Identification of vulnerable transmission lines for optimal TCSC placement to countermeasure the cascading outages

Identification of vulnerable transmission lines for optimal TCSC placement to countermeasure the cascading outages | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Identification of vulnerable transmission lines for optimal TCSC placement to countermeasure the cascading outages Mohamad Reza Tavakoli, Ebrahim Karimi, Pierluigi Siano This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7049942/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 26 Feb, 2026 Read the published version in Smart Grids and Sustainable Energy → Version 1 posted 9 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Recent power system blackouts typically originate from a sequence of cascading outages (CO) of the system components, especially power transmission lines. The large-scale blackouts exhibit a power law behavior in their probability distribution function, which is the fingerprint of the self-organized criticality (SOC) nature of power system blackouts. This means that the occurrence of large-scale blackouts is more likely than what may be thought. Accordingly, investigation and mitigation of the cascading outages risk (COR) should be taken into account in both the planning and operating stages of electric power systems. In this paper, a new mitigation strategy is proposed where the most vulnerable transmission lines are identified based on a modified AC version of ORNL–Pserc–Alaska (OPA) model and optimally compensated by thyristor-controlled series compensator (TCSC) installation to countermeasure the CO with the optimal installation cost. To validate the efficacy of the proposed method on large power systems, it is applied to the IEEE 118-bus test system. The comparative results show the ability of this method to decrease the consequences of CO in addition to its financially reasonable feasibility. cascading outages (CO) vulnerability analysis optimal TCSC placement (OTP) risk assessment reliability Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 26 Feb, 2026 Read the published version in Smart Grids and Sustainable Energy → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 14 Nov, 2025 Reviews received at journal 06 Nov, 2025 Reviews received at journal 17 Jul, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 17 Jul, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 15 Jul, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 10 Jul, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 10 Jul, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 09 Jul, 2025 First submitted to journal 04 Jul, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7049942","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":483697816,"identity":"af0865c5-b429-40f2-947c-227d64b7aa81","order_by":0,"name":"Mohamad Reza Tavakoli","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAABA0lEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBADAwZ2xoYDHyps5EC8Aw/wq2ZsAGthZmw8OONMmjFYSwJxWhiYD/O2HUoE8RjwadGdfYD9wc82O2N+ZuaGwzxnDqTPDzv8EGiLnZxuA3YtZucSGBt725LNJJsZGw7OqbiTu/F2mgFQS7Kx2QEcWs4AHcZzhtnG4DDQ+2/OPMvdODsBpOVA4jY8Whr/nKmHaOFtO5xuODv9A0EtzTwVh81AWg4CtSTIS+cQsoWxcbZMxXFjsF+AgWy4QTqn4ECCAT6/MB/4+Mag2rCfvf3xB2BUysvPTt8MZNjJ4dICjRYkYABWaYBLOTYg30BQySgYBaNgFIwwAAAHbGrD7mzThwAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"Isfahan University of Technology (IUT)","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Mohamad","middleName":"Reza","lastName":"Tavakoli","suffix":""},{"id":483697818,"identity":"c1afa317-fc92-48c4-8488-6736b956ec68","order_by":1,"name":"Ebrahim Karimi","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Persian Danesh Isfahan","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ebrahim","middleName":"","lastName":"Karimi","suffix":""},{"id":483697819,"identity":"b3c85a58-a0b3-49d5-828b-6708019e13ca","order_by":2,"name":"Pierluigi Siano","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Salerno","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Pierluigi","middleName":"","lastName":"Siano","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-07-05 01:53:05","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7049942/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7049942/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40866-026-00322-3","type":"published","date":"2026-02-26T15:58:14+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":103766380,"identity":"0c7a066e-95f7-4f85-beeb-f92cbffb18a1","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-03-02 16:14:17","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1550164,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7049942/v1_covered_9a7f7e3d-b4d2-47c9-97e4-b41102b76689.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Identification of vulnerable transmission lines for optimal TCSC placement to countermeasure the cascading outages","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"technology-and-economics-of-smart-grids-and-sustainable-energy","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"tesg","sideBox":"Learn more about [Smart Grids and Sustainable Energy](https://www.springer.com/journal/40866)","snPcode":"40866","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/40866/3","title":"Smart Grids and Sustainable Energy","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"cascading outages (CO), vulnerability analysis, optimal TCSC placement (OTP), risk assessment, reliability","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7049942/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7049942/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eRecent power system blackouts typically originate from a sequence of cascading outages (CO) of the system components, especially power transmission lines. 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