Higher-Order Aberrations and Their Relationship with Choroid in Myopic Patients

Higher-Order Aberrations and Their Relationship with Choroid in Myopic Patients | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Higher-Order Aberrations and Their Relationship with Choroid in Myopic Patients Kaiming Ruan, Dan Cheng, Xueying Zhu, Fangjun Bao, Jun Zhu, Fenfen Li, and 2 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4987523/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 15 Nov, 2024 Read the published version in BMC Ophthalmology → Version 1 posted 9 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background： To investigate corneal higher-order aberrations (HOAs) and choroidal characteristics in myopic individuals and explore the association between HOAs and choroidal parameters. Methods： Myopic participants were categorized into three groups based on axial lengths (ALs). We compared HOAs, including spherical (Z 4 0 ), comatic (Z 3 -1 and Z 3 1 ), and trefoil (Z 3 -3 and Z 3 3 ) aberrations, as well as choroidal vascularity index (CVI) and choroidal thickness (CT). Linear regression analysis was used to assess the relationships among HOAs, CVI, CT, spherical equivalent, and AL. Results： Groups 1, 2, and 3 included 105, 98, and 118 eyes, respectively. Group 3 exhibited lower spherical HOA root mean square and Z 4 0 values than group 1. Group 1 showed lower Z 3 1 levels than other groups. Groups 1 and 2 had higher mean, central, and I2 vertical CVIs than group 3. Group 1 had a larger vertical S1 CVI than group 3. Group 3 had smaller horizontal CVI values in all regions except N2. Both the mean and CT in all regions decreased as AL increased. The comatic (Z 3 1 ) and trefoil (Z 3 3 ) components were predictors of mean horizontal CVI, and the comatic (Z 3 1 ) component was correlated with both mean vertical and horizontal CT. Conclusion: Longer AL myopic patients exhibited lower absolute values of spherical aberration and horizontal coma. Alterations in choroid in myopic patients correlated with corneal HOAs. Our results suggest a potential connection between the optical quality and ocular perfusion in myopia. myopia higher-order aberrations choroidal vascularity index choroidal thickness Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Background Myopia is a severe global health concern, which is increasingly placing a substantial socioeconomic burden on the public.[1] Holden et al. estimated that by 2050, 49.8% of the global population will have myopia and 9.8% will have high myopia.[2] Additionally, an increased risk of potentially sight-threatening complications are associated with different levels of myopia. [3] For each additional diopter of myopia, the risk of myopic maculopathy, open-angle glaucoma, posterior subcapsular cataract, and retinal detachment increased by 58%, 20%, 21%, and 30%, respectively.[3] Consequently, numerous studies have been conducted, both in animal models and in human subjects, to explore interventions for myopia control. These interventions include orthokeratology, soft contact lenses, atropine, and spectacles [1, 4-6]. Previous studies indicated that low-order aberrations increased by optical defocus is a common intervention.[7] Recently, high-order aberrations was found to be correlated closely with myopia progression.[8] For example, the characteristics of HOAs is clinically significant for wavefront-guided excimer laser refractive surgery, custom intraocular lens (IOL) and contact lens designs. Higher-order aberrations (HOAs) are optical imperfections in the eye that can not be corrected with traditional optical corrections (such as spectacles or contact lenses), leading to visual distortions and reduced optical quality. There is a disagreement regarding the relationship between HOAs and refractive errors. Some studies have reported a higher level of HOA in myopic adults than in emmetropic eyes[9], while others have found no significant differences.[10] Moreover, hyperopic eyes exhibit greater HOA root mean square (RMS) than myopic eyes.[11]In addition, some longitudinal studies show a negative association between HOAs and axial elongation, [12, 13] In particular, spherical aberration (SA) and coma have an association with the growth of AL.[13] Notably, the distribution of specific HOAs in different refractive errors and its correlated factors would provide valuable insights for myopia management. [14, 15] Further, corneal aberration, which stems from irregularities in the shape of the corea, was the major contribution to ocular HOA and exhibited strong correlations with refractive error shift and change in axial length.[16] Vision-dependent mechanisms may play a critical role in the emmetropization of myopic patients. [17] According to this theory, images projected onto the retina, influenced by ocular aberrations, impact retinal dopamine homeostasis, subsequently resulting in a reduction in choroidal blood flow. This decreased choroidal perfusion may contribute to axial myopia through mechanisms involving scleral hypoxia and remodeling of the scleral extracellular matrix (ECM). [18-20] On the other hand, the choroid, as a regulator of scleral ECM remodeling and eye growth, plays a pivotal role in accommodation, [21] which contributes to regulating HOAs to improve the retinal image quality. [22] Furthermore, recent evidence indicates that vascular changes in the choroid serve as early indicators of vision-driven alterations in ocular growth and myopia development. [23-25] The variation in HOAs between people of different refractive errors remains limited, as well as the relationship between corneal HOAs and choroidal changes in myopic patients. Further research is needed to elucidate how specific components of HOAs influence choroidal vasculature, contributing to a more comprehensive understanding of myopia progression and facilitating more effective myopia prevention and management strategies. The current study aimed to characterize corneal HOAs and choroidal structures in patients with varying degrees of myopia and to investigate the association between HOAs and choroidal parameters. Materials and methods Study Participants The study protocol followed the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the Ethics Committee of Wenzhou Medical University. All individuals were informed about the content and purpose of the study, and their informed consent was obtained prior to the examination. Young myopic patients were prospectively recruited between September 2021 and February 2022 from the Affiliated Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University in Hangzhou, Zhejiang. These patients sought consultation for myopic refractive surgery at our hospital's Refractive Surgery Center. The inclusion criteria were as follows: healthy individuals aged between 18 and 45 years, BCVA of 20/25 or better, astigmatism within ± 2.0 D, and IOP < 21 mm Hg. The exclusion criteria were as follows: presence of other intraocular diseases, such as keratoconus, glaucoma, uveitis, and cataract; various pathologic changes on the myopic fundus or OCT, such as staphyloma, lacquer cracks, and myopic macular degeneration; history of previous eye surgery; use of myopia control measures in the past 6 months (including progressive multifocal lens, orthokeratology lens, etc) and recent history of wearing contact lenses within 2 weeks. Participants with pupil diameters less than 6 mm in a scotopic environment were also excluded. Each participant underwent a complete ocular examination, including best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), autorefractometry, slit-lamp examination, intraocular pressure (IOP) using Goldmann applanation tonometry, axial length (AL) using an optical biometer (IOL Master 700; Carl Zeiss Meditec, Jena, Germany), Swept source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT , VG200S; SVision Imaging, Henan, China) examination, and dilated fundus examination. Corneal tomography, total corneal HOAs, and pupil diameters of the participants were analyzed through Pentacam (Pentacam HR type 70900). Cycloplegia was achieved with three drops of Mydrin-P (tropicamide 0.5%, phenylephrine HCl 0.5%; Santen Pharmaceutical, Shiga, Japan) at 5 min intervals[26], and performed before autorefractometry and fundus examination. We divided the study participants into three groups according to their AL, group 1 (AL ≤ 25 mm), group 2 (25 > AL < 26 mm), and group 3 (AL ≥ 26 mm) [24, 27, 28]. The right eye of each participant was selected for analysis. Measurement of Higher-Order Aberrations Corneal HOAs for a 6-mm pupil were measured using a high-resolution rotating Scheimpflug camera (Pentacam HR type 70900) in a scotopic environment (0.1cd/m 2 ) through a natural pupil without dilation. The acquired data sets were expanded using a normalized sixth-order Zernike polynomial. The magnitudes of the coefficients of these Zernike polynomials are represented as the RMS and used to indicate wavefront aberrations. The HOAs included the following components: total HOA: Comprising third-to sixth-order terms; Spherical HOA: Represented by Z 4 0 , Comatic HOA RMS: Comprising Z 3 -1 and Z 3 1 combined; and Trefoil HOA RMS: Comprising Z 3 -3 and Z 3 3 combined (Figure 1). The measurements were repeated at least five times for each eye, and the three best-focused images were selected and averaged. Measurement of Choroidal Parameters Based on SS-OCT To reduce the potential impact of diurnal variation, SS-OCT (VG200S; SVision Imaging, Henan, China) measurements were taken between 13:30 to 17:00.[29] Eighteen radial scan lines, each measuring 12 mm in length, were employed for structural OCT scans centered on the fovea. A cutoff signal-strength index value ≥ 6 was used as the inclusion criterion. The product was equipped with an eye-tracking system based on an integrated confocal scanning superluminescent ophthalmoscope (cSSO) to eliminate eye-motion artifacts. In addition, the current study corrected for AL before data analysis to minimize the effect of ocular magnification on measurements. To compare the macular choroidal structure, we calculated the choroidal vascularity index (CVI) and choroidal thickness (CT) using both the horizontal and vertical lines from the 18 radial B-scans. The region between the choroid-sclera interface and retinal pigment epithelium–Bruch's membrane complex was defined as the choroid. Choroidal segmentation was performed semiautomatically using an algorithm implemented in MATLAB R2017 (MathWorks, Natick, MA, USA) and further refined manually by two trained examiners (KR and XZ). Any discrepancies between observers were resolved by a third adjudicator (DC). Following segmentation, each image was binarized to distinguish the luminal area (LA) and stromal region using Niblack's autolocal threshold[30]. After image processing, the total choroidal area (TCA), LA, and stromal area were determined. CVI was calculated using the LA/TCA ratio. The macular zone was further divided into regions consisting of three concentric rings with diameters of 1, 3, and 6 mm according to the ETDRS grid. The CVI and CT were assessed within each grid of the choroidal region (Figure 2). Statistical Analysis SPSS statistics (IBM, Armonk, NY, USA) was used for statistical analysis. To compare differences among the three groups, we used the χ2 test and analysis of variance test, as appropriate. Linear regression analysis was used to identify the associations between choroidal parameters and HOA variables, as well as the relationship between spherical equivalent (SE), AL, and choroidal parameters. Multivariate linear regression analyses were performed to determine the associations among HOA, CVI, CT, SE, and AL. Parameters with P values < 0.05 in the univariate analysis were included in the multivariate models. The significance level was set to α=0.05. Results As indicated in Table 1, the study comprised 321 eyes from 321 individuals, with AL ranging from 22.55 mm to 31.28 mm (mean: 25.65 ± 1.35 mm) and SE spanning from +0.50 D to -15.63 D (mean: -5.11 ± 2.64 D). The mean age was 28.40±6.25 years (range from 18 to 45 years). Of these, 109 were male and 212 were female. There were no significant differences in IOP or central corneal thickness among the three groups (P > 0.05). As there were significant differences in sex distribution between groups 1 and 3, we randomly selected 50 (25 men and 25 women) and 96 (48 men and 48 women) participants from groups 1 and 3, respectively. The results showed no differences in the HOAs and choroid parameters between men and women. Table 2 depicts the results of the comparison of HOAs in the myopic groups, including Zernike coefficients and RMS values. There were significant differences in the spherical HOA RMS, Z 4 0 , and Z 3 1 values among the three groups. Group 3 had lower spherical HOA RMS (0.18±0.09 vs 0.21±0.10, p=0.046) and Z 4 0 (0.18±0.10 vs 0.21±0.11, p=0.035) values than group 1. Group 1 showed lower Z 3 1 (-0.16±0.09) value than groups 2 and 3 (-0.10±0.10 and -0.08±0.10, respectively, p<0.001). Table 3 shows a comparison of choroidal parameters, including CVI and CT, between the myopic groups. Mean, central, and I2 CVI values in the vertical scan were higher in groups 1 and 2 (P<0.01) than those in group 3. Group 1 had a higher vertical CVI in the S1 region than group 3 (P<0.05). Except for the N2 region, group 3 had a lower horizontal CVI than groups 1 and 2 (P<0.05). The mean and all regions of CT decreased with an increase in AL, both vertically and horizontally (P < 0.001). Table 4 displays the relationships between HOAs and the mean CVI and CT. According to univariate and multivariate analysis, the comatic (Z 3 1 ) and trefoil (Z 3 3 ) components were strong predictors of the mean CVI of horizontal scan (β = -0.125, P = 0.033; β = 0.147, P = 0.013, respectively). Z 3 1 demonstrated a significant relationship with mean CT in both vertical (β = -0.178; P = 0.002) and horizontal lines (β = -0.166; P = 0.007). Table 5 illustrates the correlations between SE, AL, and the choroidal parameters. According to the univariate linear regression analysis, except for the horizontal CVI in the N2 region, the mean values and all regions for both the CVI and CT were associated with SE and AL (p<0.01). However, only the I2 and T2 regions of the CVI showed significant correlations with SE and AL in the multiple linear regression model (p<0.01). Discussion In the current study, we characterized the differences in HOAs, CVI, and CT according to AL elongation. Our findings revealed that eyes with a longer AL had lower absolute values of SA and horizontal coma, as well as a decrease in choroidal vascularity and thickness. A correlation between choroidal perfusion and thickness with horizontal coma was demonstrated (Figure 3, ACD). Additionally, the trefoil correlated with the mean CVI of the horizontal scan (Figure 3, B). This finding implies a potential link between optical quality and ocular perfusion in myopia. Knowledge of the specific HOAs in an individual's eyes allows for more personalized and precise eyeglasses and contact lenses. 12, 13 For example, a recently patented control lens was shown to retard AL elongation by solely inducing HOAs to generate blur signals on the retina.[8] Moreover, in refractive surgery procedures such as LASIK or PRK, understanding the specific HOAs in a patient's eyes allows surgeons to customize the procedure to address not only basic refractive errors but also these aberrations. Customization can improve postoperative outcomes and patient satisfaction. 26 We found that the absolute values of SA and horizontal coma were lower in patients with a longer AL. This finding is consistent with those of other studies. Eyes with lower AL have larger angle kappas and show elevated levels of horizontal coma in the anterior cornea.[31] Oshika et al. observed an increase in coma-like aberrations following orthokeratology, suggesting a potential mechanism for controlling ocular axial growth[14]. Xu et al. demonstrated a negative association between comatic HOAs and axial elongation in myopic school children and adolescents.[12] These results prove the intervention of HOAs in myopia progression. However, some studies in adults have reported significantly higher levels of HOA RMS in myopic eyes than in emmetropic eyes,[9, 32] while others have found no difference.[10] We speculated that the various measurement techniques and instruments utilized, as well as the patient characteristics, account for the broad inconsistencies between studies. The current study provides a reference for the distribution of HOAs in young myopic patients. Further validation through longitudinal studies and establishing correlations between choroidal perfusion, thickness, and corneal coma is warranted. HOAs may affect the choroid via the following mechanisms. First, because the human eye is an optical component system, a balance of aberrations between the optical elements is required. A compensatory mechanism has been previously reported to balance corneal horizontal coma, perhaps in the lens.[31] Furthermore, research indicates that aberration variation and accommodation are highly correlated [33], and long-term abnormal accommodation may be responsible for changes in choroidal structure[34, 35]. We also speculated that choroidal vascularity and thickness are components of the compensatory mechanism of corneal coma. Second, it is crucial to note that spherical and coma aberrations reduce retinal image quality and produce variations in optical vergence across the entrance pupil of the eye.[36] Thus, HOAs may serve as optical signals contributing to the regulation of eye growth and development of refractive errors. Disturbances in retinal dopamine homeostasis are associated with choroidal blood perfusion in myopias[20, 37, 38]. Therefore, some pharmacological interventions for myopia aim to influence ocular structures, including the choroid. Furthermore, in the multiple linear regression, a clear linear relationship was found between the CVI in regions I2, T2, and AL and SE (Figure 3, E-H). Research has consistently shown that choroidal thinning is most pronounced temporally during the progression of myopia, likely owing to temporal stretching of the choroid and sclera[39]. It has been proposed that non-vascular smooth muscle cells and intrinsic choroidal neurons play a role in regulating choroidal structure, as they predominantly reside in the central and temporal quadrants of the choroid[40, 41]. Therefore, the temporal choroidal structure is more sensitive in myopic eyes. However, most choroidal studies have focused solely on horizontal scans and have provided limited information on vertical scans. Our results suggest that temporal and inferior CVI measured by SS-OCT with an algorithm can be an objective indicator for monitoring myopic development. In this study, the CVI in the high myopia group was significantly lower than those in the low and moderate myopia groups. However, there was no significant difference in the CVI between groups 1 and 2. Notably, choroidal perfusion was positively correlated with AL, indicating that as the eye's AL increased, choroidal blood flow also increased. The changes observed in the high myopic eyes were more significant than those in the low myopic eyes. This suggests that CVI remains relatively stable in the early stages of myopia but experiences a significant decline in the intermediate and advanced stages. In contrast to the nearly linear relationship between CT and AL, the relationship between the choroidal vasculature and AL is complex. This study had certain limitations. First, it was a cross-sectional study; therefore, changes in the HOAs and choroid during the progression of myopia could not be documented. Future longitudinal studies may be useful for overcoming this shortcoming. Second, although SA may change owing to age-related lens modifications[42], it is worth noting that all participants in this study were young myopia patients, and cataract patients were excluded. Conclusion In conclusion, lower absolute values of SA and horizontal coma were observed in longer AL myopic patients. Choroid alterations in myopic patients are correlated with HOA. Horizontal coma aberration was the most significant correlation factor. This study provides a reference for the characteristics of the HOA and choroid in young myopic patients, and may help prevent and manage myopia. Declarations Acknowledgements Not applicable. Author Contributions Kaiming Ruan, Dan Cheng contributed to the conception of the study; Xueying Zhu, Fangjun Bao, Jun Zhu, and Fenfen Li performed the experiment; Kaiming Ruan Xueying Zhu, Fangjun Bao, Jun Zhu, Fenfen Li Meixiao Shen and Yufeng Ye performed the data analyses; Kaiming Ruan and Dan Cheng wrote the manuscript; Meixiao Shen and Yufeng Ye revised the manuscript. Availability of data and materials The data that support the findings of this study are available from the cor responding author upon reasonable request. Funding This study was supported by research grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 81900910), Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province (No.LQ19H120003), Basic Scientific Research Project of Wenzhou (Y2023809, Y20190638). Ethics approval and consent to participate The study protocol adhered to the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the Ethics Committee of Wenzhou Medical University. All patients have been informed of the purpose of the experiment and signed informed consent. Consent for publication Not applicable. Competing interests No conflicting relationship exists for any author. References Morgan, I.G., K. Ohno-Matsui, and S.-M. Saw, Myopia. Lancet (London, England), 2012. 379 (9827): p. 1739-1748. Holden, B.A., et al., Global Prevalence of Myopia and High Myopia and Temporal Trends from 2000 through 2050. Ophthalmology, 2016. 123 (5): p. 1036-1042. Bullimore, M.A., et al., The Risks and Benefits of Myopia Control. 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Flügel, C., et al., Species differences in choroidal vasodilative innervation: evidence for specific intrinsic nitrergic and VIP-positive neurons in the human eye. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 1994. 35 (2): p. 592-599. Amano, S., et al., Age-related changes in corneal and ocular higher-order wavefront aberrations. American Journal of Ophthalmology, 2004. 137 (6): p. 988-992. Tables Table 1 Baseline data in Myopic Eyes with Different Degrees of Axial Length Group 1 Group 2 Group3 P Value Number 105 98 118 Age, years 28.73±5.87 28.92±6.77 27.64±6.08 0.274 Sex, male/female 25/80 36/62 48/70 <0.05 SE, D 3.19±1.94 4.54±1.64 7.30±2.25 <0.001 Cylinder，D 0.59±0.53 0.64±0.52 0.92±0.64 <0.001 AL, mm 24.22±0.57 25.51±0.29 27.04±0.91 <0.001 IOP, mmHg 14.25±2.52 13.93±2.72 14.17±2.79 0.684 CCT, um 526.79±35.72 535.26±26.66 534.53±31.83 0.106 SE, spherical equivalent; AL, axial length; CCT, central corneal thickness. Table 2. Comparison of Corneal Wavefront Aberrations in Three Groups Group1 Group2 Group3 P Value Total RMS 1.50±0.50 1.48±0.59 1.52±0.52 0.898 LOA RMS 1.44±0.50 1.42±0.59 1.45±0.52 0.913 HOA RMS 0.42±0.14 0.41±0.13 0.39±0.12 0.169 Spherical HOA RMS 0.21±0.10 0.20±0.08 0.18±0.09† <0.05 Z 4 0 0.21±0.11 0.20±0.08 0.18±0.10† <0.05 Comatic HOA RMS 0.23±0.12 0.23±0.14 0.21±0.11 0.336 Z 3 -1 0.00±0.19 -0.04±0.23 -0.03±0.20 0.44 Z 3 1 -0.16±0.09‡ -0.10±0.10 -0.08±0.10† <0.001 Trefoil HOA RMS 0.15±0.09 0.16±0.11 0.15±0.09 0.512 Z 3 -3 -0.07±0.13 -0.08±0.14 -0.06±0.12 0.481 Z 3 3 0.03±0.10 0.01±0.11 0.01±0.10 0.307 RMS, root mean square; LOA, lower-order aberrations; HOA, higher-order aberrations. † Significant differences between group 1 and group 3. ‡ Significant differences between group 1 and group 2. Table 3. Comparison of CVIs and CTs in Macular Zone among Three Groups Parameters Group1 Group2 Group3 P Value CVI (%) Vertical Scan Mean 61.04±3.00 60.52±3.69* 59.30±4.56† <0.01 I2 62.45±4.69 61.62±4.61* 59.91±6.66† <0.01 I1 60.94±4.68 60.82±5.95 59.56±5.97 0.121 C 60.44±4.97 60.26±6.41* 58.58±6.73† <0.05 S1 61.40±4.34 59.99±5.73 59.63±5.65† <0.05 S2 60.11±3.70 60.05±4.13 59.14±5.29 0.193 Horizontal Scan Mean 59.94±3.40 59.66±3.67* 57.33±4.20† <0.001 N2 60.05±4.20 60.87±4.43 59.61±5.28 0.145 N1 60.40±4.69 60.48±5.15* 58.69±5.02† <0.05 C 60.40±4.42 60.28±5.35* 57.73±6.52† <0.001 T1 61.41±6.37 60.56±6.61* 57.05±6.67† <0.001 T2 57.78±6.64 56.25±6.75* 52.45±6.65† <0.001 CT (um) Vertical Scan Mean 324.97±83.54‡ 276.33±70.02* 228.34±56.55† <0.001 I2 315.07±89.00‡ 269.64±79.12* 217.66±63.47† <0.001 I1 325.76±88.19‡ 274.53±78.87* 217.86±60.09† <0.001 C 324.73±90.69‡ 271.00±74.60* 218.16±62.14† <0.001 S1 327.84±84.92‡ 279.76±73.27* 233.66±60.62† <0.001 S2 332.63±90.31‡ 285.51±72.65* 249.27±66.61† <0.001 Horizontal Scan Mean 301.14±79.02‡ 254.72±63.50* 210.56±50.68† <0.001 N2 324.36±81.66‡ 285.11±72.83* 236.28±58.02† <0.001 N1 341.13±86.20‡ 294.82±74.10* 241.30±58.57† <0.001 C 327.42±89.15‡ 275.44±75.47* 223.28±62.88† <0.001 T1 293.51±86.55‡ 241.65±66.91* 200.80±56.98† <0.001 T2 238.88±83.09‡ 192.57±60.59* 162.41±57.71† <0.001 CVI, choroidal vascularity index; CT, choroidal thickness. *Significant differences between group 2 and group 3. † Significant differences between group 1 and group 3. ‡ Significant differences between group 1 and group 2. Table 4 Linear regression analysis to determine the correlations between Mean CVI, CT and HOAs Vertical Scan Horizontal Scan Univariate Analysis Multivariate Analysis Univariate Analysis Multivariate Analysis HOA Parameters B β 95%CI P Value B β 95%CI P Value B β 95%CI P Value B β 95%CI P Value Mean CVI (%) Total HOA RMS 0.064 0.002 -3.555 ~ 3.682 0.973 3.061 0.097 -0.565 ~ 6.686 0.099 Spherical HOA RMS 1.717 0.039 -3.353 ~ 6.787 0.507 6.234 0.141 1.175 ~ 11.294 <0.05 4.862 0.11 -23.934 ~ 33.659 0.741 Z 4 0 1.453 0.035 -3.412 ~ 6.318 0.559 5.983 0.141 1.129 ~ 10.837 <0.05 1.786 0.042 -25.855 ~ 29.428 0.899 Comatic HOA RMS 0.318 0.01 -3.387 ~ 4.022 0.867 2.609 0.081 -1.110 ~ 6.328 0.17 Z 3 -1 -0.097 -0.005 -2.319 ~ 2.125 0.932 -0.949 -0.049 -3.189 ~ 1.291 0.407 Z 3 1 -4.703 -0.122 -9.140 ~ -0.266 <0.05 -4.018 -0.104 -8.502 ~ 0.467 0.08 -5.82 -0.15 -10.270 ~ -1.369 <0.05 -4.868 -0.125 -9.326 ~ -0.410 <0.05 Trefoil HOA RMS -1.365 -0.033 -6.195 ~ 3.464 0.58 2.915 0.069 -1.942 ~ 7.773 0.24 Z 3 -3 -2.686 -0.088 -6.198 ~ 0.827 0.135 -2.268 -0.074 -5.808 ~ 1.273 0.21 Z 3 3 4.74 0.123 0.308 ~ 9.173 <0.05 4.064 0.105 -0.417 ~ 8.545 0.077 6.125 0.158 1.683 ~ 10.567 <0.01 5.701 0.147 1.248 ~ 10.155 <0.05 Mean CT (um) Total HOA RMS 65.883 0.112 -2.124 ~ 133.891 0.059 77.419 0.14 13.935 ~ 140.903 <0.05 25.605 0.046 -47.558 ~ 98.768 0.493 Spherical HOA RMS 125.496 0.151 30.238 ~ 220.754 <0.05 400.73 0.482 -141.245 ~ 942.705 0.148 123.578 0.16 34.898 ~ 212.259 <0.01 315.101 0.407 -221.142 ~ 851.344 0.25 Z 4 0 112.235 0.141 20.740 ~ 203.731 <0.05 -268.688 -0.337 -788.540 ~ 251.164 0.312 111.024 0.15 25.812 ~ 196.237 <0.05 -201.59 -0.272 -703.921 ~ 300.740 0.432 Comatic HOA RMS 69.087 0.114 -0.579 ~ 138.753 0.053 64.955 0.115 -0.199 ~ 130.108 0.052 Z 3 -1 2.93 0.008 -39.090 ~ 44.951 0.891 4.43 0.013 -34.949 ~ 43.810 0.826 Z 3 1 -128.062 -0.174 -211.907 ~ -44.217 <0.01 -130.748 -0.178 -213.983 ~ -47.513 <0.01 -110.126 -0.162 -188.140 ~ -32.113 <0.01 -108.896 -0.16 -187.509 ~ -30.283 <0.01 Trefoil HOA RMS 16.116 0.02 -75.317 ~ 107.549 0.73 41.808 0.057 -43.570 ~ 127.187 0.338 Z 3 -3 -11.607 -0.02 -78.279 ~ 55.066 0.733 -28.652 -0.053 -90.924 ~ 33.621 0.368 Z 3 3 70.13 0.096 -13.986 ~ 154.246 0.103 67.194 0.099 -11.448 ~ 145.835 0.095 CVI, choroidal vascularity index; CT, choroidal thickness; RMS, root mean square; HOA, higher-order aberrations. Table 5. Linear Regression between the Choroidal Parameters and SE and AL in Myopic Patients Spherical Equivalent (D) Axial Length (mm) Univariate Analysis Multivariate Analysis Univariate Analysis Multivariate Analysis Choroidal Parameters B β 95%CI P Value B β 95%CI P Value B β 95%CI P Value B β 95%CI P Value CVI (%) Vertical Scan Mean -0.172 -0.255 -0.244 ~ -0.101 <0.001 -0.099 -0.285 -0.135 ~ -0.062 <0.001 I2 -0.12 -0.254 -0.171 ~ -0.070 <0.001 -0.1 -0.21 -0.159 ~ -0.041 <0.01 -0.068 -0.282 -0.094 ~ -0.043 <0.001 -0.056 -0.232 -0.086 ~ -0.027 <0.001 I1 -0.073 -0.155 -0.124 ~ -0.022 <0.01 -0.008 -0.017 -0.074 ~ 0.058 0.81 -0.043 -0.176 -0.069 ~ -0.016 <0.01 -0.004 -0.018 -0.038 ~ 0.029 0.794 C -0.066 -0.154 -0.113 ~ -0.020 <0.01 -0.013 -0.03 -0.074 ~ 0.048 0.673 -0.039 -0.178 -0.063 ~ -0.015 <0.01 -0.008 -0.038 -0.039 ~ 0.022 0.591 S1 -0.082 -0.166 -0.136 ~ -0.029 <0.01 -0.034 -0.069 -0.103 ~ 0.034 0.329 -0.049 -0.193 -0.076 ~ -0.022 <0.001 -0.022 -0.086 -0.057 ~ 0.013 0.218 S2 -0.086 -0.147 -0.150 ~ -0.022 <0.01 -0.006 -0.01 -0.080 ~ 0.068 0.871 -0.048 -0.16 -0.081 ~ -0.016 <0.01 -0.001 -0.004 -0.039 ~ 0.036 0.947 Horizontal Scan Mean -0.211 -0.318 -0.281 ~ -0.142 <0.001 -0.12 -0.352 -0.155 ~ -0.085 <0.001 N2 -0.057 -0.101 -0.118 ~ 0.005 0.072 -0.041 -0.141 -0.072 ~ -0.009 <0.05 -0.018 -0.063 -0.049 ~ 0.013 0.256 N1 -0.084 -0.16 -0.141 ~ -0.027 <0.01 -0.001 -0.001 -0.067 ~ 0.066 0.986 -0.046 -0.171 -0.075 ~ -0.017 <0.01 0.007 0.028 -0.027 ~ 0.042 0.675 C -0.102 -0.218 -0.152 ~ -0.052 <0.001 -0.032 -0.069 -0.097 ~ 0.033 0.331 -0.058 -0.243 -0.083 ~ -0.033 <0.001 -0.02 -0.085 -0.053 ~ 0.013 0.228 T1 -0.107 -0.277 -0.148 ~ -0.067 <0.001 -0.037 -0.095 -0.090 ~ 0.017 0.18 -0.061 -0.308 -0.082 ~ -0.040 <0.001 -0.022 -0.113 -0.050 ~ 0.005 0.107 T2 -0.13 -0.346 -0.168 ~ -0.091 <0.001 -0.102 -0.272 -0.147 ~ -0.057 <0.001 -0.07 -0.367 -0.090 ~ -0.051 <0.001 -0.053 -0.276 -0.076 ~ -0.030 <0.001 CT (um) Vertical Scan Mean -0.018 -0.564 -0.021 ~ -0.015 <0.001 -0.009 -0.537 -0.011 ~ -0.007 <0.001 I2 -0.015 -0.506 -0.018 ~ -0.012 <0.001 -0.001 -0.044 -0.009 ~ 0.006 0.723 -0.068 -0.282 -0.094 ~ -0.043 <0.001 -0.002 -0.098 -0.005 ~ 0.002 0.443 I1 -0.016 -0.54 -0.019 ~ -0.013 <0.001 -0.003 -0.11 -0.016 ~ 0.009 0.608 -0.043 -0.176 -0.069 ~ -0.016 <0.01 -0.002 -0.126 -0.008 ~ 0.005 0.562 C -0.017 -0.552 -0.019 ~ -0.014 <0.001 -0.003 -0.115 -0.017 ~ 0.010 0.615 -0.039 -0.178 -0.063 ~ -0.015 <0.01 -0.004 -0.287 -0.011 ~ 0.003 0.217 S1 -0.018 -0.559 -0.021 ~ -0.015 <0.001 -0.007 -0.228 -0.019 ~ 0.005 0.238 -0.008 -0.52 -0.010 ~ -0.007 <0.001 -0.001 -0.091 -0.008 ~ 0.005 0.644 S2 -0.016 -0.518 -0.019 ~ -0.013 <0.001 -0.003 -0.096 -0.010 ~ 0.004 0.395 -0.007 -0.454 -0.009 ~ -0.006 <0.001 0.001 0.04 -0.003 ~ 0.004 0.728 Horizontal Scan Mean -0.02 -0.559 -0.023 ~ -0.016 <0.001 -0.01 -0.55 -0.012 ~ -0.008 <0.001 N2 -0.017 -0.513 -0.020 ~ -0.014 <0.001 -0.002 -0.054 -0.010 ~ 0.007 0.674 -0.009 -0.504 -0.010 ~ -0.007 <0.001 -0.002 -0.137 -0.007 ~ 0.002 0.295 N1 -0.018 -0.559 -0.020 ~ -0.015 <0.001 -0.007 -0.21 -0.022 ~ 0.008 0.391 -0.009 -0.536 -0.010 ~ -0.007 <0.001 -0.001 -0.05 -0.009 ~ 0.007 0.839 C -0.017 -0.562 -0.020 ~ -0.014 <0.001 -0.005 -0.178 -0.020 ~ 0.009 0.459 -0.058 -0.243 -0.083 ~ -0.033 <0.001 -0.004 -0.267 -0.012 ~ 0.003 0.273 T1 -0.018 -0.538 -0.021 ~ -0.015 <0.001 -0.006 -0.179 -0.017 ~ 0.005 0.311 -0.009 -0.522 -0.010 ~ -0.007 <0.001 -0.001 -0.046 -0.007 ~ 0.005 0.797 T2 -0.016 -0.452 -0.019 ~ -0.012 <0.001 0.001 0.037 -0.006 ~ 0.008 0.713 -0.008 -0.466 -0.010 ~ -0.007 <0.001 -0.002 -0.086 -0.005 ~ 0.002 0.405 CVI, choroidal vascularity index; CT, choroidal thickness Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 15 Nov, 2024 Read the published version in BMC Ophthalmology → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 11 Sep, 2024 Reviews received at journal 11 Sep, 2024 Reviews received at journal 02 Sep, 2024 Reviewers agreed at journal 01 Sep, 2024 Reviewers agreed at journal 31 Aug, 2024 Reviewers invited by journal 29 Aug, 2024 Editor assigned by journal 29 Aug, 2024 Submission checks completed at journal 28 Aug, 2024 First submitted to journal 27 Aug, 2024 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4987523","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":352446223,"identity":"e7d6874f-0487-46ce-aa6e-c12e4465496b","order_by":0,"name":"Kaiming Ruan","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Wenzhou Medical University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Kaiming","middleName":"","lastName":"Ruan","suffix":""},{"id":352446226,"identity":"0bf8f7dd-3b63-4995-8b4d-d1cf4bc77d7e","order_by":1,"name":"Dan Cheng","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Affiliated Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical College","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Dan","middleName":"","lastName":"Cheng","suffix":""},{"id":352446231,"identity":"6b863e57-bcfd-4c9e-87e5-c3831a77313f","order_by":2,"name":"Xueying Zhu","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Wenzhou Medical University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Xueying","middleName":"","lastName":"Zhu","suffix":""},{"id":352446232,"identity":"2347ae16-756d-4419-b348-eefb6140ceeb","order_by":3,"name":"Fangjun Bao","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Affiliated Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical College","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Fangjun","middleName":"","lastName":"Bao","suffix":""},{"id":352446233,"identity":"498ecb9f-998c-4631-97fb-ddc93597d56d","order_by":4,"name":"Jun Zhu","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Affiliated Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical College","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Jun","middleName":"","lastName":"Zhu","suffix":""},{"id":352446234,"identity":"38890daf-92a1-41e6-b8d6-cf803e471710","order_by":5,"name":"Fenfen Li","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Affiliated Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical College","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Fenfen","middleName":"","lastName":"Li","suffix":""},{"id":352446235,"identity":"f472ac73-5421-410a-a2d7-afad9bfa5477","order_by":6,"name":"Meixiao Shen","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAoUlEQVRIiWNgGAWjYHAC9t9/KhgYDEjSI8FzhmQtvG2kaJGfdsbAQHJenZy5RALjh485RGgxuJ2WkGC47bCx5YwEZsmZ24jRIp184EDitgOJG24ksDHzEqNFfnZiY8PBOXUkaGG4nXyYsbGBmQQtQL+kMTMcO2xscOZhM3F+kZ+dY8bMUFMnZ3A8+eCHj0Q5DAEYG0hTPwpGwSgYBaMANwAA7FM0xiPvwz0AAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"Wenzhou Medical University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Meixiao","middleName":"","lastName":"Shen","suffix":""},{"id":352446236,"identity":"3b10b61d-408b-4721-bc13-2f6fcedb13b5","order_by":7,"name":"Yufeng Ye","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Affiliated Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical College","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Yufeng","middleName":"","lastName":"Ye","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-08-28 02:26:25","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4987523/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4987523/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12886-024-03761-7","type":"published","date":"2024-11-15T15:57:03+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":66890518,"identity":"ca0523c5-9f9c-4b08-9653-1d2efd7456a5","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-10-17 14:33:08","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":6984123,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eNormalized sixth-order Zernike polynomials of aberrations based on corneal tomography examination (Pentacam HR type 70900). Black rectangle, higher-order aberrations; red rectangle, coma aberrations; blue rectangle, trefoil aberrations; green rectangle, spherical aberrations.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Figure1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4987523/v1/8f12f2d0c2924475eb656e2f.png"},{"id":66891797,"identity":"82945627-af67-49fb-bcad-6a3d9ccb39a3","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-10-17 14:41:08","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":10566875,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eChoroidal vascularity index (CVI) and choroidal thickness (CT) were measured in macular zone according to ETDRS grid (A). Both vertical (B) and horizontal (A) scans were measured using semi-automatic algorithms in MATLAB R2017a. T1, temporal parafovea; T2, temporal perifovea; N1, nasal parafovea; N2, nasal perifovea; I1, inferior parafovea; I2, inferior perifovea; S1, superior parafovea; S2, superior perifovea; C, center.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Figure2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4987523/v1/78410fa5af775fe308b7ecf0.png"},{"id":66890519,"identity":"70be1f1d-5c76-4ae1-8aae-19c9b9abc7f4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-10-17 14:33:08","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":3833642,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eScatterplots showing the relationships between the choroidal parameters and higher-order aberrations (HOA) (A-D), as well as the correlation of spherical equivalent (SE), axial length (AL), and choroid (E-H).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Figure3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4987523/v1/4f85aae9562e6afecf48ec3f.png"},{"id":69274906,"identity":"9c3265a0-1222-4641-a903-2afe092db746","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-11-18 16:36:40","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":20468810,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4987523/v1/7828bc13-b073-4fe8-aaf0-969e5086134b.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003eHigher-Order Aberrations and Their Relationship with Choroid in Myopic Patients \u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"Background","content":"\u003cp\u003eMyopia is a severe global health concern, which is increasingly placing a substantial socioeconomic burden on\u0026nbsp;the public.[1]\u0026nbsp;Holden et al. estimated that by 2050, 49.8% of the global population will have myopia and 9.8% will have high myopia.[2]\u0026nbsp;Additionally, an increased risk of potentially sight-threatening complications are associated with different levels of myopia.\u0026nbsp;[3]\u0026nbsp;For each additional diopter of myopia, the risk of myopic maculopathy, open-angle glaucoma, posterior subcapsular cataract, and retinal detachment increased by 58%, 20%, 21%, and 30%, respectively.[3]\u0026nbsp;Consequently, numerous studies have been conducted, both in animal models and in human subjects, to explore interventions for myopia control. These interventions include orthokeratology, soft contact lenses, atropine, and spectacles\u0026nbsp;[1, 4-6]. Previous studies \u0026nbsp;indicated that low-order aberrations increased by optical defocus is a common intervention.[7]\u0026nbsp;Recently, high-order aberrations was found to be correlated closely with myopia progression.[8]\u0026nbsp;For example, the characteristics of HOAs is clinically significant for wavefront-guided excimer laser refractive surgery, custom intraocular lens (IOL) and contact lens designs.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHigher-order aberrations (HOAs) are optical imperfections in the eye that can not\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ebe corrected with traditional optical corrections (such as\u0026nbsp;spectacles or contact lenses), leading to visual distortions and reduced optical quality. There is\u0026nbsp;a disagreement regarding the relationship between HOAs and refractive errors.\u0026nbsp;Some studies have reported a higher level of HOA in myopic adults than\u0026nbsp;in\u0026nbsp;emmetropic eyes[9], while others have found no significant differences.[10]\u0026nbsp;Moreover, hyperopic eyes exhibit greater HOA root mean square (RMS) than myopic eyes.[11]In addition, some longitudinal studies show a negative association between HOAs and axial elongation,\u0026nbsp;[12, 13]\u0026nbsp;In particular, spherical aberration (SA) and coma have an association with the growth of AL.[13]\u0026nbsp;Notably, the distribution of specific HOAs in different refractive errors and its correlated factors would provide valuable insights for myopia management.\u0026nbsp;[14, 15]\u0026nbsp;Further, corneal aberration, which stems from irregularities in the shape of the corea, was the major contribution to ocular HOA and exhibited strong correlations with refractive error shift and change in axial length.[16]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eVision-dependent mechanisms may play a critical role in the emmetropization of myopic patients.\u0026nbsp;[17]\u0026nbsp;According to this theory, images projected onto the retina, influenced by ocular aberrations, impact retinal dopamine homeostasis, subsequently resulting in a reduction in choroidal blood flow. This decreased choroidal perfusion may contribute to axial myopia through mechanisms involving scleral hypoxia and remodeling of the scleral extracellular matrix (ECM).\u0026nbsp;[18-20]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOn the other hand, the choroid, as a regulator of scleral ECM remodeling and eye growth, plays a pivotal role in accommodation,\u0026nbsp;[21]\u0026nbsp;which contributes to regulating HOAs to improve\u0026nbsp;the retinal image quality.\u0026nbsp;[22]\u0026nbsp;Furthermore, recent evidence indicates that vascular changes in the choroid serve as early indicators of vision-driven alterations in ocular growth and myopia development.\u0026nbsp;[23-25]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe variation in HOAs between people of different refractive errors remains limited, as well as the relationship between corneal HOAs and choroidal changes in myopic patients. Further research is needed to elucidate how specific components of HOAs influence choroidal vasculature, contributing to a more comprehensive understanding of myopia progression and facilitating more effective myopia prevention and management strategies. The current study aimed to characterize corneal HOAs and choroidal structures in patients with varying degrees of myopia and to investigate the association between HOAs and choroidal parameters.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Materials and methods","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStudy Participants\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study protocol followed the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the Ethics Committee of Wenzhou Medical University. All individuals were informed about the content and purpose of the study, and their informed consent was obtained prior to the examination. Young myopic patients were prospectively recruited between September 2021 and February 2022 from the Affiliated Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University in Hangzhou, Zhejiang. These patients sought consultation for myopic refractive surgery at our hospital\u0026apos;s Refractive Surgery Center.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe inclusion criteria were as follows: healthy individuals aged between 18 and 45 years, BCVA of 20/25 or better, astigmatism within \u0026plusmn; 2.0 D, and IOP \u0026lt; 21 mm Hg. The exclusion criteria were as follows:\u0026nbsp;presence of other intraocular diseases, such as\u0026nbsp;keratoconus, glaucoma, uveitis, and cataract; various pathologic changes on the myopic fundus or OCT, such as staphyloma, lacquer cracks,\u0026nbsp;and myopic macular degeneration; history of previous eye surgery; use of myopia control measures in the past 6 months (including progressive multifocal lens, orthokeratology lens, etc) and recent history of wearing contact lenses within 2 weeks.\u0026nbsp;Participants with pupil diameters less than\u0026nbsp;6\u0026nbsp;mm\u0026nbsp;in\u0026nbsp;a\u0026nbsp;scotopic environment were also excluded.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEach participant underwent a complete ocular examination, including best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), autorefractometry, slit-lamp examination, intraocular pressure (IOP) using Goldmann applanation tonometry, axial length (AL) using an optical biometer (IOL Master 700; Carl Zeiss Meditec, Jena, Germany), Swept source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT , VG200S; SVision Imaging, Henan, China) examination, and dilated fundus examination. Corneal tomography, total corneal HOAs, and pupil diameters of the participants were analyzed through Pentacam (Pentacam HR type 70900).\u0026nbsp;Cycloplegia\u0026nbsp;was achieved with three drops of Mydrin-P (tropicamide 0.5%, phenylephrine HCl 0.5%; Santen Pharmaceutical, Shiga, Japan) at 5 min intervals[26], and\u0026nbsp;performed before autorefractometry and fundus examination.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe divided the study participants into three groups according to their AL, group 1 (AL \u0026le; 25 mm), group 2 (25 \u0026gt; AL \u0026lt; 26 mm), and group 3 (AL \u0026ge; 26 mm)\u0026nbsp;[24, 27, 28]. The right eye of each participant was selected for analysis.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMeasurement of Higher-Order Aberrations\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCorneal HOAs for a 6-mm pupil were measured using a high-resolution rotating Scheimpflug camera (Pentacam HR type 70900)\u0026nbsp;in\u0026nbsp;a\u0026nbsp;scotopic environment (0.1cd/m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e)\u0026nbsp;through a natural pupil without dilation. The acquired data sets were expanded using a normalized sixth-order Zernike polynomial. The magnitudes of the coefficients of these Zernike polynomials are represented as the RMS and used to indicate wavefront aberrations. The HOAs included the following components: total HOA: Comprising third-to sixth-order terms; Spherical HOA: Represented by\u0026nbsp;Z\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e, Comatic HOA RMS: Comprising Z\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e and Z\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003e combined; and Trefoil HOA RMS: Comprising Z\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e-3\u003c/sup\u003e and Z\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e combined (Figure 1). The measurements were repeated at least five times for each eye, and the three best-focused images were selected and averaged.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMeasurement of Choroidal Parameters Based on SS-OCT\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTo reduce the potential impact of diurnal variation, SS-OCT (VG200S; SVision Imaging, Henan, China) measurements were taken between 13:30 to 17:00.[29]\u0026nbsp;Eighteen radial scan lines, each measuring 12 mm in length, were employed for structural OCT scans centered on the fovea. A cutoff signal-strength index value \u0026ge; 6 was used as the inclusion criterion. The product was equipped with an eye-tracking system based on an integrated confocal scanning superluminescent ophthalmoscope (cSSO) to eliminate eye-motion artifacts. In addition, the current study corrected for AL before data analysis to minimize the effect of ocular magnification on measurements.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTo compare\u0026nbsp;the macular\u0026nbsp;choroidal structure, we calculated\u0026nbsp;the\u0026nbsp;choroidal vascularity index (CVI) and choroidal thickness (CT) using both the horizontal and vertical lines\u0026nbsp;from the 18 radial B-scans. The region between the choroid-sclera interface and retinal pigment epithelium\u0026ndash;Bruch\u0026apos;s membrane complex was defined as the choroid. Choroidal segmentation was performed semiautomatically using an algorithm implemented in MATLAB R2017 (MathWorks, Natick, MA, USA) and further refined manually by two trained examiners (KR and XZ). Any discrepancies between observers were resolved by a third adjudicator (DC). Following segmentation, each image was binarized to distinguish the luminal area (LA) and stromal region using Niblack\u0026apos;s autolocal threshold[30]. After image processing, the total choroidal area (TCA), LA, and stromal area were determined. CVI was calculated using the LA/TCA ratio. The macular zone was further divided into regions consisting of three concentric rings with diameters of 1, 3, and 6 mm according to the ETDRS grid. The CVI and CT were assessed within each grid of the choroidal region (Figure 2).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStatistical Analysis\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSPSS statistics (IBM, Armonk, NY, USA) was used for statistical analysis. To compare differences among the three groups, we used the \u0026chi;2 test and analysis of variance test, as appropriate. Linear regression analysis was used to identify the associations between choroidal parameters and HOA variables, as well as the relationship between spherical equivalent (SE), AL, and choroidal parameters. Multivariate linear regression analyses were performed to determine the associations among HOA, CVI, CT, SE, and AL. Parameters with P values \u0026lt; 0.05 in the univariate analysis were included in the multivariate models. The significance level was set to \u0026alpha;=0.05.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003eAs indicated in Table 1, the study comprised 321 eyes from 321 individuals, with AL ranging from 22.55 mm to 31.28 mm (mean: 25.65 \u0026plusmn; 1.35 mm) and SE spanning from +0.50 D to -15.63 D (mean: -5.11 \u0026plusmn; 2.64 D). The mean age was 28.40\u0026plusmn;6.25 years (range from 18 to 45 years). Of these, 109 were male and 212 were female. There were no significant differences in IOP or central corneal thickness among the three groups (P \u0026gt; 0.05).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAs there were significant differences in sex distribution between groups 1 and 3, we randomly selected 50 (25 men and 25 women) and 96 (48 men and 48 women) participants from groups 1 and 3, respectively. The results showed no differences in the HOAs and choroid parameters between men and women.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 2 depicts the results of the comparison of HOAs in the myopic groups, including Zernike coefficients and RMS values. There were significant differences in the spherical HOA RMS, Z\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e, and Z\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003e values among the three groups. Group 3 had lower spherical HOA RMS (0.18\u0026plusmn;0.09 vs 0.21\u0026plusmn;0.10, p=0.046) and Z\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e (0.18\u0026plusmn;0.10 vs 0.21\u0026plusmn;0.11, p=0.035) values than group 1. Group 1 showed lower Z\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e1\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003e(-0.16\u0026plusmn;0.09) value than groups 2 and 3 (-0.10\u0026plusmn;0.10 and -0.08\u0026plusmn;0.10, respectively, p\u0026lt;0.001).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 3 shows a comparison of choroidal parameters, including CVI and CT, between the myopic groups. Mean, central, and I2 CVI values in the vertical scan were higher in groups 1 and 2 (P\u0026lt;0.01) than those in group 3. Group 1 had a higher vertical CVI in the S1 region than group 3 (P\u0026lt;0.05). Except for the N2 region, group 3 had a lower horizontal CVI than groups 1 and 2 (P\u0026lt;0.05). The mean and all regions of CT decreased with an increase in AL, both vertically and horizontally (P \u0026lt; 0.001).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 4 displays the relationships between HOAs and the mean CVI and CT.\u0026nbsp;According to univariate and multivariate analysis, the comatic (Z\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003e) and trefoil (Z\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e) components were strong predictors of the mean CVI of horizontal scan (\u0026beta; = -0.125, P = 0.033; \u0026beta; = 0.147, P = 0.013, respectively). Z\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003e demonstrated a significant relationship with mean CT in both vertical (\u0026beta; = -0.178; P = 0.002) and horizontal lines (\u0026beta; = -0.166; P = 0.007).\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Table 5 illustrates the correlations between SE, AL, and the choroidal parameters. According to the univariate linear regression analysis, except for the horizontal CVI in the N2 region, the mean values and all regions for both the CVI and CT were associated with SE and AL (p\u0026lt;0.01). However, only the I2 and T2 regions of the CVI showed significant correlations with SE and AL in the multiple linear regression model (p\u0026lt;0.01).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn the current study, we characterized the differences in HOAs, CVI, and CT according to AL elongation. Our findings revealed that eyes with a longer AL had lower absolute values of SA and horizontal coma, as well as a decrease in choroidal vascularity and thickness. A correlation between choroidal perfusion and thickness with horizontal coma was demonstrated (Figure 3, ACD). Additionally, the trefoil correlated with the mean CVI of the horizontal scan (Figure 3, B). This finding implies a potential link between optical quality and ocular perfusion in myopia.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eKnowledge of the specific HOAs in an individual\u0026apos;s eyes allows for more personalized and precise eyeglasses and contact lenses. \u003csup\u003e12, 13\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003eFor example, a recently patented control lens was shown to retard AL elongation by solely inducing HOAs to generate blur signals on the retina.[8]\u0026nbsp;Moreover, in refractive surgery procedures such as LASIK or PRK, understanding the specific HOAs in a patient\u0026apos;s eyes allows surgeons to customize the procedure to address not only basic refractive errors but also these aberrations. Customization can improve postoperative outcomes and patient satisfaction. \u003csup\u003e26\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe found that the absolute values of SA and horizontal coma were lower in patients with a longer AL. This finding is consistent with those of other studies. Eyes with lower AL have larger angle kappas and show elevated levels of horizontal coma in the anterior cornea.[31]\u0026nbsp;Oshika et al. observed an increase in coma-like aberrations following orthokeratology, suggesting a potential mechanism for controlling ocular axial growth[14]. Xu et al. demonstrated a negative association between comatic HOAs and axial elongation in myopic school children and adolescents.[12]\u0026nbsp;These results prove the intervention of HOAs in myopia progression. However, some studies in adults have reported significantly higher levels of HOA RMS in myopic eyes than in emmetropic eyes,[9, 32]\u0026nbsp;while others have found no difference.[10]\u0026nbsp;We speculated that the various measurement techniques and instruments utilized, as well as the patient characteristics, account for the broad inconsistencies between studies. The current study provides a reference for the distribution of HOAs in young myopic patients. Further validation through longitudinal studies and establishing correlations between choroidal perfusion, thickness, and corneal coma is warranted.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHOAs may affect the choroid via the following mechanisms. First, because the human eye is an optical component system, a balance of aberrations between the optical elements is required. A compensatory mechanism has been previously reported to balance corneal horizontal coma, perhaps in the lens.[31]\u0026nbsp;Furthermore, research indicates that aberration variation and accommodation are highly correlated\u0026nbsp;[33], and long-term abnormal accommodation may be responsible for changes in choroidal structure[34, 35]. We also speculated that choroidal vascularity and thickness are components of the compensatory mechanism of corneal coma. Second, it is crucial to note that spherical and coma aberrations reduce retinal image quality and produce variations in optical vergence across the entrance pupil of the eye.[36]\u0026nbsp;Thus, HOAs may serve as optical signals contributing to the regulation of eye growth and development of refractive errors. Disturbances in retinal dopamine homeostasis are associated with choroidal blood perfusion in myopias[20, 37, 38]. Therefore, some pharmacological interventions for myopia aim to influence ocular structures, including the choroid.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFurthermore, in\u0026nbsp;the multiple linear regression, a clear linear relationship\u0026nbsp;was found between\u0026nbsp;the CVI in regions I2, T2,\u0026nbsp;and AL\u0026nbsp;and SE (Figure 3, E-H). Research has consistently shown that choroidal thinning is most pronounced temporally during the progression of myopia, likely owing to temporal stretching of the choroid and sclera[39]. It has been proposed that non-vascular smooth muscle cells and\u0026nbsp;intrinsic\u0026nbsp;choroidal neurons play a role in regulating choroidal structure, as they predominantly reside in the central and temporal quadrants of the choroid[40, 41]. Therefore, the temporal choroidal structure is more sensitive\u0026nbsp;in myopic eyes. However,\u0026nbsp;most choroidal studies have focused\u0026nbsp;solely on horizontal scans\u0026nbsp;and have provided limited information on vertical scans. Our results suggest that temporal and inferior CVI\u0026nbsp;measured by\u0026nbsp;SS-OCT with an algorithm can be an objective indicator for monitoring myopic development.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn this study, the CVI in the high myopia group was significantly lower than those in the low and moderate myopia groups. However, there was no significant difference in\u0026nbsp;the CVI between\u0026nbsp;groups 1 and\u0026nbsp;2. Notably, choroidal perfusion was positively correlated with AL, indicating that as the eye\u0026apos;s AL increased, choroidal blood flow also increased. The changes observed in the\u0026nbsp;high myopic eyes were more significant than\u0026nbsp;those in the low myopic eyes. This suggests that CVI remains relatively stable in the early stages of myopia but experiences a significant decline in the intermediate and advanced stages. In contrast to the nearly linear relationship between CT and AL, the relationship between\u0026nbsp;the\u0026nbsp;choroidal vasculature and AL is complex.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study had certain limitations. First, it was a cross-sectional study; therefore, changes in the HOAs and choroid during the progression of myopia could not be documented. Future longitudinal studies may be useful for overcoming this shortcoming. Second, although SA may change owing to age-related lens modifications[42], it is worth noting that all participants in this study were young myopia patients, and cataract patients were excluded.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn conclusion,\u0026nbsp;lower absolute values of SA and horizontal coma were observed in longer AL myopic patients.\u0026nbsp;Choroid alterations in myopic patients are correlated with HOA. Horizontal coma aberration was the most significant correlation factor. This study provides\u0026nbsp;a reference for the characteristics of the HOA and choroid in young myopic patients, and\u0026nbsp;may help prevent and manage myopia.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor Contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eKaiming Ruan, Dan Cheng contributed to the conception of the study; Xueying Zhu, Fangjun Bao, Jun Zhu, and Fenfen Li performed the experiment; Kaiming Ruan Xueying Zhu, Fangjun Bao, Jun Zhu, Fenfen Li Meixiao Shen and Yufeng Ye performed the data analyses; Kaiming Ruan and Dan Cheng wrote the manuscript; Meixiao Shen and Yufeng Ye revised the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of data and materials\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe data that support the findings of this study are available from the cor responding author upon reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study was supported by research grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 81900910), Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province (No.LQ19H120003), Basic Scientific Research Project of Wenzhou (Y2023809, Y20190638).\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study protocol adhered to the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the Ethics Committee of Wenzhou Medical University. All patients have been informed of the purpose of the experiment and signed informed consent.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo conflicting relationship exists for any author.\u003cstrong\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMorgan, I.G., K. Ohno-Matsui, and S.-M. 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E7091-E7100.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eZhou, X., et al., \u003cem\u003eIncreased Choroidal Blood Perfusion Can Inhibit Form Deprivation Myopia in Guinea Pigs.\u003c/em\u003e Investigative Ophthalmology \u0026amp; Visual Science, 2020. \u003cstrong\u003e61\u003c/strong\u003e(13): p. 25.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eZhou, X., et al., \u003cem\u003eDecreased Choroidal Blood Perfusion Induces Myopia in Guinea Pigs.\u003c/em\u003e Investigative Ophthalmology \u0026amp; Visual Science, 2021. \u003cstrong\u003e62\u003c/strong\u003e(15): p. 30.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSummers, J.A., \u003cem\u003eThe choroid as a sclera growth regulator.\u003c/em\u003e Experimental Eye Research, 2013. \u003cstrong\u003e114\u003c/strong\u003e: p. 120-127.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHiraoka, T., et al., \u003cem\u003eInfluences of cycloplegia with topical atropine on ocular higher-order aberrations.\u003c/em\u003e Ophthalmology, 2013. \u003cstrong\u003e120\u003c/strong\u003e(1).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWu, H., et al., \u003cem\u003eAssessment of Choroidal Vascularity and Choriocapillaris Blood Perfusion in Anisomyopic Adults by SS-OCT/OCTA.\u003c/em\u003e Investigative Ophthalmology \u0026amp; Visual Science, 2021. \u003cstrong\u003e62\u003c/strong\u003e(1): p. 8.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCheng, D., et al., \u003cem\u003eCharacteristics of the Optic Nerve Head in Myopic Eyes Using Swept-Source Optical Coherence Tomography.\u003c/em\u003e Investigative Ophthalmology \u0026amp; Visual Science, 2022. \u003cstrong\u003e63\u003c/strong\u003e(6): p. 20.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWang, Y., et al., \u003cem\u003eVascular Changes of the Choroid and Their Correlations With Visual Acuity in Pathological Myopia.\u003c/em\u003e Investigative Ophthalmology \u0026amp; Visual Science, 2022. \u003cstrong\u003e63\u003c/strong\u003e(12): p. 20.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSun, Y.Y., et al., \u003cem\u003eCycloplegic refraction by 1% cyclopentolate in young adults: is it the gold standard? The Anyang University Students Eye Study (AUSES).\u003c/em\u003e Br J Ophthalmol, 2018.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePark, K.S., et al., \u003cem\u003eEffect of axial length on peripapillary microvasculature: An optical coherence tomography angiography study.\u003c/em\u003e PloS One, 2021. \u003cstrong\u003e16\u003c/strong\u003e(10): p. e0258479.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWei, L., et al., \u003cem\u003eContrast Sensitivity Function: A More Sensitive Index for Assessing Protective Effects of the Cilioretinal Artery on Macular Function in High Myopia.\u003c/em\u003e Investigative Ophthalmology \u0026amp; Visual Science, 2022. \u003cstrong\u003e63\u003c/strong\u003e(13): p. 25.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTan, C.S., et al., \u003cem\u003eDiurnal variation of choroidal thickness in normal, healthy subjects measured by spectral domain optical coherence tomography.\u003c/em\u003e Investigative Ophthalmology \u0026amp; Visual Science, 2012. \u003cstrong\u003e53\u003c/strong\u003e(1): p. 261-266.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSonoda, S., et al., \u003cem\u003eLuminal and stromal areas of choroid determined by binarization method of optical coherence tomographic images.\u003c/em\u003e American Journal of Ophthalmology, 2015. \u003cstrong\u003e159\u003c/strong\u003e(6).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLu, F., et al., \u003cem\u003eOn the compensation of horizontal coma aberrations in young human eyes.\u003c/em\u003e Ophthalmic \u0026amp; Physiological Optics : the Journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists), 2008. \u003cstrong\u003e28\u003c/strong\u003e(3): p. 277-282.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePaquin, M.-P., H. Hamam, and P. Simonet, \u003cem\u003eObjective measurement of optical aberrations in myopic eyes.\u003c/em\u003e Optometry and Vision Science : Official Publication of the American Academy of Optometry, 2002. \u003cstrong\u003e79\u003c/strong\u003e(5): p. 285-291.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKe, B., et al., \u003cem\u003eThe Relationship Between High-Order Aberration and Anterior Ocular Biometry During Accommodation in Young Healthy Adults.\u003c/em\u003e Investigative Ophthalmology \u0026amp; Visual Science, 2017. \u003cstrong\u003e58\u003c/strong\u003e(13): p. 5628-5635.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eChang, X., et al., \u003cem\u003eAssessment of Choroidal Vascularity and Choriocapillaris Blood Perfusion After Accommodation in Myopia, Emmetropia, and Hyperopia Groups Among Children.\u003c/em\u003e Frontiers In Physiology, 2022. \u003cstrong\u003e13\u003c/strong\u003e: p. 854240.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKaphle, D., et al., \u003cem\u003eCentral and peripheral choroidal thickness and eye length changes during accommodation.\u003c/em\u003e Ophthalmic \u0026amp; Physiological Optics : the Journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists), 2023. \u003cstrong\u003e43\u003c/strong\u003e(3): p. 311-318.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHughes, R.P., et al., \u003cem\u003eHigher order aberrations, refractive error development and myopia control: a review.\u003c/em\u003e Clinical \u0026amp; Experimental Optometry, 2020. \u003cstrong\u003e103\u003c/strong\u003e(1): p. 68-85.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHuemer, K.-H., et al., \u003cem\u003eEffects of dopamine on retinal and choroidal blood flow parameters in humans.\u003c/em\u003e The British Journal of Ophthalmology, 2007. \u003cstrong\u003e91\u003c/strong\u003e(9): p. 1194-1198.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWei, P., G. Han, and Y. Wang, \u003cem\u003eEffects of dopamine D2 receptor antagonists on retinal pigment epithelial/choroid complex metabolism in form-deprived myopic guinea pigs.\u003c/em\u003e Proteomics, 2023: p. e2200325.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLee, K., et al., \u003cem\u003eTopographical variation of macular choroidal thickness with myopia.\u003c/em\u003e Acta Ophthalmologica, 2015. \u003cstrong\u003e93\u003c/strong\u003e(6): p. e469-e474.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMay, C.A., \u003cem\u003eNon-vascular smooth muscle cells in the human choroid: distribution, development and further characterization.\u003c/em\u003e Journal of Anatomy, 2005. \u003cstrong\u003e207\u003c/strong\u003e(4): p. 381-390.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFl\u0026uuml;gel, C., et al., \u003cem\u003eSpecies differences in choroidal vasodilative innervation: evidence for specific intrinsic nitrergic and VIP-positive neurons in the human eye.\u003c/em\u003e Investigative Ophthalmology \u0026amp; Visual Science, 1994. \u003cstrong\u003e35\u003c/strong\u003e(2): p. 592-599.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAmano, S., et al., \u003cem\u003eAge-related changes in corneal and ocular higher-order wavefront aberrations.\u003c/em\u003e American Journal of Ophthalmology, 2004. \u003cstrong\u003e137\u003c/strong\u003e(6): p. 988-992.\u003cstrong\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"Tables","content":"\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"545\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"5\" style=\"width: 545px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTable 1 Baseline data in Myopic Eyes with Different Degrees of Axial Length\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 116px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGroup 1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 116px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGroup 2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 116px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGroup3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 80px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP Value\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNumber\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 116px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e105\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 116px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e98\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 116px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e118\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 80px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAge, years\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 116px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28.73\u0026plusmn;5.87\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 116px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28.92\u0026plusmn;6.77\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 116px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27.64\u0026plusmn;6.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 80px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.274\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSex, male/female\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 116px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25/80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 116px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36/62\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 116px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48/70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 80px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSE, D\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 116px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.19\u0026plusmn;1.94\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 116px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.54\u0026plusmn;1.64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 116px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.30\u0026plusmn;2.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 80px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCylinder，D\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 116px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.59\u0026plusmn;0.53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 116px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.64\u0026plusmn;0.52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 116px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.92\u0026plusmn;0.64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 80px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAL, mm\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 116px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.22\u0026plusmn;0.57\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 116px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.51\u0026plusmn;0.29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 116px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27.04\u0026plusmn;0.91\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 80px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIOP, mmHg\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 116px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.25\u0026plusmn;2.52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 116px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.93\u0026plusmn;2.72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 116px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.17\u0026plusmn;2.79\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 80px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.684\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCCT, um\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 116px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e526.79\u0026plusmn;35.72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 116px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e535.26\u0026plusmn;26.66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 116px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e534.53\u0026plusmn;31.83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 80px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.106\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSE, spherical equivalent; AL, axial length; CCT, central corneal thickness.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"689\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"5\" style=\"width: 689px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTable 2. Comparison of Corneal Wavefront Aberrations in Three Groups\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 225px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 130px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGroup1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGroup2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 130px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGroup3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP Value\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 225px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal RMS\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 130px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.50\u0026plusmn;0.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.48\u0026plusmn;0.59\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 130px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.52\u0026plusmn;0.52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.898\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 225px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLOA RMS\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 130px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.44\u0026plusmn;0.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.42\u0026plusmn;0.59\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 130px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.45\u0026plusmn;0.52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.913\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 225px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHOA RMS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 130px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.42\u0026plusmn;0.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.41\u0026plusmn;0.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 130px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.39\u0026plusmn;0.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.169\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 225px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSpherical HOA RMS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 130px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.21\u0026plusmn;0.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.20\u0026plusmn;0.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 130px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.18\u0026plusmn;0.09\u0026dagger;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 225px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eZ\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 130px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.21\u0026plusmn;0.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.20\u0026plusmn;0.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 130px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.18\u0026plusmn;0.10\u0026dagger;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 225px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eComatic HOA RMS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 130px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.23\u0026plusmn;0.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.23\u0026plusmn;0.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 130px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.21\u0026plusmn;0.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.336\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 225px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eZ\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 130px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u0026plusmn;0.19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.04\u0026plusmn;0.23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 130px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.03\u0026plusmn;0.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 225px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eZ\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 130px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.16\u0026plusmn;0.09\u0026Dagger;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.10\u0026plusmn;0.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 130px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.08\u0026plusmn;0.10\u0026dagger;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 225px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTrefoil HOA RMS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 130px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.15\u0026plusmn;0.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.16\u0026plusmn;0.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 130px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.15\u0026plusmn;0.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.512\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 225px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eZ\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e-3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 130px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.07\u0026plusmn;0.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.08\u0026plusmn;0.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 130px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.06\u0026plusmn;0.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.481\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 225px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eZ\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 130px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.03\u0026plusmn;0.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.01\u0026plusmn;0.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 130px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.01\u0026plusmn;0.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.307\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRMS, root mean square; LOA, lower-order aberrations; HOA, higher-order aberrations.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026dagger; Significant differences between group 1 and group 3.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026Dagger; Significant differences between group 1 and group 2.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"713\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"7\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 713px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTable 3. Comparison of CVIs and CTs in Macular Zone among Three Groups\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 147px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eParameters\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGroup1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGroup2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGroup3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 97px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP Value\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"14\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCVI (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVertical Scan\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 97px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e61.04\u0026plusmn;3.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60.52\u0026plusmn;3.69*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59.30\u0026plusmn;4.56\u0026dagger;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 97px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eI2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62.45\u0026plusmn;4.69\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e61.62\u0026plusmn;4.61*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59.91\u0026plusmn;6.66\u0026dagger;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 97px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eI1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60.94\u0026plusmn;4.68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60.82\u0026plusmn;5.95\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59.56\u0026plusmn;5.97\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 97px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.121\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60.44\u0026plusmn;4.97\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60.26\u0026plusmn;6.41*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e58.58\u0026plusmn;6.73\u0026dagger;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 97px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eS1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e61.40\u0026plusmn;4.34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59.99\u0026plusmn;5.73\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59.63\u0026plusmn;5.65\u0026dagger;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 97px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eS2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60.11\u0026plusmn;3.70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60.05\u0026plusmn;4.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59.14\u0026plusmn;5.29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 97px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.193\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHorizontal Scan\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 97px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59.94\u0026plusmn;3.40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59.66\u0026plusmn;3.67*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e57.33\u0026plusmn;4.20\u0026dagger;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 97px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60.05\u0026plusmn;4.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60.87\u0026plusmn;4.43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59.61\u0026plusmn;5.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 97px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.145\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60.40\u0026plusmn;4.69\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60.48\u0026plusmn;5.15*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e58.69\u0026plusmn;5.02\u0026dagger;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 97px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60.40\u0026plusmn;4.42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60.28\u0026plusmn;5.35*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e57.73\u0026plusmn;6.52\u0026dagger;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 97px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e61.41\u0026plusmn;6.37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60.56\u0026plusmn;6.61*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e57.05\u0026plusmn;6.67\u0026dagger;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 97px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e57.78\u0026plusmn;6.64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e56.25\u0026plusmn;6.75*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52.45\u0026plusmn;6.65\u0026dagger;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 97px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"14\" style=\"width: 42px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCT (um)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVertical Scan\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 97px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e324.97\u0026plusmn;83.54\u0026Dagger;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e276.33\u0026plusmn;70.02*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e228.34\u0026plusmn;56.55\u0026dagger;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 97px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eI2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e315.07\u0026plusmn;89.00\u0026Dagger;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e269.64\u0026plusmn;79.12*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e217.66\u0026plusmn;63.47\u0026dagger;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 97px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eI1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e325.76\u0026plusmn;88.19\u0026Dagger;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e274.53\u0026plusmn;78.87*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e217.86\u0026plusmn;60.09\u0026dagger;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 97px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e324.73\u0026plusmn;90.69\u0026Dagger;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e271.00\u0026plusmn;74.60*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e218.16\u0026plusmn;62.14\u0026dagger;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 97px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eS1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e327.84\u0026plusmn;84.92\u0026Dagger;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e279.76\u0026plusmn;73.27*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e233.66\u0026plusmn;60.62\u0026dagger;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 97px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eS2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e332.63\u0026plusmn;90.31\u0026Dagger;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e285.51\u0026plusmn;72.65*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e249.27\u0026plusmn;66.61\u0026dagger;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 97px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHorizontal Scan\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 97px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e301.14\u0026plusmn;79.02\u0026Dagger;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e254.72\u0026plusmn;63.50*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e210.56\u0026plusmn;50.68\u0026dagger;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 97px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e324.36\u0026plusmn;81.66\u0026Dagger;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e285.11\u0026plusmn;72.83*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e236.28\u0026plusmn;58.02\u0026dagger;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 97px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e341.13\u0026plusmn;86.20\u0026Dagger;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e294.82\u0026plusmn;74.10*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e241.30\u0026plusmn;58.57\u0026dagger;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 97px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e327.42\u0026plusmn;89.15\u0026Dagger;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e275.44\u0026plusmn;75.47*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e223.28\u0026plusmn;62.88\u0026dagger;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 97px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e293.51\u0026plusmn;86.55\u0026Dagger;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e241.65\u0026plusmn;66.91*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e200.80\u0026plusmn;56.98\u0026dagger;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 97px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e238.88\u0026plusmn;83.09\u0026Dagger;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e192.57\u0026plusmn;60.59*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 156px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e162.41\u0026plusmn;57.71\u0026dagger;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 97px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCVI, choroidal vascularity index; CT, choroidal thickness.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e*Significant differences between group 2 and group 3.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026dagger;\u0026nbsp;Significant differences between group 1 and group 3.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026Dagger; Significant differences between group 1 and group 2.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"1060\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"18\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 1060px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTable 4 Linear regression analysis to determine the correlations between Mean CVI, CT and HOAs\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 108px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"8\" style=\"width: 450px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVertical Scan\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"8\" style=\"width: 450px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHorizontal Scan\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 108px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" style=\"width: 224px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUnivariate Analysis\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" style=\"width: 226px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMultivariate Analysis\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" style=\"width: 224px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUnivariate Analysis\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" style=\"width: 226px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMultivariate Analysis\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 108px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHOA Parameters\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eB\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026beta;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e95%CI\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP Value\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eB\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026beta;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e95%CI\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP Value\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eB\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026beta;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e95%CI\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP Value\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eB\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026beta;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e95%CI\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP Value\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"9\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;CVI (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 108px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal HOA RMS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.064\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.002\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-3.555 ~ 3.682\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.973\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.061\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.097\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.565 ~ 6.686\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.099\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 108px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSpherical HOA RMS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.717\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.039\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-3.353 ~ 6.787\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.507\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.234\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.141\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.175 ~ 11.294\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.862\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-23.934 ~ 33.659\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.741\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 108px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eZ\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.453\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.035\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-3.412 ~ 6.318\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.559\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.983\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.141\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.129 ~ 10.837\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.786\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.042\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-25.855 ~ 29.428\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.899\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 108px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eComatic HOA RMS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.318\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-3.387 ~ 4.022\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.867\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.609\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.081\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-1.110 ~ 6.328\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 108px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eZ\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.097\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.005\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-2.319 ~ 2.125\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.932\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.949\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.049\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-3.189 ~ 1.291\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.407\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 108px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eZ\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-4.703\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.122\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-9.140 ~ -0.266\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-4.018\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.104\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-8.502 ~ 0.467\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-5.82\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-10.270 ~ -1.369\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-4.868\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.125\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-9.326 ~ -0.410\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 108px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTrefoil HOA RMS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-1.365\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.033\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-6.195 ~ 3.464\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.58\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.915\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.069\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-1.942 ~ 7.773\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 108px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eZ\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e-3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-2.686\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.088\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-6.198 ~ 0.827\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.135\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-2.268\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.074\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-5.808 ~ 1.273\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 108px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eZ\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.74\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.123\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.308 ~ 9.173\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.064\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.105\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.417 ~ 8.545\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.077\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.125\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.158\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.683 ~ 10.567\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.701\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.147\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.248 ~ 10.155\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"9\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;CT (um)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 108px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal HOA RMS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e65.883\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.112\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-2.124 ~ 133.891\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.059\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e77.419\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.935 ~ 140.903\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.605\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.046\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-47.558 ~ 98.768\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.493\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 108px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSpherical HOA RMS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e125.496\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.151\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30.238 ~ 220.754\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e400.73\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.482\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-141.245 ~ 942.705\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.148\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e123.578\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34.898 ~ 212.259\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e315.101\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.407\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-221.142 ~ 851.344\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 108px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eZ\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e112.235\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.141\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.740 ~ 203.731\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-268.688\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.337\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-788.540 ~ 251.164\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.312\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e111.024\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.812 ~ 196.237\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-201.59\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.272\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-703.921 ~ 300.740\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.432\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 108px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eComatic HOA RMS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e69.087\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.114\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.579 ~ 138.753\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.053\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e64.955\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.115\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.199 ~ 130.108\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.052\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 108px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eZ\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.93\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.008\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-39.090 ~ 44.951\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.891\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.013\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-34.949 ~ 43.810\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.826\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 108px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eZ\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-128.062\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.174\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-211.907 ~ -44.217\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-130.748\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.178\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-213.983 ~ -47.513\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-110.126\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.162\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-188.140 ~ -32.113\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-108.896\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-187.509 ~ -30.283\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 108px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTrefoil HOA RMS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.116\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-75.317 ~ 107.549\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.73\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41.808\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.057\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-43.570 ~ 127.187\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.338\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 108px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eZ\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e-3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-11.607\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-78.279 ~ 55.066\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.733\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-28.652\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.053\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-90.924 ~ 33.621\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.368\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 108px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eZ\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.096\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-13.986 ~ 154.246\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.103\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e67.194\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.099\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-11.448 ~ 145.835\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.095\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCVI, choroidal vascularity index; CT, choroidal thickness; RMS, root mean square; HOA, higher-order aberrations.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"947\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"18\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 947px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTable 5. Linear Regression between the Choroidal Parameters and SE and AL in Myopic Patients\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"8\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSpherical Equivalent (D)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"8\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAxial Length (mm)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUnivariate Analysis\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMultivariate Analysis\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUnivariate Analysis\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMultivariate Analysis\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChoroidal Parameters\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eB\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026beta;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e95%CI\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP Value\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eB\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026beta;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e95%CI\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP Value\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eB\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026beta;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e95%CI\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP Value\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eB\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026beta;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e95%CI\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP Value\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"14\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCVI\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVertical Scan\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.172\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.255\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.244 ~ -0.101\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.099\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.285\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.135 ~ -0.062\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eI2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.254\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.171 ~ -0.070\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.159 ~ -0.041\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.068\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.282\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.094 ~ -0.043\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.056\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.232\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.086 ~ -0.027\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eI1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.073\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.155\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.124 ~ -0.022\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.008\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.017\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.074 ~ 0.058\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.81\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.043\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.176\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.069 ~ -0.016\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.004\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.018\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.038 ~ 0.029\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.794\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.066\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.154\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.113 ~ -0.020\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.013\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.074 ~ 0.048\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.673\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.039\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.178\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.063 ~ -0.015\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.008\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.038\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.039 ~ 0.022\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.591\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eS1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.082\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.166\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.136 ~ -0.029\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.034\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.069\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.103 ~ 0.034\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.329\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.049\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.193\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.076 ~ -0.022\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.022\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.086\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.057 ~ 0.013\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.218\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eS2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.086\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.147\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.150 ~ -0.022\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.006\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.080 ~ 0.068\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.871\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.048\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.081 ~ -0.016\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.004\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.039 ~ 0.036\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.947\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHorizontal Scan\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.211\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.318\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.281 ~ -0.142\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.352\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.155 ~ -0.085\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.057\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.101\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.118 ~ 0.005\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.072\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.041\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.141\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.072 ~ -0.009\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.018\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.063\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.049 ~ 0.013\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.256\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.084\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.141 ~ -0.027\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.067 ~ 0.066\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.986\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.046\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.171\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.075 ~ -0.017\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.007\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.028\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.027 ~ 0.042\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.675\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.102\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.218\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.152 ~ -0.052\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.032\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.069\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.097 ~ 0.033\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.331\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.058\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.243\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.083 ~ -0.033\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.085\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.053 ~ 0.013\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.228\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.107\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.277\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.148 ~ -0.067\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.037\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.095\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.090 ~ 0.017\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.061\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.308\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.082 ~ -0.040\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.022\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.113\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.050 ~ 0.005\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.107\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.346\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.168 ~ -0.091\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.102\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.272\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.147 ~ -0.057\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.367\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.090 ~ -0.051\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.053\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.276\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.076 ~ -0.030\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"14\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCT\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(um)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVertical Scan\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.018\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.564\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.021 ~ -0.015\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.009\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.537\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.011 ~ -0.007\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eI2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.015\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.506\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.018 ~ -0.012\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.044\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.009 ~ 0.006\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.723\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.068\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.282\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.094 ~ -0.043\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.002\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.098\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.005 ~ 0.002\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.443\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eI1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.016\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.54\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.019 ~ -0.013\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.003\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.016 ~ 0.009\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.608\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.043\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.176\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.069 ~ -0.016\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.002\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.126\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.008 ~ 0.005\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.562\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.017\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.552\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.019 ~ -0.014\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.003\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.115\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.017 ~ 0.010\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.615\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.039\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.178\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.063 ~ -0.015\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.004\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.287\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.011 ~ 0.003\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.217\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eS1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.018\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.559\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.021 ~ -0.015\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.007\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.228\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.019 ~ 0.005\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.238\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.008\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.010 ~ -0.007\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.091\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.008 ~ 0.005\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.644\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eS2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.016\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.518\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.019 ~ -0.013\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.003\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.096\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.010 ~ 0.004\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.395\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.007\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.454\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.009 ~ -0.006\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.003 ~ 0.004\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.728\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHorizontal Scan\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.559\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.023 ~ -0.016\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.012 ~ -0.008\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.017\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.513\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.020 ~ -0.014\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.002\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.054\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.010 ~ 0.007\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.674\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.009\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.504\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.010 ~ -0.007\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.002\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.137\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.007 ~ 0.002\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.295\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.018\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.559\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.020 ~ -0.015\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.007\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.022 ~ 0.008\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.391\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.009\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.536\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.010 ~ -0.007\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.009 ~ 0.007\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.839\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.017\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.562\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.020 ~ -0.014\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.005\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.178\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.020 ~ 0.009\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.459\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.058\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.243\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.083 ~ -0.033\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.004\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.267\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.012 ~ 0.003\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.273\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.018\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.538\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.021 ~ -0.015\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.006\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.179\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.017 ~ 0.005\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.311\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.009\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.522\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.010 ~ -0.007\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.046\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.007 ~ 0.005\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.797\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.016\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.452\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.019 ~ -0.012\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.037\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.006 ~ 0.008\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.713\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.008\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.466\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.010 ~ -0.007\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.002\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.086\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.005 ~ 0.002\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.405\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;CVI, choroidal vascularity index; CT, choroidal thickness\u003c/p\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-ophthalmology","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"boph","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Ophthalmology](http://bmcophthalmol.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/boph","title":"BMC Ophthalmology","twitterHandle":"BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"myopia, higher-order aberrations, choroidal vascularity index, choroidal thickness","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4987523/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4987523/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBackground：\u003c/strong\u003eTo investigate corneal higher-order aberrations (HOAs) and choroidal characteristics in myopic individuals and explore the association between HOAs and choroidal parameters.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMethods：\u003c/strong\u003eMyopic participants were categorized into three groups based on axial lengths (ALs). We compared HOAs, including spherical (Z\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e), comatic (Z\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e and Z\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003e), and trefoil (Z\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e-3\u003c/sup\u003e and Z\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e) aberrations, as well as choroidal vascularity index (CVI) and choroidal thickness (CT). Linear regression analysis was used to assess the relationships among HOAs, CVI, CT, spherical equivalent, and AL.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResults：\u003c/strong\u003eGroups 1, 2, and 3 included 105, 98, and 118 eyes, respectively. Group 3 exhibited lower spherical HOA root mean square and Z\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e values than group 1. Group 1 showed lower Z\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003e levels than other groups. Groups 1 and 2 had higher mean, central, and I2 vertical CVIs than group 3. Group 1 had a larger vertical S1 CVI than group 3. Group 3 had smaller horizontal CVI values in all regions except N2. Both the mean and CT in all regions decreased as AL increased. The comatic (Z\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003e) and trefoil (Z\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e) components were predictors of mean horizontal CVI, and the comatic (Z\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003e) component was correlated with both mean vertical and horizontal CT.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConclusion:\u003c/strong\u003e Longer AL myopic patients exhibited lower absolute values of spherical aberration and horizontal coma. Alterations in choroid in myopic patients correlated with corneal HOAs. Our results suggest a potential connection between the optical quality and ocular perfusion in myopia.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Higher-Order Aberrations and Their Relationship with Choroid in Myopic Patients","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-10-17 14:33:03","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4987523/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2024-09-11T08:40:34+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2024-09-11T04:21:21+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2024-09-03T01:35:41+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"78800092916164961903808772318839005127","date":"2024-09-02T00:49:20+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"220458574828716896578339099508477393226","date":"2024-08-31T06:48:09+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2024-08-29T23:34:17+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2024-08-29T04:19:54+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2024-08-29T03:47:35+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"BMC Ophthalmology","date":"2024-08-28T02:25:03+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-ophthalmology","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"boph","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Ophthalmology](http://bmcophthalmol.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/boph","title":"BMC Ophthalmology","twitterHandle":"BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"c74a28eb-b2d4-4cc0-bb6d-de02d8d3175b","owner":[],"postedDate":"October 17th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-11-18T15:59:53+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-4987523","link":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12886-024-03761-7","journal":{"identity":"bmc-ophthalmology","isVorOnly":false,"title":"BMC Ophthalmology"},"publishedOn":"2024-11-15 15:57:03","publishedOnDateReadable":"November 15th, 2024"},"versionCreatedAt":"2024-10-17 14:33:03","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1186/s12886-024-03761-7","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12886-024-03761-7","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4987523","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4987523","identity":"rs-4987523","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}