Cognitive Impairments Among Sudanese Refugees and Internally Displaced Persons Affected by the Ongoing Sudan War: A Cross-Sectional Observational Study

Cognitive Impairments Among Sudanese Refugees and Internally Displaced Persons Affected by the Ongoing Sudan War: A Cross-Sectional Observational Study | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Cognitive Impairments Among Sudanese Refugees and Internally Displaced Persons Affected by the Ongoing Sudan War: A Cross-Sectional Observational Study Rania Ahmed Elsiddig Hassan, Lubna Mohammed Ahmed Mohammed, Alaa Bilal, and 5 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7647018/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background Displacement due to conflict exposes individuals to trauma and stressors that may impair cognitive functioning. Refugees and internally displaced persons (IDPs) are particularly vulnerable, yet access to psychological support remains limited. Methods A cross-sectional study enrolled 266 participants (89.1% female; mean age 25.8 ± 23.3 years), including 145 refugees and 121 IDPs. Data on displacement duration, residency type, access to necessities, exposure to violence, and psychological support were collected. CFQ scores (range: 0-100) were analyzed against demographics and displacement factors using chi-square tests and correlation analyses. Results High CFQ scores (≥ 43) were prevalent in 66.5% of participants, with females significantly more affected than males (68.8% vs. 48.3%; p = 0.025). Forgetfulness (e.g., misplacing items: 38%) and distractibility (e.g., uncompleted tasks: 52.3%) were common. High CFQ scores correlated with difficulties accessing life necessities (p = 0.001) and exposure to violence (p = 0.012), but not with age, displacement status, duration, or residency type. Only 10.5% received psychological support, primarily cultural programs (35.7% of recipients), with 57.1% reporting marginal or no effectiveness. Conclusion Cognitive failures are prevalent among displaced populations, disproportionately affecting women and those facing resource scarcity or violence. Despite low utilization, existing psychological support programs showed limited efficacy, underscoring the need for targeted, gender-sensitive interventions to address cognitive health in displacement settings Cognitive failures cognitive impairment refugees internally displaced persons psychological support conflict displacement Sudan Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Introduction Armed conflict and political instability have led to widespread displacement in Sudan, resulting in one of the largest populations of refugees and internally displaced persons (IDPs) globally [ 1 , 2 ]. Exposure to war-related trauma—including violence, loss, and forced migration—has profound psychological and cognitive consequences for affected individuals. While the prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression among Sudanese refugees and IDPs is well-documented, less attention has been given to the impact of trauma on cognitive functioning, a critical domain influencing daily life and long-term adaptation [ 1 – 3 ]. Cognitive impairments among trauma-affected refugees and IDPs are increasingly recognized as a significant component of the overall burden of war-related adversity. Studies in diverse refugee populations have demonstrated that trauma exposure, particularly when compounded by torture, traumatic brain injury (TBI), or chronic psychological distress, is associated with deficits in attention, memory, executive functioning, and information processing speed [ 3 , 4 ]. These impairments are often interwoven with symptoms of PTSD and depression, further exacerbating disability and hindering social and occupational integration [ 3 ]. Research on former prisoners of war and other trauma-exposed groups has also shown that cognitive dysfunction may persist long after the traumatic events, with severity linked to the extent of trauma exposure and the presence of comorbid psychiatric conditions [ 4 ]. In the Sudanese context, the mental health consequences of displacement are compounded by socioeconomic hardship, limited access to health services, and ongoing insecurity [ 1 , 2 ]. Recent studies have reported high rates of PTSD and depression among IDPs and refugees in Sudan, with risk factors including gender, education, occupation, and duration of displacement [ 1 , 2 ]. However, the cognitive dimensions of this burden remain underexplored, despite evidence suggesting that subjective and objective cognitive impairments are common in trauma-affected populations and may persist even among those who consider themselves resilient [ 5 ]. The Cognitive Function Questionnaire (CFQ) is a validated instrument designed to assess subjective cognitive difficulties and has demonstrated robust psychometric properties across diverse cultural groups, including refugees and immigrants. The CFQ captures the extent to which individuals experience problems with memory, attention, and executive functioning in everyday life, providing a valuable tool for understanding the cognitive sequelae of trauma in displaced populations. Its use in refugee and immigrant communities has revealed meaningful associations between cognitive difficulties and clinical symptoms such as PTSD, anxiety, and depression, as well as psychosocial stressors like discrimination and social isolation [ 6 ]. Despite high PTSD prevalence (34.5–36.6%) in Sudanese IDPs and refugees [ 2 , 7 ], the cognitive sequelae of trauma remain poorly characterized. Existing studies highlight the role of displacement-related stressors—such as financial insecurity and safety threats—in exacerbating mental health outcomes, but their interaction with cognitive functioning is unexplored [ 7 , 8 ]. Furthermore, social connectedness, a potential buffer against cognitive decline in trauma-affected older adults [ 9 ], has not been investigated in Sudanese contexts. Thus, this study aimed to assess the impact of war-related trauma on cognitive functioning in Sudanese refugees and IDPs using the CFQ. Methods Study Design and Participants This study employed a cross-sectional design to assess cognitive impairment among Sudanese refugees and IDPs affected by armed conflict in the period from March to April 2025. The target population included Sudanese individuals who were either refugees or internally displaced due to armed conflict. Participants were eligible if they were aged 18 years or older, had experienced displacement due to the war, and has accessibility to internet and ability to fill the online questionnaire. Participants under 18 years were excluded. Individuals with self-reported diagnosed psychological disorders were excluded to minimize potential confounding effects on CFQ scores. Sample Size Determination and Sampling Technique The sample size was calculated using a single population proportion formula (n = Z²·P·(1–P)/d²) with the assumptions of a 25% prevalence (P) of mental disorders from a previous study among IDPs in Sudan [ 1 ], Z = 1.96 for a 95% confidence level, a margin of error (d) of 0.05, and a 1.4% non-response rate. The required sample size was 266. Participants were recruited using a non-probability convenience sampling method. The survey was disseminated online through social media platforms and refugee support groups to maximize reach among the displaced population. Data Collection Tool Data were collected using a self-administered online questionnaire, created via Google Form®, and developed in both Arabic and English. Online informed consent was obtained from each participant before starting the questionnaire. Study aims, confidentiality, and voluntary participation were clearly explained. The questionnaire consisted of four main sections included; demographic information (age, gender, current residence (refugee camp, rented house, with family etc.), duration of displacement and daily life hardships), war exposure (A set of questions assessing the extent and nature of the participants’ exposure to war-related trauma and displacement conditions), and cognitive function assessment by using CFQ [ 6 ]. The CFQ is a self-administered questionnaire made up of 25 items that evaluate everyday difficulties related to attention, perception, memory, and motor skills. The overall CFQ score is determined by adding up the responses, with possible scores ranging from 0 to 100. Higher scores reflect greater perceived cognitive difficulties, and a score of 43 or above is considered to indicate a high level of cognitive failure according to the study of Voortman et al [ 10 ] Data Analysis Data were analyzed using SPSS version 26.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA). Continuous variables were summarized as mean ± standard deviation (SD), while categorical variables were presented as frequencies and percentages. Associations between categorical variables were assessed using the chi-square test. A two-sided p-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results In total this study enrolled 266 participants, 237(89.1%) were females and 29(10.9%) were males (Fig. 1 ), their mean age was 25.8 ± 23.3 years and most of them 185(69.5%) belonged to age group from 20–29 years (Fig. 2 ) Regarding to the statuses, 145(54.5%) were refugees and remaining 121(45.5%) were IDPs (Fig. 3 ) More than one-half of the respondents 138(51.9%) had displacement duration from one years to less than 2 years (Table 1 ) Table 1 Displacement duration among Sudanese refugees and internally displaced persons (N = 266). N % Displacement duration • < 1 year 24 9.0 • 1-<2 year 138 51.9 • 2 years 104 39.1 The majority of the participants 137(51.5%) resided in family houses during their displacement followed by separated or rented houses among 95(35.7%) participants (Fig. 4 ). About 105(39.5%) individuals faced difficulties in getting their life necessities during the displacement (Table 2 ). Table 2 Difficulty in obtaining life necessities among Sudanese refugees and internally displaced persons (N = 266). N % Difficulty in getting life necessities • Yes 105 39.5 • No 161 60.5 Losing the possessions (n = 221; 83.1%) was the major events faced by the vast majority of the participants (Fig. 5 ) In CFQ, the dimensions of forgetfulness showed that, the majority of the participants very often read something and find themselves haven't been thinking about it and must read it again (40.2%), forget why they went from one part of the house to the other (34.6%), fail to listen to people's names when you are meeting them (32%), forget where put something like a newspaper or a book (38%), forget people's names (31.2%) and can't quite remember something although it's "on the tip of your tongue"(35.7%) (Table 3 ) Table 3 Responses to the forgetfulness dimension items of the Cognitive Failures Questionnaire (CFQ) among Sudanese refugees and internally displaced persons (N = 266). Forgetfulness Never Very Rarely Occasionally Quite Often Very Often Do you read something and find you haven't been thinking about it and must read it again? 22(8.3%) 33(12.4%) 60(22.6%) 44(16.5%) 107(40.2%) Do you find you forget why you went from one part of the house to the other? 57(21.4%) 47(17.7%) 41(15.4%) 29(34.6%) 92(34.6) Do you bump into people? 111(41.7%) 68(25.6%) 43(16.2%) 20(7.5%) 24(9%) Do you fail to listen to people's names when you are meeting them? 46(17.3%) 46(17.3%) 61(22.9%) 28(10.5%) 85(32%) Do you forget where you put something like a newspaper or a book? 29(10.9%) 39(14.7%) 51(19.2%) 46(17.3%) 101(38%) Do you find you forget people's names? 28(10.5%) 46(17.3%) 63(23.7%) 46(17.3%) 83(31.2%) Do you find you can't quite remember something although it's "on the tip of your tongue"? 26(9.8%) 41(15.4%) 56(21.1%) 48(18%) 95(35.7%) Do you find you forget what you came to the shops to buy? 90(33.8%) 55(20.7%) 53(19.9%) 24(9%) 44(16.5%) Do you find you forget appointments? 64(24.1%) 53(19.9%) 64(24.1%) 31(11.7%) 54(20.3%) The dimensions of distractibility revealed that, the majority of the participants very often say something and realize afterwards that it might be taken as insulting (30.5%), fail to hear people speaking when they are doing something else (47.7%), loss the temper and regret it (44.7%), leave important letters unanswered for days (52.3%), have daydream when ought to be listening to something (45.1%), start doing one thing at home and get distracted into doing something else (31.2%), and can't think of anything to say (28.9%) (Table 4 ) Table 4 Responses to the distractibility dimension items of the Cognitive Failures Questionnaire (CFQ) among Sudanese refugees and internally displaced persons (N = 266). Distractibility Never Very Rarely Occasionally Quite Often Very Often Do you say something and realize afterwards that it might be taken as insulting? 42(15.8%) 48(18%) 62(23.3%) 33(12.4%) 81(30.5%) Do you fail to hear people speaking to you when you are doing something else? 21(7.9%) 34(12.8%) 44(16.5%) 40(15%) 127(47.7%) Do you lose your temper and regret it? 31(11.7%) 39(14.7%) 47(17.7%) 30(11.3%) 119(44.7%) Do you leave important letters unanswered for days? 23(8.6%) 33(12.4%) 30(11.3%) 41(15.4%) 139(52.3%) Do you find yourself suddenly wondering whether you've used a word correctly? 52(19.5%) 55(20.7%) 62(23.3%) 33(12.4%) 64(24.1%) Do you daydream when you ought to be listening to something? 25(9.4%) 37(13.9%) 46(17.3%) 38(14.3%) 120(45.1%) Do you start doing one thing at home and get distracted into doing something else (unintentionally)? 43(16.2%) 40(15%) 55(20.7%) 45(16.9%) 83(31.2%) Do you find you can't think of anything to say? 52(19.5%) 52(19.5%) 51(19.2%) 34(12.8%) 77(28.9%) The dimensions of false triggering showed that, the majority of the participants very often fail to notice signposts on the road (30.1%), forget whether you've turned off a light or a fire or locked the door (26.3%), fail to see what you want in a supermarket (although it's there) (23.7%) and have trouble in making decision (36.8%) (Table 5 ) Table 5 Responses to the false triggering dimension items of the Cognitive Failures Questionnaire (CFQ) among Sudanese refugees and internally displaced persons (N = 266). False Triggering Never Very Rarely Occasionally Quite Often Very Often Do you fail to notice signposts on the road? 48(18%) 55(20.7%) 59(22.2%) 24(9%) 80(30.1%) Do you find you confuse right and left when giving directions? 88(33.1%) 66(24.8%) 33(12.4%) 17(6.4%) 62(23.3%) Do you find you forget whether you've turned off a light or a fire or locked the door? 57(21.4%) 58(21.8%) 43(16.2%) 38(14.3%) 70(26.3%) Do you find you forget which way to turn on a road you know well but rarely use? 91(34.2%) 54(20.3%) 56(21.1%) 21(7.9%) 44(16.5%) Do you fail to see what you want in a supermarket (although it's there)? 54(20.3%) 55(20.7%) 54(20.3%) 40(15%) 63(23.7%) Do you have trouble in making decision 24(9%) 39(14.7%) 64(24.1%) 41(15.4%) 98(36.8%) Do you find you accidentally throw away the thing you want and keep what you meant to throw away 95(35.7%) 50(18.8%) 48(18%) 21(7.9%) 52(19.5%) Do you drop things? 81(30.5%) 59(22.2%) 54(20.3%) 22(8.3%) 50(18.8%) The mean of the overall CFQ score was found to be 54 ± 23 and most of the participants 177(66.5%) had high CFQ scoring (≥ 43) (Fig. 6 ) Only 10.5% (n = 28) of the respondents received the psychological support (Fig. 7 ) Cultural programs were the main type of psychological support received among 10 out of 28 participants. Also, 16 out of 28 participants received psychological support for one month or more (Table 6 ) Table 6 Types and duration of psychological support received by Sudanese refugees and internally displaced persons (N = 266). N % Types of psychological support • Cultural program 10 3.8 • Group support therapy 5 1.9 • Medications 4 1.5 • Family and relatives support 5 1.9 • Friends support 2 0.8 • Consultation 1 0.4 • Religion (Qur’an) 1 0.4 Duration of psychological support • < 1 month 12 4.5 • ≥ 1 month 16 6.0 The outcomes of psychological support as mentioned by the respondents were somewhat effective in 16(6%), effective in 6(2.3%) and not effective in another 6(2.3%) participants (Fig. 8 ) Table (7) showed that, the scores of the CFQ were not significantly correlated with the age of the participants (P = 0.215) Table 7 Association between Cognitive Failures Questionnaire (CFQ) scores and age groups among Sudanese refugees and internally displaced persons (N = 266). Age group (yrs) Normal CFQ (< 43) N (%) High CFQ (≥ 43) N (%) Test Statistic (χ²) P-value < 20 9 (27.3%) 24 (72.7%) 20–29 60 (32.4%) 125 (67.6%) 30–39 13 (37.1%) 22 (62.9%) 5.79 0.215 40–49 3 (37.5%) 5 (62.5%) 50+ 4 (80.0%) 1 (20.0%) Table (8) showed that, the high CFQ scores (≥ 43) were significantly common among females more than males (68.8% vs 48.3%; P = 0.025) Table 8 Association between Cognitive Failures Questionnaire (CFQ) scores and gender among Sudanese refugees and internally displaced persons (N = 266). Gender Normal CFQ (< 43) N (%) High CFQ (≥ 43) N (%) Test Statistic (χ²) P-value Male 15 (51.7%) 14 (48.3%) Female 74 (31.2%) 163 (68.8%) 4.00 0.045 Table (9) showed that, the scores of the CFQ were not significantly differed between refugees and IDPs (P = 0.149) Table 9 Association between Cognitive Failures Questionnaire (CFQ) scores and displacement status among Sudanese refugees and internally displaced persons (N = 266). Displacement status Normal CFQ (< 43) N (%) High CFQ (≥ 43) N (%) Test Statistic (χ²) P-value Displaced 36 (29.8%) 85 (70.2%) Refugee 53 (36.6%) 92 (63.4%) 1.08 0.298 Table (10) showed that, the scores of the CFQ were not significantly correlated with the displacement duration (P = 0.648) Table 10 Association between Cognitive Failures Questionnaire (CFQ) scores and displacement duration among Sudanese refugees and internally displaced persons (N = 266). Displacement duration Normal CFQ (< 43) N (%) High CFQ (≥ 43) N (%) Test Statistic (χ²) P-value < 1 yr 10 (41.7%) 14 (58.3%) 1–<2 yrs 46 (33.3%) 92 (66.7%) 0.87 0.648 ≥ 2 yrs 33 (31.7%) 71 (68.3%) Table (11) showed that, the scores of the CFQ were not significantly correlated with the types of residency during the displacement (P = 0.156) Table 11 Association between Cognitive Failures Questionnaire (CFQ) scores and types of displacement residency among Sudanese refugees and internally displaced persons (N = 266). Residency type Normal CFQ (< 43) N (%) High CFQ (≥ 43) N (%) Test Statistic (χ²) P-value Family house 42 (30.7%) 95 (69.3%) Separated/rented 37 (38.9%) 58 (61.1%) Camp 2 (16.7%) 10 (83.3%) 6.65 0.156 Relative house 5 (27.8%) 13 (72.2%) Other 3 (75.0%) 1 (25.0%) Table (12) showed that, the high scores of the CFQ (≥ 43) were significantly associated with difficulties in getting life necessities among participants (P = 0.001) Table 12 Association between Cognitive Failures Questionnaire (CFQ) scores and difficulty in obtaining life necessities among Sudanese refugees and internally displaced persons (N = 266). Difficulty obtaining necessities Normal CFQ (< 43) N (%) High CFQ (≥ 43) N (%) Test Statistic (χ²) P-value Yes 23 (21.9%) 82 (78.1%) No 66 (41.0%) 95 (59.0%) 9.56 0.002 Table (13) showed that, the high scores of the CFQ (≥ 43) were significantly associated with exposure to violence and conflict among participants (P = 0.012) Table 13 Association between Cognitive Failures Questionnaire (CFQ) scores and war-related events among Sudanese refugees and internally displaced persons (N = 266). War-related event Normal CFQ (< 43) N (%) High CFQ (≥ 43) N (%) Test Statistic (χ²) P-value Violence/conflict 7 (7.9%) 35 (19.8%) 53.10 < 0.001 Loss of possessions 74 (83.1%) 147 (83.1%) 0.00 1.000 Death of family member 17 (19.1%) 40 (22.6%) 0.25 0.619 Fear and insecurity 1 (1.1%) 6 (3.4%) 0.47 0.494 Injury/disability 1 (1.1%) 4 (2.3%) 0.03 0.869 Family separation 2 (2.2%) 0 (0.0%) 1.56 0.211 The protracted armed conflict in Sudan, marked by widespread violence and displacement, has created one of the largest humanitarian crises globally, with over 8 million IDPs and 1.4 million refugees as of 2024 [ 2 , 7 ]. While the psychological toll of war, particularly PTSD and depression, has been documented in Sudanese populations [ 2 , 7 ], the cognitive consequences of trauma remain understudied. This study provides novel insights into the cognitive functioning of displaced Sudanese, focusing on gender disparities, trauma exposure, and access to psychological support. The sample comprised predominantly young adults (69.5% aged 20–29 years) and females (89.1%), consistent with global trends in displacement demographics [ 12 , 13 ]. Analysis of CFQ subdimensions revealed frequent failures across memory, attention, and action execution. Forgetfulness was common, with 40.2% rereading texts and 38% misplacing items—higher than typical rates in non-traumatized populations (15–25%) [ 14 ]. Distractibility items, such as daydreaming (45.1%) and missed conversations (47.7%), also exceeded general population estimates (20–30%) [ 14 ]. These findings align with evidence linking trauma and chronic stress to impairments in executive functioning, working memory, and prospective memory [ 14 – 17 ]. The mean CFQ score was 54 (SD = 23), elevated compared to general population samples (e.g., 42.49 [SD = 12.34] in students [ 17 ]; 31.24 [SD = 14.38] in community samples [ 14 ]) and comparable to trauma-affected groups such as Danish veterans with mTBI and PTSD (mean 48.25, SD = 19.12) [ 18 ] and patients with long COVID (mean 54.4, SD = 14.1) [ 19 ]. Two-thirds of participants (66.5%) reported high CFQ scores (≥ 43), echoing findings by Nordin et al, where 88% of trauma-affected refugees showed cognitive impairment using the SDMT [ 3 ]. Significant correlates of high CFQ scores included exposure to violence (p = 0.012) and difficulties in accessing life necessities (p = 0.001). These results support models linking trauma and chronic stress to disruption of prefrontal and hippocampal functions and increased psychological distress [ 17 , 20 , 21 ]. The most common traumatic event was loss of possessions (83.1%), a profound and persistent stressor that likely contributes to cognitive strain. Gender differences were notable: 68.8% of females reported high CFQ scores compared to 48.3% of males (p = 0.025). This may reflect women’s heightened exposure to gender-based violence, caregiving burdens, and barriers to resources in displacement contexts [ 3 ]. Further studies are warranted to clarify biological, psychological, and socio-cultural contributions to this disparity. No significant associations were found between CFQ scores and age (p = 0.215) or displacement status (refugee vs. IDP, p = 0.149), suggesting that trauma exposures such as asset loss—reported by 83.1%—may be more salient than demographic differences [ 12 , 13 ]. A concerning gap in psychological support was observed: only 10.5% of participants reported receiving assistance, with limited perceived effectiveness (2.3% found it effective). Existing services may primarily address emotional distress (e.g., PTSD, depression) while neglecting cognitive complaints that affect daily functioning. These findings support calls by Nordin et al. to integrate cognitive assessment and rehabilitation strategies into MHPSS interventions for displaced populations [ 3 ]. Several limitations should be acknowledged. Reliance on the self-report CFQ may introduce bias, and the lack of objective cognitive testing limits corroboration. The cross-sectional design precludes causal inference. The sample was predominantly young and female, limiting generalizability, and the convenience sampling approach may introduce bias. Finally, trauma exposure and support variables were assessed briefly, limiting depth. Despite these limitations, this study highlights the severe burden of cognitive failures among displaced Sudanese, with mean scores comparable to other trauma-affected groups. Cognitive failures were strongly associated with violence exposure and unmet basic needs, underscoring their impact on functional outcomes. These findings advocate for routine cognitive screening in MHPSS programs, alongside interventions addressing both emotional and cognitive dimensions of trauma. Future research should incorporate longitudinal designs, objective cognitive measures, and more detailed trauma assessments, and should rigorously evaluate culturally adapted cognitive rehabilitation strategies. Conclusion Cognitive failures are highly prevalent among displaced Sudanese, particularly among women and those exposed to violence or resource scarcity. Existing psychological support programs are underutilized and perceived as minimally effective. These findings underscore the urgent need to integrate cognitive screening and gender-sensitive, culturally adapted interventions into humanitarian health services, alongside further research to evaluate targeted cognitive support strategies in conflict-affected populations. Declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate Ethical approval was obtained from the Institutional Review Board of the Faculty of Medicine, University of Gezira. Online informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to completing the questionnaire. Consent for publication Not applicable. Availability of data and materials The datasets generated and analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Funding The study did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors. Authors’ contributions Rania Ahmed Elsiddig Hassan (RAEH): Conceptualization, Methodology, Formal analysis, Writing original draft. Lubna Mohammed Ahmed Mohammed (LMAM): Data curation, Formal analysis. Alaa Bilal (AB): Data collection, Writing, review & editing. Doaa Fathelrahman Abdalmohssin Bilal (DFAB): Data collection, Writing, review & editing. Daralnaem Alagab (DA): Methodology, Validation, Writing, review & editing. Khalid Alshibli Dafalla Gasmalla (KADG): Supervision, Critical review. Ola Gamal Badawi Khlil (OGBK): Data collection, Writing, review & editing. Ruba Ibrahim (RI): Supervision, Writing, review & editing. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Acknowledgements The authors thank all participants who took the time to complete the questionnaire despite the challenges of displacement. References Mohamed EH, Kheir DA. Prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder and depression and associated factors among internally displaced persons in Al-Galgala, Sudan. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7647018","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":518935692,"identity":"b42bad20-66c4-4401-9af3-839c76008b64","order_by":0,"name":"Rania Ahmed Elsiddig 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1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":14326,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eGender distribution of Sudanese refugees and internally displaced persons (N = 266).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7647018/v1/fc05e801787d9fb975e9b22a.png"},{"id":91967005,"identity":"48cbcbf1-76c7-44d3-8069-83797152d33f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-23 08:30:39","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":14505,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eAge distribution of Sudanese refugees and internally displaced persons (N = 266).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7647018/v1/1e3d58a83cf6b7e255a90f3e.png"},{"id":91967761,"identity":"f5321d73-6712-47cc-8036-2d1261c063ce","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-23 08:38:39","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":13883,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eDisplacement status of Sudanese refugees and internally displaced persons (N = 266).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7647018/v1/d6440849fca1b698946b2c2f.png"},{"id":91967760,"identity":"f7951323-e8c4-436b-b42a-2f36e55a03e5","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-23 08:38:39","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":12137,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eDisplacement residency of Sudanese refugees and internally displaced persons (N = 266).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7647018/v1/97917c70c7f1463332d3630a.png"},{"id":91968685,"identity":"1765e7ed-c107-4c11-9e9a-051c163d2787","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-23 08:46:39","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":16428,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eEvents experienced during the war among Sudanese refugees and internally displaced persons (N = 266).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7647018/v1/3e1f27e3c490999623b4b393.png"},{"id":91967011,"identity":"5329bf52-b749-4d6f-91c4-96f41e569bae","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-23 08:30:39","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":16735,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eOverall Cognitive Failures Questionnaire (CFQ) scores among Sudanese refugees and internally displaced persons (N = 266).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7647018/v1/8794004024f6ed941b231ee2.png"},{"id":91967015,"identity":"ca49f058-2bda-438e-9850-d4c72d0bc864","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-23 08:30:39","extension":"png","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":14051,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eReceipt of psychological support among Sudanese refugees and internally displaced persons (N = 266).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7647018/v1/a2930dd461b30a2547992993.png"},{"id":91967012,"identity":"a8c4c211-14e2-451e-ace6-637afba5d81e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-23 08:30:39","extension":"png","order_by":8,"title":"Figure 8","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":11736,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eOutcomes of psychological support received by Sudanese refugees and internally displaced persons (N = 266).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"8.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7647018/v1/7b2e4e241d37f2c3aa878910.png"},{"id":92095338,"identity":"d835759b-c6f6-4f24-af64-5b951b5d1749","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-24 14:24:02","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1260778,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7647018/v1/7c12a6d7-6a4d-4deb-91bc-a7075016069c.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Cognitive Impairments Among Sudanese Refugees and Internally Displaced Persons Affected by the Ongoing Sudan War: A Cross-Sectional Observational Study","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eArmed conflict and political instability have led to widespread displacement in Sudan, resulting in one of the largest populations of refugees and internally displaced persons (IDPs) globally [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]. Exposure to war-related trauma\u0026mdash;including violence, loss, and forced migration\u0026mdash;has profound psychological and cognitive consequences for affected individuals. While the prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression among Sudanese refugees and IDPs is well-documented, less attention has been given to the impact of trauma on cognitive functioning, a critical domain influencing daily life and long-term adaptation [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR2\" citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eCognitive impairments among trauma-affected refugees and IDPs are increasingly recognized as a significant component of the overall burden of war-related adversity. Studies in diverse refugee populations have demonstrated that trauma exposure, particularly when compounded by torture, traumatic brain injury (TBI), or chronic psychological distress, is associated with deficits in attention, memory, executive functioning, and information processing speed [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e]. These impairments are often interwoven with symptoms of PTSD and depression, further exacerbating disability and hindering social and occupational integration [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e]. Research on former prisoners of war and other trauma-exposed groups has also shown that cognitive dysfunction may persist long after the traumatic events, with severity linked to the extent of trauma exposure and the presence of comorbid psychiatric conditions [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn the Sudanese context, the mental health consequences of displacement are compounded by socioeconomic hardship, limited access to health services, and ongoing insecurity [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]. Recent studies have reported high rates of PTSD and depression among IDPs and refugees in Sudan, with risk factors including gender, education, occupation, and duration of displacement [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]. However, the cognitive dimensions of this burden remain underexplored, despite evidence suggesting that subjective and objective cognitive impairments are common in trauma-affected populations and may persist even among those who consider themselves resilient [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe Cognitive Function Questionnaire (CFQ) is a validated instrument designed to assess subjective cognitive difficulties and has demonstrated robust psychometric properties across diverse cultural groups, including refugees and immigrants. The CFQ captures the extent to which individuals experience problems with memory, attention, and executive functioning in everyday life, providing a valuable tool for understanding the cognitive sequelae of trauma in displaced populations. Its use in refugee and immigrant communities has revealed meaningful associations between cognitive difficulties and clinical symptoms such as PTSD, anxiety, and depression, as well as psychosocial stressors like discrimination and social isolation [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eDespite high PTSD prevalence (34.5\u0026ndash;36.6%) in Sudanese IDPs and refugees [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e], the cognitive sequelae of trauma remain poorly characterized. Existing studies highlight the role of displacement-related stressors\u0026mdash;such as financial insecurity and safety threats\u0026mdash;in exacerbating mental health outcomes, but their interaction with cognitive functioning is unexplored [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e]. Furthermore, social connectedness, a potential buffer against cognitive decline in trauma-affected older adults [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e], has not been investigated in Sudanese contexts. Thus, this study aimed to assess the impact of war-related trauma on cognitive functioning in Sudanese refugees and IDPs using the CFQ.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eStudy Design and Participants\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis study employed a cross-sectional design to assess cognitive impairment among Sudanese refugees and IDPs affected by armed conflict in the period from March to April 2025.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe target population included Sudanese individuals who were either refugees or internally displaced due to armed conflict. Participants were eligible if they were aged 18 years or older, had experienced displacement due to the war, and has accessibility to internet and ability to fill the online questionnaire. Participants under 18 years were excluded. Individuals with self-reported diagnosed psychological disorders were excluded to minimize potential confounding effects on CFQ scores.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eSample Size Determination and Sampling Technique\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe sample size was calculated using a single population proportion formula (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Z\u0026sup2;\u0026middot;P\u0026middot;(1\u0026ndash;P)/d\u0026sup2;) with the assumptions of a 25% prevalence (P) of mental disorders from a previous study among IDPs in Sudan [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e], Z\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.96 for a 95% confidence level, a margin of error (d) of 0.05, and a 1.4% non-response rate. The required sample size was 266. Participants were recruited using a non-probability convenience sampling method. The survey was disseminated online through social media platforms and refugee support groups to maximize reach among the displaced population.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eData Collection Tool\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eData were collected using a self-administered online questionnaire, created via Google Form\u0026reg;, and developed in both Arabic and English. Online informed consent was obtained from each participant before starting the questionnaire. Study aims, confidentiality, and voluntary participation were clearly explained.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe questionnaire consisted of four main sections included; demographic information (age, gender, current residence (refugee camp, rented house, with family etc.), duration of displacement and daily life hardships), war exposure (A set of questions assessing the extent and nature of the participants\u0026rsquo; exposure to war-related trauma and displacement conditions), and cognitive function assessment by using CFQ [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe CFQ is a self-administered questionnaire made up of 25 items that evaluate everyday difficulties related to attention, perception, memory, and motor skills. The overall CFQ score is determined by adding up the responses, with possible scores ranging from 0 to 100. Higher scores reflect greater perceived cognitive difficulties, and a score of 43 or above is considered to indicate a high level of cognitive failure according to the study of Voortman et al [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eData Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eData were analyzed using SPSS version 26.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA). Continuous variables were summarized as mean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;standard deviation (SD), while categorical variables were presented as frequencies and percentages. Associations between categorical variables were assessed using the chi-square test. A two-sided p-value\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05 was considered statistically significant.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn total this study enrolled 266 participants, 237(89.1%) were females and 29(10.9%) were males (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e), their mean age was 25.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;23.3 years and most of them 185(69.5%) belonged to age group from 20\u0026ndash;29 years (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRegarding to the statuses, 145(54.5%) were refugees and remaining 121(45.5%) were IDPs (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eMore than one-half of the respondents 138(51.9%) had displacement duration from one years to less than 2 years (Table \u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDisplacement duration among Sudanese refugees and internally displaced persons (N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;266).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDisplacement duration\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; \u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;1 year\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; 1-\u0026lt;2 year\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e138\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e51.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; 2 years\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e104\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e39.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe majority of the participants 137(51.5%) resided in family houses during their displacement followed by separated or rented houses among 95(35.7%) participants (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAbout 105(39.5%) individuals faced difficulties in getting their life necessities during the displacement (Table \u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDifficulty in obtaining life necessities among Sudanese refugees and internally displaced persons (N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;266).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDifficulty in getting life necessities\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Yes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e105\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e39.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; No\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e161\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e60.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eLosing the possessions (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;221; 83.1%) was the major events faced by the vast majority of the participants (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn CFQ, the dimensions of forgetfulness showed that, the majority of the participants very often read something and find themselves haven't been thinking about it and must read it again (40.2%), forget why they went from one part of the house to the other (34.6%), fail to listen to people's names when you are meeting them (32%), forget where put something like a newspaper or a book (38%), forget people's names (31.2%) and can't quite remember something although it's \"on the tip of your tongue\"(35.7%) (Table \u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eResponses to the forgetfulness dimension items of the Cognitive Failures Questionnaire (CFQ) among Sudanese refugees and internally displaced persons (N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;266).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eForgetfulness\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNever\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVery Rarely\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOccasionally\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eQuite Often\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVery Often\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDo you read something and find you haven't been thinking about it and must read it again?\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22(8.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e33(12.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e60(22.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e44(16.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e107(40.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDo you find you forget why you went from one part of the house to the other?\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e57(21.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e47(17.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e41(15.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e29(34.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e92(34.6)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDo you bump into people?\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e111(41.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e68(25.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e43(16.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20(7.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24(9%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDo you fail to listen to people's names when you are meeting them?\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e46(17.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e46(17.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e61(22.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e28(10.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e85(32%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDo you forget where you put something like a newspaper or a book?\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e29(10.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e39(14.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e51(19.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e46(17.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e101(38%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDo you find you forget people's names?\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e28(10.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e46(17.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e63(23.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e46(17.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e83(31.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDo you find you can't quite remember something although it's \"on the tip of your tongue\"?\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e26(9.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e41(15.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e56(21.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e48(18%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e95(35.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDo you find you forget what you came to the shops to buy?\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e90(33.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e55(20.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e53(19.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24(9%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e44(16.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDo you find you forget appointments?\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e64(24.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e53(19.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e64(24.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e31(11.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e54(20.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe dimensions of distractibility revealed that, the majority of the participants very often say something and realize afterwards that it might be taken as insulting (30.5%), fail to hear people speaking when they are doing something else (47.7%), loss the temper and regret it (44.7%), leave important letters unanswered for days (52.3%), have daydream when ought to be listening to something (45.1%), start doing one thing at home and get distracted into doing something else (31.2%), and can't think of anything to say (28.9%) (Table \u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eResponses to the distractibility dimension items of the Cognitive Failures Questionnaire (CFQ) among Sudanese refugees and internally displaced persons (N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;266).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDistractibility\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNever\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVery Rarely\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOccasionally\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eQuite Often\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVery Often\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDo you say something and realize afterwards that it might be taken as insulting?\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e42(15.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e48(18%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e62(23.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e33(12.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e81(30.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDo you fail to hear people speaking to you when you are doing something else?\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21(7.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e34(12.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e44(16.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e40(15%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e127(47.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDo you lose your temper and regret it?\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e31(11.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e39(14.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e47(17.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e30(11.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e119(44.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDo you leave important letters unanswered for days?\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e23(8.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e33(12.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e30(11.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e41(15.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e139(52.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDo you find yourself suddenly wondering whether you've used a word correctly?\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e52(19.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e55(20.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e62(23.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e33(12.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e64(24.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDo you daydream when you ought to be listening to something?\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e25(9.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e37(13.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e46(17.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e38(14.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e120(45.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDo you start doing one thing at home and get distracted into doing something else (unintentionally)?\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e43(16.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e40(15%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e55(20.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e45(16.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e83(31.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDo you find you can't think of anything to say?\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e52(19.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e52(19.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e51(19.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e34(12.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e77(28.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe dimensions of false triggering showed that, the majority of the participants very often fail to notice signposts on the road (30.1%), forget whether you've turned off a light or a fire or locked the door (26.3%), fail to see what you want in a supermarket (although it's there) (23.7%) and have trouble in making decision (36.8%) (Table \u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eResponses to the false triggering dimension items of the Cognitive Failures Questionnaire (CFQ) among Sudanese refugees and internally displaced persons (N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;266).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFalse Triggering\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNever\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVery Rarely\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOccasionally\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eQuite Often\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVery Often\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDo you fail to notice signposts on the road?\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e48(18%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e55(20.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e59(22.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24(9%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e80(30.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDo you find you confuse right and left when giving directions?\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e88(33.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e66(24.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e33(12.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17(6.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e62(23.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDo you find you forget whether you've turned off a light or a fire or locked the door?\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e57(21.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e58(21.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e43(16.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e38(14.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e70(26.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDo you find you forget which way to turn on a road you know well but rarely use?\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e91(34.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e54(20.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e56(21.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21(7.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e44(16.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDo you fail to see what you want in a supermarket (although it's there)?\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e54(20.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e55(20.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e54(20.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e40(15%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e63(23.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDo you have trouble in making decision\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24(9%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e39(14.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e64(24.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e41(15.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e98(36.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDo you find you accidentally throw away the thing you want and keep what you meant to throw away\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e95(35.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e50(18.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e48(18%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21(7.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e52(19.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDo you drop things?\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e81(30.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e59(22.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e54(20.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22(8.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e50(18.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe mean of the overall CFQ score was found to be 54\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;23 and most of the participants 177(66.5%) had high CFQ scoring (\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;43) (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eOnly 10.5% (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;28) of the respondents received the psychological support (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eCultural programs were the main type of psychological support received among 10 out of 28 participants. Also, 16 out of 28 participants received psychological support for one month or more (Table \u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab6\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 6\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTypes and duration of psychological support received by Sudanese refugees and internally displaced persons (N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;266).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTypes of psychological support\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Cultural program\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Group support therapy\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Medications\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Family and relatives support\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Friends support\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Consultation\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Religion (Qur\u0026rsquo;an)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDuration of psychological support\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; \u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;1 month\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; \u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;1 month\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe outcomes of psychological support as mentioned by the respondents were somewhat effective in 16(6%), effective in 6(2.3%) and not effective in another 6(2.3%) participants (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig8\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;(7) showed that, the scores of the CFQ were not significantly correlated with the age of the participants (P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.215)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab7\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 7\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAssociation between Cognitive Failures Questionnaire (CFQ) scores and age groups among Sudanese refugees and internally displaced persons (N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;266).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAge group (yrs)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNormal CFQ (\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;43) N (%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHigh CFQ (\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;43) N (%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTest Statistic (χ\u0026sup2;)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eP-value\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;20\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9 (27.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24 (72.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20\u0026ndash;29\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e60 (32.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e125 (67.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e30\u0026ndash;39\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13 (37.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22 (62.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5.79\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.215\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e40\u0026ndash;49\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3 (37.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5 (62.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e50+\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4 (80.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1 (20.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;(8) showed that, the high CFQ scores (\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;43) were significantly common among females more than males (68.8% vs 48.3%; P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.025)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab8\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 8\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAssociation between Cognitive Failures Questionnaire (CFQ) scores and gender among Sudanese refugees and internally displaced persons (N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;266).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGender\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNormal CFQ (\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;43) N (%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHigh CFQ (\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;43) N (%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTest Statistic (χ\u0026sup2;)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eP-value\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15 (51.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14 (48.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e74 (31.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e163 (68.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4.00\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.045\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;(9) showed that, the scores of the CFQ were not significantly differed between refugees and IDPs (P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.149)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab9\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 9\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAssociation between Cognitive Failures Questionnaire (CFQ) scores and displacement status among Sudanese refugees and internally displaced persons (N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;266).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDisplacement status\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNormal CFQ (\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;43) N (%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHigh CFQ (\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;43) N (%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTest Statistic (χ\u0026sup2;)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eP-value\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDisplaced\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e36 (29.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e85 (70.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRefugee\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e53 (36.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e92 (63.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1.08\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.298\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;(10) showed that, the scores of the CFQ were not significantly correlated with the displacement duration (P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.648)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab10\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 10\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAssociation between Cognitive Failures Questionnaire (CFQ) scores and displacement duration among Sudanese refugees and internally displaced persons (N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;266).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDisplacement duration\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNormal CFQ (\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;43) N (%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHigh CFQ (\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;43) N (%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTest Statistic (χ\u0026sup2;)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eP-value\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;1 yr\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10 (41.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14 (58.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u0026ndash;\u0026lt;2 yrs\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e46 (33.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e92 (66.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.87\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.648\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;2 yrs\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e33 (31.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e71 (68.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;(11) showed that, the scores of the CFQ were not significantly correlated with the types of residency during the displacement (P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.156)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab11\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 11\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAssociation between Cognitive Failures Questionnaire (CFQ) scores and types of displacement residency among Sudanese refugees and internally displaced persons (N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;266).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eResidency type\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNormal CFQ (\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;43) N (%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHigh CFQ (\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;43) N (%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTest Statistic (χ\u0026sup2;)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eP-value\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFamily house\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e42 (30.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e95 (69.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSeparated/rented\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e37 (38.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e58 (61.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCamp\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2 (16.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10 (83.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6.65\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.156\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRelative house\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5 (27.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13 (72.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOther\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3 (75.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1 (25.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;(12) showed that, the high scores of the CFQ (\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;43) were significantly associated with difficulties in getting life necessities among participants (P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.001)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab12\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 12\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAssociation between Cognitive Failures Questionnaire (CFQ) scores and difficulty in obtaining life necessities among Sudanese refugees and internally displaced persons (N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;266).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDifficulty obtaining necessities\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNormal CFQ (\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;43) N (%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHigh CFQ (\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;43) N (%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTest Statistic (χ\u0026sup2;)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eP-value\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e23 (21.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e82 (78.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e66 (41.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e95 (59.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9.56\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.002\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;(13) showed that, the high scores of the CFQ (\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;43) were significantly associated with exposure to violence and conflict among participants (P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.012)\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab13\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 13\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAssociation between Cognitive Failures Questionnaire (CFQ) scores and war-related events among Sudanese refugees and internally displaced persons (N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;266).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWar-related event\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNormal CFQ (\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;43) N (%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHigh CFQ (\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;43) N (%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTest Statistic (χ\u0026sup2;)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eP-value\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eViolence/conflict\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7 (7.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e35 (19.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e53.10\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLoss of possessions\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e74 (83.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e147 (83.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.00\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDeath of family member\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17 (19.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e40 (22.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.25\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.619\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFear and insecurity\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1 (1.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6 (3.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.47\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.494\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eInjury/disability\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1 (1.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4 (2.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.03\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.869\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFamily separation\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2 (2.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0 (0.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1.56\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.211\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe protracted armed conflict in Sudan, marked by widespread violence and displacement, has created one of the largest humanitarian crises globally, with over 8\u0026nbsp;million IDPs and 1.4\u0026nbsp;million refugees as of 2024 [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e]. While the psychological toll of war, particularly PTSD and depression, has been documented in Sudanese populations [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e], the cognitive consequences of trauma remain understudied. This study provides novel insights into the cognitive functioning of displaced Sudanese, focusing on gender disparities, trauma exposure, and access to psychological support.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe sample comprised predominantly young adults (69.5% aged 20\u0026ndash;29 years) and females (89.1%), consistent with global trends in displacement demographics [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e]. Analysis of CFQ subdimensions revealed frequent failures across memory, attention, and action execution. Forgetfulness was common, with 40.2% rereading texts and 38% misplacing items\u0026mdash;higher than typical rates in non-traumatized populations (15\u0026ndash;25%) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e]. Distractibility items, such as daydreaming (45.1%) and missed conversations (47.7%), also exceeded general population estimates (20\u0026ndash;30%) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e]. These findings align with evidence linking trauma and chronic stress to impairments in executive functioning, working memory, and prospective memory [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR15 CR16\" citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe mean CFQ score was 54 (SD\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;23), elevated compared to general population samples (e.g., 42.49 [SD\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;12.34] in students [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e]; 31.24 [SD\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;14.38] in community samples [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e]) and comparable to trauma-affected groups such as Danish veterans with mTBI and PTSD (mean 48.25, SD\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;19.12) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e] and patients with long COVID (mean 54.4, SD\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;14.1) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e]. Two-thirds of participants (66.5%) reported high CFQ scores (\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;43), echoing findings by Nordin et al, where 88% of trauma-affected refugees showed cognitive impairment using the SDMT [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSignificant correlates of high CFQ scores included exposure to violence (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.012) and difficulties in accessing life necessities (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.001). These results support models linking trauma and chronic stress to disruption of prefrontal and hippocampal functions and increased psychological distress [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e]. The most common traumatic event was loss of possessions (83.1%), a profound and persistent stressor that likely contributes to cognitive strain.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eGender differences were notable: 68.8% of females reported high CFQ scores compared to 48.3% of males (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.025). This may reflect women\u0026rsquo;s heightened exposure to gender-based violence, caregiving burdens, and barriers to resources in displacement contexts [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e]. Further studies are warranted to clarify biological, psychological, and socio-cultural contributions to this disparity.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo significant associations were found between CFQ scores and age (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.215) or displacement status (refugee vs. IDP, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.149), suggesting that trauma exposures such as asset loss\u0026mdash;reported by 83.1%\u0026mdash;may be more salient than demographic differences [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eA concerning gap in psychological support was observed: only 10.5% of participants reported receiving assistance, with limited perceived effectiveness (2.3% found it effective). Existing services may primarily address emotional distress (e.g., PTSD, depression) while neglecting cognitive complaints that affect daily functioning. These findings support calls by Nordin et al. to integrate cognitive assessment and rehabilitation strategies into MHPSS interventions for displaced populations [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSeveral limitations should be acknowledged. Reliance on the self-report CFQ may introduce bias, and the lack of objective cognitive testing limits corroboration. The cross-sectional design precludes causal inference. The sample was predominantly young and female, limiting generalizability, and the convenience sampling approach may introduce bias. Finally, trauma exposure and support variables were assessed briefly, limiting depth.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eDespite these limitations, this study highlights the severe burden of cognitive failures among displaced Sudanese, with mean scores comparable to other trauma-affected groups. Cognitive failures were strongly associated with violence exposure and unmet basic needs, underscoring their impact on functional outcomes. These findings advocate for routine cognitive screening in MHPSS programs, alongside interventions addressing both emotional and cognitive dimensions of trauma. Future research should incorporate longitudinal designs, objective cognitive measures, and more detailed trauma assessments, and should rigorously evaluate culturally adapted cognitive rehabilitation strategies.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eCognitive failures are highly prevalent among displaced Sudanese, particularly among women and those exposed to violence or resource scarcity. Existing psychological support programs are underutilized and perceived as minimally effective. These findings underscore the urgent need to integrate cognitive screening and gender-sensitive, culturally adapted interventions into humanitarian health services, alongside further research to evaluate targeted cognitive support strategies in conflict-affected populations.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEthical approval was obtained from the Institutional Review Board of the Faculty of Medicine, University of Gezira. Online informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to completing the questionnaire.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of data and materials\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe datasets generated and analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that they have no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors\u0026rsquo; contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRania Ahmed Elsiddig Hassan (RAEH): Conceptualization, Methodology, Formal analysis, Writing original draft.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLubna Mohammed Ahmed Mohammed (LMAM): Data curation, Formal analysis.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAlaa Bilal (AB): Data collection, Writing, review \u0026amp; editing.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDoaa Fathelrahman Abdalmohssin Bilal (DFAB): Data collection, Writing, review \u0026amp; editing.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDaralnaem Alagab (DA): Methodology, Validation, Writing, review \u0026amp; editing.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eKhalid Alshibli Dafalla Gasmalla (KADG): Supervision, Critical review.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOla Gamal Badawi Khlil (OGBK): Data collection, Writing, review \u0026amp; editing.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRuba Ibrahim (RI): Supervision, Writing, review \u0026amp; editing.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll authors read and approved the final manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors thank all participants who took the time to complete the questionnaire despite the challenges of displacement.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMohamed EH, Kheir DA. 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J Psychiatr Res. 2008;42(13):1104\u0026ndash;11. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.1016/j.jpsychires.2008.01.002\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/j.jpsychires.2008.01.002\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Cognitive failures, cognitive impairment, refugees, internally displaced persons, psychological support, conflict, displacement, Sudan","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7647018/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7647018/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003ch2\u003eBackground\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eDisplacement due to conflict exposes individuals to trauma and stressors that may impair cognitive functioning. Refugees and internally displaced persons (IDPs) are particularly vulnerable, yet access to psychological support remains limited.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMethods\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eA cross-sectional study enrolled 266 participants (89.1% female; mean age 25.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;23.3 years), including 145 refugees and 121 IDPs. Data on displacement duration, residency type, access to necessities, exposure to violence, and psychological support were collected. CFQ scores (range: 0-100) were analyzed against demographics and displacement factors using chi-square tests and correlation analyses.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResults\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eHigh CFQ scores (\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;43) were prevalent in 66.5% of participants, with females significantly more affected than males (68.8% vs. 48.3%; p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.025). Forgetfulness (e.g., misplacing items: 38%) and distractibility (e.g., uncompleted tasks: 52.3%) were common. High CFQ scores correlated with difficulties accessing life necessities (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.001) and exposure to violence (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.012), but not with age, displacement status, duration, or residency type. Only 10.5% received psychological support, primarily cultural programs (35.7% of recipients), with 57.1% reporting marginal or no effectiveness.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eConclusion\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eCognitive failures are prevalent among displaced populations, disproportionately affecting women and those facing resource scarcity or violence. Despite low utilization, existing psychological support programs showed limited efficacy, underscoring the need for targeted, gender-sensitive interventions to address cognitive health in displacement settings\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Cognitive Impairments Among Sudanese Refugees and Internally Displaced Persons Affected by the Ongoing Sudan War: A Cross-Sectional Observational Study","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-09-23 08:30:34","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7647018/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"0c9c9b2b-afac-410e-987b-c46867e4b9ea","owner":[],"postedDate":"September 23rd, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-09-24T14:23:28+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-09-23 08:30:34","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7647018","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7647018","identity":"rs-7647018","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}