Ftir-based Sonification of Genomic Dna — Sonic Array of Rhythmic Alleles

Ftir-based Sonification of Genomic Dna — Sonic Array of Rhythmic Alleles | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Ftir-based Sonification of Genomic Dna — Sonic Array of Rhythmic Alleles Hasan Babazada This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7303789/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract This study introduces Sonic Array of Rhythmic Alleles (S.A.R.A.), an interdisciplinary framework converting FTIR spectra of genomic DNA into structured musical works. DNA from Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells is analyzed; interferograms are recovered via Inverse Fast Fourier Transform. Interferogram periodicities, intensities, and spacings map to pitch, dynamics, and rhythm using data science and music theory. Experiments with clustering and scaling factors evaluate tonal diversity. Sonification reveals vibrational traits linked to DNA conformation, with musical parameters maintaining spectral fidelity. Genomic features are differentiated through timbral acoustics. The work demonstrates how cross-domain sonification bridges STEM and arts to expand scientific interpretation and creative engagement, suggesting future integration of machine learning and cross-cultural tuning. Music Bioinformatics Software Engineering Spectroscopy SARA FTIR Sonification Genomic DNA Music Theory Full Text Additional Declarations The authors declare no competing interests. Supplementary Files BabazaF1.png Fourier Transform Infrared Transmittance Spectrum of DNA Sample. Representative transmittance spectrum of the DNA sample acquired via ATR-FTIR in the wavenumber range of 3000–400 cm⁻¹. The spectrum displays key vibrational bands associated with the amide I (∼1650 cm⁻¹) and amide II (∼1550 cm⁻¹) regions, as well as prominent phosphate (∼1080 cm⁻¹) and sugar vibrations (∼1050–970 cm⁻¹). These features confirm the canonical B-DNA conformation and underscore the structural integrity of the sample, reflecting stable hydrogen bonding and base-stacking interactions. BabazaF2.png Inverse Fourier Transform Infrared Interferogram of DNA Sample. Reconstructed interferogram of the DNA sample obtained by performing an IFFT on the FTIR spectrum. The x-axis represents the OPD in centimeters, reflecting the instrument’s mirror displacement range, while the y-axis shows the corresponding intensity values. Oscillations in the interferogram encode the vibrational characteristics of the DNA, providing a time-domain representation that underlies subsequent spectral and sonification analyses. BabazaF3.png Histogram of the pitch distribution derived from the sonified DNA data, illustrating a concentration of notes in the mid-range (MIDI 60–80) with notable peaks around MIDI 60 and 72. The sparse usage of extreme pitches (below 40 or above 100) emphasizes a strong tonal center, contributing to a harmonious overall composition. Occasional lower and higher pitches introduce contrast and depth, reflecting a balanced yet focused melodic structure in the resulting musical representation. BabazaF4.png Dynamics plotted over decoded MIDI pitches, derived from logarithmically scaled normalized intensity values, with louder notes reflecting higher intensity peaks, showcasing the expressive range and contours of loudness throughout the piece. BabazaF5.png Note duration chart displaying a primarily consistent rhythmic structure with slight variations around a base value, reflecting a balance of stability and subtle syncopation or polyrhythmic elements. BabazaF6.png Heatmap of the correlation matrix among the four musical parameters derived from the interferogram data: pitch, duration, dynamics, and pan. The color scale represents correlation coefficients ranging from -1 (perfect negative) to +1 (perfect positive). Diagonal cells show a value of 1, indicating a perfect self-correlation. Most correlations are near zero, underscoring the independence of the parameters, although a moderate positive correlation between dynamics and pan suggests a subtle interplay between spatialization and intensity. Fig73.png Introductory score from sonification. Pitch, rhythm, and dynamics map to interferogram periodicities, intensities, and spacings, capturing DNA's vibrational traits: flute motifs reflect base-stacking (high-frequency), viola harmonies represent backbone interactions (mid-frequency), and bassoon rhythms indicate conformational changes (low-frequency spacings). Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7303789","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":496208697,"identity":"b4d72ee5-7567-440f-a7ee-1373db0462f1","order_by":0,"name":"Hasan Babazada","email":"data:image/png;base64,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","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8705-2396","institution":"University of Pennsylvania","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Hasan","middleName":"","lastName":"Babazada","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-08-05 20:08:14","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":{"humanSubjects":false,"vertebrateSubjects":false,"conflictsOfInterestStatement":false,"humanSubjectEthicalGuidelines":false,"humanSubjectConsent":false,"humanSubjectClinicalTrial":false,"humanSubjectCaseReport":false,"vertebrateSubjectEthicalGuidelines":false},"doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7303789/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7303789/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":88503206,"identity":"82819523-914e-464b-a0a3-67a9ddee22f6","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-07 07:03:11","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":945055,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Babazadams.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7303789/v1_covered_64e273ae-1cb1-49c3-aebb-6a444101f215.pdf"},{"id":88499292,"identity":"a4675919-25b8-4153-9966-b4b93d7d5dee","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-07 06:39:09","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":1352828,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eFourier Transform Infrared Transmittance Spectrum of DNA Sample. Representative transmittance spectrum of the DNA sample acquired via ATR-FTIR in the wavenumber range of 3000–400 cm⁻¹. The spectrum displays key vibrational bands associated with the amide I (∼1650 cm⁻¹) and amide II (∼1550 cm⁻¹) regions, as well as prominent phosphate (∼1080 cm⁻¹) and sugar vibrations (∼1050–970 cm⁻¹). These features confirm the canonical B-DNA conformation and underscore the structural integrity of the sample, reflecting stable hydrogen bonding and base-stacking interactions.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"BabazaF1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7303789/v1/90587682910e4710e32db708.png"},{"id":88499293,"identity":"6f0921f3-eab1-4936-907e-3778ca8b9347","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-07 06:39:09","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":221102,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eInverse Fourier Transform Infrared Interferogram of DNA Sample. Reconstructed interferogram of the DNA sample obtained by performing an IFFT on the FTIR spectrum. The x-axis represents the OPD in centimeters, reflecting the instrument’s mirror displacement range, while the y-axis shows the corresponding intensity values. Oscillations in the interferogram encode the vibrational characteristics of the DNA, providing a time-domain representation that underlies subsequent spectral and sonification analyses.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"BabazaF2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7303789/v1/d6e4c9b46af248c2babf9bdc.png"},{"id":88498367,"identity":"613bd70a-0e38-471a-959d-bf68323a44f4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-07 06:31:09","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":893141,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eHistogram of the pitch distribution derived from the sonified DNA data, illustrating a concentration of notes in the mid-range (MIDI 60–80) with notable peaks around MIDI 60 and 72. The sparse usage of extreme pitches (below 40 or above 100) emphasizes a strong tonal center, contributing to a harmonious overall composition. Occasional lower and higher pitches introduce contrast and depth, reflecting a balanced yet focused melodic structure in the resulting musical representation.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"BabazaF3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7303789/v1/08263faed0488162ec130a13.png"},{"id":88498366,"identity":"0be93bf9-642a-40ea-a397-f1a9d7362144","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-07 06:31:09","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":510500,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eDynamics plotted over decoded MIDI pitches, derived from logarithmically scaled normalized intensity values, with louder notes reflecting higher intensity peaks, showcasing the expressive range and contours of loudness throughout the piece.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"BabazaF4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7303789/v1/138cec304c377b3b72b41ffc.png"},{"id":88498362,"identity":"f0aff219-ac7b-4cba-9598-b1a99cd37c9b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-07 06:31:09","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":110827,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eNote duration chart displaying a primarily consistent rhythmic structure with slight variations around a base value, reflecting a balance of stability and subtle syncopation or polyrhythmic elements.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"BabazaF5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7303789/v1/337ee99a1aa2b0ef0675a1a0.png"},{"id":88501598,"identity":"819c8a1c-5b00-42c3-9cd5-c241994f6780","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-07 06:55:09","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":206539,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eHeatmap of the correlation matrix among the four musical parameters derived from the interferogram data: pitch, duration, dynamics, and pan. The color scale represents correlation coefficients ranging from -1 (perfect negative) to +1 (perfect positive). Diagonal cells show a value of 1, indicating a perfect self-correlation. Most correlations are near zero, underscoring the independence of the parameters, although a moderate positive correlation between dynamics and pan suggests a subtle interplay between spatialization and intensity.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"BabazaF6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7303789/v1/0860ff61e5e52dc82dd8d47a.png"},{"id":88498370,"identity":"fb0649c1-5bc1-430b-ae7c-cbe4b18f55c5","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-07 06:31:09","extension":"png","order_by":7,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":531383,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eIntroductory score from sonification. Pitch, rhythm, and dynamics map to interferogram periodicities, intensities, and spacings, capturing DNA's vibrational traits: flute motifs reflect base-stacking (high-frequency), viola harmonies represent backbone interactions (mid-frequency), and bassoon rhythms indicate conformational changes (low-frequency spacings).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Fig73.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7303789/v1/5200b7897178a20f4895ba2e.png"}],"financialInterests":"The authors declare no competing interests.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFtir-based Sonification of Genomic Dna — Sonic Array of Rhythmic Alleles\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"University of Pennsylvania","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"SARA, FTIR, Sonification, Genomic DNA, Music Theory","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7303789/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7303789/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThis study introduces Sonic Array of Rhythmic Alleles (S.A.R.A.), an interdisciplinary framework converting FTIR spectra of genomic DNA into structured musical works. 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