Assessing Groundwater Quality Near E-Waste Dumpsites in Lagos, Nigeria: A content analysis of two dumpsites from Alaba and Olusosun

Assessing Groundwater Quality Near E-Waste Dumpsites in Lagos, Nigeria: A content analysis of two dumpsites from Alaba and Olusosun | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Assessing Groundwater Quality Near E-Waste Dumpsites in Lagos, Nigeria: A content analysis of two dumpsites from Alaba and Olusosun Okorhi Johnson Ojiyovwi, Oluwatoyin Tirenioluwa Fatunsin, Kehinde Olayinka This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4566648/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract E-waste recycling in Lagos, Nigeria is predominantly informal, involving manual dismantling and open burning, leading to groundwater contamination, threat to health and the environment. This study assessed electronic waste (e-waste) disposal in Lagos at two dumptsites. The results confirmed high level dangerous contaminates of cadmium, nickel, and other metals exceeding WHO limits at both Alaba and Olusosun dumpsites. Water quality analysis revealed 75% of samples were unfit for drinking, posing perilous risks to the biosphere. The study identified five policy barriers hindering effective e-waste management in the study area. These shortcomings contributed to six negative environmental and social impacts. To address these issues, the research proposes seven policy options for implementation in Lagos, aiming to create a more sustainable e-waste management system. Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Introduction Potentially toxic metals (PTMs) are persistent environmental pollutants and bioaccumulative in the food chain, linked to various illnesses, including cancer. They can leach into groundwater and surface water, impacting water quality. In Lagos, Nigeria, the Alaba and Olusosun electronic waste (e-waste) dumpsites (Fig. 1) are two primary avenues for PTM pollutants drifting into portable water for domestic and agricultural uses. Other locations in Lagos where e-waste recycling activities takes place include: Westminster Market, Lawanson Market, Ikeja Computer Village, Ojota Scrap Market and Solous Dumpsite. The increase generation and transboundary movement of waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE, electronic waste or e-waste) has been a global cause for concern, as their recycling serves as a major source of pollution. Groundwater near these dumpsites have been found to contain PTMs, with concentrations decreasing with distance from the dumpsite. Groundwater samples near the Olusosun dumpsite have remained unsafe for consumption, and several groundwater studies have estimated human health risks associated with ingestions and dermal exposures to contaminated water. However, previous studies have only assessed physicochemical parameters and concentrations of PTMs in few samples, and many of these studies are outdated. This article is aimed to assess the physicochemical quality of groundwater and the human health risks associated with the consumption of groundwater near selected e-waste dumpsites in Lagos, Nigeria. Lagos State is home to over 10% of Nigeria’s population and it is considered the commercial nerve centre of the country. The State is reckoned to offer formal e-waste collection through the Lagos Waste Management Authority (LAWMA) and the Lagos State Environmental Protection Agency (LASEPA). LAWMA collects e-waste from households and the bustling Ikeja Computer Village, while LASEPA focuses on e-waste generated by businesses. However, the collected e-waste faces different fates: LAWMA’s collections mostly ends up in municipal dumpsites, where informal workers extract valuable materials, while LASEPA’s e-waste is stored until proper recycling solutions become available. In addition, two refurbishing clusters in Lagos - Ikeja and Alaba – that boast of regional significance have private individuals and businesses taking up roles. With around 5,500 businesses and 15,000 skilled personnel, they supply refurbished equipment beyond Nigeria, reaching West and Central Africa (Basel Convension, 2012). Many of these e-waste workers are educated and trained through a 2–5 years apprenticeship scheme, and numerous businesses operate formally, registered and paying taxes. In stark contrast, e-waste collection and recycling rely heavily on informal “scavengers” on these Lagos dumpsites. Using handcarts, they first collect metal-containing e-waste from households and dumpsites, often paying small amounts. Collected materials are dismantled in scrap metal markets to recover steel, aluminum, and copper. These are sold to local industries or traders for bulk sales, while unusable materials are dumped or burned.. These highlight the need for a rethink of management strategies to avert the perilous pollution of the environment. Status of groundwater quality near e-waste dumpsites in Lagos, Nigeria The study area includes the Alaba and Olusosun dumpsites, and its surroundings. Groundwater samples were collected in July, 2021 from existing boreholes and wells within and nearby the dumpsites. According to WHO standards and stipulations in the National Environmental (Electrical and Electronic Sector) Regulations 2022, the samples were analyzed for pH, total suspended solids, total solids, total dissolved solids, chloride, oxidation reduction potential, turbidity, salinity, electrical conductivity, dissolved oxygen, biological oxygen demand, hardness, nitrate, phosphate, and PTMs. Odour and colour were also observed. The water samples were analyzed using an Agilent microwave induced plasma optical emission spectroscopy (MPOES) MY1428004 model USA, with software version 1.5.2.7948 in multi-elemental mode after digestion. The mode of automatic background correction was used, and a five-point calibration plot was used for quantification. The study was aimed to understand the physicochemical properties of surface water in selected locations in Lagos State, Nigeria. Methods The assessment for quality of groundwater samples required the cleaning of laboratory glassware and plastics, before samples were soaked in a 1% nitric acid solution overnight before sampling and analysis (Fatunsin, et. al., 2023 ). A multi-parameter water quality meter was calibrated using standard solutions and buffers, and PTMs were measured using a five-point calibration on the Multi-Point Electron Emissions System (MPOES). Parameters from duplicate water samples were examined, and blank values for each parameter were calculated using distilled water and subtracted from results of field samples. Then, the water quality index (WQI) was used to rate the combined effect of different water quality parameters on the overall quality of water. Heavy Metal Pollution Index (HPI) was used to access the amount of contamination in groundwater samples with respect to PTMs. The heavy metal evaluation index (HEI) was also assessed for the metals in groundwater samples to ascertain associated potential ecological hazards contained with the drinking water samples. Health risks associated with groundwater PTMs were equally assessed using the method recommended by the United States Environmental Protection Agency. The physicochemical characteristics of groundwater samples were expressed as mean (standard deviation), and statistical analyses were conducted using STATA® version 17 software. The study analyzed water parameters in four geographical locations (Oregun, Ikosi, Ojota, and Alaba) using the One-Way Analysis of Variance method. Results showed that groundwater samples around the Alaba and Olusosun dumpsites in Lagos had physicochemical characteristics that varied significantly. The comparable average electrical conductivity (EC) values for nearby locations of Oregun and Ikosi groundwater samples complied with the Nigerian standard for drinking water adapted from WHO and the e-waste regulations (NESREA, 2022) limits for drinking water. However, four of the six groundwater samples from Ojota’s Olusosun dumpsite exceeded the limit for EC. The groundwater samples near the Olusosun dumpsite had total dissolved solid (TDS) values between 41 ± 3 and 831 ± 1 mg/L, with four samples having TDS values less than 500 mg/L. The ORP value indicates the availability of free electrons and the reducing and oxidizing ability of the water. High chlorine content results in positive ORP values, while hydrogen sulfide presence results in negative ORP values in water treatment. The concentrations of PTMs in groundwater samples around the Alaba dumpsite and Olusosun dumpsite varied from ≤ LOD to 1.2911 ± 0.0356 mg/L, ≤ LOD to 0.0013 ± 0.0169 mg/L, 0.0054 ± 0.0339 to 0.2360 ± 0.0055 mg/L, ≤LOD to 0.9174 ± 0.0055 mg/L, 0.0035 ± 0.0049 to 0.0408 ± 0.0055 mg/L, 0.0071 ± 0.006 to 0.3602 ± 0.0105 mg/L, 0.0296 ± 0.0108 to 0.0660 ± 0.0033 mg/L, and ≤ LOD to 0.6056 ± 0.0055 mg/L, respectively. In addition, results showed significant differences in water temperature, pH, ORP, EC, DO, salinity, TDS, TS, hardness, TSS, and total alkalinity across the 4 locations. However, no significant differences were observed for BOD, hardness, and acidity of water. A Tukey post-hoc test revealed significant pairwise differences between locations and primary outcome measures. The temperature increased by approximately 1.6°C and 1.8°C respectively in the Alaba regions compared to Ojota and Ikosi respectively. The water quality index (WQI) was calculated using the Weighted Arithmetic WQI Method, with values ranging between 97 and 1049. No water sample was found to be of excellent quality, and only one sample was of good quality. The high level of pollution based on the PTMs content is critical since they all exceeded the critical value of 100. The findings may be attributed to differences in distance, deterioration in groundwater due to time, and the number of parameters used to calculate the WQIs. The study also analyzed groundwater metals in both vicinities of Alaba and Olusosun electronic waste dumpsites using a high-intensity interfering (HEI) quality index. All metal contamination levels exceeded the threshold of warning, which is any value greater than 1 as stipulated in the Tenth Schedule of the National Environmental (Electrical and Electronic Sector) Regulations, 2022 (NESREA, 2022). The ERI of metals in groundwater samples varied from 4.33 to 308.5, 0.08 to 28.1, 17.31 to 43.62, 2.45 to 24.39, and 0.49 to 713.77. Human health risks of PTMs in groundwater samples near the dumpsites were assessed using Cw. Again, the CRChildren and CRAdult values for adults and children were above the unacceptable cancer risk threshold. The policy question, its origin and intricacy for e-waste management in Lagos State A policy represents a structured plan of action aimed at achieving specific objectives, often accompanied by a roadmap or strategies to accomplish those objectives (Porter, 1998). In the context of waste management, the development of effective strategies involves formulating a comprehensive framework detailing how an agency executes its mandates, defines goal limitations, and outlines necessary policies for goal implementation. E-waste management strategies encompass strategic planning, legal and regulatory frameworks, public education, institutional arrangements, funding schemes, e-waste generation and handling, and technical planning and design of e-waste management systems (Okorhi et al., 2017 ). In Nigeria, the current plan of action for e-waste management relies on significant regulations, including the Harmful Waste (Special Criminal Provisions) Act, the National Environmental Protection (Waste Management) Regulations, the National Environmental (Sanitation and Wastes Control) Regulation, and the National Environmental (Electrical/Electronics Sector) Regulations (Okorhi et al., 2017 ; NESREA, 2022). This article explores the current state of e-waste management in Lagos, Nigeria, focusing on the existing policy framework and its effectiveness. The framework for managing e-waste in Lagos State is draws from government waste management policies anchored by agencies like LASAPA, LAWMA and the National Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcement Agency (NESREA), emphasizing institutional arrangements. It views e-waste management as a process starting with strategic planning and institutional arrangements involving categorization and assessment. Institutional arrangements include a regulatory arm with policy and liaison offices responsible for collecting, sorting, and disposing of e-waste periodically. These agencies also provide information to aid in periodic strategic plan review (Okorhi et al., 2017 ). The authors’ research concept integrates waste management and strategic management principles, where waste management proposes tools for achieving objectives related to human health and environmental protection, while strategic management focuses on identifying mandates, developing policies, planning, and allocating resources for goal implementation. To ensure effective e-waste management and developmental strategies, the authors argue for an approach that goes beyond technical considerations, formulating specific objectives and implementing measures for sustainability and public health. However, a critical question remains: Does e-waste management in Lagos State solely rely on technical solutions, or does it exist just on paper? The study also purposes to bridge the gap between the conceptual framework and the actual implementation of e-waste management in Lagos State, addressing the question of whether e-waste management is aimed act securing human health and the environment from associated carcinogens with the consumption of groundwater near e-waste dumpsites. Barriers to effective management of e-waste in Alaba and Olusosun Dumpsites Lagos State faces significant challenges in managing its generated e-waste, leading to pollution and health risks (Basel Convention, 2012). Several policy barriers contribute to this problem, among which five key ones are discussed herewith (Fig. 2 ). First, the fragmented regulatory framework implemented in Lagos State is being executed by multiple agencies overseeing e-waste management, leading to unclear roles and responsibilities. For instance, NESREA, a national agency, oversees hazardous wastes generated in Lagos State and other parts of Nigeria. While LAWMA handles general municipal wastes, and LASEPA manages industrial wastes generated within Lagos State. The overlapping regulations from different agencies can be contradictory and confusing. This creates ambiguities for the stakeholders and hinders collaborations among agencies. Secondly, the weak enforcement mechanisms observed has been ascribed to limited resources and capacity hinder effective enforcement of existing regulations, minimal penalties for non-compliance making illegal practices more attractive, as well as lack of awareness and training among enforcement officials further weakens implementation. Another policy barrier noted is the inadequacy in extended producer responsibility (EPR) scheme for end-of-life e-waste. The current EPR scheme lacks strong producer accountability for end-of-life products. These producers have limited responsibility for take-back and recycling, reducing their incentive to design eco-friendly products mostly. Also, there is lack of clear financial mechanisms and collection systems hindering effective implementation of policies. Fourth, there remain challenges in the dominant informal sector for e-waste recycling. The operational tenets are observed to be outside stipulations in regulations, leading to health risks and environmental damages. This because these workers often deploy strategies like open burning, acid leaching, and crude dismantling, thereby releasing harmful pollutants into the air, water, and soil. Lastly, there remain limited funding and technology frontiers for managing e-waste in Lagos State. Insufficient funding of e-waste scheme hampers investments in proper collection, transportation, and recycling facilities. Access to advanced recycling technologies is limited, hindering efficient and environmentally sound processing of e-waste. Also, research and development in this area are underfunded, limiting knowledge-based solutions. Consequently, a resultant environmental pollution arises. The improper e-waste disposal and management of e-waste leads to the release of toxic metals like lead, mercury, and cadmium into the environment. These pollutants contaminate soil, water, and air, posing health risks to humans and ecosystems. Air pollution from burning e-waste contributes to respiratory illnesses. In particular, water contamination affects aquatic life and can enter both surface and groundwater, the food chain, impacting human health and the environment. While contaminated soil reduces agricultural productivity and poses long-term health risks. Implications of the current e-waste policy in Lagos, Nigeria The current e-waste policy in Lagos State has significant limitations and poses various environmental, health, economic, and social risks. While some potential for positive implications exists, addressing the policy barriers and implementing effective solutions are crucial to achieving sustainable e-waste management and ensuring a healthier future for Lagos State and its citizens. These implications can be recast under the following: Environmental Damage : The increased pollution is consequent to ineffective management that allows the release of toxic metals and harmful chemicals into air, water, and soil, jeopardizing ecosystems and human health. A second effect is land degradation. This is consequent to improper disposal and burning of e-waste contaminates land, thereby reducing its fertility and productivity. Another is water contamination due to toxic leachates from dumpsites that pollute water sources, affecting aquatic life and posing health risks to communities relying on these sources for drinking and cooking. Health Risks : Consequent to indiscriminate disposal of e-waste, there arises increased exposure to toxins. Informal recycling practices and proximity to Lagos dumpsites expose residents to hazardous materials, leading to respiratory illnesses, neurological disorders, and even cancer. There also arises contamination of the food chain. Here, pathogen run-offs water and polluted soil are easily linked to contaminated food, posing risks to consumers and impacting overall health. Thirdly, workers in these Lagos dumpsites are faced with occupational hazards. Obviously, informal sector workers on e-waste dumpsites are faced with significant health risks due to lack of proper protection and exposure to harmful substances during collection, dismantling and reprocessing. Economic Impacts : There are recorded losses of potential resource. Valuable materials in e-waste remain unutilized due to inefficient recycling techniques, leading to a loss of economic opportunities. There are negative impacts on agriculture production due to contaminated land, thereby reducing agricultural productivity, affecting food security and livelihoods. Another is the increased costs of healthcare. Pollution-related illnesses create huge burdens on healthcare systems and families. Social Impacts : There is perpetuation of informal recycling sector due to lack of formal alternatives which has kept people trapped with low wages and poor working conditions. Child labour visible in these Lagos dumpsites. These children are often involved in the informal recycling sector due to poverty and lack of alternatives, raising ethical concerns and child protection issues. In addition community tensions surfaces now and then. Reported conflicts arise between communities impacted by pollution and e-waste dumpsites and those involved in the informal recycling sector. Limitations to the policy framework : First, waste management schemes in Nigeria are poorly funded. Lagos State efforts in waste management are comparably commendable in Nigeria, but remain inadequate with funding. Insufficient monetary resources deployed hinder implementing effective collection, recycling, and enforcement measures in managing e-waste in Lagos State. Secondly, there is lack of awareness on the effects and management of e-waste in the State. The low public awareness about responsible e-waste disposal and health risks undermines efforts by government and other regulators. The question of limited technological capacity calls for action. This is because the inability to access advanced recycling technologies restricts efficient and environmentally sound processing in the e-waste dumpsites studied in Lagos State. Potential positive implications : Despite the aforementioned challenges in Lagos State, there remain potential positive implications for policy implementation. First, a well-managed e-waste sector can create formal jobs and contribute to the circular economy. Other than the economic opportunities, we also have resource recovery. An efficient recycling system can recover valuable materials, reducing reliance on raw materials for new e-product production and promoting sustainability. Another is improved public health that saves lives. An effective management of e-waste put in place can minimize pollution and exposure to harmful substances, leading to improved health outcomes. The policy options for Lagos State Arising from contaminations reported in assessing groundwater quality near two e-waste dumpsites in Lagos State, implementing a combination of policy options tailored to specific context of Lagos State can overcome existing barriers and achieve effective e-waste management. The laws establishing LASEPA and LAWMA are limited to a general overview of hazard waste in general, with few references to electronic waste management. However, the key to successful management of e-waste lies in collaborative efforts, multi-stakeholder engagement, and long-term commitment to environmental sustainability and public health. We discuss the options under the following: Strategy 1: Addressing Fragmented Regulation : The State government should establish a single e-waste authority that is geared toward consolidating responsibilities under one authority to streamline operations and enhance coordination. The unitary regulation should be clearly developed and harmonized across agencies to create consistent and unambiguous regulations for all stakeholders. This should be followed by established memoranda of understanding (MoUs) between agencies, including NESREA, to define roles, responsibilities, and information sharing protocols. Strategy 2: Strengthening Enforcement : Increased resources and capacity is key to performance in Lagos State. Allocating more budget and personnel to enforcement agencies for monitoring and inspections is needed. This can be followed by strengthening inter-agency collaboration through operates of joint-task-forces and extending information sharing between agencies to improve e-waste enforcement effectiveness. In addition, increased penalties and improve compliance monitoring through imposed higher fines and implementing stricter enforcement measures for defaulters. Strategy 3: Enhancing Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) : Mandatory take-back schemes that ensure manufacturers are responsible for collecting and recycling their e-products at end-of-life is most desired in Lagos State. The State should implement manufacturer’s fees based on product type and potential environmental impact to fund the collection, transportation, intermediate storage and recycling of e-waste. Deposit-refund system schemes should be established. In such schemes, consumers are to be charged a deposit at the point of purchase, but refunded upon returning the item as e-waste, thereby incentivizing proper disposal. Strategy 4: Formalizing the Informal Sector : Training and capacity building, where skills development programmes and technical assistance to informal workers, should be initiated. Another is to create formal collection points (buy-back centres) for informal workers to sell e-waste safely and earn fair prices. By so doing, these workers can be integrated into the formal recycling systems through the facilitation of partnerships between both informal and formal sectors for responsible e-waste processing. Strategy 5: Improving Funding and Technology : Collaboration with private companies to leverage expertise and investment in advanced recycling technologies that minimizes or eliminate pollutions is essential. Logos State can explore grants and loans from international organizations for infrastructure development and technology acquisition for a safer e-waste recycling. The State can offer tax incentives like breaks or subsidies to companies investing in e-waste recycling facilities and technologies. Strategy 6: Public Sensitization and Education : Continuous public awareness campaigns are to educate citizens on responsible e-waste disposal options and the dangers of improper practices. School and community programmes: Integrating e-waste awareness into school curriculum and community outreach initiatives are some of the ways to reach out to the end-users that generate e-waste. Also, the State should develop and disseminate clear and accessible information on e-waste regulations and disposal channels. Strategy 7: Periodic Evaluation of Lagos State dumpsites : By evaluation of these dumpsites, Lagos State should support research and development on improved e-waste processing technologies and environmentally friendly alternatives. Evidence based research should incorporated in the policy framework. The State should share best practices and collaborate with other States and regions facing similar challenges. Part of international cooperation is to promote manufacturers that encourage the pursuit of eco-design products such that the products would be easily disassembled and recycled at their end-of-life. Declarations • Ethics approval and consent to participate: ​ Yes • Consent for publication: Yes ​ • Availability of data and materials: Yes • Competing interests: Not applicable • Funding: Not applicable • Authors’ contributions: Yes • Acknowledgements (optional): Not applicable • Authors’ information (optional): Yes Author Contribution Okorhi Johnson wrote the main manuscript text. Both Oluwatoyin Tirenioluwa and Kehinde Olayinka handled the field work. All authors reviewed the manuscript References Basel Convention. (2012). Where are WEEE in Africa? Findings from the Basel Convention. E-waste Africa Programme. Switzerland: Secretariat of the Basel Convention (SBC). (pp. 1-50). Retrieved from http:// www.basel.int. Fatunsin, O.T., Olayinka, K.O., Takyi, S.A. et al. (2023). Quality Assessment and Potentially Toxic Metals Related Human Health Risks of Groundwaters Close to Electrical Waste Dumpsites in Lagos, Nigeria. Chemistry Africa (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42250-023-00776-3 Okorhi, J. O., Amadi-Echendu, J. E., Aderemi, H. O., Uhunmwangho, R., & Okwubunne, A. C. (2017). Disconnect between Policy and Practice in Developing Countries: Evidence of Managing E-waste from Nigeria. African Journal of Science, Technology, Innovation & Development , Vol. 11 (4), 1-9 National Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcement Agency, NESREA, (2022). National Environmental (Electrical and Electronic Sector) Regulation, 2022. FGN Official Gazette . Lagos, Nigeria. No. 160 Vol. 109. B3451-3514 Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4566648","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":319264219,"identity":"35e3760d-5191-4390-896a-1d81645c9725","order_by":0,"name":"Okorhi Johnson Ojiyovwi","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAABBUlEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBACxgYeKAtIMzMY2DA2QDlEa0kjrAUhC9bCcJiwFub23mMPf1TcYeDnOXzsc0HBedl+iQTGB2/bGPLkHXA4rOdcujHPmWcMkr1tybNnGNw2njkjgdlwbhtDseEBHFpm5JhJM7YdZjA4z2PMzGNwO3HDjQQ2ad42hsSNDbi1SP5EaDkH0sL+m5AWCV6QlrM9IC0HwLYwg7TMx+F9xp4zZtI8Zw7zSPYcSwZqSTae2fOwWXLOOYnEDTi0GLb3mEn+qDgsx8+TfJiZ54+dbD978sEPb8psEufjcJghVBw5IsBRI8FgcAC7FnkctoOkcNgyCkbBKBgFIw4AAPgmVvX71ELeAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"Dennis Osadebay University","correspondingAuthor":true,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Okorhi","middleName":"Johnson","lastName":"Ojiyovwi","suffix":""},{"id":319264220,"identity":"db33646a-9d32-4062-9646-2e66438fc581","order_by":1,"name":"Oluwatoyin Tirenioluwa Fatunsin","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Lagos","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Oluwatoyin","middleName":"Tirenioluwa","lastName":"Fatunsin","suffix":""},{"id":319264221,"identity":"7c836867-8ace-441b-8b34-f6fda6f91b0e","order_by":2,"name":"Kehinde Olayinka","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Lagos","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Kehinde","middleName":"","lastName":"Olayinka","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-06-12 00:59:10","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4566648/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4566648/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":59182833,"identity":"2c64d585-675f-4580-a2b1-d4cdad7072e3","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-27 11:04:22","extension":"jpg","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":181083,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eMap indicating groundwater sampling locations near \u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAlaba dumpsite \u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003ein Ojo Local Government Area and around \u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOlusosun dumpsite \u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003ein Kosofe Local Government Area (including Oregun, Ojota, and Ikosi).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Figure1.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4566648/v1/104c301d74ba3b8f8ea336fa.jpg"},{"id":59182834,"identity":"eafd41d1-f0d2-4d09-9542-8abff33a55d3","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-27 11:04:22","extension":"jpg","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":243172,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eBarriers to effective management of e-waste in Alaba and Olusosun Dumpsites\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Figure2.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4566648/v1/648a67a0207821ca44baa40b.jpg"},{"id":60716202,"identity":"e685d99c-1783-4b86-beba-37bf18ac576c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-07-19 23:01:27","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":850652,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4566648/v1/695d75bd-18b1-46ad-8497-7ffc8bc4d7ae.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Assessing Groundwater Quality Near E-Waste Dumpsites in Lagos, Nigeria: A content analysis of two dumpsites from Alaba and Olusosun","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003ePotentially toxic metals (PTMs) are persistent environmental pollutants and bioaccumulative in the food chain, linked to various illnesses, including cancer. They can leach into groundwater and surface water, impacting water quality. In Lagos, Nigeria, the Alaba and Olusosun electronic waste (e-waste) dumpsites (Fig.\u0026nbsp;1) are two primary avenues for PTM pollutants drifting into portable water for domestic and agricultural uses. Other locations in Lagos where e-waste recycling activities takes place include: Westminster Market, Lawanson Market, Ikeja Computer Village, Ojota Scrap Market and Solous Dumpsite. The increase generation and transboundary movement of waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE, electronic waste or e-waste) has been a global cause for concern, as their recycling serves as a major source of pollution. Groundwater near these dumpsites have been found to contain PTMs, with concentrations decreasing with distance from the dumpsite. Groundwater samples near the Olusosun dumpsite have remained unsafe for consumption, and several groundwater studies have estimated human health risks associated with ingestions and dermal exposures to contaminated water. However, previous studies have only assessed physicochemical parameters and concentrations of PTMs in few samples, and many of these studies are outdated. This article is aimed to assess the physicochemical quality of groundwater and the human health risks associated with the consumption of groundwater near selected e-waste dumpsites in Lagos, Nigeria.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLagos State is home to over 10% of Nigeria\u0026rsquo;s population and it is considered the commercial nerve centre of the country. The State is reckoned to offer formal e-waste collection through the Lagos Waste Management Authority (LAWMA) and the Lagos State Environmental Protection Agency (LASEPA). LAWMA collects e-waste from households and the bustling Ikeja Computer Village, while LASEPA focuses on e-waste generated by businesses. However, the collected e-waste faces different fates: LAWMA\u0026rsquo;s collections mostly ends up in municipal dumpsites, where informal workers extract valuable materials, while LASEPA\u0026rsquo;s e-waste is stored until proper recycling solutions become available. In addition, two refurbishing clusters in Lagos - Ikeja and Alaba \u0026ndash; that boast of regional significance have private individuals and businesses taking up roles. With around 5,500 businesses and 15,000 skilled personnel, they supply refurbished equipment beyond Nigeria, reaching West and Central Africa (Basel Convension, 2012). Many of these e-waste workers are educated and trained through a 2\u0026ndash;5 years apprenticeship scheme, and numerous businesses operate formally, registered and paying taxes. In stark contrast, e-waste collection and recycling rely heavily on informal \u0026ldquo;scavengers\u0026rdquo; on these Lagos dumpsites. Using handcarts, they first collect metal-containing e-waste from households and dumpsites, often paying small amounts. Collected materials are dismantled in scrap metal markets to recover steel, aluminum, and copper. These are sold to local industries or traders for bulk sales, while unusable materials are dumped or burned.. These highlight the need for a rethink of management strategies to avert the perilous pollution of the environment.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eStatus of groundwater quality near e-waste dumpsites in Lagos, Nigeria\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study area includes the Alaba and Olusosun dumpsites, and its surroundings. Groundwater samples were collected in July, 2021 from existing boreholes and wells within and nearby the dumpsites. According to WHO standards and stipulations in the National Environmental (Electrical and Electronic Sector) Regulations 2022, the samples were analyzed for pH, total suspended solids, total solids, total dissolved solids, chloride, oxidation reduction potential, turbidity, salinity, electrical conductivity, dissolved oxygen, biological oxygen demand, hardness, nitrate, phosphate, and PTMs. Odour and colour were also observed. The water samples were analyzed using an Agilent microwave induced plasma optical emission spectroscopy (MPOES) MY1428004 model USA, with software version 1.5.2.7948 in multi-elemental mode after digestion. The mode of automatic background correction was used, and a five-point calibration plot was used for quantification. The study was aimed to understand the physicochemical properties of surface water in selected locations in Lagos State, Nigeria.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe assessment for quality of groundwater samples required the cleaning of laboratory glassware and plastics, before samples were soaked in a 1% nitric acid solution overnight before sampling and analysis (Fatunsin, et. al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). A multi-parameter water quality meter was calibrated using standard solutions and buffers, and PTMs were measured using a five-point calibration on the Multi-Point Electron Emissions System (MPOES). Parameters from duplicate water samples were examined, and blank values for each parameter were calculated using distilled water and subtracted from results of field samples. Then, the water quality index (WQI) was used to rate the combined effect of different water quality parameters on the overall quality of water. Heavy Metal Pollution Index (HPI) was used to access the amount of contamination in groundwater samples with respect to PTMs. The heavy metal evaluation index (HEI) was also assessed for the metals in groundwater samples to ascertain associated potential ecological hazards contained with the drinking water samples. Health risks associated with groundwater PTMs were equally assessed using the method recommended by the United States Environmental Protection Agency. The physicochemical characteristics of groundwater samples were expressed as mean (standard deviation), and statistical analyses were conducted using STATA\u0026reg; version 17 software.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe study analyzed water parameters in four geographical locations (Oregun, Ikosi, Ojota, and Alaba) using the One-Way Analysis of Variance method. Results showed that groundwater samples around the Alaba and Olusosun dumpsites in Lagos had physicochemical characteristics that varied significantly. The comparable average electrical conductivity (EC) values for nearby locations of Oregun and Ikosi groundwater samples complied with the Nigerian standard for drinking water adapted from WHO and the e-waste regulations (NESREA, 2022) limits for drinking water. However, four of the six groundwater samples from Ojota\u0026rsquo;s Olusosun dumpsite exceeded the limit for EC. The groundwater samples near the Olusosun dumpsite had total dissolved solid (TDS) values between 41\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3 and 831\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1 mg/L, with four samples having TDS values less than 500 mg/L. The ORP value indicates the availability of free electrons and the reducing and oxidizing ability of the water. High chlorine content results in positive ORP values, while hydrogen sulfide presence results in negative ORP values in water treatment. The concentrations of PTMs in groundwater samples around the Alaba dumpsite and Olusosun dumpsite varied from \u0026le;\u0026thinsp;LOD to 1.2911\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0356 mg/L, \u0026le; LOD to 0.0013\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0169 mg/L, 0.0054\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0339 to 0.2360\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0055 mg/L, \u0026le;LOD to 0.9174\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0055 mg/L, 0.0035\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0049 to 0.0408\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0055 mg/L, 0.0071\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.006 to 0.3602\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0105 mg/L, 0.0296\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0108 to 0.0660\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0033 mg/L, and \u0026le;\u0026thinsp;LOD to 0.6056\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0055 mg/L, respectively.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn addition, results showed significant differences in water temperature, pH, ORP, EC, DO, salinity, TDS, TS, hardness, TSS, and total alkalinity across the 4 locations. However, no significant differences were observed for BOD, hardness, and acidity of water. A Tukey post-hoc test revealed significant pairwise differences between locations and primary outcome measures. The temperature increased by approximately 1.6\u0026deg;C and 1.8\u0026deg;C respectively in the Alaba regions compared to Ojota and Ikosi respectively. The water quality index (WQI) was calculated using the Weighted Arithmetic WQI Method, with values ranging between 97 and 1049. No water sample was found to be of excellent quality, and only one sample was of good quality. The high level of pollution based on the PTMs content is critical since they all exceeded the critical value of 100. The findings may be attributed to differences in distance, deterioration in groundwater due to time, and the number of parameters used to calculate the WQIs. The study also analyzed groundwater metals in both vicinities of Alaba and Olusosun electronic waste dumpsites using a high-intensity interfering (HEI) quality index. All metal contamination levels exceeded the threshold of warning, which is any value greater than 1 as stipulated in the Tenth Schedule of the National Environmental (Electrical and Electronic Sector) Regulations, 2022 (NESREA, 2022). The ERI of metals in groundwater samples varied from 4.33 to 308.5, 0.08 to 28.1, 17.31 to 43.62, 2.45 to 24.39, and 0.49 to 713.77. Human health risks of PTMs in groundwater samples near the dumpsites were assessed using Cw. Again, the CRChildren and CRAdult values for adults and children were above the unacceptable cancer risk threshold.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eThe policy question, its origin and intricacy for e-waste management in Lagos State\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA policy represents a structured plan of action aimed at achieving specific objectives, often accompanied by a roadmap or strategies to accomplish those objectives (Porter, 1998). In the context of waste management, the development of effective strategies involves formulating a comprehensive framework detailing how an agency executes its mandates, defines goal limitations, and outlines necessary policies for goal implementation. E-waste management strategies encompass strategic planning, legal and regulatory frameworks, public education, institutional arrangements, funding schemes, e-waste generation and handling, and technical planning and design of e-waste management systems (Okorhi et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). In Nigeria, the current plan of action for e-waste management relies on significant regulations, including the Harmful Waste (Special Criminal Provisions) Act, the National Environmental Protection (Waste Management) Regulations, the National Environmental (Sanitation and Wastes Control) Regulation, and the National Environmental (Electrical/Electronics Sector) Regulations (Okorhi et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; NESREA, 2022).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis article explores the current state of e-waste management in Lagos, Nigeria, focusing on the existing policy framework and its effectiveness. The framework for managing e-waste in Lagos State is draws from government waste management policies anchored by agencies like LASAPA, LAWMA and the National Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcement Agency (NESREA), emphasizing institutional arrangements. It views e-waste management as a process starting with strategic planning and institutional arrangements involving categorization and assessment. Institutional arrangements include a regulatory arm with policy and liaison offices responsible for collecting, sorting, and disposing of e-waste periodically. These agencies also provide information to aid in periodic strategic plan review (Okorhi et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). The authors\u0026rsquo; research concept integrates waste management and strategic management principles, where waste management proposes tools for achieving objectives related to human health and environmental protection, while strategic management focuses on identifying mandates, developing policies, planning, and allocating resources for goal implementation. To ensure effective e-waste management and developmental strategies, the authors argue for an approach that goes beyond technical considerations, formulating specific objectives and implementing measures for sustainability and public health. However, a critical question remains: Does e-waste management in Lagos State solely rely on technical solutions, or does it exist just on paper? The study also purposes to bridge the gap between the conceptual framework and the actual implementation of e-waste management in Lagos State, addressing the question of whether e-waste management is aimed act securing human health and the environment from associated carcinogens with the consumption of groundwater near e-waste dumpsites.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eBarriers to effective management of e-waste in Alaba and Olusosun Dumpsites\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLagos State faces significant challenges in managing its generated e-waste, leading to pollution and health risks (Basel Convention, 2012). Several policy barriers contribute to this problem, among which five key ones are discussed herewith (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). First, the fragmented regulatory framework implemented in Lagos State is being executed by multiple agencies overseeing e-waste management, leading to unclear roles and responsibilities. For instance, NESREA, a national agency, oversees hazardous wastes generated in Lagos State and other parts of Nigeria. While LAWMA handles general municipal wastes, and LASEPA manages industrial wastes generated within Lagos State. The overlapping regulations from different agencies can be contradictory and confusing. This creates ambiguities for the stakeholders and hinders collaborations among agencies. Secondly, the weak enforcement mechanisms observed has been ascribed to limited resources and capacity hinder effective enforcement of existing regulations, minimal penalties for non-compliance making illegal practices more attractive, as well as lack of awareness and training among enforcement officials further weakens implementation. Another policy barrier noted is the inadequacy in extended producer responsibility (EPR) scheme for end-of-life e-waste. The current EPR scheme lacks strong producer accountability for end-of-life products. These producers have limited responsibility for take-back and recycling, reducing their incentive to design eco-friendly products mostly. Also, there is lack of clear financial mechanisms and collection systems hindering effective implementation of policies. Fourth, there remain challenges in the dominant informal sector for e-waste recycling. The operational tenets are observed to be outside stipulations in regulations, leading to health risks and environmental damages. This because these workers often deploy strategies like open burning, acid leaching, and crude dismantling, thereby releasing harmful pollutants into the air, water, and soil. Lastly, there remain limited funding and technology frontiers for managing e-waste in Lagos State. Insufficient funding of e-waste scheme hampers investments in proper collection, transportation, and recycling facilities. Access to advanced recycling technologies is limited, hindering efficient and environmentally sound processing of e-waste. Also, research and development in this area are underfunded, limiting knowledge-based solutions.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConsequently, a resultant environmental pollution arises. The improper e-waste disposal and management of e-waste leads to the release of toxic metals like lead, mercury, and cadmium into the environment. These pollutants contaminate soil, water, and air, posing health risks to humans and ecosystems. Air pollution from burning e-waste contributes to respiratory illnesses. In particular, water contamination affects aquatic life and can enter both surface and groundwater, the food chain, impacting human health and the environment. While contaminated soil reduces agricultural productivity and poses long-term health risks.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eImplications of the current e-waste policy in Lagos, Nigeria\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe current e-waste policy in Lagos State has significant limitations and poses various environmental, health, economic, and social risks. While some potential for positive implications exists, addressing the policy barriers and implementing effective solutions are crucial to achieving sustainable e-waste management and ensuring a healthier future for Lagos State and its citizens. These implications can be recast under the following:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003col\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eEnvironmental Damage\u003c/b\u003e: The increased pollution is consequent to ineffective management that allows the release of toxic metals and harmful chemicals into air, water, and soil, jeopardizing ecosystems and human health. A second effect is land degradation. This is consequent to improper disposal and burning of e-waste contaminates land, thereby reducing its fertility and productivity. Another is water contamination due to toxic leachates from dumpsites that pollute water sources, affecting aquatic life and posing health risks to communities relying on these sources for drinking and cooking.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eHealth Risks\u003c/b\u003e: Consequent to indiscriminate disposal of e-waste, there arises increased exposure to toxins. Informal recycling practices and proximity to Lagos dumpsites expose residents to hazardous materials, leading to respiratory illnesses, neurological disorders, and even cancer. There also arises contamination of the food chain. Here, pathogen run-offs water and polluted soil are easily linked to contaminated food, posing risks to consumers and impacting overall health. Thirdly, workers in these Lagos dumpsites are faced with occupational hazards. Obviously, informal sector workers on e-waste dumpsites are faced with significant health risks due to lack of proper protection and exposure to harmful substances during collection, dismantling and reprocessing.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eEconomic Impacts\u003c/b\u003e: There are recorded losses of potential resource. Valuable materials in e-waste remain unutilized due to inefficient recycling techniques, leading to a loss of economic opportunities. There are negative impacts on agriculture production due to contaminated land, thereby reducing agricultural productivity, affecting food security and livelihoods. Another is the increased costs of healthcare. Pollution-related illnesses create huge burdens on healthcare systems and families.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eSocial Impacts\u003c/b\u003e: There is perpetuation of informal recycling sector due to lack of formal alternatives which has kept people trapped with low wages and poor working conditions. Child labour visible in these Lagos dumpsites. These children are often involved in the informal recycling sector due to poverty and lack of alternatives, raising ethical concerns and child protection issues. In addition community tensions surfaces now and then. Reported conflicts arise between communities impacted by pollution and e-waste dumpsites and those involved in the informal recycling sector.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eLimitations to the policy framework\u003c/b\u003e: First, waste management schemes in Nigeria are poorly funded. Lagos State efforts in waste management are comparably commendable in Nigeria, but remain inadequate with funding. Insufficient monetary resources deployed hinder implementing effective collection, recycling, and enforcement measures in managing e-waste in Lagos State. Secondly, there is lack of awareness on the effects and management of e-waste in the State. The low public awareness about responsible e-waste disposal and health risks undermines efforts by government and other regulators. The question of limited technological capacity calls for action. This is because the inability to access advanced recycling technologies restricts efficient and environmentally sound processing in the e-waste dumpsites studied in Lagos State.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003ePotential positive implications\u003c/b\u003e: Despite the aforementioned challenges in Lagos State, there remain potential positive implications for policy implementation. First, a well-managed e-waste sector can create formal jobs and contribute to the circular economy. Other than the economic opportunities, we also have resource recovery. An efficient recycling system can recover valuable materials, reducing reliance on raw materials for new e-product production and promoting sustainability. Another is improved public health that saves lives. An effective management of e-waste put in place can minimize pollution and exposure to harmful substances, leading to improved health outcomes.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003c/ol\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eThe policy options for Lagos State\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eArising from contaminations reported in assessing groundwater quality near two e-waste dumpsites in Lagos State, implementing a combination of policy options tailored to specific context of Lagos State can overcome existing barriers and achieve effective e-waste management. The laws establishing LASEPA and LAWMA are limited to a general overview of hazard waste in general, with few references to electronic waste management. However, the key to successful management of e-waste lies in collaborative efforts, multi-stakeholder engagement, and long-term commitment to environmental sustainability and public health. We discuss the options under the following:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eStrategy 1: Addressing Fragmented Regulation\u003c/b\u003e: The State government should establish a single e-waste authority that is geared toward consolidating responsibilities under one authority to streamline operations and enhance coordination. The unitary regulation should be clearly developed and harmonized across agencies to create consistent and unambiguous regulations for all stakeholders. This should be followed by established memoranda of understanding (MoUs) between agencies, including NESREA, to define roles, responsibilities, and information sharing protocols.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eStrategy 2: Strengthening Enforcement\u003c/b\u003e: Increased resources and capacity is key to performance in Lagos State. Allocating more budget and personnel to enforcement agencies for monitoring and inspections is needed. This can be followed by strengthening inter-agency collaboration through operates of joint-task-forces and extending information sharing between agencies to improve e-waste enforcement effectiveness. In addition, increased penalties and improve compliance monitoring through imposed higher fines and implementing stricter enforcement measures for defaulters.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eStrategy 3: Enhancing Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR)\u003c/b\u003e: Mandatory take-back schemes that ensure manufacturers are responsible for collecting and recycling their e-products at end-of-life is most desired in Lagos State. The State should implement manufacturer\u0026rsquo;s fees based on product type and potential environmental impact to fund the collection, transportation, intermediate storage and recycling of e-waste. Deposit-refund system schemes should be established. In such schemes, consumers are to be charged a deposit at the point of purchase, but refunded upon returning the item as e-waste, thereby incentivizing proper disposal.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eStrategy 4: Formalizing the Informal Sector\u003c/b\u003e: Training and capacity building, where skills development programmes and technical assistance to informal workers, should be initiated. Another is to create formal collection points (buy-back centres) for informal workers to sell e-waste safely and earn fair prices. By so doing, these workers can be integrated into the formal recycling systems through the facilitation of partnerships between both informal and formal sectors for responsible e-waste processing.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eStrategy 5: Improving Funding and Technology\u003c/b\u003e: Collaboration with private companies to leverage expertise and investment in advanced recycling technologies that minimizes or eliminate pollutions is essential. Logos State can explore grants and loans from international organizations for infrastructure development and technology acquisition for a safer e-waste recycling. The State can offer tax incentives like breaks or subsidies to companies investing in e-waste recycling facilities and technologies.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eStrategy 6: Public Sensitization and Education\u003c/b\u003e: Continuous public awareness campaigns are to educate citizens on responsible e-waste disposal options and the dangers of improper practices. School and community programmes: Integrating e-waste awareness into school curriculum and community outreach initiatives are some of the ways to reach out to the end-users that generate e-waste. Also, the State should develop and disseminate clear and accessible information on e-waste regulations and disposal channels.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eStrategy 7: Periodic Evaluation of Lagos State dumpsites\u003c/b\u003e: By evaluation of these dumpsites, Lagos State should support research and development on improved e-waste processing technologies and environmentally friendly alternatives. Evidence based research should incorporated in the policy framework. The State should share best practices and collaborate with other States and regions facing similar challenges. Part of international cooperation is to promote manufacturers that encourage the pursuit of eco-design products such that the products would be easily disassembled and recycled at their end-of-life.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Ethics approval and consent to participate: ​ Yes\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Consent for publication: Yes ​\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Availability of data and materials: Yes\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Competing interests: Not applicable\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Funding: Not applicable\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Authors\u0026rsquo; contributions: Yes\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Acknowledgements (optional): Not applicable\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Authors\u0026rsquo; information (optional): Yes\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eOkorhi Johnson wrote the main manuscript text. Both Oluwatoyin Tirenioluwa and Kehinde Olayinka handled the field work. All authors reviewed the manuscript\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBasel Convention. (2012). \u003cem\u003eWhere are WEEE in Africa? Findings from the Basel Convention. E-waste Africa Programme. \u003c/em\u003eSwitzerland: Secretariat of the Basel Convention (SBC). (pp. 1-50). Retrieved from \u003cu\u003ehttp://\u003c/u\u003ewww.basel.int.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFatunsin, O.T., Olayinka, K.O., Takyi, S.A. et al. (2023). Quality Assessment and Potentially Toxic Metals Related Human Health Risks of Groundwaters Close to Electrical Waste Dumpsites in Lagos, Nigeria. \u003cem\u003eChemistry Africa\u003c/em\u003e (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42250-023-00776-3\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eOkorhi, J. O., Amadi-Echendu, J. E., Aderemi, H. O., Uhunmwangho, R., \u0026amp; Okwubunne, A. C. (2017). Disconnect between Policy and Practice in Developing Countries: Evidence of Managing E-waste from Nigeria. \u003cem\u003eAfrican Journal of Science, Technology, Innovation \u0026amp; Development\u003c/em\u003e, Vol. 11 (4), 1-9 \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNational Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcement Agency, NESREA, (2022). National Environmental (Electrical and Electronic Sector) Regulation, 2022. \u003cem\u003eFGN Official Gazette\u003c/em\u003e. Lagos, Nigeria. No. 160 Vol. 109. B3451-3514\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4566648/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4566648/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eE-waste recycling in Lagos, Nigeria is predominantly informal, involving manual dismantling and open burning, leading to groundwater contamination, threat to health and the environment. This study assessed electronic waste (e-waste) disposal in Lagos at two dumptsites. The results confirmed high level dangerous contaminates of cadmium, nickel, and other metals exceeding WHO limits at both Alaba and Olusosun dumpsites. Water quality analysis revealed 75% of samples were unfit for drinking, posing perilous risks to the biosphere. The study identified five policy barriers hindering effective e-waste management in the study area. These shortcomings contributed to six negative environmental and social impacts. To address these issues, the research proposes seven policy options for implementation in Lagos, aiming to create a more sustainable e-waste management system.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Assessing Groundwater Quality Near E-Waste Dumpsites in Lagos, Nigeria: A content analysis of two dumpsites from Alaba and Olusosun","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-06-27 11:04:17","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4566648/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"78a71457-b735-455a-873f-ebefbfe93863","owner":[],"postedDate":"June 27th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-07-19T22:53:20+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-06-27 11:04:17","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4566648","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4566648","identity":"rs-4566648","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"cBFmMYwuxLRRLfASyISRj","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}