Simulation-based seismic loss assessment of RC school buildings using story-level damage ratio functions validated by observed cost data

Simulation-based seismic loss assessment of RC school buildings using story-level damage ratio functions validated by observed cost data | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Simulation-based seismic loss assessment of RC school buildings using story-level damage ratio functions validated by observed cost data Insub Choi, Byung Kwan Oh This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-9398556/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract School buildings are critical facilities during earthquakes; however, many existing reinforced concrete (RC) school buildings in Korea were constructed without seismic detailing, making them highly vulnerable to structural and nonstructural damage. Traditional drift-based performance assessment primarily focuses on life safety and structural damage criteria, while economic losses are typically not adopted as primary performance metrics for retrofit decision-making. This study aims to assess a loss-based seismic performance of RC school buildings that employs story-level damage ratio functions to estimate building-specific repair costs. The methodology integrates nonlinear time-history analysis, probabilistic seismic demand models using bilinear cloud analysis, and fragility functions for both structural and nonstructural components. Repair cost data are combined with fragility results to develop simulation-based seismic loss functions, which are correlated with drift limits to define loss-based performance criteria. Application to a representative RC school building demonstrated accurate simulation of observed damage patterns, including column shear failure and the influence of masonry infills. Regional-scale evaluations for the 2016 Gyeongju and 2017 Pohang earthquake scenarios confirmed the reliability of the approach, with estimated losses differing by 1.44 and 1.07 times from observed data, respectively. Results show that nonstructural components contribute over 70% of total losses, emphasizing their role in seismic risk. The proposed framework provides a practical tool for assessing economic vulnerability and supporting retrofit prioritization at both building and regional levels. Civil Engineering Loss-based seismic performance RC school buildings Story-level damage ratio function Seismic fragility Nonlinear time-history analysis Full Text Additional Declarations The authors declare no competing interests. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-9398556","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":621928098,"identity":"ff6e6043-d530-46c1-81aa-b31ad8fe8eca","order_by":0,"name":"Insub Choi","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Department of Architectural Engineering, Keimyung University, Daegu, South Korea","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Insub","middleName":"","lastName":"Choi","suffix":""},{"id":621928099,"identity":"64c00801-5b7e-4ab5-88ca-9b1b58272130","order_by":1,"name":"Byung Kwan Oh","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA5UlEQVRIiWNgGAWjYFACxgYgSpCDcAxABBtxWoxJ0QLWlZDYgOAS0MLf3tz44OOOtPQNx3sPf/hQwCDP38CW9gGfFokzB5sNZ57Jyd1w5lya5AwDBsMZB9gOz8BrzY3ENmnetorcDTdyzJh5DBgYNzCwN+PVIX//IVhLusGNHOPPfwwY7AlqMbjBCNKSkwDUYiANDLHEDQxsh/FqMTyTCPJLGhCfMZPsMZBInnGYLRmvFrnjxx8CQyxZnu94j/GHH39sbPvb24zxaoEDhQNgSoKBgZk4DcBwaCBW5SgYBaNgFIw4AABx+ErhIiBTYQAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"Department of Architecture and Architectural Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Byung","middleName":"Kwan","lastName":"Oh","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2026-04-13 04:24:52","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":{"humanSubjects":false,"vertebrateSubjects":false,"conflictsOfInterestStatement":false,"humanSubjectEthicalGuidelines":false,"humanSubjectConsent":false,"humanSubjectClinicalTrial":false,"humanSubjectCaseReport":false,"vertebrateSubjectEthicalGuidelines":false},"doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9398556/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-9398556/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":106863804,"identity":"3e190215-41a2-497e-8727-7f6c98281fab","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-04-14 08:43:08","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1244744,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Manuscriptrevisedclean.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9398556/v1_covered_217f4c35-3cb5-4aa4-9663-ab48b74e4ec4.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"The authors declare no competing interests.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003eSimulation-based seismic loss assessment of RC school buildings using story-level damage ratio functions validated by observed cost data\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[{"identity":"0a6af6c9-7357-4dba-86f5-7c0186cb290a","identifier":"10.13039/501100002509","name":"Keimyung University","awardNumber":"Bisa Research Grant of Keimyung University in 2023 (Project No: 20230214)","order_by":0}],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"Keimyung University","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":true,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Loss-based seismic performance, RC school buildings, Story-level damage ratio function, Seismic fragility, Nonlinear time-history analysis","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9398556/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-9398556/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eSchool buildings are critical facilities during earthquakes; however, many existing reinforced concrete (RC) school buildings in Korea were constructed without seismic detailing, making them highly vulnerable to structural and nonstructural damage. Traditional drift-based performance assessment primarily focuses on life safety and structural damage criteria, while economic losses are typically not adopted as primary performance metrics for retrofit decision-making. This study aims to assess a loss-based seismic performance of RC school buildings that employs story-level damage ratio functions to estimate building-specific repair costs. The methodology integrates nonlinear time-history analysis, probabilistic seismic demand models using bilinear cloud analysis, and fragility functions for both structural and nonstructural components. Repair cost data are combined with fragility results to develop simulation-based seismic loss functions, which are correlated with drift limits to define loss-based performance criteria. Application to a representative RC school building demonstrated accurate simulation of observed damage patterns, including column shear failure and the influence of masonry infills. Regional-scale evaluations for the 2016 Gyeongju and 2017 Pohang earthquake scenarios confirmed the reliability of the approach, with estimated losses differing by 1.44 and 1.07 times from observed data, respectively. Results show that nonstructural components contribute over 70% of total losses, emphasizing their role in seismic risk. 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