Mobile Finance and Rural Inclusion: Evidence from GCash Use in Philippine Villages

Mobile Finance and Rural Inclusion: Evidence from GCash Use in Philippine Villages | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Mobile Finance and Rural Inclusion: Evidence from GCash Use in Philippine Villages GLENN JUMAMOY PULVERA This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7453368/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Digital financial services have bridged the gap between rural and urban financial services in developing countries. In the Philippines, mobile wallet apps like GCash are not just advancing financial inclusion in rural areas, but also leveling the playing field by providing services that were previously only available in urban centers. This study, employing a descriptive research design, surveyed a random sample of rural residents to assess connectivity through GCash. The findings reveal that age is the only demographic factor with a statistically significant impact on access, usage, and perceived benefits—young users show higher engagement and greater perceived value. Gender, education, and income had no notable influence. While GCash has improved digital financial inclusion, challenges persist due to digital inequality, inadequate infrastructure, and limited awareness among the population. Efforts to promote digital literacy, improve access to smartphones and internet connectivity, simplify app design, and enhance user security are crucial to expanding its impact. Addressing these barriers is essential to ensuring that all segments of the rural population can fully benefit from mobile financial services. Development Economics financial gap rural Philippine villages digital financial services GCash application digital inclusion 1. Introduction The Financial Technology (FinTech) industry has experienced rapid growth in both adoption and investment over the past few years (Agarwal & Zhang, 2020 ). Digital payment platforms, such as PayPal, Zelle, Venmo, and Square, have revolutionized the way individuals send and receive money, offering convenient, secure, and instant electronic transactions. These platforms have also become integral to e-commerce, enabling seamless online shopping experiences for consumers. Additionally, FinTech innovations have disrupted traditional lending models by streamlining the loan process, making it faster and more accessible for individuals and small businesses to secure funding (Agarwal & Zhang, 2020 ). The Philippine economy has shown steady growth in recent decades; however, poverty remains a pressing concern, particularly in rural areas (World Bank, 2020 ). Despite positive trends in macroeconomic performance, many Filipinos—especially those living in agricultural and remote communities—still face limited access to formal financial services, perpetuating economic disparity and financial exclusion (Llanto, G. M.,2015). Financial technology (fintech) has emerged as a transformative force, offering innovative solutions to bridge these gaps by delivering banking, credit, and payment services through digital platforms (Diokno, B. E.,2021). Widely used applications, such as GCash, PayMaya, and Coins.ph, have enabled digital transactions, mobile savings, and microloans, even in areas with minimal banking infrastructure (Dawson, D., 2021 ). This study investigates the role of fintech applications in promoting financial inclusion and reducing poverty among rural populations in the Philippines (Philippine EJournals, 2023 ). Digital financial services have revolutionized money management, especially in developing countries. Among these innovations, mobile wallet applications have emerged as vital tools in advancing financial inclusion, particularly in rural areas where traditional banking services remain inaccessible (World Bank, 2020 ). Rural communities often face considerable challenges accessing formal financial services due to geographic isolation, inadequate infrastructure, and lack of valid identification. These barriers contribute to widespread financial exclusion, limiting individuals' ability to save, invest, or access credit (Demirgüç-Kunt et al., 2018 ). Financial literacy can increase financial inclusion if a lack of knowledge about financial services is the primary and sole cause of barriers to using financial services (Ozili, P.K., 2021). Existing literature affirms the positive effects of mobile financial applications on user behavior and economic participation (Donovan, K., 2012 ). In rural settings, where formal banking infrastructure is often lacking, mobile wallets transform how people transact and shape their understanding and interaction with financial services (Philippine EJournals, 2023 ). Mobile financial services offer a promising solution by delivering accessible, convenient, and user-friendly platforms to bridge the gap between remote populations and the financial system (Llanto, G. M., 2020). The Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (BSP) has underscored the role of digitalization in driving financial inclusion. Platforms like GCash are integral to the country's digital finance strategy, supporting broader efforts to foster inclusive economic development (Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas, 2022 ). Financial inclusion ensures access to financial services for all individuals, particularly those from underprivileged and unbanked populations (TechBullion, June 15, 2025). The Bank for International Settlements (BIS) defines it as "Financial inclusion ensures free access to, and use of, appropriate financial services for all people and businesses at an affordable cost." By providing formal access to banking and financial payment systems, financial inclusion enables individuals and small businesses to participate in the circular flow of an economy (Bank for International Settlements, 2020 ). GCash, a mobile financial service platform developed by Globe Telecom, has experienced rapid growth in the Philippines (Globe Fintech Innovations, Inc., 2023). It enables users to perform various financial transactions such as money transfers, bill payments, online purchases, and savings using only a smartphone and mobile connectivity (World Bank, 2020 ). Despite the increasing adoption of GCash in urban areas, limited research has been conducted to explore its usability, accessibility, and impact within rural communities. Investigating how rural populations interact with digital financial platforms is crucial for evaluating their effectiveness as tools for inclusion and empowerment (World Bank, 2020 ). In the Philippines, a substantial portion of the population, particularly in rural areas, remains unbanked or underbanked. The term 'underbanked' refers to individuals who have a bank account but still rely on alternative financial services due to limited access to traditional banking infrastructure and financial services (GSMA, Hasnain, S., Komu, A., & Blackburn, C., 2016; World Bank,2020). The country's archipelagic nature further complicates the establishment of brick-and-mortar banking facilities, making financial accessibility a persistent challenge. To address these issues, GCash emerged as a transformative mobile wallet service. Launched in 2004, GCash was initially designed as an SMS-based domestic remittance platform to facilitate money transfers, particularly for overseas Filipino workers sending financial support to their families back home. Over time, it has evolved into a comprehensive financial ecosystem offering a range of services, including money transfers, bill payments, online shopping, and access to microloans. By 2023, GCash had over 76 million registered users, covering approximately 67% of the Philippine population (Dawson, D., 2021 ; World Bank, 2020 ). The rapid adoption of GCash has significantly enhanced the country's financial inclusion. Through partnerships with local businesses and government services, the platform has expanded its reach to remote villages, providing essential financial services to previously excluded populations. This digital shift has led to a notable reduction in cash dependency, with urban areas experiencing a 41% decrease and rural regions seeing a 29% decrease in cash transactions. This trend towards digital transactions signals a promising future for fintech in the Philippines, with GCash leading the way (Llanto, G. M., 2020). Despite these advancements, challenges persist. Structural inequalities, such as the digital divide in regions like Visayas and Mindanao, hinder access to fintech solutions. The digital divide in these regions refers to the gap between those who have access to digital technologies and those who do not, often due to factors such as income, education, and geographic location. Additionally, low financial literacy remains a barrier, with only 34% of low-income users understanding digital security. Gender disparities also exist—while women-owned MSMEs account for 39% of entrepreneurs, they represent only 22% of fintech borrowers (Philippine EJournals, 2023 ). Addressing these challenges requires enhanced digital literacy programs and the development of inclusive financial products that cater to diverse user needs. GCash—a mobile wallet service launched by Globe Telecom and operated by Mynt—enables users to perform a wide range of financial transactions, including sending and receiving money, paying bills, and purchasing goods and services, all without requiring a traditional bank account (Donovan, K., 2012 ). The rise of GCash underscores the potential of mobile financial services in bridging the financial inclusion gap in the Philippines. While significant progress has been made, ongoing collaboration between fintech companies, traditional financial institutions, and government agencies is crucial to ensuring equitable financial access for all Filipinos (Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas, 2020 ). GCash has actively worked to extend its services to rural communities by leveraging hyper-localization strategies and forming partnerships with local government units (LGUs). These initiatives aim to enhance accessibility by incorporating local dialects and culturally tailored marketing efforts to better reach underserved populations. The platform's user base highlights its commitment to inclusivity and rural outreach. An impressive 90% of GCash users belong to lower-income sectors, emphasizing the platform's accessibility to underserved communities. Furthermore, 57% of its users are women, reflecting its support for gender inclusivity. Notably, 74% of GCash users reside outside Metro Manila, highlighting its broad reach across the country's rural and provincial areas (Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas, 2020 ; World Bank, 2020 ). These statistics demonstrate GCash's effectiveness in connecting with marginalized and geographically isolated groups (Asian Development Bank, 2021 ). A growing body of academic literature supports the view that mobile money platforms drive significant socio-economic benefits. These include increased savings behavior, improved access to credit, and strengthened household resilience against economic shocks (Suri, T., & Jack, W., 2016 ). Platforms like GCash can catalyze inclusive growth, especially when integrated with financial literacy initiatives and supported by digital infrastructure (Jack, W., & Suri, T., 2014 ). GCash has established strategic partnerships with key institutions to advance financial inclusion in rural areas. A notable collaboration is with the Department of Agriculture's Philippine Crop Insurance Corporation (DA-PCIC), aimed at streamlining indemnity payments to insured farmers (Department of Agriculture, 2023 ). Digital finance is pivotal in rural development by providing farmers and households with access to credit, insurance, and government subsidies—services that were traditionally hindered by limited banking infrastructure. GCash's participation in initiatives such as the Rice Competitiveness Enhancement Fund (RCEF) and digital Ayuda distributions underscores its expanding function as a channel for delivering public services. This initiative enhances financial resilience and ensures quicker access to essential funds for agricultural workers, thereby supporting their livelihood and stability (Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas, 2024 ; Department of Agriculture, 2023 ). Beyond its partnership with DA-PCIC, GCash has collaborated with agencies like the DSWD and various LGUs to enable digital cash transfers for social protection programs, enhancing efficiency and inclusion, especially in geographically isolated and disadvantaged areas (Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas, 2024 ; Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas, n.d.). These initiatives reduce transaction costs and improve service delivery to underserved sectors (De Luna et al., 2021 ). Mobile financial services used for government subsidies or insurance payouts can strengthen household security and promote investment in rural livelihoods (Suri, T., & Jack, W., 2016 ). GCash's integration into broader agricultural and e-government systems supports the BSP's inclusive digital finance strategy, which advocates for multi-sectoral collaboration among fintech, government, and civil society (Demirgüç-Kunt, A. et al., 2018 ; World Bank, 2020 ). [12; 32]. This reflects GCash's evolution into a platform for transactions, delivering public services, and providing financial tools that address rural exclusion. Mobile wallets, such as GCash, streamline agricultural value chains by digitizing transactions among farmers, suppliers, and buyers, thereby reducing inefficiencies and enhancing transparency (De Luna et al., 2021 ). Digital financial ecosystems, when integrated with government digitalization strategies, significantly improve the delivery of financial assistance, agricultural support, and microenterprise services, particularly in remote and underserved areas (Donovan, K., 2012 ). In this context, GCash exemplifies how private-sector-led digital platforms—backed by sound policy frameworks and digital infrastructure—can effectively bridge service delivery gaps and promote inclusive economic growth. GCash has also facilitated government-to-person (G2P) transactions during the COVID-19 pandemic, helping disburse social amelioration funds directly to beneficiaries, thereby minimizing leakages and improving transparency (Montano, A., & Villanueva, K., 2021 ). Additionally, GCash's features—such as "GSave" for micro-savings, "GInsure" for low-cost health insurance, and "GGives" for micro-lending—offer customized financial tools designed specifically for the needs of low-income and rural users (Mynt, 2023 ). Given the expanding role of mobile financial services, such as GCash, in addressing rural service delivery gaps, this study aims to evaluate the extent to which GCash facilitates financial inclusion and enhances access to public services in underserved rural communities. Specifically, it examines how GCash's integration aligns with and supports the objectives of the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas' (BSP) Digital Payments Transformation Roadmap. The study also aims to investigate the perceptions and experiences of rural users in utilizing GCash for essential services, including government assistance, agricultural transactions, and everyday financial needs. The research aims to generate empirical evidence to inform policy formulation, guide fintech development, and strengthen multi-sectoral efforts toward achieving an inclusive digital transformation in rural areas of the Philippines. 3. Methodology and Data 3.1 Study design, population, setting A descriptive method design was used, and the study utilized a survey to gather data from randomly selected rural communities (purposive random sample) in the rural areas in the Municipality of Villaba, Eastern Visayas, Philippines. Stratified random sampling was used, inviting all Gcash users who met the criteria to participate and ensuring comprehensive coverage of the target population. 3.2 Study tool, variables, data collection To collect the necessary data for this study, a structured survey questionnaire was designed following a quantitative research approach. We chose to use a robust Likert scale to assess respondents' familiarity with, access to, and usage of the GCash app, as well as their perceptions of its benefits and impacts. The Likert scale, a widely used psychometric tool, captures the degree of agreement or frequency of attitudes and behaviors. In this study, a five-point scale ranging from 1 (Strongly Disagree) to 5 (Strongly Agree) was employed, enabling respondents to indicate the intensity of their experiences and views regarding GCash-related services. Before full deployment, the survey instrument underwent pilot testing to assess its clarity, consistency, and reliability. Data collection was conducted meticulously over one week during regular class hours, ensuring maximum participation and convenience, and on weekends for both employed and non-students across three consecutive weekends. The questionnaire was administered in paper format, with standardized instructions provided by the researchers to maintain consistency across all sessions. Ample time was allotted for participants to complete the survey thoughtfully and without time pressure. Throughout the administration, the researchers were present to assist, monitor the process, and respond to any clarifications, thereby ensuring the accuracy, completeness, and validity of the responses gathered. 3.3 Data analysis The data were rigorously analyzed using the industry-standard Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS version 20.0). Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics to determine the frequency and percentage of each key variable for the socio-demographic profiles of the respondents, as well as their access to and usage of GCash, the impact and benefits, barriers, and challenges. Mean, standard deviation, and p-value were also calculated for the correlation. 3.4 Ethical consideration The research adhered to the protocol of the Scientific Ethics Committee (CEC) of the respective barangay in Villaba to ensure the safeguarding of the data. The confidentiality of personal data was assured, and the anonymity of participants was guaranteed. Participants were fully informed about the purpose of the research, the potential risks and benefits, and their rights as participants. They were given the opportunity to ask questions and were only included in the study after providing their voluntary and informed consent. 4. Results 4.1 Socio-demographic profiles of the respondents Out of the 150 questionnaires distributed, 100 were completed and analyzed. The data reveal an intriguing age distribution, with most respondents being young adults aged 18–24, representing 52% of the sample, followed by those aged 25–34, at 28% (Statista, 2025 ). Females make up the majority at 72%, indicating a gender imbalance. Regarding education, 63% hold a college-level degree or higher, while a smaller percentage have attained a high school diploma, vocational education, or a postgraduate degree. No respondents reported only elementary education. Regarding monthly household income, 78% earn above ₱20,000, reflecting a predominantly higher-income group (Table 1 ). Table 1 Socio-demographics of the respondents (n = 100) Variables Frequency (N) Percentage (%) Age Group 18–24 years 52 52 25–34 years 28 28 35–44 years 12 12 45-54years 8 8 55–64 years - - Gender Male 28 28 Female 72 72 Educational Attainment Elementary Graduate High school Graduate 20 20 College level/Graduate 63 63 Vocational/Technical 7 7 Post graduate 10 10 Monthly household income Below P 5,000 - - P 5,001-P 10,000 10 10 P 10,001- P 20,000 12 12 Above P 20,000 78 78 4.2 Access and Usage The results indicate that GCash is widely adopted, with 72% of respondents owning an account. Most users engage with the app regularly, with 60% using it weekly and 25% using it daily, demonstrating its relevance in users' lives. Most (83%) have used GCash for over a year, reflecting strong user retention. The most commonly used features are "Send Money" (30%) and "Receive Money" (28%), followed by "Buy Load" and "Pay Bills." Less frequently used services include bank transfers, online shopping, and saving or investing. GCash is a convenient platform for everyday financial transactions (Table 2 ). Table 2 Access and Usage of Gcash (n = 100) Variables Frequency (N) Percentage (%) Do you have Gcash account Yes 72 72 No 28 28 How often do you use the Gcash app Daily 25 25 Weekly 60 60 Monthly 4 4 Rarely 10 10 Never 1 1 How long have you been using Gcash Less than six months 7 7 6 months to 1 year 10 10 More than 1 year 83 83 What services do u commonly use on Gcash Send Money 30 30 Receive money 28 28 Pay bills 13 13 Buy load 17 17 Shop online 3 3 Bank transfer 8 8 Invest/save 1 1 4.3 Impact and Benefits The findings reveal that convenience is the primary reason respondents use GCash, with 80% identifying it as their primary motivation. A smaller portion (18%) use it due to limited access to banks, while only 2% were influenced by family or friend recommendations. Notably, no one cited promotions or cashback as a deciding factor. When asked whether GCash helps save time and money, an overwhelming 99% agreed or strongly agreed, demonstrating intense satisfaction with the app's efficiency. Additionally, 83% of users feel more financially connected through GCash, highlighting the platform's significant role in enhancing digital financial inclusion and making the audience proud of the company's contribution to society. Regarding financial literacy, 85% reported an improvement since using GCash, though 15% remained unsure. Furthermore, 78% indicated that GCash has been exceptionally helpful during emergencies, reflecting its practical value beyond everyday transactions and providing users with a sense of security. Overall, GCash is not only a tool of convenience but also a contributor to users' financial empowerment and resilience (Table 3 ). Table 3 Impact and Benefits of Gcash (n = 100) Variables Frequency (N) Percentage (%) Main reason for using Gcash Convenience 80 80 No access to banks 18 18 Recommended by family/friends 2 2 Promotions/cashback - - Has Gcash help you save time and money in transaction Strongly Agree 43 43 Agree 56 56 Neutral 1 1 Disagree - - Strongly Disagree - - Are you more financially connected with Gcash Yes 83 83 No Not Sure 17 17 Did you experience increased in financial literacy with Gcash 20 20 Yes 85 85 No Not Sure 15 15 Has Gcash helped you during emergencies Yes 78 78 No Not Sure 22 - 22 - 4.4 Barriers and Challenges The most common challenges reported by GCash users are poor internet connectivity (52%), lack of mobile phone access (28%), low digital literacy (12%), and security concerns (8%). These issues highlight barriers to full adoption, particularly in terms of infrastructure and user capabilities. Despite this, 72% of users reported no fraud or problems, suggesting a positive experience. Regarding improvements, 63% of respondents want faster app updates, while 20% seek enhanced security features. A smaller group (7%) would like BancNet integration for added convenience. Additionally, many users suggested enabling offline functionality to address connectivity concerns. These results highlight key areas where GCash can improve to boost user satisfaction and accessibility (Table 4 ). Table 4 Barriers and Challenges in the use of Gcash (n = 100) Variables Frequency (N) Percentage (%) Challenges in using Gcash Poor internet connectivity 52 52 Lack of mobile phone 28 28 Low digital literacy 12 12 Security concerns 8 8 Limited cash in/out centers - - Have you experience fraud or problems while using Gcash Yes 28 28 No 72 72 What improvements would you like to see using Gcash Can be used even with no internet connection - - Security 20 20 Less time in updating the App 63 63 Can access bancnet for convenience 7 7 4.5 Correlation with socio –demographics and Gcash access and impacts Based on the data, age group emerged as the most influential demographic factor affecting access and usage, as well as perceived impact and benefits. A statistically significant relationship (p < .001) was found between age and access/usage, with younger respondents—particularly those aged 18–24 (mean = 2.37)—reporting higher levels of access and usage. These values declined consistently with increasing age. Similarly, a significant negative correlation (r = -0.985, p = 0.015) was observed between age and perceived impact and benefits, indicating that younger individuals tend to perceive greater benefits from usage than their older counterparts (Table 5 ). In contrast, gender did not show a statistically significant relationship with access and usage (p = 0.442), although females reported slightly higher usage (mean = 1.39) than males (mean = 1.0). For perceived impact and benefits, the correlation appeared to be perfect and negative (r = -1.000), but was not statistically significant (p = 1.000), likely reflecting data inconsistencies or limited sample variation. No significant relationship was found between educational attainment and access and usage (p = 0.868). However, high school graduates reported slightly higher access (mean = 1.5) than those with college or postgraduate degrees. The correlation between educational attainment and perceived impact and benefits was moderately positive (r = 0.626), although not statistically significant (p = 0.374), indicating a possible—but—unconfirmed—trend that individuals with higher education may perceive more benefits. Lastly, the relationship between monthly household income and access and usage, as well as perceived impact and benefits, presents an interesting area for further research. Our findings reveal no statistically significant relationship between access and usage (p = 0.388), despite a discernible trend where higher-income groups reported greater usage (e.g., the P10,001–P20,000 income bracket had a mean of 5.4). The correlation between impact and benefits was weakly negative (r = -0.616) and statistically insignificant (p = 0.384), suggesting that increased income does not necessarily lead to a greater perception of benefit. Overall, the findings highlight age as a significant determinant of access and perceived benefit, while gender, education, and income appear to have minimal or statistically insignificant effects (Table 5 ). Table 5 Correlation with socio –demographics and Gcash access and impacts Variables Access and usage Mean ± SD Pearson r P value Impact & Benefits Mean + SD Pearson r P value Age Group 1 < .001 -0.985 0.015 18–24 years 2.37 ± 0.686 1.45 ± 0.54 25–34 years 2.03 ± 0.383 1.38 ± 0.75 35–44 years 1.84 ± 0 1.59 ± 0.44 45-54years 1 ± 0 2.0 ± 0 55–64 years - - Gender 0.442 < .001 -1.000 1 Male 1 ± 0 2 ± 0.272 Female 1.39 ± 0.491 1.42 ± 0.496 Educational Attainment 0.868 < .001 0.626, 0.374 Elementary Graduate - - High school Graduate 1.5 ± 0.513 1.48 ± 0.59 College level/Graduate 1.29 ± 0.455 1.47 ± 0.42 Vocational/Technical 1 ± 0 1.29 ± 0.38 Post graduate 1 ± 0 1.33 ± 0 Monthly household income 0.388 < .001 -0.616, 0.384, Below P 5,000 1.6 ± 6.5 1.45 + 0 .57 P 5,001-P 10,000 3.8 ± 5.25 1.46 ± 0.79 P 10,001- P 20,000 5.4 ± 4.5 1.45 ± 0.35 Above P 20,000 3.6 ± 6.25 1.71 ± 0.27 5. Discussion and Conclusion The findings strongly support the current understanding that mobile financial services, such as GCash, have significantly expanded financial access in rural areas, where traditional banking remains constrained by geographic isolation and inadequate infrastructure (Dawson, D., 2021 ; Department of Agriculture, 2023 ). Consistent with previous research, digital financial platforms offer a promising solution to longstanding financial exclusion, particularly in developing countries such as the Philippines, where many of the population remains unbanked due to limited infrastructure and the absence of valid identification (Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas, 2024 ; Donovan, K., 2012 ). The data highlight GCash's role in promoting financial inclusion, convenience, and economic participation, particularly among younger, more educated, and higher-income users, with a notable positive impact on women (Asian Development Bank, 2021 ). These findings align with the literature, which highlights the ability of mobile wallets to foster financial engagement and improve financial behavior among underserved populations (Bank for International Settlements, 2020 ; Montano & Villanueva, 2021 ). However, persistent barriers—such as digital inequality, limited digital literacy, and weak internet infrastructure in regions like Visayas and Mindanao—limit the complete adoption and use of these platforms (Jack & Suri, 2014 ). For example, only 34% of low-income users demonstrate sufficient awareness of digital security. Despite women comprising a large share of entrepreneurs, they remain underrepresented among fintech borrowers (Department of Agriculture, 2023 ). These challenges underscore the need for targeted strategies, including financial literacy initiatives, the development of inclusive digital products, and strong partnerships between fintech providers, government agencies, and local stakeholders. Such interventions are essential to ensure that mobile financial services become truly inclusive and transformative across all sectors of rural communities (Ozili, P.K., 2021; Suri, T., & Jack, W., 2016 ; TechBullion, 2025 , June 15). This study deepens the understanding of mobile wallet usage in the Philippines by showing that GCash users are predominantly young, educated, and from higher-income households, with a majority being female. It highlights GCash's significant role in promoting financial inclusion and enhancing financial literacy, ensuring that the audience feels informed and educated about their financial options. The study also identifies key barriers, such as poor internet connectivity and limited digital literacy, while highlighting user-driven recommendations for improving the platform. These findings provide valuable insights for fintech developers, policymakers, and researchers seeking to expand access to and enhance digital financial services. GCash has significantly advanced digital financial inclusion in rural communities, especially among younger, educated, and higher-income users. Its transformative potential, however, is still hindered by challenges such as digital inequality, poor infrastructure, and low user awareness. To fully realize this potential, targeted efforts must prioritize digital literacy, improved access to devices and reliable internet, user-friendly app design, and stronger security measures. These measures will ensure more inclusive and widespread adoption across all sectors of the rural population, fostering a hopeful future for financial inclusion. To enhance digital financial inclusion in rural areas, promoting digital literacy, simplifying app interfaces, and expanding offline functionality to accommodate users with limited connectivity and technical skills is essential through platforms like GCash. Inclusive outreach efforts and targeted education on advanced features, such as savings and investments, can drive deeper engagement among underserved groups. Strengthening security, enhancing customer support, and continually adapting to user feedback will ensure that mobile financial services effectively meet the diverse needs of rural communities. Declarations Availability of data and materials: The datasets used and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. Competing interests: The author declares no competing interest Funding: No Funding received Authors' contributions: The author made substantial contributions to the completion of this study. Conceptualized the research, developed the methodology, and provided overall supervision, was responsible for conducting the literature review, collecting the data, and performing the data analysis, do the interpretation of findings and was actively involved in drafting and critically revising the manuscript. The author reviewed and approved the final version of the manuscript for submission. Acknowledgements: The author wishes to express his sincere gratitude to all those who contributed to the successful completion of this research. Authors' information An Assistant Professor IV at Palompon Institute of Technology–Tabango Campus, Leyte, Philippines, with research spanning power consumption, cloud computing capabilities, and advanced computational methods, including a book chapter on quaternion complex algebra published by Elsevier. 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The long-run poverty and gender impacts of mobile money. Science, 354(6317), 1288–1292. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aah5309. TechBullion. (2025, June 15). Mobile money services: How FinTech is empowering developing economies. https://techbullion.com/mobile-money-services-how-fintech-is-empowering-developing-economies/. World Bank. (2020). Philippines economic update: Braving the new normal. https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail/631321606355867902/philippines-economic-update-braving-the-new-normal. Additional Declarations The authors declare no competing interests. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7453368","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":505238896,"identity":"5a05618c-65cf-4c19-b860-361b3168450b","order_by":0,"name":"GLENN JUMAMOY PULVERA","email":"data:image/png;base64,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","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2405-2337","institution":"Palompon Institute of Technology","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"GLENN","middleName":"JUMAMOY","lastName":"PULVERA","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-08-25 11:41:05","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":{"humanSubjects":true,"vertebrateSubjects":false,"conflictsOfInterestStatement":false,"humanSubjectEthicalGuidelines":true,"humanSubjectConsent":true,"humanSubjectClinicalTrial":false,"humanSubjectCaseReport":false,"vertebrateSubjectEthicalGuidelines":false},"doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7453368/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7453368/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":89908794,"identity":"64fe9d1d-35c1-4d64-b997-edda93117aed","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-26 10:30:53","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1110908,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7453368/v1/0949b2d9-e3ff-44b7-ad71-d6dfd810ac75.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"The authors declare no competing interests.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003eMobile Finance and Rural Inclusion: Evidence from GCash Use in Philippine Villages\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"1. Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe Financial Technology (FinTech) industry has experienced rapid growth in both adoption and investment over the past few years (Agarwal \u0026amp; Zhang, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). Digital payment platforms, such as PayPal, Zelle, Venmo, and Square, have revolutionized the way individuals send and receive money, offering convenient, secure, and instant electronic transactions. These platforms have also become integral to e-commerce, enabling seamless online shopping experiences for consumers. Additionally, FinTech innovations have disrupted traditional lending models by streamlining the loan process, making it faster and more accessible for individuals and small businesses to secure funding (Agarwal \u0026amp; Zhang, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe Philippine economy has shown steady growth in recent decades; however, poverty remains a pressing concern, particularly in rural areas (World Bank, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). Despite positive trends in macroeconomic performance, many Filipinos\u0026mdash;especially those living in agricultural and remote communities\u0026mdash;still face limited access to formal financial services, perpetuating economic disparity and financial exclusion (Llanto, G. M.,2015). Financial technology (fintech) has emerged as a transformative force, offering innovative solutions to bridge these gaps by delivering banking, credit, and payment services through digital platforms (Diokno, B. E.,2021). Widely used applications, such as GCash, PayMaya, and Coins.ph, have enabled digital transactions, mobile savings, and microloans, even in areas with minimal banking infrastructure (Dawson, D., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). This study investigates the role of fintech applications in promoting financial inclusion and reducing poverty among rural populations in the Philippines (Philippine EJournals, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eDigital financial services have revolutionized money management, especially in developing countries. Among these innovations, mobile wallet applications have emerged as vital tools in advancing financial inclusion, particularly in rural areas where traditional banking services remain inaccessible (World Bank, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). Rural communities often face considerable challenges accessing formal financial services due to geographic isolation, inadequate infrastructure, and lack of valid identification. These barriers contribute to widespread financial exclusion, limiting individuals' ability to save, invest, or access credit (Demirg\u0026uuml;\u0026ccedil;-Kunt et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFinancial literacy can increase financial inclusion if a lack of knowledge about financial services is the primary and sole cause of barriers to using financial services (Ozili, P.K., 2021). Existing literature affirms the positive effects of mobile financial applications on user behavior and economic participation (Donovan, K., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e). In rural settings, where formal banking infrastructure is often lacking, mobile wallets transform how people transact and shape their understanding and interaction with financial services (Philippine EJournals, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). Mobile financial services offer a promising solution by delivering accessible, convenient, and user-friendly platforms to bridge the gap between remote populations and the financial system (Llanto, G. M., 2020). The Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (BSP) has underscored the role of digitalization in driving financial inclusion. Platforms like GCash are integral to the country's digital finance strategy, supporting broader efforts to foster inclusive economic development (Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFinancial inclusion ensures access to financial services for all individuals, particularly those from underprivileged and unbanked populations (TechBullion, June 15, 2025). The Bank for International Settlements (BIS) defines it as \"Financial inclusion ensures free access to, and use of, appropriate financial services for all people and businesses at an affordable cost.\" By providing formal access to banking and financial payment systems, financial inclusion enables individuals and small businesses to participate in the circular flow of an economy (Bank for International Settlements, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eGCash, a mobile financial service platform developed by Globe Telecom, has experienced rapid growth in the Philippines (Globe Fintech Innovations, Inc., 2023). It enables users to perform various financial transactions such as money transfers, bill payments, online purchases, and savings using only a smartphone and mobile connectivity (World Bank, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). Despite the increasing adoption of GCash in urban areas, limited research has been conducted to explore its usability, accessibility, and impact within rural communities. Investigating how rural populations interact with digital financial platforms is crucial for evaluating their effectiveness as tools for inclusion and empowerment (World Bank, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn the Philippines, a substantial portion of the population, particularly in rural areas, remains unbanked or underbanked. The term 'underbanked' refers to individuals who have a bank account but still rely on alternative financial services due to limited access to traditional banking infrastructure and financial services (GSMA, Hasnain, S., Komu, A., \u0026amp; Blackburn, C., 2016; World Bank,2020). The country's archipelagic nature further complicates the establishment of brick-and-mortar banking facilities, making financial accessibility a persistent challenge. To address these issues, GCash emerged as a transformative mobile wallet service. Launched in 2004, GCash was initially designed as an SMS-based domestic remittance platform to facilitate money transfers, particularly for overseas Filipino workers sending financial support to their families back home. Over time, it has evolved into a comprehensive financial ecosystem offering a range of services, including money transfers, bill payments, online shopping, and access to microloans. By 2023, GCash had over 76\u0026nbsp;million registered users, covering approximately 67% of the Philippine population (Dawson, D., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; World Bank, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe rapid adoption of GCash has significantly enhanced the country's financial inclusion. Through partnerships with local businesses and government services, the platform has expanded its reach to remote villages, providing essential financial services to previously excluded populations. This digital shift has led to a notable reduction in cash dependency, with urban areas experiencing a 41% decrease and rural regions seeing a 29% decrease in cash transactions. This trend towards digital transactions signals a promising future for fintech in the Philippines, with GCash leading the way (Llanto, G. M., 2020).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eDespite these advancements, challenges persist. Structural inequalities, such as the digital divide in regions like Visayas and Mindanao, hinder access to fintech solutions. The digital divide in these regions refers to the gap between those who have access to digital technologies and those who do not, often due to factors such as income, education, and geographic location. Additionally, low financial literacy remains a barrier, with only 34% of low-income users understanding digital security. Gender disparities also exist\u0026mdash;while women-owned MSMEs account for 39% of entrepreneurs, they represent only 22% of fintech borrowers (Philippine EJournals, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). Addressing these challenges requires enhanced digital literacy programs and the development of inclusive financial products that cater to diverse user needs.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eGCash\u0026mdash;a mobile wallet service launched by Globe Telecom and operated by Mynt\u0026mdash;enables users to perform a wide range of financial transactions, including sending and receiving money, paying bills, and purchasing goods and services, all without requiring a traditional bank account (Donovan, K., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe rise of GCash underscores the potential of mobile financial services in bridging the financial inclusion gap in the Philippines. While significant progress has been made, ongoing collaboration between fintech companies, traditional financial institutions, and government agencies is crucial to ensuring equitable financial access for all Filipinos (Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eGCash has actively worked to extend its services to rural communities by leveraging hyper-localization strategies and forming partnerships with local government units (LGUs). These initiatives aim to enhance accessibility by incorporating local dialects and culturally tailored marketing efforts to better reach underserved populations. The platform's user base highlights its commitment to inclusivity and rural outreach. An impressive 90% of GCash users belong to lower-income sectors, emphasizing the platform's accessibility to underserved communities. Furthermore, 57% of its users are women, reflecting its support for gender inclusivity. Notably, 74% of GCash users reside outside Metro Manila, highlighting its broad reach across the country's rural and provincial areas (Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; World Bank, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). These statistics demonstrate GCash's effectiveness in connecting with marginalized and geographically isolated groups (Asian Development Bank, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). A growing body of academic literature supports the view that mobile money platforms drive significant socio-economic benefits. These include increased savings behavior, improved access to credit, and strengthened household resilience against economic shocks (Suri, T., \u0026amp; Jack, W., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). Platforms like GCash can catalyze inclusive growth, especially when integrated with financial literacy initiatives and supported by digital infrastructure (Jack, W., \u0026amp; Suri, T., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eGCash has established strategic partnerships with key institutions to advance financial inclusion in rural areas. A notable collaboration is with the Department of Agriculture's Philippine Crop Insurance Corporation (DA-PCIC), aimed at streamlining indemnity payments to insured farmers (Department of Agriculture, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). Digital finance is pivotal in rural development by providing farmers and households with access to credit, insurance, and government subsidies\u0026mdash;services that were traditionally hindered by limited banking infrastructure. GCash's participation in initiatives such as the Rice Competitiveness Enhancement Fund (RCEF) and digital Ayuda distributions underscores its expanding function as a channel for delivering public services. This initiative enhances financial resilience and ensures quicker access to essential funds for agricultural workers, thereby supporting their livelihood and stability (Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e; Department of Agriculture, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). Beyond its partnership with DA-PCIC, GCash has collaborated with agencies like the DSWD and various LGUs to enable digital cash transfers for social protection programs, enhancing efficiency and inclusion, especially in geographically isolated and disadvantaged areas (Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e; Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas, n.d.). These initiatives reduce transaction costs and improve service delivery to underserved sectors (De Luna et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Mobile financial services used for government subsidies or insurance payouts can strengthen household security and promote investment in rural livelihoods (Suri, T., \u0026amp; Jack, W., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eGCash's integration into broader agricultural and e-government systems supports the BSP's inclusive digital finance strategy, which advocates for multi-sectoral collaboration among fintech, government, and civil society (Demirg\u0026uuml;\u0026ccedil;-Kunt, A. et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; World Bank, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). [12; 32]. This reflects GCash's evolution into a platform for transactions, delivering public services, and providing financial tools that address rural exclusion. Mobile wallets, such as GCash, streamline agricultural value chains by digitizing transactions among farmers, suppliers, and buyers, thereby reducing inefficiencies and enhancing transparency (De Luna et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Digital financial ecosystems, when integrated with government digitalization strategies, significantly improve the delivery of financial assistance, agricultural support, and microenterprise services, particularly in remote and underserved areas (Donovan, K., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e). In this context, GCash exemplifies how private-sector-led digital platforms\u0026mdash;backed by sound policy frameworks and digital infrastructure\u0026mdash;can effectively bridge service delivery gaps and promote inclusive economic growth.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eGCash has also facilitated government-to-person (G2P) transactions during the COVID-19 pandemic, helping disburse social amelioration funds directly to beneficiaries, thereby minimizing leakages and improving transparency (Montano, A., \u0026amp; Villanueva, K., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Additionally, GCash's features\u0026mdash;such as \"GSave\" for micro-savings, \"GInsure\" for low-cost health insurance, and \"GGives\" for micro-lending\u0026mdash;offer customized financial tools designed specifically for the needs of low-income and rural users (Mynt, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eGiven the expanding role of mobile financial services, such as GCash, in addressing rural service delivery gaps, this study aims to evaluate the extent to which GCash facilitates financial inclusion and enhances access to public services in underserved rural communities. Specifically, it examines how GCash's integration aligns with and supports the objectives of the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas' (BSP) Digital Payments Transformation Roadmap. The study also aims to investigate the perceptions and experiences of rural users in utilizing GCash for essential services, including government assistance, agricultural transactions, and everyday financial needs. The research aims to generate empirical evidence to inform policy formulation, guide fintech development, and strengthen multi-sectoral efforts toward achieving an inclusive digital transformation in rural areas of the Philippines.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"3. Methodology and Data","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e3.1 Study design, population, setting\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eA descriptive method design was used, and the study utilized a survey to gather data from randomly selected rural communities (purposive random sample) in the rural areas in the Municipality of Villaba, Eastern Visayas, Philippines. Stratified random sampling was used, inviting all Gcash users who met the criteria to participate and ensuring comprehensive coverage of the target population.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e3.2 Study tool, variables, data collection\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eTo collect the necessary data for this study, a structured survey questionnaire was designed following a quantitative research approach. We chose to use a robust Likert scale to assess respondents' familiarity with, access to, and usage of the GCash app, as well as their perceptions of its benefits and impacts. The Likert scale, a widely used psychometric tool, captures the degree of agreement or frequency of attitudes and behaviors. In this study, a five-point scale ranging from 1 (Strongly Disagree) to 5 (Strongly Agree) was employed, enabling respondents to indicate the intensity of their experiences and views regarding GCash-related services. Before full deployment, the survey instrument underwent pilot testing to assess its clarity, consistency, and reliability.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eData collection was conducted meticulously over one week during regular class hours, ensuring maximum participation and convenience, and on weekends for both employed and non-students across three consecutive weekends. The questionnaire was administered in paper format, with standardized instructions provided by the researchers to maintain consistency across all sessions. Ample time was allotted for participants to complete the survey thoughtfully and without time pressure. Throughout the administration, the researchers were present to assist, monitor the process, and respond to any clarifications, thereby ensuring the accuracy, completeness, and validity of the responses gathered.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e3.3 Data analysis\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe data were rigorously analyzed using the industry-standard Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS version 20.0). Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics to determine the frequency and percentage of each key variable for the socio-demographic profiles of the respondents, as well as their access to and usage of GCash, the impact and benefits, barriers, and challenges. Mean, standard deviation, and p-value were also calculated for the correlation.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e3.4 Ethical consideration\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e The research adhered to the protocol of the Scientific Ethics Committee (CEC) of the respective barangay in Villaba to ensure the safeguarding of the data. The confidentiality of personal data was assured, and the anonymity of participants was guaranteed. Participants were fully informed about the purpose of the research, the potential risks and benefits, and their rights as participants. They were given the opportunity to ask questions and were only included in the study after providing their voluntary and informed consent.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"4. Results","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e4.1 Socio-demographic profiles of the respondents\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eOut of the 150 questionnaires distributed, 100 were completed and analyzed. The data reveal an intriguing age distribution, with most respondents being young adults aged 18\u0026ndash;24, representing 52% of the sample, followed by those aged 25\u0026ndash;34, at 28% (Statista, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e). Females make up the majority at 72%, indicating a gender imbalance. Regarding education, 63% hold a college-level degree or higher, while a smaller percentage have attained a high school diploma, vocational education, or a postgraduate degree. No respondents reported only elementary education. Regarding monthly household income, 78% earn above ₱20,000, reflecting a predominantly higher-income group (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSocio-demographics of the respondents (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;100)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFrequency (N)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePercentage (%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAge Group\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18\u0026ndash;24 years\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e52\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e52\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e25\u0026ndash;34 years\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e35\u0026ndash;44 years\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e45-54years\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e55\u0026ndash;64 years\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eGender\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e72\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e72\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eEducational Attainment\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eElementary Graduate\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHigh school Graduate\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCollege level/Graduate\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e63\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e63\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVocational/Technical\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePost graduate\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMonthly household income\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBelow P 5,000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eP 5,001-P 10,000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eP 10,001- P 20,000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAbove P 20,000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e78\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e78\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e4.2 Access and Usage\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe results indicate that GCash is widely adopted, with 72% of respondents owning an account. Most users engage with the app regularly, with 60% using it weekly and 25% using it daily, demonstrating its relevance in users' lives. Most (83%) have used GCash for over a year, reflecting strong user retention. The most commonly used features are \"Send Money\" (30%) and \"Receive Money\" (28%), followed by \"Buy Load\" and \"Pay Bills.\" Less frequently used services include bank transfers, online shopping, and saving or investing. GCash is a convenient platform for everyday financial transactions (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAccess and Usage of Gcash (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;100)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFrequency (N)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePercentage (%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDo you have Gcash account\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e72\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e72\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eHow often do you use the Gcash app\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDaily\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWeekly\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMonthly\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRarely\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNever\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eHow long have you been using Gcash\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLess than six months\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6 months to 1 year\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMore than 1 year\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e83\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e83\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eWhat services do u commonly use on Gcash\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSend Money\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eReceive money\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePay bills\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBuy load\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eShop online\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBank transfer\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eInvest/save\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e4.3 Impact and Benefits\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe findings reveal that convenience is the primary reason respondents use GCash, with 80% identifying it as their primary motivation. A smaller portion (18%) use it due to limited access to banks, while only 2% were influenced by family or friend recommendations. Notably, no one cited promotions or cashback as a deciding factor. When asked whether GCash helps save time and money, an overwhelming 99% agreed or strongly agreed, demonstrating intense satisfaction with the app's efficiency. Additionally, 83% of users feel more financially connected through GCash, highlighting the platform's significant role in enhancing digital financial inclusion and making the audience proud of the company's contribution to society.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRegarding financial literacy, 85% reported an improvement since using GCash, though 15% remained unsure. Furthermore, 78% indicated that GCash has been exceptionally helpful during emergencies, reflecting its practical value beyond everyday transactions and providing users with a sense of security. Overall, GCash is not only a tool of convenience but also a contributor to users' financial empowerment and resilience (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eImpact and Benefits of Gcash (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;100)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFrequency (N)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePercentage (%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMain reason for using Gcash\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eConvenience\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e80\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e80\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo access to banks\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRecommended by family/friends\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePromotions/cashback\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eHas Gcash help you save time and money\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ein transaction\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStrongly Agree\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e43\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e43\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAgree\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e56\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e56\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNeutral\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDisagree\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStrongly Disagree\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAre you more financially connected with Gcash\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e83\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e83\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eNot Sure\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDid you experience increased in financial literacy with Gcash\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e85\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e85\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eNot Sure\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eHas Gcash helped you during emergencies\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e78\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e78\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eNot Sure\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e4.4 Barriers and Challenges\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe most common challenges reported by GCash users are poor internet connectivity (52%), lack of mobile phone access (28%), low digital literacy (12%), and security concerns (8%). These issues highlight barriers to full adoption, particularly in terms of infrastructure and user capabilities. Despite this, 72% of users reported no fraud or problems, suggesting a positive experience. Regarding improvements, 63% of respondents want faster app updates, while 20% seek enhanced security features. A smaller group (7%) would like BancNet integration for added convenience. Additionally, many users suggested enabling offline functionality to address connectivity concerns. These results highlight key areas where GCash can improve to boost user satisfaction and accessibility (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBarriers and Challenges in the use of Gcash (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;100)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFrequency (N)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePercentage (%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eChallenges in using Gcash\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePoor internet connectivity\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e52\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e52\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLack of mobile phone\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLow digital literacy\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSecurity concerns\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLimited cash in/out centers\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eHave you experience fraud or problems while using Gcash\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e72\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e72\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eWhat improvements would you like to see using Gcash\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCan be used even with no internet connection\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSecurity\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLess time in updating the App\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e63\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e63\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCan access bancnet for convenience\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e4.5 Correlation with socio \u0026ndash;demographics and Gcash access and impacts\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eBased on the data, age group emerged as the most influential demographic factor affecting access and usage, as well as perceived impact and benefits. A statistically significant relationship (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001) was found between age and access/usage, with younger respondents\u0026mdash;particularly those aged 18\u0026ndash;24 (mean\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2.37)\u0026mdash;reporting higher levels of access and usage. These values declined consistently with increasing age. Similarly, a significant negative correlation (r = -0.985, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.015) was observed between age and perceived impact and benefits, indicating that younger individuals tend to perceive greater benefits from usage than their older counterparts (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn contrast, gender did not show a statistically significant relationship with access and usage (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.442), although females reported slightly higher usage (mean\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.39) than males (mean\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.0). For perceived impact and benefits, the correlation appeared to be perfect and negative (r = -1.000), but was not statistically significant (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.000), likely reflecting data inconsistencies or limited sample variation.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo significant relationship was found between educational attainment and access and usage (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.868). However, high school graduates reported slightly higher access (mean\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.5) than those with college or postgraduate degrees. The correlation between educational attainment and perceived impact and benefits was moderately positive (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.626), although not statistically significant (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.374), indicating a possible\u0026mdash;but\u0026mdash;unconfirmed\u0026mdash;trend that individuals with higher education may perceive more benefits.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eLastly, the relationship between monthly household income and access and usage, as well as perceived impact and benefits, presents an interesting area for further research. Our findings reveal no statistically significant relationship between access and usage (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.388), despite a discernible trend where higher-income groups reported greater usage (e.g., the P10,001\u0026ndash;P20,000 income bracket had a mean of 5.4). The correlation between impact and benefits was weakly negative (r = -0.616) and statistically insignificant (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.384), suggesting that increased income does not necessarily lead to a greater perception of benefit. Overall, the findings highlight age as a significant determinant of access and perceived benefit, while gender, education, and income appear to have minimal or statistically insignificant effects (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCorrelation with socio \u0026ndash;demographics and Gcash access and impacts\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAccess and usage\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eMean\u0026thinsp;\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u003c/span\u003e\u0026thinsp;SD\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePearson r\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e value\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eImpact \u0026amp; Benefits\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eMean\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;SD\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePearson r\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e value\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAge Group\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.985\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.015\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18\u0026ndash;24 years\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.37\u0026thinsp;\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u003c/span\u003e\u0026thinsp;0.686\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.45\u0026thinsp;\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u003c/span\u003e\u0026thinsp;0.54\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e25\u0026ndash;34 years\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.03\u0026thinsp;\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u003c/span\u003e\u0026thinsp;0.383\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.38\u0026thinsp;\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u003c/span\u003e\u0026thinsp;0.75\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e35\u0026ndash;44 years\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.84\u0026thinsp;\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u003c/span\u003e\u0026thinsp;0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.59\u0026thinsp;\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u003c/span\u003e\u0026thinsp;0.44\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e45-54years\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u0026thinsp;\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u003c/span\u003e\u0026thinsp;0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.0\u0026thinsp;\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u003c/span\u003e\u0026thinsp;0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e55\u0026ndash;64 years\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e-\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e-\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eGender\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.442\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-1.000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u0026thinsp;\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u003c/span\u003e\u0026thinsp;0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u0026thinsp;\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u003c/span\u003e\u0026thinsp;0.272\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.39\u0026thinsp;\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u003c/span\u003e\u0026thinsp;0.491\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.42\u0026thinsp;\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u003c/span\u003e\u0026thinsp;0.496\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eEducational Attainment\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.868\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.626,\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.374\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eElementary Graduate\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e-\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e-\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHigh school Graduate\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.5\u0026thinsp;\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u003c/span\u003e\u0026thinsp;0.513\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.48\u0026thinsp;\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u003c/span\u003e\u0026thinsp;0.59\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCollege level/Graduate\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.29\u0026thinsp;\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u003c/span\u003e\u0026thinsp;0.455\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.47\u0026thinsp;\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u003c/span\u003e\u0026thinsp;0.42\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVocational/Technical\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u0026thinsp;\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u003c/span\u003e\u0026thinsp;0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.29\u0026thinsp;\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u003c/span\u003e\u0026thinsp;0.38\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePost graduate\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u0026thinsp;\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u003c/span\u003e\u0026thinsp;0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.33\u0026thinsp;\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u003c/span\u003e\u0026thinsp;0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMonthly household income\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.388\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.616,\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.384,\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBelow P 5,000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.6\u0026thinsp;\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u003c/span\u003e\u0026thinsp;6.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.45\u0026thinsp;\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e+\u0026thinsp;0\u003c/span\u003e.57\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eP 5,001-P 10,000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.8\u0026thinsp;\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u003c/span\u003e\u0026thinsp;5.25\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.46\u0026thinsp;\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u003c/span\u003e\u0026thinsp;0.79\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eP 10,001- P 20,000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.4\u0026thinsp;\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u003c/span\u003e\u0026thinsp;4.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.45\u0026thinsp;\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u003c/span\u003e\u0026thinsp;0.35\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAbove P 20,000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.6\u0026thinsp;\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u003c/span\u003e\u0026thinsp;6.25\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.71\u0026thinsp;\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e\u0026plusmn;\u003c/span\u003e\u0026thinsp;0.27\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"5. Discussion and Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe findings strongly support the current understanding that mobile financial services, such as GCash, have significantly expanded financial access in rural areas, where traditional banking remains constrained by geographic isolation and inadequate infrastructure (Dawson, D., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Department of Agriculture, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). Consistent with previous research, digital financial platforms offer a promising solution to longstanding financial exclusion, particularly in developing countries such as the Philippines, where many of the population remains unbanked due to limited infrastructure and the absence of valid identification (Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e; Donovan, K., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e). The data highlight GCash's role in promoting financial inclusion, convenience, and economic participation, particularly among younger, more educated, and higher-income users, with a notable positive impact on women (Asian Development Bank, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). These findings align with the literature, which highlights the ability of mobile wallets to foster financial engagement and improve financial behavior among underserved populations (Bank for International Settlements, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Montano \u0026amp; Villanueva, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). However, persistent barriers\u0026mdash;such as digital inequality, limited digital literacy, and weak internet infrastructure in regions like Visayas and Mindanao\u0026mdash;limit the complete adoption and use of these platforms (Jack \u0026amp; Suri, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e). For example, only 34% of low-income users demonstrate sufficient awareness of digital security. Despite women comprising a large share of entrepreneurs, they remain underrepresented among fintech borrowers (Department of Agriculture, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). These challenges underscore the need for targeted strategies, including financial literacy initiatives, the development of inclusive digital products, and strong partnerships between fintech providers, government agencies, and local stakeholders. Such interventions are essential to ensure that mobile financial services become truly inclusive and transformative across all sectors of rural communities (Ozili, P.K., 2021; Suri, T., \u0026amp; Jack, W., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e; TechBullion, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e, June 15).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis study deepens the understanding of mobile wallet usage in the Philippines by showing that GCash users are predominantly young, educated, and from higher-income households, with a majority being female. It highlights GCash's significant role in promoting financial inclusion and enhancing financial literacy, ensuring that the audience feels informed and educated about their financial options. The study also identifies key barriers, such as poor internet connectivity and limited digital literacy, while highlighting user-driven recommendations for improving the platform. These findings provide valuable insights for fintech developers, policymakers, and researchers seeking to expand access to and enhance digital financial services.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eGCash has significantly advanced digital financial inclusion in rural communities, especially among younger, educated, and higher-income users. Its transformative potential, however, is still hindered by challenges such as digital inequality, poor infrastructure, and low user awareness. To fully realize this potential, targeted efforts must prioritize digital literacy, improved access to devices and reliable internet, user-friendly app design, and stronger security measures. These measures will ensure more inclusive and widespread adoption across all sectors of the rural population, fostering a hopeful future for financial inclusion.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTo enhance digital financial inclusion in rural areas, promoting digital literacy, simplifying app interfaces, and expanding offline functionality to accommodate users with limited connectivity and technical skills is essential through platforms like GCash. Inclusive outreach efforts and targeted education on advanced features, such as savings and investments, can drive deeper engagement among underserved groups. Strengthening security, enhancing customer support, and continually adapting to user feedback will ensure that mobile financial services effectively meet the diverse needs of rural communities.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of data and materials:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe datasets used and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests: \u003c/strong\u003eThe author declares no competing interest\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding: \u003c/strong\u003eNo Funding received\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors\u0026apos; contributions:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe author made substantial contributions to the completion of this study. Conceptualized the research, developed the methodology, and provided overall supervision, was responsible for conducting the literature review, collecting the data, and performing the data analysis, do the interpretation of findings and was actively involved in drafting and critically revising the manuscript. The author reviewed and approved the final version of the manuscript for submission.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgements:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe author wishes to express his sincere gratitude to all those who contributed to the successful completion of this research.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors\u0026apos; information\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAn Assistant Professor IV at Palompon Institute of Technology\u0026ndash;Tabango Campus, Leyte, Philippines, with research spanning power consumption, cloud computing capabilities, and advanced computational methods, including a book chapter on quaternion complex algebra published by Elsevier. He has been recognized for his academic contributions, particularly for studies like Power Consumption of Household Appliances and Assessment of Cloud Computing Capabilities of State Universities and Colleges, which highlight his focus on technology, education, and community awareness.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAgarwal, S., \u0026amp; Zhang, J. (2020). FinTech, lending, and loan performance. Journal of Financial Economics, 136(1), 1\u0026ndash;22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfineco.2019.07.002. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAsian Development Bank. (2021). Digital technologies for social protection in Southeast Asia during the COVID-19 crisis. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAsian Development Bank. (2022). Fintech and financial inclusion in the Philippines. https://www.adb.org. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBank for International Settlements. (2020). 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Share of respondents who use mobile payment methods in selected countries worldwide from 2020 to 2025. https://www.statista.com/statistics/1234567/mobile-wallet-penetration-worldwide-2020-2025. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSuri, T., \u0026amp; Jack, W. (2016). The long-run poverty and gender impacts of mobile money. Science, 354(6317), 1288\u0026ndash;1292. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aah5309. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTechBullion. (2025, June 15). Mobile money services: How FinTech is empowering developing economies. https://techbullion.com/mobile-money-services-how-fintech-is-empowering-developing-economies/. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWorld Bank. (2020). Philippines economic update: Braving the new normal. https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail/631321606355867902/philippines-economic-update-braving-the-new-normal. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"Palompon Institute of Technology","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"financial gap, rural Philippine villages, digital financial services, GCash application, digital inclusion","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7453368/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7453368/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eDigital financial services have bridged the gap between rural and urban financial services in developing countries. In the Philippines, mobile wallet apps like GCash are not just advancing financial inclusion in rural areas, but also leveling the playing field by providing services that were previously only available in urban centers. This study, employing a descriptive research design, surveyed a random sample of rural residents to assess connectivity through GCash. The findings reveal that age is the only demographic factor with a statistically significant impact on access, usage, and perceived benefits\u0026mdash;young users show higher engagement and greater perceived value. Gender, education, and income had no notable influence. While GCash has improved digital financial inclusion, challenges persist due to digital inequality, inadequate infrastructure, and limited awareness among the population. Efforts to promote digital literacy, improve access to smartphones and internet connectivity, simplify app design, and enhance user security are crucial to expanding its impact. Addressing these barriers is essential to ensuring that all segments of the rural population can fully benefit from mobile financial services.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Mobile Finance and Rural Inclusion: Evidence from GCash Use in Philippine Villages","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-08-26 10:22:48","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7453368/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"b784a93b-0884-4786-8068-935e39d5aed0","owner":[],"postedDate":"August 26th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[{"id":53663240,"name":"Development Economics"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-08-26T10:22:48+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-08-26 10:22:48","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7453368","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7453368","identity":"rs-7453368","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}