sox17 mutagenesis reveals microglia can be impacted by genetic maternal effects

ABSTRACT Embryonic development is precisely shaped by maternal and zygotic factors. These maternal factors exert their influence through maternal effects, a phenomenon where an offspring’s phenotype is determined, at least in part, by the mother’s environment and genotype. While environmental maternal effects can cause phenotypes that present both early and later in life, genetic maternal effects generally induce phenotypes in the earliest embryonic stages. Here, we reveal a genetic maternal effect that influences the development of cells that arise after early embryogenesis, highlighting that specific cell types can be susceptible to late-onset genetic maternal effects. Using zebrafish to study microglia, the resident immune cells of the brain, we identified a mutation in sry-related HMG box gene-17 (sox17) that exhibits a maternal effect phenotype that presents as a reduction of microglia in the brain and precursors in the yolk sac. We demonstrate that sox17 is expressed in microglia and their yolk sac precursors and is maternally-loaded. We show that sox17 restoration via embryonic injection reverses the maternal effect on microglia and yolk sac cells in sox17 mutants. To identify additional genes interacting with sox17, we nominated genes from scRNA sequencing analysis of mouse embryonic microglia to perform a genetic screen using CRISPR mutagenesis and a custom-built robot that captures confocal images of the zebrafish brain in high-throughput. This screen identified f11r.1, gas6, and mpp1 as modifiers of microglia abundance in the embryonic brain, which we demonstrated are also expressed in zebrafish microglia. Transcriptional and mutant analyses with these new modifiers suggest that sox17 positively regulates mpp1 transcription. These results demonstrate that microglia are susceptible to genetic maternal effects, in addition to their known sensitivity to environmental maternal effects. Our findings reveal a late-onset phenotype associated with the maternal genotype, expanding the recognized impact of genetic maternal effects beyond initial embryo viability and into long-term vigor. Competing Interest Statement The authors have declared no competing interest.