Unraveling Counseling Practices in HIV Prevention Targeted Intervention in India

Abstract Counseling is an essential strategy for preventing sexually transmitted infections, including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). However, research on counseling practices in targeted HIV prevention interventions is limited. We conducted a grounded theory study to develop a theoretical model explaining HIV counseling practices within Targeted Interventions (TI) in Gujarat. Using constructivist grounded theory methodology, we conducted in-depth interviews of 14 counselors and observed counseling sessions of five counselors. Data were analyzed using a constant-comparative method, performing four levels of coding: open, axial, focused, and theoretical. Our theoretical model illustrates key culture-specific features in HIV counseling and how counselors facilitate the counseling process in the local cultural context and programatic environment. Present study reveals the values and practices reflective of the Indian culture that inform the counseling process and yield behavior change in clients. In the end, authors highlight challenges and recommendations for HIV counselors.