] . Among the genus Capripoxvirus, this virus strongly connects to the viruses that cause goat and sheep pox [ 3 ] . Additionally, even when kept near diseased cattle, LSD has not been discovered in sheep or goats [ 1 ] . The main route of transmission of the LSD virus is mechanical. Typical arthropod vectors include biting flying insects and mosquitoes like Aedes aegypti [ 5 ] and in recent years, Rhipicephalus appendiculatus , Amblyomma hebraeum , and Rhipicephalus decoloratus —three species of ticks considered to be members to the Ixodidae family—were reported [ 6 ] . According to Salib et al. (2011) [ 7 ] , signs and symptoms of LSD includes fever, folliculitis, nodules varying in size between 2 to 5 cm on the mucous membranes and skin, lesions in the digestive and pulmonary channels, and swelling of the superficial lymph nodes. Moreover, given the situation at hand, the morbidity of LSD might vary from 3 to 85% in various locations. In endemic places, morbidity averages 10% [ 3 ] . Even though cattle of any age or gender are predisposed to LSDV infection, there is some evidence that those who are younger may be more susceptible to the disease's more severe form [ 8 ] . The mortality rate usually varies from 1–3%; however, it may reach as much as 40% [ 9 ] . However, because of emaciation, irreparable hide damage, fertility problems, mastitis, reduced milk output, and death, this disease leads to substantial financial losses [ 7 ] . At this moment, this disease has a significant impact on cattle farming in Bangladesh, mainly small-scale farming, where farmers faces economic losses that result in a decreased standard of living and inhibit cattle farming in Bangladesh. This current study aims to investigate the clinical presentation, epidemiology, and effectiveness of different antibacterial drugs against Lumpy Skin Disease in Khulna district in Bangladesh. 2. Materials and Methods 2.1 Study area An investigation was undertaken to determine the outbreak of LSD in cattle at Khulna District in Bangladesh. Total of 2556 indigenous and cross-bred cattle of different ages were examined; clinically, 1386 cattle were affected by LSD. 2.2 Duration of the study The study lasted nine weeks, from 15th April to 22nd June 2023. 2.3 Reference population Affected cattle brought to the 9 (Nine) different Upazilla Livestock Office and Veterinary Hospitals of Khulna district in Bangladesh. 2.4 Investigation and data recording Additional information was obtained from the patients' owners. Data were also collected from 9 (Nine) different Upazilla Livestock Offices and Veterinary Hospitals of Khulna district in Bangladesh. 2.5 Animal and other movement records Information about the movement of animals, vehicles, and personnel on to and off the infected was recorded as necessary for adequately investigating the disease and its risk factors. 2.6 Data collection Data on the patient's age, sex, breed, month of occurrence of LSD, etc., were recorded. 2.7 Tentative diagnosis It was based on- Clinical history/owner complaints Animal examination Clinical findings/signs 2.8 Case identification To identify the case, the following clinical signs should be followed carefully- High fever (104–106°F) Superficial lymph node enlargement Cutaneous nodules form all over the body Nasal discharge Excessive Salivation Very weak, lack of feeding Myiasis of the nodule may occur Rupture of nodule 2.9 Supportive treatment against LSD to avoid secondary bacterial infection For the supportive treatment, three antibiotics were used in the following table: Table 1 Types of drugs, their dosages and route of administration Name of the drugs Dosage and route of administration Oxytetracycline 1ml/10 kg body weight IM daily for seven days Cephalosporin 1ml/10 kg body weight IM daily for ten days Marbofloxacin 1ml/50 kg body weight IM daily for ten days 3. Results Lumpy skin disease (LSD), a vector-borne illness caused by the CaPV virus, was typically isolated to sub-Saharan Africa. However, most recently, it has begun aggressively advancing into different regions such as Asia. The virus's distinctive nodular growth tends to develop on afflicted animals' skin and underlying tissues. However, they may additionally sometimes affect conjunctive, alimentary, respiratory, and urogenital tracts, besides other body regions. Due to lowered hide quality, chronic impairment, diminished milk output, weight loss, fertility problems, miscarriage, and death, the lesions eventually lead to massive financial losses. These might also have a significant negative impact on rural lives that heavily rely on cattle and could lead to substantial production losses. Adverse effects of the disease can be particularly detrimental on a national scale as its continuing existence has contributed to restrictive trade restrictions. In this work, we report the skin and lymph nodes gross lesions in cattle that are spontaneously infected with LSDV. 3.1 Prevalence of LSD in cattle in the study area A total number of 2556 cattle were examined, and among those, 1386 cattle were found to have typical lesions of LSD; the prevalence was 54.22%. Table 2 Prevalence of LSD in different sex groups Sex Number Percentage (%) Male 306 22.08% Female 1080 77.92% Total 1386 100% The susceptibility to LSD in males and female were shown in Table 2 revealed that the females (77.92%) were more susceptible than males (22.08%). Out of 1386 no. of LSD affected cattle, the male was 306 in no. and females were 1080 in no. 3.2 Prevalence of LSD at different age groups Table 3 Prevalence of LSD at different age Age group No. of the affected animal Percentage (%) Young (1–2 yrs) 648 46.75% Adult (> 2 to3.5 yrs) 612 44.16% Old (> 3.5 yrs) 126 9.09% Total 1386 100% Table 3 revealed the frequency of LSD while taking into consideration the various ages of cattle. Young calves had the highest susceptibility rate (46.75%), whereas elderly animals had the lowest incidence (9.09%). 3.3 Prevalence of LSD in relation to breed Table 4 Prevalence of LSD in relation to breed Breed No. of the affected animal Percentage (%) Local 972 70.13% Cross 414 29.87% Total 1386 100% Table 04 indicates that the local breeds of cattle are more prone to LSD. The current study found that breed vulnerability fluctuations mainly impacted the local breed's cattle (70.13%). 3.4 Outbreak of LSD in different months during the study period Table 5 Outbreak of LSD in different month during the study period Month No. of affected cattle Percentage (%) April’23 288 20.78% May’23 414 29.87% June’23 684 49.35% Total 1386 100% Table 05 displays the monthly fluctuation of LSD infection. There was a notable variance in the mean monthly incidence of LSD across the period. The data indicates that most of the animals tested positive for LSD in June (49.35%), May (29.87%), and April (20.78%). 3.5 Supportive treatment against LSD to avoid secondary bacterial infection LSD-affected clinical cases complicated with secondary bacterial infection were medicated by using different antibiotics to determine their comparative accuracy on disease progression and LSD lesion recovery. Table 6 Antibacterial medication efficacy against secondary bacterial infections Name of the Drugs Dose and route of Administration No. of animals used Healing results using this drug Oxytetracycline 1ml/10 kg body weight IM for seven days 720 Positive effect in non-pregnant cattle Cephalosporin 1ml/10 kg body weight IM daily for ten days 252 Positive effect on pregnant cattle Marbofloxacin 1ml/50 kg body weight IM daily for ten days 414 Positive effect on pregnant cattle and non-pregnant cattle 4. Discussions 4.1 Prevalence of LSD in cattle in the study area After a total of 2556 cattle were tested, 1386 of them had characteristic LSD lesions, indicating a 54.22% prevalence. This result was supported by Haque and Gofur (2020) [ 10 ] , who concluded that the prevalence of LSD was 49% in Naogaon, Bangladesh. However, other authors stated the varying prevalence of LSD such as the author Sarkar et al. (2020) [ 11 ] reported that the prevalence of LSD was 41.06% in Dinajpur, Bangladesh, and Khalil et al. (2021) [ 12 ] reported a 21% prevalence of LSD in Barishal, Bangladesh. Based on the findings of the present investigation, females (77.92%) were at greater risk than males (22.08%). Abera et al. (2015) [ 13 ] disagreed with our findings that male cattle may have a higher cumulative incidence of LSD due to factors such as stress. Additionally, another study showed that crossbred male cattle showed a higher prevalence of LSD (57.35%), which was conducted by Nobel et al. (2024) [ 14 ] . 4.2 Prevalence of LSD at different age groups The maximum susceptibility rate (46.75%) was observed in young calves, whereas the lowest frequency (9.09%) was seen in older animals. Young cattle were more susceptible than older animals because of the young's limited immunity and insufficient management procedures of farming in Bangladesh. Our study report is similar to Sarkar et al. (2020) [ 15 ] and Abera et al. (2015) [ 13 ] , they reported that the LSD prevalence was higher in young cattle in comparison with adults. Haque and Gofur (2020) [ 10 ] and Abd Elmohsen et al . (2019) [ 16 ] reported that the prevalence was higher in adults than young, dissimilar to our study report. 4.3 Prevalence of LSD in relation to breed According to the current study, variations in breed sensitivity primarily affected the cattle of the indigenous breed (70.13%). Kiplagat et al. (2020) [ 17 ] and Abera et al. (2015) [ 13 ] stated that the local breeds of cattle were at lower risk of LSD, but in this study, a comparatively higher prevalence was found in local breed cattle than in the crossbreed. This could be due to an increased number of local breeds, poor immunity, and poor management systems in our study area. 4.4 Outbreak of LSD in different months during the study period More than half of the animals tested positive for LSD in June (49.35%), May (29.87%), and April (20.78%), based on this current finding. In June 2023, just before Eid-ul-Adha, the incidence of LSD cases climbed progressively, even though cases were reported in all nine weeks. This study report was supported by Uddin et al. (2022) [ 18 ] , who conducted an epidemiological investigation from December 2019 to December 2020, revealing that the highest incidence rates were observed during the warmer months, particularly from April to June. Sarker et al. (2020) [ 15 ] also found that prevalence of LSD in Dinajpur Sadar from April to July 2020, indicating a notable increase during the warmer months, which statement aligns with our findings. 4.5 Supportive treatment against LSD to avoid secondary bacterial infection It is observed that the treatment of affected non-pregnant cattle and bulls was complete using oxytetracycline. However, in the case of pregnant animals, oxytetracycline is not safe, so in that case, cephalosporin and marbofloxacin have positive effects against this disease. LSD virus is a sensitive virus against acidic reactions. Though this disease is arthropod-borne, management is the only way to prevent this disease. Using mosquito nets around the cattle is an excellent way to prevent this disease virus outbreak. Affected cattle should be separated from the healthy ones, and the affected cattle should be treated correctly. Bihonegn et al. (2023) [ 19 ] and Biswas et al. (2020) [ 20 ] both stated that Oxytetracycline helped to prevent secondary bacterial infections, reduced pain in affected calves, and helped them recover faster, which supported our study. There was no supporting documentation that Cephalosporin and Marbofloxacin help to prevent secondary bacterial infections in LSD, but this study found that Marbofloxacin is more suitable for all pregnant and non-pregnant cattle. 5. Conclusions The local breed is more susceptible to LSD than cross-bred animals. In the case of different aged cattle, young cattle are more susceptible than older ones. As much as it has no specific treatment, we should vaccinate indigenous and crossbreed cattle as scheduled when vaccine is available in Bangladesh. A proper management program should be adopted for controlling the LSD virus. The government and the farmers should give emphasis on vaccination against LSD. It is advisable to have an effective quarantine system in place in border areas to prevent entry and establishment of LSD. Given the lack of a specific treatment, vaccination of indigenous and cross-bred cattle is crucial when vaccines become available. Implementing a comprehensive management program, including government and farmer emphasis on vaccination, is essential for controlling LSD. Regular field sample collection for vaccine production is necessary to address potential viral mutations. This study will help take the necessary steps to stop this disease from relapsing or spreading in the future, which will be helpful to the nation's field veterinarians and decision-makers in animal health. Declarations Author Contributions The experiments' conception and design were the work of Bidyut Matubber. Collections of samples were performed by Alok Kumar Das, Md. Iftakharul Hasan, S.M. Iqbal Hossain, Pobitro Kumar Das, Piyal Roy, Mahirul Haque Sheelong and Md. Moynul Islam. Alok Kumar Das, Md. Iftakharul Hasan and S.M. Iqbal Hossain conducted the experiments. The statistical analysis was carried out by Abdur Rahman and Md. Sahidul Islam. The supervision was given by Bidyut Matubber. Alok Kumar Das, Md. Iftakharul Hasan and S.M. Iqbal Hossain finished the writing's primary draft. Md. Sahidul Islam and Bidyut Matubber were responsible for the review and editing. Every author has read and approved the manuscript's final draft. Funding No grant from a governmental, private, or nonprofit funding organization was obtained for this study. Data Availability Statement The article presents the data that supports the findings of the investigation. Ethical Statement This study has been conducted with the ethical approval memo no. PSTU/IEC/2024/05 given by the Institutional Ethical Committee of Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Patuakhali, Bangladesh. Competing interest The authors declare no competing interests. References Davies FG, 1991. Lumpy skin disease, an African capripox virus disease of cattle. British Veterinary Journal, 147: 489–503. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0007-1935(91)90019-J Abutarbush SM, 2015. Hematological and serum biochemical findings in clinical cases of cattle naturally infected with lumpy skin disease. The Journal of Infection in Developing Countries, 9: 283– 288. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3855/jidc.5038 World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE), 2021. Lumpy Skin Disease: Aetiology Epidemiology, Diagnosis, Prevention and Control. International des Epizootics, OIE Terrestrial Manual. Available at: https://www.woah.org/app/uploads/2021/03/lumpy-skin-disease.pdf Babiuk S, TR Bowden, DB Boyle, DB Wallace and RP Kitching, 2008. Capripoxviruses: An Emerging Worldwide Threat to Sheep, Goats and Cattle. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases, 55: 263–272. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1865-1682.2008.01043.x Chihota CM, LF Rennie, RP Kitching and PS Mellor, 2001. 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BMC Veterinary Research, 11(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-015-0432-7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-015-0432-7 Nobel, M. F. L., Antora, F. H., Mim, M. M. A., Nasrin, M., Rahman, A. K. M. A., and Siddiqi, M. N. H. (2024). Prevalence, duration of illness, and mortality of lumpy skin disease at chuadanga sadar upazila, bangladesh. Bangladesh Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 21(2), 91-98. DOI: https//doi.org/10.33109/bjvmjd2023fam6 Sarkar, S., Meher, M. M., Parvez, M. M. M., and Akther, M. (2020). Occurrences of lumpy skin disease (lsd) in cattle in Dinajpur sadar of Bangladesh. Research in Agriculture Livestock and Fisheries , 7 (3), 445-455. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3329/ralf.v7i3.51364 Abd Elmohsen, M., Selim, A., and Abd Elmoneim, A. E. (2019). Prevalence and molecular characterization of Lumpy Skin Disease in cattle during period 2016-2017. Benha Veterinary Medical Journal , 37 (1), 172-175. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21608/BVMJ.2019.18293.1118 Kiplagat, S. K., Kitala, P. M., Onono, J. O., Beard, P. M., and Lyons, N. A. (2020). Risk factors for outbreaks of lumpy skin disease and the economic impact in cattle farms of Nakuru County, Kenya. Frontiers in veterinary science , 7 , 259. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2020.00259 Uddin, M. A., Islam, M. A., Rahman, A. A., Rahman, M. M., Khasruzzaman, A. K. M., Ward, M. P., … and Hossain, M. T. (2022). Epidemiological investigation of lumpy skin disease outbreaks in bangladeshi cattle during 2019–2020. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases, 69(6), 3397-3404. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/tbed.14696 Bihonegn, A. and Feyisa, A. (2023). Clinical and molecular detections of lumpy skin disease: possibilities of co-infection with foot-and-mouth disease. World's Veterinary Journal, 13(4), 636-645. DOI: https://doi.org/10.54203/scil.2023.wvj69 Biswas, D., Saha, S. S., Biswas, S., and Sayeed, M. A. (2020). Outbreak of lumpy skin disease of cattle in south-west part of bangladesh and its clinical management. Veterinary Sciences: Research and Reviews, 6(2). DOI: https://doi.org/10.17582/journal.vsrr/2020.6.100.108 Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. 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Moynul Islam","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Khulna Agricultural University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Md.","middleName":"Moynul","lastName":"Islam","suffix":""},{"id":447508788,"identity":"14dcaa41-3f1c-4673-917d-e8654516cfb7","order_by":9,"name":"Bidyut Matubber","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA3klEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBACA2YGAxBd38/eBhZgbGDgYZAgrCWBgXFmzzFitTBAtWy4kUakFnN25m3SvD+2MUvOfJb4mYfBRnbDAd6DN/BpsWxmK5PmSbjNxi+ddliahyHNeMMBvmQLvA47zGMG0sIjOTu9AajlcOKGAzxm+P0C1SJhcPN4828ehv/EazEwuMF2DGjLAcJagH4ptpyTdjtBsictzXKOQbLxzMME/GLOf3jjjTc2txP42Y8Z33hTYSfbd7wXf4gBAQuSM0ApgZmAepCSD4TVjIJRMApGwYgGAN4DR5a2yw76AAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"Khulna Agricultural University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Bidyut","middleName":"","lastName":"Matubber","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-03-26 19:08:14","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6314930/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6314930/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":82154218,"identity":"1fde75c3-9354-4a65-aee0-b577604d8b39","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-05-07 07:30:10","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":4493276,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eGeographical Distribution of the Study Area\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6314930/v1/d806c894bd55699f351c4fb2.png"},{"id":82154217,"identity":"fe83b1b0-d38b-4a59-a7dc-bbb7c813a2cd","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-05-07 07:30:10","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":22568,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eGraphical Representation of Prevalence of LSD in Different Sex Groups\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6314930/v1/894ac9b44c27f820bdfe83b2.png"},{"id":82156219,"identity":"da2bab16-d471-43e2-8071-13add85956d5","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-05-07 07:46:10","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":178899,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eClinical signs of LSD\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6314930/v1/bed0058c4e3ed9a88bd95a0d.png"},{"id":82154942,"identity":"e18675ff-c7a5-47b0-b6ac-1103cb2ad050","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-05-07 07:38:10","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":99517,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eGraphical Representation of Prevalence of LSD at Different age\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6314930/v1/e45bb001d8f885e2c0705273.png"},{"id":82157165,"identity":"13686bce-9634-4c19-b7fb-9aa11907bd12","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-05-07 07:54:10","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":76327,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eGraphical Representation of Prevalence of LSD in Relation to Breed\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6314930/v1/a9d25ed33b067e92b5022c29.png"},{"id":82154223,"identity":"b5d5a90e-3349-4327-a2ac-47e60ba8b3eb","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-05-07 07:30:10","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":70679,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eMonth During Graphical Representation of Prevalence of LSD in Different the\u003cstrong\u003e \u003c/strong\u003eStudy Period\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6314930/v1/ebb080c163b6dd4c8c34b3a4.png"},{"id":82156223,"identity":"4bead21f-0ddd-426d-9859-ca6bdb9683e2","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-05-07 07:46:10","extension":"png","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":830266,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eNodular lesion on the skin of LSD affected Cattle\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6314930/v1/adfd5a5ac24291a498030990.png"},{"id":82154228,"identity":"3ea63ccd-9281-4ae3-b8fe-0fc3c547ab87","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-05-07 07:30:10","extension":"png","order_by":8,"title":"Figure 8","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":946514,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eRuptured Nodular lesion on the skin of LSD affected Cattle\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"8.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6314930/v1/cd4cf5117e10e001fbfa6193.png"},{"id":82157525,"identity":"969bac60-5b16-4895-9309-2c8c39d8d2e5","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-05-07 08:02:14","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":9464729,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6314930/v1/9f0ae72f-338b-419c-9bed-d4c1347fefff.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Prevalence of Lumpy Skin Disease and Evaluaton of the Efficacy of Antibacterial Drugs Against Secondary Bacterial Infection in Cattle at Khulna in Bangladesh","fulltext":[{"header":"1. Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eCattle suffering from lumpy skin disease (LSD), an acute contagious viral sickness that is mainly found in most African nations, have significant morbidity and low mortality \u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. Similarly, LSD is still prevalent throughout the Middle East and represents a danger to the remaining regions of Europe and Asian nations \u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. Greece, Bulgaria, and several other Balkan countries were significantly affected due to the 2012 migration of LSD from Africa and the Middle East into South-Eastern Europe, which comprises several EU members as well. The World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) urges its members in vulnerable regions to initiate vaccination programs before viral entrance and promptly notify them of all incidences. Although the disease has never been documented in Australia, it has spread aggressively internationally \u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. The DNA double-stranded virus triggering lumpy skin disease is the source of LSD. It belongs to a member of the Poxviridae family genus Capripoxvirus \u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. Among the genus Capripoxvirus, this virus strongly connects to the viruses that cause goat and sheep pox \u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. Additionally, even when kept near diseased cattle, LSD has not been discovered in sheep or goats \u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. The main route of transmission of the LSD virus is mechanical. Typical arthropod vectors include biting flying insects and mosquitoes like \u003cem\u003eAedes aegypti\u003c/em\u003e \u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e and in recent years, \u003cem\u003eRhipicephalus appendiculatus\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eAmblyomma hebraeum\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eRhipicephalus decoloratus\u003c/em\u003e\u0026mdash;three species of ticks considered to be members to the Ixodidae family\u0026mdash;were reported \u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. According to Salib et al. (2011) \u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e, signs and symptoms of LSD includes fever, folliculitis, nodules varying in size between 2 to 5 cm on the mucous membranes and skin, lesions in the digestive and pulmonary channels, and swelling of the superficial lymph nodes. Moreover, given the situation at hand, the morbidity of LSD might vary from 3 to 85% in various locations. In endemic places, morbidity averages 10% \u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. Even though cattle of any age or gender are predisposed to LSDV infection, there is some evidence that those who are younger may be more susceptible to the disease's more severe form \u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. The mortality rate usually varies from 1\u0026ndash;3%; however, it may reach as much as 40% \u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. However, because of emaciation, irreparable hide damage, fertility problems, mastitis, reduced milk output, and death, this disease leads to substantial financial losses \u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAt this moment, this disease has a significant impact on cattle farming in Bangladesh, mainly small-scale farming, where farmers faces economic losses that result in a decreased standard of living and inhibit cattle farming in Bangladesh. This current study aims to investigate the clinical presentation, epidemiology, and effectiveness of different antibacterial drugs against Lumpy Skin Disease in Khulna district in Bangladesh.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. Materials and Methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e2.1 Study area\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAn investigation was undertaken to determine the outbreak of LSD in cattle at Khulna District in Bangladesh. Total of 2556 indigenous and cross-bred cattle of different ages were examined; clinically, 1386 cattle were affected by LSD.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e2.2 Duration of the study\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe study lasted nine weeks, from 15th April to 22nd June 2023.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.3 Reference population\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAffected cattle brought to the 9 (Nine) different Upazilla Livestock Office and Veterinary Hospitals of Khulna district in Bangladesh.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e2.4 Investigation and data recording\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAdditional information was obtained from the patients' owners. Data were also collected from 9 (Nine) different Upazilla Livestock Offices and Veterinary Hospitals of Khulna district in Bangladesh.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e2.5 Animal and other movement records\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInformation about the movement of animals, vehicles, and personnel on to and off the infected was recorded as necessary for adequately investigating the disease and its risk factors.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e2.6 Data collection\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eData on the patient's age, sex, breed, month of occurrence of LSD, etc., were recorded.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e2.7 Tentative diagnosis\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIt was based on-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eClinical history/owner complaints\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAnimal examination\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eClinical findings/signs\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e2.8 Case identification\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTo identify the case, the following clinical signs should be followed carefully-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHigh fever (104–106°F)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSuperficial lymph node enlargement\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCutaneous nodules form all over the body\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNasal discharge\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eExcessive Salivation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVery weak, lack of feeding\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMyiasis of the nodule may occur\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRupture of nodule\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e2.9 Supportive treatment against LSD to avoid secondary bacterial infection\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFor the supportive treatment, three antibiotics were used in the following table:\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003e\n \u003ctable id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTypes of drugs, their dosages and route of administration\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003ccolgroup cols=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eName of the drugs\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDosage and route of administration\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOxytetracycline\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1ml/10 kg body weight IM daily for seven days\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCephalosporin\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1ml/10 kg body weight IM daily for ten days\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMarbofloxacin\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1ml/50 kg body weight IM daily for ten days\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"3. Results","content":"\u003cp\u003eLumpy skin disease (LSD), a vector-borne illness caused by the CaPV virus, was typically isolated to sub-Saharan Africa. However, most recently, it has begun aggressively advancing into different regions such as Asia. The virus's distinctive nodular growth tends to develop on afflicted animals' skin and underlying tissues. However, they may additionally sometimes affect conjunctive, alimentary, respiratory, and urogenital tracts, besides other body regions. Due to lowered hide quality, chronic impairment, diminished milk output, weight loss, fertility problems, miscarriage, and death, the lesions eventually lead to massive financial losses. These might also have a significant negative impact on rural lives that heavily rely on cattle and could lead to substantial production losses. Adverse effects of the disease can be particularly detrimental on a national scale as its continuing existence has contributed to restrictive trade restrictions. In this work, we report the skin and lymph nodes gross lesions in cattle that are spontaneously infected with LSDV.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.1 Prevalence of LSD in cattle in the study area\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eA total number of 2556 cattle were examined, and among those, 1386 cattle were found to have typical lesions of LSD; the prevalence was 54.22%.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrevalence of LSD in different sex groups\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSex\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNumber\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePercentage (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e306\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.08%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1080\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e77.92%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTotal\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1386\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e100%\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e The susceptibility to LSD in males and female were shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e revealed that the females (77.92%) were more susceptible than males (22.08%). Out of 1386 no. of LSD affected cattle, the male was 306 in no. and females were 1080 in no.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.2 Prevalence of LSD at different age groups\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrevalence of LSD at different age\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAge group\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo. of the affected animal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePercentage (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYoung (1\u0026ndash;2 yrs)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e648\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46.75%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdult (\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;2 to3.5 yrs)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e612\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44.16%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOld (\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;3.5 yrs)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e126\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.09%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTotal\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1386\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e100%\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e revealed the frequency of LSD while taking into consideration the various ages of cattle. Young calves had the highest susceptibility rate (46.75%), whereas elderly animals had the lowest incidence (9.09%).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec14\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.3 Prevalence of LSD in relation to breed\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrevalence of LSD in relation to breed\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBreed\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo. of the affected animal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePercentage (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLocal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e972\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70.13%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCross\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e414\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.87%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTotal\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1386\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e100%\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e Table 04 indicates that the local breeds of cattle are more prone to LSD. The current study found that breed vulnerability fluctuations mainly impacted the local breed's cattle (70.13%).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec15\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.4 Outbreak of LSD in different months during the study period\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOutbreak of LSD in different month during the study period\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMonth\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo. of affected cattle\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePercentage (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eApril\u0026rsquo;23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e288\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.78%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMay\u0026rsquo;23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e414\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.87%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJune\u0026rsquo;23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e684\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49.35%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTotal\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1386\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e100%\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e Table 05 displays the monthly fluctuation of LSD infection. There was a notable variance in the mean monthly incidence of LSD across the period. The data indicates that most of the animals tested positive for LSD in June (49.35%), May (29.87%), and April (20.78%).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec16\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.5 Supportive treatment against LSD to avoid secondary bacterial infection\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eLSD-affected clinical cases complicated with secondary bacterial infection were medicated by using different antibiotics to determine their comparative accuracy on disease progression and LSD lesion recovery.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab6\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 6\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAntibacterial medication efficacy against secondary bacterial infections\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eName of the Drugs\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDose and route of\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdministration\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo. of animals\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eused\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHealing results using this drug\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOxytetracycline\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1ml/10 kg body weight IM for seven days\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e720\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePositive effect in non-pregnant cattle\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCephalosporin\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1ml/10 kg body weight\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIM daily for ten days\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e252\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePositive effect on pregnant cattle\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMarbofloxacin\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1ml/50 kg body weight IM daily for ten days\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e414\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePositive effect on pregnant cattle and non-pregnant cattle\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"4. Discussions","content":" \u003cdiv id=\"Sec18\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.1 Prevalence of LSD in cattle in the study area\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAfter a total of 2556 cattle were tested, 1386 of them had characteristic LSD lesions, indicating a 54.22% prevalence. This result was supported by Haque and Gofur (2020) \u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e, who concluded that the prevalence of LSD was 49% in Naogaon, Bangladesh. However, other authors stated the varying prevalence of LSD such as the author Sarkar et al. (2020) \u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e reported that the prevalence of LSD was 41.06% in Dinajpur, Bangladesh, and Khalil et al. (2021) \u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e reported a 21% prevalence of LSD in Barishal, Bangladesh.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBased on the findings of the present investigation, females (77.92%) were at greater risk than males (22.08%). Abera et al. (2015) \u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e disagreed with our findings that male cattle may have a higher cumulative incidence of LSD due to factors such as stress. Additionally, another study showed that crossbred male cattle showed a higher prevalence of LSD (57.35%), which was conducted by Nobel et al. (2024) \u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec19\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.2 Prevalence of LSD at different age groups\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe maximum susceptibility rate (46.75%) was observed in young calves, whereas the lowest frequency (9.09%) was seen in older animals. Young cattle were more susceptible than older animals because of the young's limited immunity and insufficient management procedures of farming in Bangladesh. Our study report is similar to Sarkar \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e (2020) \u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e and Abera \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e (2015) \u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e, they reported that the LSD prevalence was higher in young cattle in comparison with adults. Haque and Gofur (2020) \u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e and Abd Elmohsen \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e. (2019) \u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e reported that the prevalence was higher in adults than young, dissimilar to our study report.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec20\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.3 Prevalence of LSD in relation to breed\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAccording to the current study, variations in breed sensitivity primarily affected the cattle of the indigenous breed (70.13%). Kiplagat et al. (2020) \u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e and Abera et al. (2015) \u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e stated that the local breeds of cattle were at lower risk of LSD, but in this study, a comparatively higher prevalence was found in local breed cattle than in the crossbreed. This could be due to an increased number of local breeds, poor immunity, and poor management systems in our study area.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec21\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.4 Outbreak of LSD in different months during the study period\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eMore than half of the animals tested positive for LSD in June (49.35%), May (29.87%), and April (20.78%), based on this current finding. In June 2023, just before Eid-ul-Adha, the incidence of LSD cases climbed progressively, even though cases were reported in all nine weeks. This study report was supported by Uddin et al. (2022) \u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e, who conducted an epidemiological investigation from December 2019 to December 2020, revealing that the highest incidence rates were observed during the warmer months, particularly from April to June. Sarker et al. (2020) \u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e also found that prevalence of LSD in Dinajpur Sadar from April to July 2020, indicating a notable increase during the warmer months, which statement aligns with our findings.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec22\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.5 Supportive treatment against LSD to avoid secondary bacterial infection\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eIt is observed that the treatment of affected non-pregnant cattle and bulls was complete using oxytetracycline. However, in the case of pregnant animals, oxytetracycline is not safe, so in that case, cephalosporin and marbofloxacin have positive effects against this disease. LSD virus is a sensitive virus against acidic reactions. Though this disease is arthropod-borne, management is the only way to prevent this disease. Using mosquito nets around the cattle is an excellent way to prevent this disease virus outbreak. Affected cattle should be separated from the healthy ones, and the affected cattle should be treated correctly.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBihonegn et al. (2023) \u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e and Biswas et al. (2020) \u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e both stated that Oxytetracycline helped to prevent secondary bacterial infections, reduced pain in affected calves, and helped them recover faster, which supported our study. There was no supporting documentation that Cephalosporin and Marbofloxacin help to prevent secondary bacterial infections in LSD, but this study found that Marbofloxacin is more suitable for all pregnant and non-pregnant cattle.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"5. Conclusions","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe local breed is more susceptible to LSD than cross-bred animals. In the case of different aged cattle, young cattle are more susceptible than older ones. As much as it has no specific treatment, we should vaccinate indigenous and crossbreed cattle as scheduled when vaccine is available in Bangladesh. A proper management program should be adopted for controlling the LSD virus. The government and the farmers should give emphasis on vaccination against LSD. It is advisable to have an effective quarantine system in place in border areas to prevent entry and establishment of LSD. Given the lack of a specific treatment, vaccination of indigenous and cross-bred cattle is crucial when vaccines become available. Implementing a comprehensive management program, including government and farmer emphasis on vaccination, is essential for controlling LSD. Regular field sample collection for vaccine production is necessary to address potential viral mutations. This study will help take the necessary steps to stop this disease from relapsing or spreading in the future, which will be helpful to the nation's field veterinarians and decision-makers in animal health.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor Contributions\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe experiments\u0026apos; conception and design were the work of Bidyut Matubber. \u0026nbsp;Collections of samples were performed by Alok Kumar Das, Md. Iftakharul Hasan, S.M. Iqbal Hossain, Pobitro Kumar Das, \u0026nbsp;Piyal Roy, Mahirul Haque Sheelong and Md. Moynul Islam. Alok Kumar Das, Md. Iftakharul Hasan and S.M. Iqbal Hossain conducted the experiments. \u0026nbsp;The statistical analysis was carried out by Abdur Rahman and Md. Sahidul Islam. \u0026nbsp;The supervision was given by Bidyut Matubber. \u0026nbsp; Alok Kumar Das, Md. Iftakharul Hasan and S.M. Iqbal Hossain finished the writing\u0026apos;s primary draft. Md. Sahidul Islam and Bidyut Matubber were responsible for the review and editing. Every author has read and approved the manuscript\u0026apos;s final draft.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo grant from a governmental, private, or nonprofit funding organization was obtained for this study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData Availability Statement\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe article presents the data that supports the findings of the investigation.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthical Statement\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study has been conducted with the ethical approval memo no. \u003cstrong\u003ePSTU/IEC/2024/05\u003c/strong\u003e given by the \u003cstrong\u003eInstitutional Ethical Committee\u003c/strong\u003e of Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Patuakhali, Bangladesh.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interest\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDavies FG, 1991. Lumpy skin disease, an African capripox virus disease of cattle. British Veterinary Journal, 147: 489\u0026ndash;503. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0007-1935(91)90019-J\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAbutarbush SM, 2015. Hematological and serum biochemical findings in clinical cases of cattle naturally infected with lumpy skin disease. The Journal of Infection in Developing Countries, 9: 283\u0026ndash; 288. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3855/jidc.5038\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWorld Organisation for Animal Health (OIE), 2021. Lumpy Skin Disease: Aetiology Epidemiology, Diagnosis, Prevention and Control. International des Epizootics, OIE Terrestrial Manual. Available at: https://www.woah.org/app/uploads/2021/03/lumpy-skin-disease.pdf\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBabiuk S, TR Bowden, DB Boyle, DB Wallace and RP Kitching, 2008. Capripoxviruses: An Emerging Worldwide Threat to Sheep, Goats and Cattle. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases, 55: 263\u0026ndash;272. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1865-1682.2008.01043.x\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eChihota CM, LF Rennie, RP Kitching and PS Mellor, 2001. Mechanical transmission of lumpy skin disease virus by Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae). Epidemiology and Infection, 126: 317\u0026ndash;321. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0950268801005179\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLubinga JC, SJ Clift, ESM Tuppurainen, WH Stoltsz, S Babiuk, JAW Coetzer and H Estelle, 2017. Demonstration of lumpy skin disease virus infection in Amblyomma hebraeum and Rhipicephalus appendiculatus ticks using immunohistochemistry. Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases. 5: 113\u0026ndash;120. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ttbdis.2013.09.010\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSalib FA, A Osman and A AH, 2011. Incidence of lumpy skin disease among Egyptian cattle in Giza Governorate, Egypt. Veterinary World, 4: 162. Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/321162714\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAl-Salihi KA\u003cstrong\u003e,\u003c/strong\u003e 2014. Lumpy Skin disease: Review of literature. Mirror of Research in Veterinary Sciences and Animals, 3: 6\u0026ndash;23. Available at: https://tinyurl.com/5bb72an3\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCoetzer, J. A. W., \u0026amp; Tuppurainen, E. (2004). Lumpy skin disease. \u003cem\u003eInfectious diseases of livestock\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e2\u003c/em\u003e, 1268-1276. Available at: https://tinyurl.com/5bb72an3\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHaque, M. N., and Gofur, M. R. (2020). Investigation of lumpy skin disease outbreak in cattle in Naogaon, Bangladesh. \u003cem\u003eBangladesh Journal of Agriculture and Life Science\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e1\u003c/em\u003e(1), 89-93. Available at: https://tinyurl.com/444pct4u\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSarkar, S., Meher, M. M., Parvez, M. M. M., and Akther, M. (2020). Occurrences of lumpy skin disease (lsd) in cattle in Dinajpur sadar of Bangladesh. \u003cem\u003eResearch in Agriculture Livestock and Fisheries\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e7\u003c/em\u003e(3), 445-455. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3329/ralf.v7i3.51364\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKhalil, M. I., Sarker, M. F. R., Hasib, F. Y., and Chowdhury, S. (2021). Outbreak investigation of lumpy skin disease in dairy farms at Barishal, Bangladesh. Turkish Journal of Agriculture-Food Science and Technology, 9(1), 205-209. DOI: https://doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v9i1.205-209.3827\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAbera, Z., Degefu, H., Gari, G., and Kidane, M. (2015). Sero-prevalence of lumpy skin disease in selected districts of west wollega zone, ethiopia. BMC Veterinary Research, 11(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-015-0432-7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-015-0432-7\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNobel, M. F. L., Antora, F. H., Mim, M. M. A., Nasrin, M., Rahman, A. K. M. A., and Siddiqi, M. N. H. (2024). Prevalence, duration of illness, and mortality of lumpy skin disease at chuadanga sadar upazila, bangladesh. Bangladesh Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 21(2), 91-98. DOI: https//doi.org/10.33109/bjvmjd2023fam6\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSarkar, S., Meher, M. M., Parvez, M. M. M., and Akther, M. (2020). Occurrences of lumpy skin disease (lsd) in cattle in Dinajpur sadar of Bangladesh. \u003cem\u003eResearch in Agriculture Livestock and Fisheries\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e7\u003c/em\u003e(3), 445-455. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3329/ralf.v7i3.51364\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAbd Elmohsen, M., Selim, A., and Abd Elmoneim, A. E. (2019). Prevalence and molecular characterization of Lumpy Skin Disease in cattle during period 2016-2017. \u003cem\u003eBenha Veterinary Medical Journal\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e37\u003c/em\u003e(1), 172-175. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21608/BVMJ.2019.18293.1118\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKiplagat, S. K., Kitala, P. M., Onono, J. O., Beard, P. M., and Lyons, N. A. (2020). Risk factors for outbreaks of lumpy skin disease and the economic impact in cattle farms of Nakuru County, Kenya. \u003cem\u003eFrontiers in veterinary science\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e7\u003c/em\u003e, 259. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2020.00259\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eUddin, M. A., Islam, M. A., Rahman, A. A., Rahman, M. M., Khasruzzaman, A. K. M., Ward, M. P., \u0026hellip; and Hossain, M. T. (2022). Epidemiological investigation of lumpy skin disease outbreaks in bangladeshi cattle during 2019\u0026ndash;2020. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases, 69(6), 3397-3404. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/tbed.14696\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBihonegn, A. and Feyisa, A. (2023). Clinical and molecular detections of lumpy skin disease: possibilities of co-infection with foot-and-mouth disease. World\u0026apos;s Veterinary Journal, 13(4), 636-645. DOI: https://doi.org/10.54203/scil.2023.wvj69\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBiswas, D., Saha, S. S., Biswas, S., and Sayeed, M. A. (2020). Outbreak of lumpy skin disease of cattle in south-west part of bangladesh and its clinical management. Veterinary Sciences: Research and Reviews, 6(2). DOI: https://doi.org/10.17582/journal.vsrr/2020.6.100.108\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"discover-animals","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"Learn more about [Discover Animals](https://link.springer.com/journal/44338)","snPcode":"44338","submissionUrl":"https://submission.springernature.com/new-submission/44338/3","title":"Discover Animals","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Discover Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Lumpy skin disease, Cattle, Skin, Khulna, Bangladesh","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6314930/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6314930/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eLumpy Skin Disease Virus (LSDV), a member of the Poxviridae family, is the perpetrator responsible for Lumpy Skin Disease (LSD). In the year 2023, a considerable number of cattle are found to be affected by LSD in Bangladesh. LSD affects livestock businesses by a tremendous amount of income, which is a subsector of agriculture. The study was conducted to find out the prevalence of Lumpy Skin Disease (LSD) in cattle from 15th April to 22nd June 2023 at Khulna District in Bangladesh. Data were collected during the study period. A total of 2556 cattle were studied; out of them, 1386 were infected with LSD and the prevalence was 54.22%, with female cattle exhibiting higher susceptibility than males. Local breed cattle were more prone to infection than cross-bred animals, particularly younger cattle (46.75%) and lower prevalence in older (9.09%). The most LSD cases had found in June month. The prevalence increased during Eid-ul-Adha due to the influx of cattle from various regions, including India. Parenteral administration of Oxytetracycline, Cephalosporin and Marbofloxacin effectively controlled and cured secondary bacterial complications within 7\u0026ndash;10 days. Effective quarantine systems in border areas are recommended to prevent the entry and establishment of LSD, contributing to poverty alleviation through livestock disease control.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Prevalence of Lumpy Skin Disease and Evaluaton of the Efficacy of Antibacterial Drugs Against Secondary Bacterial Infection in Cattle at Khulna in Bangladesh","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-05-07 07:30:05","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6314930/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2025-05-14T14:28:20+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-05-14T14:27:17+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-05-14T14:26:43+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-05-09T14:33:00+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"43584328518283427280488201072057293530","date":"2025-05-06T13:32:41+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"151097464537887877758735157340235379458","date":"2025-05-06T09:47:43+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"328751719376150314488873571481167186603","date":"2025-05-06T05:51:22+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"184870453699339800036610442258299202955","date":"2025-05-05T17:51:08+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"171899123135089355910623208864830108666","date":"2025-05-05T17:22:52+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"61257057172693139767149749387013289120","date":"2025-05-05T16:38:29+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"203243879552781084916428967368386704196","date":"2025-05-05T15:03:16+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-04-16T04:47:44+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"22380973517794113399770055806085287467","date":"2025-04-16T02:55:42+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-04-16T00:17:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-04-15T03:49:43+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-04-15T03:49:42+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Discover Animals","date":"2025-03-26T19:01:26+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"discover-animals","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"Learn more about [Discover Animals](https://link.springer.com/journal/44338)","snPcode":"44338","submissionUrl":"https://submission.springernature.com/new-submission/44338/3","title":"Discover Animals","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Discover Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"ef714c2f-00a1-421e-bd90-5c568078533a","owner":[],"postedDate":"May 7th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-06-03T18:38:11+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-05-07 07:30:05","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-6314930","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-6314930","identity":"rs-6314930","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}