Multimodality imaging of ureteral desmoplastic small round cell tumor: a case description and literature analysis of 18F-fluoro-2-deoxy-d-glucose positron emission tomography-computed tomography findings.

All procedures performed in this study were in accordance with the ethical standards of the Medical Ethics Committee of Peking University First Hospital and with the Helsinki Declaration (as revised in 2013). Written informed consent was obtained from the patient for publication of this case report and accompanying images. A copy of the written consent is available for review by the editorial office of this journal. A 63-year-old male patient presented with a 5-month history of full-length hematuria visible to the naked eye without any obvious trigger, accompanied by urinary frequency but without symptoms of painful urination. The patient had a history of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), which was successfully treated 15 years prior with autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation following eight cycles of the rituximab, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone (R-CHOP) regimen. The patient had an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status of 1. Examination revealed no tenderness to percussion in the bilateral renal regions, no pressure in the bilateral ureteral tracts, and no suprapubic bladder bulging. Urine exfoliative cytology yielded negative results. A urologic ultrasound examination revealed dilation in the upper left ureter, characterized by an internal diameter of approximately 1.60 cm. Additionally, a hypoechoic mass measuring 3.92 cm × 1.47 cm was observed 5.0 cm from the left renal hilum-ureteral junction (within the ureter), displaying a class I blood flow signal on color Doppler flow imaging (CDFI). Adjacent to the left renal hilum, an enlarged hypoechoic lymph node measuring about 2.33 cm in diameter was identified ( Figure 1 ). Computed tomography urography (CTU) revealed a soft tissue density mass within the lumen of the left mid-ureter, appearing as a strip measuring approximately 1.20 cm at its widest point, with a measured area of involvement of about 4.10 cm. The CT attenuation values were 42 Hounsfield units (HU) in the plain phase, 73 HU in the corticomedullary phase, and 70 HU in the nephrographic phase, with enhancement scans displaying moderate enhancement. Both the ureter and the renal calyces above the lesion exhibited dilation and hydronephrosis, contributing to a reduction in both volume and perfusion of the left kidney. Adjacent to the abdominal aorta and left iliac vessels, multiple enlarged lymph nodes were evident ( Figure 2 ). Ultrasound scanning of ureteral DSRCT (transverse view). (A) A hypoechoic mass measuring 3.92 cm × 1.47 cm in size was observed 5.0 cm from the left renal hilum-ureteral junction (within the ureter). (B) CDFI showed a class I flow signal within the lesion. DSRCT, desmoplastic small round cell tumor; CDFI, color Doppler flow imaging. Computed tomography urography imaging of ureteral DSRCT. (A-C) Transverse images revealed a soft tissue density mass restricted to the lumen of the left mid-ureter (long arrows), with a CT attenuation value of 42 HU in the plain phase and 73 and 70 HU in the corticomedullary and nephrographic phases, respectively. (D,E) Coronal and sagittal images from the nephrographic phase revealed the lesion (long arrows) to be striated and measuring approximately 1.20 cm at its widest point, with an area of involvement estimated at around 4.10 cm; enhancement scans displayed moderate enhancement. (F) Transverse images revealed the presence of enlarged lymph nodes adjacent to the abdominal aorta (dashed arrow). CT, computed tomography; DSRCT, desmoplastic small round cell tumor; HU, Hounsfield unit. To further clarify the staging, the patient underwent 18 F-FDG PET/CT for assessment of the lesions. PET images depicted lesions confined to the ureteral lumen with increased 18 F-FDG uptake, registering a maximum standardized uptake (SUVmax) value of 10.5 and a total lesion glycolysis (TLG) value of 28.5 during the conventional imaging phase (60 minutes postinjection). The delayed imaging phase (210 minutes postinjection) yielded an SUVmax value of 20.1 and a TLG value of 41.4. Additionally, multiple enlarged and fused lymph nodes were noted along the abdominal aorta and inferior vena cava and adjacent to the left iliac vessels, which exhibited a heterogeneous increase in 18 F-FDG uptake. SUVmax values ranged from 9.1 to 10.6 in the routine imaging phase and increased to a range of 13.4 to 19.1 in the delayed imaging phase ( Figure 3 ). The imaging diagnosis confirmed a malignant tumor of the left ureter accompanied by multiple lymph node metastases. 18 F-FDG PET/CT imaging of ureteral DSRCT. (A) The anteroposterior 3-dimensional MIP demonstrated increased metabolic activity in the middle ureter (long arrow), paraaortic lymph nodes, and left iliac vascular lymph nodes (dashed arrows). (B,C) Transverse images and coronal images showed lesions (long arrows) confined to the ureteral lumen with increased 18 F-FDG uptake, with SUVmax values of 10.5, and a heterogeneous increase in 18 F-FDG uptake in the left inguinal lymph node (dashed arrows), with SUVmax values of 11.3. (D) Transverse images showed a heterogeneous increase in 18 F-FDG uptake in the lymph nodes adjacent to the abdominal aorta (dashed arrows), with SUVmax values of 10.6. MIP, maximum intensity projection image; PET/CT, positron emission tomography-computed tomography; 18 F-FDG, 18 F-fluoro-2-deoxy-d-glucose; DSRCT, desmoplastic small round cell tumor; SUVmax, maximum standardized uptake value. The patient underwent a CT-guided puncture biopsy of the left inguinal lymph node. Microscopically, the lymph node structure remained intact, displaying scattered lymphoid follicles, atrophied germinal centers, and fibrotic tissue hyperplasia in the interfollicular zone accompanied by plasma cell infiltration. Notably, no tumor cells were observed ( Figure 4A,4B ). Immunohistochemistry revealed positive expression of CD3, CD20, CD21 [highlighting the follicular dendritic cell (FDC) network], CD138, immunoglobin G (IgG), and key performance indicators (KPIs) (highlighting the histiocytes) ( Figure 4C-4H ). Additionally, 10% of the tumor cells demonstrated positivity for Ki-67 ( Figure 4I ). The possibility of DLBLC recurrence was excluded. The patient underwent further ureteroscopy with biopsy for pathology. Microscopic examination revealed infiltrative growth of poorly differentiated neoplastic cells forming nests, cords, and sheets within a desmoplastic stroma. ( Figure 5A,5B ). Immunohistochemistry showed positive expression of desmin, vimentin, synuclein (SYN), and cytokeratin (CK)8/18 ( Figure 5C-5G ). Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis with a break-apart probe confirmed the presence of EWSR1 and WT1 gene rearrangements in the neoplastic cells. The conclusive diagnosis was DSRCT of the ureter. Histopathological and immunohistochemical images of the CT-guided puncture biopsy of the left inguinal lymph node. (A,B) HE staining (magnification 200× and 400×) indicated an intact lymph node structure, with scattered lymphoid follicles, atrophied germinal centers, and fibrotic tissue hyperplasia in the interfollicular zone, accompanied by plasma cell infiltration. Notably, no tumor cells were observed. (C-H) Immunohistochemistry showed that the tumor cells were positive for CD3, CD20, CD21 (highlighting the FDC network), CD138, IgG, and KPI (highlighting the histiocytes) (Envision, magnification 200×). (I) Ki-67 was observed to be positive in 10% of the tumor cells (Envision, magnification 200×). CT, computed tomography; HE, hematoxylin and eosin; FDC, follicular dendritic cell; IgG, immunoglobin G; KPI, key performance indicator. Histopathological and immunohistochemical images of ureteral DSRCT. (A,B) HE staining (magnification 100× and 200×) showed infiltrative growth of poorly differentiated neoplastic cells forming nests, cords, and sheets within a desmoplastic stroma. (C-G) Immunohistochemistry showed that the tumor cells were positive for desmin, vimentin, SYN, and CK8/18 (magnification 100×). DSRCT, desmoplastic small round cell tumor; HE, hematoxylin and eosin; SYN, synuclein; CK8/18, cytokeratin 8/18. After completing six cycles of chemotherapy consisting of bevacizumab (400 mg) on day 1 + paclitaxel (300 mg) on day 1 + gemcitabine (1.6 g) on days 1 and 8, the patient underwent a follow-up CTU. The results revealed a significant reduction in the size of the ureteral lesion and metastatic lymph nodes compared to the previous scan ( Figure 6 ), with the treatment efficacy evaluated as partial remission (PR). Subsequently, the patient received whole abdominopelvic intensity-modulated radiotherapy (62.5 Gy/25 fractions/5 weeks). One month later, urologic magnetic resonance urography (MRU) demonstrated a marked reduction in the size of the lesion ( Figure 7 ). As of this writing, the patient is currently alive and well and continues to be under regular follow-up. Computed tomography urography imaging of ureteral DSRCT after chemotherapy. (A,B) Coronal and sagittal images from the nephrographic phase revealed a significant reduction in the size of the ureteral lesion (long arrows). (C) The size of the lymph nodes (long arrow) adjacent to the abdominal aorta had significantly diminished compared to the previous assessment, and necrosis and cystic changes were apparent in the lymph nodes. DSRCT, desmoplastic small round cell tumor. Magnetic resonance urography imaging of ureteral DSRCT after chemotherapy and intensity-modulated radiotherapy. (A-C) T2WI, DWI, and fat-sat Gd-T1WI images showed a marked reduction in the size of the ureteral lesion. T2WI, T2-weighted imaging; DWI, diffusion-weighted imaging; DSRCT, desmoplastic small round cell tumor; fat-sat Gd-T1WI, fat-saturated gadolinium-enhanced T1-weighted imaging.

The diagnosis of round cell sarcomas has undergone rapid evolution in the past decade, leading to significant diagnostic challenges for pathologists and oncologists. This transformation can be largely attributed to the introduction of next-generation sequencing techniques, enabling the identification of novel gene fusions in round cell sarcomas. Desmoplastic small round cell tumors (DSRCTs) constitute a rare subtype of soft tissue sarcoma, with an incidence ranging from 0.2 to 0.5 cases per million, and are associated with an aggressive clinical course ( 1 ). Gerald and Rosai initially described this disease in 1989 ( 2 ). DSRCT is characterized by an EWSR1 Wilms tumor 1 ( WT1 ) translocation, resulting in a fusion protein that incorporates the EWSR1 amino-terminus and the WT1 carboxy-terminus, thereby confirming the diagnosis ( 3 ). DSRCT demonstrates a pronounced predilection for metastasis to various sites, particularly favoring the retroperitoneal lymph nodes and liver, with a notably higher incidence compared to lung involvement. The prevailing clinical manifestation of DSRCT is a multinodular growth involving the serosal surface, notably within the abdominal cavity. Indeed, involvement of the pleura, scrotum, ovary, liver, kidney, bone, and soft tissues of the hand, parotid gland, sinonasal tissues, intracranial tissues, and scalp soft tissues has also been documented ( 4 ). The diagnosis and staging of DSRCT have heavily relied on anatomic imaging. 18 F-fluoro-2-deoxy-d-glucose ( 18 F-FDG) positron emission tomography combined with computed tomography (PET/CT) has been proven to be valuable for assessing staging and the likelihood of tumor recurrence. In this case report, we present an uncommon manifestation of ureteral DSRCT in a 63-year-old male, which underscores the diverse clinical and imaging features inherent in the manifestation of this disease. Importantly, in regard to DSRCT’s rapid growth and tendency for widespread metastases, this case highlights the critical significance of early detection and prompt intervention.

Those with DLBCL face an elevated risk of developing secondary primary malignancies (SPMs) throughout their lifetimes, including cancers affecting the stomach, colorectum, and lungs. The etiology of SPMs after DLBCL is multifactorial, attributed to a combination of factors such as exposure to chemotherapy, radiation, and rituximab and associated immunosuppression; chronic infections; lifestyle practices; demographics; and genetic susceptibility ( 5 ). The findings by Major et al. indicate that with prolonged survival in patients with DLBCL, the risk of SPM development varies according to their stage at diagnosis and the time elapsed since diagnosis ( 6 ). Our patient had been successfully treated for DLBCL 15 years prior to his attending our center. This emphasizes the importance of raising awareness about the heightened risk of subsequent malignancies for DLBCL survivors and their physicians. DSRCT, as per the International Classification of Disease for Oncology (2020), is classified as a malignant tumor of uncertain differentiation ( 7 ). It predominantly occurs in adolescent and young adult males. Compared to that in the adolescent or young adult population, DSRCT in those of older age is associated with both an unusual location and presentation and is more common. The tumor exhibits highly aggressive behavior, with widespread peritoneal seeding at presentation. The exact tissue of origin remains unknown. Upon diagnosis, over 90% of patients with DSRCT have synchronous peritoneal metastases, with approximately 50% having synchronous extraperitoneal metastases, often affecting the liver, lungs, bone, and bone marrow. Consequently, the disease is frequently categorized as stage IV at the time of diagnosis. DSRCT typically manifests as abdominal pain, distension, and masses causing secondary pressure symptoms. Physical examination may reveal a palpable mass in the abdominal or pelvic cavity, and involvement of the bladder, ureters, prostate, and paratesticular structures is not uncommon. However, primary DSRCT in the ureter is rare. Our case had hematuria and metastases to the paraaortic and inguinal lymph nodes, which are typical sites within the ureteral lymph node drainage zones. Consideration of the typical lymph node drainage pattern is essential for managing both left and right ureteral tumors. DSRCT belongs to the family of small round blue cell tumors and exhibits unique clinical, histologic, immunohistochemical, cytogenetic, and molecular features ( 1 , 3 ). Histologically, nests of small round tumor cells that coexpress epithelial, mesenchymal, and neural cell markers are surrounded by a cellular desmoplastic stroma, demonstrating commonalities with other round cell tumors. The gold standard for diagnosing DSRCT is the combination of histopathology and cytogenetics. It is crucial to acknowledge that DSRCT exhibits a polyphenotypic immune profile and considerable morphologic variation both among tumors and within the same neoplasm. The immunophenotype of DSRCT is marked by a polyphenotypic immune profile, encompassing epithelial markers [CK and epithelial membrane antigen (EMA)], neural markers [CD56 and neuron-specific enolase (NSE)], and muscle markers (vimentin and desmin), along with notable morphological diversity among tumors and within the same neoplasm ( 8 ). Smaller subsets express chromogranin, synaptophysin, CD56, neurofilament protein, and S100 protein. DSRCT is differentiated from other small round blue cell tumors by the presence of the t(11 ; 22)(p13 : q12) chromosomal translocation ( 9 ). Symptoms that are associated with the tumor burden and location of DSRCT warrant prompt investigation through imaging examinations. Current imaging techniques for assessing ureteral tumors include ultrasound, CT, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The diagnosis and staging of DSRCT heavily rely on anatomic imaging. The most prevalent imaging finding is the existence of multiple, lobulated, low-attenuation, and heterogeneous peritoneal, omental, or serosal soft tissue masses ( 10 ). The manifestation of DSRCT as a solitary peritoneal mass is considered rare. Pickhardt et al. ( 11 ) reported that two out of nine patients in their DSRCT series presented with a solitary peritoneal mass. In contrast, we have not observed such cases; rather, our patient had a limited mass in the ureter. Tumors often manifest with inhomogeneous attenuation on CT, with areas of central low attenuation corresponding to focal hemorrhage within the tumor on gross pathologic analysis. CT findings are considered nonspecific and also applicable to other conditions, such as peritoneal carcinomatosis. The MRI characteristics of DSRCT encompass intermediate signal intensity on T1-weighted images and high signal intensity on T2-weighted images. The observed enhancement pattern on MRI may be attributable to tumor heterogeneity, as exemplified by our patient, with inhomogeneous mild enhancement being present on gadolinium-enhanced T1-weighted images, which was associated with the supply to the ureteral tumor by the thin blood vessels. CT and MRI serve as valuable tools for identifying disease sites, but their capability to depict the viability and metabolic activity of tumors is limited. This limitation underscores the significance of employing 18 F-FDG PET/CT in DSRCT. FDG PET/CT holds a crucial role in the initial disease identification, assessment of tumor extent, and overall management of DSRCT. The integrated 18 F-FDG PET/CT stands out as the foremost functional and metabolic imaging technique, providing clinicians with comprehensive and precise information ( 12 ). Additionally, it can identify early tumor recurrence or progression ahead of morphologic changes visible on anatomic imaging. FDG PET/CT also functions as a predictor of extended disease-free survival or remission in patients who demonstrate a complete metabolic response ( 13 , 14 ). On FDG PET/CT scans, DSRCT typically displays increased FDG uptake, with variable SUVmax values of the masses, often reaching up to 24.66, indicative of a robust hypermetabolic trend ( 15 ). In the interpretation of PET/CT images, a differential diagnosis of DSRCT should be considered if increased FDG uptake in the ureter is encountered. A growing number of studies strongly support the use of PET/CT for staging ( 13 - 37 ), and we present a summary of the English literature on the clinical utility of this technique in patients with DSRCT in Table 1 ( 38 - 46 ). 18 F-FDG, 18 F-fluoro-2-deoxy-d-glucose; PET/CT, positron emission tomography-computed tomography; SUVmax, maximum standardized uptake value; M, male; F, female; NA, not applicable; y, year; mo, month. The prognosis for patients diagnosed with DSRCT is currently exceedingly grim, with only 29% surviving up to 3 years, and the 5-year overall survival rate falling within the range of 10–20% ( 47 ). In many medical centers, an Ewing sarcoma-based regimen is frequently employed as the initial treatment approach. Typically, the disease is addressed with an aggressive multimodal strategy that includes high-dose multiagent chemotherapy (vincristine, doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide, ifosfamide/mesna, and etoposide), surgery, and conformal external beam radiation. In patients with unresectable or metastatic disease, symptom control takes precedence, as treatment modalities have minimal impact on survival. Palliative chemotherapy (primarily monotherapy) is preferable. In our case, treatment with the bevacizumab + paclitaxel + gemcitabine chemotherapy regimen resulted in a good remission, which was followed by an apparent macroscopical complete remission after the administration of local radiation therapy. In our decision-making process, we carefully considered the patient’s renal function, recognizing the potential impact of long-term hydronephrosis on kidney health. In selecting the chemotherapy regimen, we also took into account the patient’s renal function. Ifosfamide, a commonly used chemotherapy agent, can indeed pose challenges in patients with compromised renal function. Any novel medical treatment strategy for DSRCT must be seamlessly integrated with measures of local control, which remain a cornerstone in the management of this tumor type. In cases of unresectable or metastatic disease, prioritizing symptom control becomes paramount, as treatment modalities minimally impact overall survival. Palliative chemotherapy, primarily in the form of monotherapy, is deemed preferable. Indeed, the implementation of intensive induction medical therapies, followed by extensive local interventions, has demonstrated the potential to achieve apparent macroscopical complete remission in numerous DSRCT cases. However, in many instances, the primary obstacle to cure appears to be minimal residual disease, which resistant to initial therapeutic interventions ( 48 ). In such scenarios, the utilization of the bevacizumab + paclitaxel + gemcitabine chemotherapy regimen has shown promise, resulting in a substantial remission. In our case, this positive response was further consolidated by the administration of local radiation therapy, leading to an apparent macroscopical complete remission. With regard to targeted or nonconventional chemotherapy, there are other established agents, such as trabectedin and pazopanib, which have been approved for certain cases. Prexasertib (PRX) is a checkpoint kinase 1 (CHK1) inhibitor, and translocation-driven sarcomas exhibit elevated levels of replication stress, demonstrating susceptibility to CHK1 inhibition in preclinical models. A promising phase I/II study targeting CHK1 with PRX conducted at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC) has yielded results exceeding expectations ( 49 ). Unlike Ewing sarcoma, PRX seems to yield 4–5 months of progression-free survival in the second or third-line setting. It is important to acknowledge that tumor recurrence is commonplace, with the majority of patients experiencing recurrence within months of complete cytoreductive surgery. In our case, the multidisciplinary team, in collaboration with the patient, chose a neoadjuvant chemotherapy approach before contemplating surgical intervention. This decision was grounded in the objective of reducing tumor size, aiming to facilitate a more manageable and successful surgical resection. However, for patients with extraperitoneal metastasis, surgery does not confer any benefits. It is worth noting that in a phase I trial, SU101, an inhibitor of the platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) receptor pathway, yielded rapid symptom improvement and prolonged disease stabilization in a patient with refractory progressive DSRCT ( 50 ). The second-line regimens used for Ewing sarcoma have also shown benefit in DSRCT. Subbiah et al. ( 47 ) identified that in patients with extensive hepatic DSRCT metastases, survival can be prolonged by halting the progression of metastatic cancer to the liver through the use of 90 Y-microsphere radioembolization therapy. A phase I trial of intraperitoneal radioimmunotherapy with 131 I-8H9 is underway in patients with DSRCT, demonstrating good tolerability. Fine et al. ( 51 ) identified androgen receptors in 10 out of 27 patients with DSRCT, and in vitro assays demonstrated the growth of tumor cells when stimulated with dihydrotestosterone, indicating their functionality. Among the six patients with confirmed androgen receptor expression, three received androgen blockade and maintained stable disease for 3–6 months after progression on conventional treatment. We recommend referring patients with DSRCT to a tertiary cancer center experienced in treating this rare sarcoma. For instance, in the United States, the MSKCC and MD Anderson Cancer Center each manage approximately 20 DSRCT cases annually and stand among the select centers offering dedicated clinical trials for DSRCT. To date, limited biological data are available regarding the somatic genetics and epigenetics of DSRCT. Extensive international cooperation has the potential to enhance our understanding of the pathogenesis of DSRCT, explore new molecular targets, and identify potentially effective biological agents for this aggressive disease.

Primary DSRCT of the ureter is exceptionally rare and poses challenges for core biopsy specimens. DSRCT is a remarkable mimicker, easily confounded with more prevalent ureteral diseases such as ureteral epithelial cancer, polyps, amyloidosis, inflammation, and endometriosis. Long-term follow-up is imperative to monitor the likelihood of recurrence and metastasis. In this report, we present a patient who, as of this writing, shows no evidence of tumor recurrence, emphasizing the necessity for radiologists to be cognizant of the potential for a varied clinical course and imaging presentation associated with DSRCT. Clinical vigilance, identification, and multimodal therapy are essential to improving patient prognosis. Additional multi-institutional studies investigating the prognostic potential of FDG PET/CT findings could prove valuable for informing future approaches to disease management.

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