Construction of Nutritional Status Questionnaire for Pet Animals: A Tool of Nutritional Semiology

Construction of Nutritional Status Questionnaire for Pet Animals: A Tool of Nutritional Semiology | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Construction of Nutritional Status Questionnaire for Pet Animals: A Tool of Nutritional Semiology Dr. Md. Sumon Mondol, Khadiza Ahsan This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7083961/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Healthy life is closely connected with balanced nutrients in the body and in this regard nutritional semiology is significant to prevent malnutrition and promote ideal health status among pet animals. But the aspect has been less emphasized in the contemporary literatures which demands a structured, organized, and valid format as research tool for nutritional assessment. Current exploratory study aspired to design a questionnaire for assessing nutritional status of domestic cats and dogs in a more methodical way based on narrative review and flexible interview. The questionnaire form is broadly divided into seven sections each having respective factors and items including some demographic facts at the very beginning. A holistic investigation of physical signs, behavioural symptoms, and diet pattern of pets for research purpose is the prime concern. Besides, history of morbidity, environmental factors etc. which indirectly have influence on nutritional status are also taken into consideration. Apart from the structured sections, flexibility is left for additional information during the assessment making the questionnaire a semi-structured one. Moreover, the uniqueness of the questionnaire lies in the uniform scoring system and consolidated pattern. Therefore, it paved the way for further studies on nutritional assessments of companion animals. Veterinary Epidemiology Nutrition & Dietetics Animal Science Small Animal Medicine nutritional semiology pet animals assessment questionnaire nutritional status Introduction Nutritional semiology is the field of assessing nutritional status through complete physical examination and history taking about diet pattern, environmental and behavioural aspects. Often laboratory investigations accompany information gained from physical, behavioural and environmental observations. Semiologic data include a wide range of items such as body condition, muscle condition, skin and coat condition, health of teeth, nail, ENT, diet pattern and quantity, water intake, competition among pets, morbidity etc. which are anyhow linked to nutritional state of the body (Da Silva Goncalves Dos Santos et al., 2023 ). Nutritional status of animals indicates either an ideal or a balanced situation of micronutrients and macronutrients in the body or the imbalance of any nutrients due to diet or other factors. Pet animals’ nutritional status largely depends on kind of food they consume, age, sex, fertility status etc. (National Academy of Sciences, 2006 ). Health of domestic animals relies on proper and nutritious diet. Although, nutrients are inevitable for lives, excess or deficiency of them can cause toxicity and scarcity in the body jeopardizing the overall health. Nutritional status can be revealed through biochemical and hematological analysis but they need to be correlated for a reliable, objective and valid assessment. Assessing nutritional states through physical examination requires a structure tool to be used for the measurement and scoring. Also, information regarding the pet’s regular diet is essential to establish a connection between food and nutritional situation. Roughly pet animals’ nutritional status depends on three factors (Eirmann, 2016 ; Laflamme, 2020 ; Freeman et al., 2011 )— pet specific factors (age, sex, breed, morbidity, activity etc.), diet-specific factors (amount and type of foods, presence of supplements etc.), and environmental factors (competition among pets, living environment, attachment with caregiver etc.). According to Fabretti et al. ( 2020 ) and Gross et al. (n. d.), the following aspects are to be assessed in order to shed light on nutritional status of pet animals— signalments: age, sex, activity level, breed, disease status/comorbidity, fertility status, weight history: current weight and history of weight change, dietary history: appetite, frequency of food intake, quantity of food intake, type of food (homemade, commercial or both), supplements, water intake, physical examination: body condition, muscle condition, bone structure, coat condition, skin condition, hydration, eyes, ears, nose, oral health, bodily signs and symptoms: hair-loss, vomition (frequency), elimination status (normal/disorder). Rollins and Murphy ( 2019 ) designed a short diet history form approved by the World Small Animal Veterinary Association (WSAVA) for studying pet animals’ nutritional status. It captures mainly the diet pattern of pets along with basic information pertaining body conditions—activity, weight, BCS, MCS etc. But the form lacks in behavioural dimensions that may be correlated with nutritional status (Harvatine, 2023 ). Also, animal’s mental health and well-being are associated with the presence and quantity of nutrients in the body (Tajana, 2024 ). British Small Animal Veterinary Association (BSAVA, 2009 ) prepared a Feline Behaviour Questionnaire but that only captures the behavioural aspects of cats and devoid of items related to diet or information about nutritional status. Study by Bhowmik et al. in the city of Dhaka, Bangladesh (2020) on food-nutrition and health status of pet animals screened out nutrition related facts including diet history; still, it lacks in a complete questionnaire for an in-depth and intensive investigation. The University of Glasgow Nutrition Questionnaire , (in conjunction with Pet Food Manufacturing Association) for assessing dogs’ nutritional status is also devoid of behavioural domains (n.d.). Also, it is too long to be used for a study and may create cognitive overload. Furthermore, the scoring pattern is not uniform with response options, which may create issue during interpretation and correlation with other measures. The Nutritional Assessment Guidelines for Dogs and Cats published by the Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association reported a nutritional screening for identifying the risk factors associated with pet’s health, though it is confined to morbid factors and some physical features (Baldwin et al., 2010 ; Freeman et al., 2011 ). Study by Fabretti et al. ( 2020 ) went a long to guide the essential factors that lead toward nutritional status of pets and prescribed a format of assessment model, it overemphasized diet and history and morbidity. Factors like behavioural signals, water intake, attachment with caregiver etc. were under-detected. Also, the format followed no uniform scoring system. Assessment of nutritional status of pet animals is required in order to mitigate the health issues generated from malnutrition or nutritional disorders. As per the general rule in clinical phenomena—cross validation or replication is more reliable than single observation or investigation, nutritional status should be detected via physical assessment as well as clinical investigation (Fabretti et al., 2020 ). Clinical investigation depends on biochemical findings through lab tests, but physical assessment is required through a valid and structured measurement tool which can contain every item that indicates nutritional status of pet animals. Research on dietary questionnaire for large animals for health management was found but there is a lack of consolidated research in this area for small animals’ case (Lianou et al., 2020 ). According to literature reviews, existing questionnaires were found incomplete, unstructured and incompetent to assess a holistic nutritional status among pets. Some of them were overloaded with information, some presented scattered and fragmented contents or insufficient items for assessment; again, some were designed with ununiform response options or rating systems. Another issue was over-reliance on the responses from pet-caregivers; though it is supposed to be assessed by the vet/nutritionist except the diet history. Current study intended to design such a questionnaire to be used as an ideal model in the field of nutritional semiology of domestic animals especially cat and dogs. The core objective of the study is to design and construct a standard questionnaire for assessing and measuring the nutritional status of the pet animals. In this regard, the elaborative objective is to develop a questionnaire containing multiple domains and items either directly or indirectly have effects on nutritional status of pet animals. Consequently, a by-product objective is to alleviate the vacancy of a structured and valid measurement model for assessing nutritional status of companion animals. Method Study Design Qualitative approach was adopted for the study and it was exploratory in nature. Sampling Convenience sampling was followed and sample size was detected from the saturation level. Data collection came to an end when findings were saturated and nothing new was approaching. Fifty-three pets along with their caregivers visited vet/pet clinics of Dhaka city, the capital of Bangladesh were selected in such a way. Besides, published and grey literatures were reviewed as long as saturation level was not reached. Participants Pet/domestic animals (cats, dogs), pet caregivers, veterinarians, and veterinary nutritionists were the participants. Fifty-three pets were physically assessed by companion vets and veterinary nutritionists to get an idea of their nutritional status from bodily signs and symptoms. Simultaneously their owners were interviewed about the diet history and pattern of the pets. Besides, opinion was taken from four companion vets including animal nutritionists pertaining the research problem. Information was gained with a view to getting the factors and components that can lead to the assessment of the nutritional status of the pet animals (cats and dogs). The inclusion criteria were nutritional facts of cats and dogs (no other pets); nutritional statuses like excess, deficiency or ideal measurement of nutrients and domestic pets (no street cats/dogs). Tools & Techniques for Data Collection A multi-method research design was followed where two types of qualitative techniques were employed to meet the research objectives. Narrative review, and flexible interview (face to face) were conducted to collect data from human as well as animal participants. Multiple methods were necessary in order to identify and cross-validate the specific factors and items needed for the construction of the questionnaire. Both methods, review and interviews were conducted sequentially; first review was done and then interviews were taken to further explore those hidden phenomena. A flexible format containing items highlighting the research questions was used to gain information from participants in the form of interview. Besides, relevant literatures and grey literatures were utilized to review and get the state of the art of this matter. Data Analysis Content analysis was adopted to analyze the qualitative information from interviews and literature reviews. Ethical Clearance The authors declare that the investigations were carried out following the rules of the Declaration of Helsinki (World Medical Association, 2024). Ethics approval has been obtained from the review board of respective university of the researchers in order to deal with human as well as animal participants. Moreover, the 3R Principles of animal research (Díaz et al., 2020 ) was followed. Consents of human participants were taken before conducting interviews and their data confidentiality was maintained and data were reserved only for research purpose. Procedure Conceptualizations were done reviewing the relevant published literatures and grey literatures. Narrative review was conducted to explore the gaps in existing researches and assembly the intellectual puzzles to configure the matter. After exploration from secondary sources, primary sources in the form of interviews were considered to uncover the domains of nutritional status needed to spotlight on for the assessment and measurement purpose. Concepts gathered from a thorough review and generated from interviews then were merged together following content analysis to design a structured questionnaire including scale, index, demographics and other factual items. Findings (Results) Findings (Results) Findings from reviews and interviews were analyzed for designing a questionnaire to assess nutritional status of domestic animals, that contains information regarding pet’s physical, environmental as well as behavioural signs and symptoms and a complete and detailed diet history of the pets since nutritional status of the body is dependent on diet. Other variables like morbidity and medical issues accompany the main variables. The Pet Animals’ Nutritional Status Questionnaire (PANSQ) is consisted of seven parts—1 st part (A) contains the demographic information regarding the pet, 2 nd part (B) bears the information gained from examining or assessing a pet physically by a veterinarian, 3 rd part (C) includes whole diet pattern of a pet described by his/her caregiver, part (D) has items regarding pet’s temperament and behavioral patterns divided into two factors/sub-sections part (E) contains environmental factors, part (F) contains 3 factors regarding diseases or disorders and were assessed by the vet/nutritionist. Finally, the last part (G) is left for number of morbidities pets have which are assumed to be associated with nutritional phenomena and other additional information pertaining the subject under study. A. Demographics First section (A) includes demographic information of the pets—sex, age, fertility status, weight etc. the fundamentals for any assessment (table 1). Table 1. Demographic Information B. Physical Assessment Section B is prepared for an intensive physical assessment by vet or animal nutritionist which consists of BCS, MCS and other types of physical examinations to extract heath information (tables 2a, 2b, 2c). Items of section B include both index rating and ranking scales. Table 2a. Body Condition Score (BCS) Body Condition Very Thin (1) Thin (2) Ideal (3) Obese (4) Very Obese (5) Score Table 2b. Muscle Condition Score (MCS) Muscle Condition Severe muscle wasting (0) Moderate muscle wasting (1) Mild muscle wasting (2) Normal musculature (3) Score Table 2c. Other Physical Assessments Criteria Worse (1) Poor (2) Fair (3) Perfect (4) Bone Condition Skin & Coat Conditions Oral Health (jaw, tooth, tongue) Nails and Paws Eyes ENT (ear, nose, throat) C. Diet History Items of diet history section of the questionnaire includes 3 factors and the first two factors each contains 4 domains (tables 3a, 3b, 3c). Factor 1: Food Habits a) Homemade food, b) Commercial food (soft), c) Commercial food (dry), d) Supplements Factor 2: Food Amount a) Homemade food, Commercial food (soft), c) Commercial food (dry), d) Supplements Factor 3: Water Intake a) Amount and b) Frequency Table 3a. Food Habit Items Never (1) Often (2) Frequently (3) Always (4) Homemade Chicken Fish Egg Vegetable Rice Commercial (Soft) Chicken Fish Commercial (Dry) Chicken Fish Dietary Supplements Table 3b. Food Amount Items No/Zero (1) Low (2) Medium (3) High (4) Homemade Chicken Fish Egg Vegetable Rice Commercial (Soft) Chicken Fish Commercial (Dry) Chicken Fish Dietary Supplements Table 3c. Water Intake Items Almost Zero (1) Low (2) Medium (3) High (4) Amount Never (1) Often (2) Frequently (3) Always (4) Frequency D. Behavioural Assessments Behavioural Assessment section (D) has items about level of physical activity, sleep duration or quality, and sone indicators of nutritional states like aggression, appetite, grooming habit and natural sounds of pets (tables 4a, 4b). Factor 1: Physical Activity, Play and Sleep a) Level of Activity b) Playfulness and c) Sleep Quality or Duration Factor 2: Behavioural Pattern a) Aggression, b) Appetite, c) Meowing/Barking and d) Grooming Habit Table 4a. Physical Activity, Play and Sleep Items Almost Zero (1) Low (2) Medium (3) High (4) Level of Activity Playfulness Sleep Quality or Duration Table 4b. Behavioural Pattern Items Almost Zero (1) Mild (2) Moderate (3) Severe (4) Aggression Appetite Meowing/Barking Grooming Habit E. Environmental Factors Next section (E) is for Environmental Factors (attachment level with caregiver, competition among pets, unmonitored items, intentional unhealthy food consumption) which indirectly can influence pet’s nutritional status (table 5). Table 5. Environmental Factors Items Almost Zero (1) Mild (2) Moderate (3) Severe (4) Competition among pets in house Attachment with caregiver Pet’s access to unmonitored or hunted items (insects/mouse/lizard) Items intentionally given by caregiver (milk products/bakery) F. Signs and Symptoms of Disorders The last structured section (F) of the questionnaire is regarding the signs and symptoms of any physical issues, abnormalities or disorders (tables 6a, 6b, 6c). It starts with simple bodily signs and gradually approaches to complex symptoms like nutritional deficiency or toxicity. Factor 1: Signs and Symptoms of Physical Issues a) Hair-loss, b) Vomition, c) Elimination Disorder and d) Weight Change Factor 2: Signs and Symptoms of Comorbidities a) Level of Comorbidities and b) Duration of Morbidities Factor 3: Signs and Symptoms of Nutritional Disorders a) Nutritional Deficiency and b) Nutritional Excess Table 6a. Signs and Symptoms of Physical Issues Items Almost Zero (1) Mild (2) Moderate (3) Severe (4) Hair-loss Vomition Elimination Disorder Weight Change Table 6b. Signs and Symptoms of Morbidities Items Almost Zero (1) Mild (2) Moderate (3) Severe (4) Level of Morbidities Never (1) Often (2) Frequently (3) Always (4) Duration of Morbidities Table 6c. Signs and Symptoms of Nutritional Disorders Items Almost Zero (1) Mild (2) Moderate (3) Severe (4) Nutritional Deficiency Nutritional Excess Items of section C, D, E, F are rated in a 4-point frequency scale and 4-point ranking scale though there are different kinds of response categories in accordance with the items/domains. ‘Food Habit’ is rated from never to always where never is coded 1 as lowest frequency and always is coded 4 as the highest frequency. ‘Food Amount’ is rated from ‘ almost zero to high ’ respectively coding from 1 to 4. Domains of Water Intake and Physical Activity are also rated following the categories of amount. Signs and Symptoms are rated as almost zero , mild, moderate, and severe coded from 1 to 4 respectively with increasing magnitude. Scoring of the scale would follow the technique of summing up all the items of similar domains. For example, all the items of domain homemade food would be summed to get a composite score and compare or correlate with other domains to get a result. Interpretation of the scale would consider the total score of a particular domain to narrate the findings. For instance, the domain of homemade food in food habit factor may have a total score of 20 (4 option ⅹ 5 items) means the pet is largely dependent homemade diet. Similar interpretation can be provided for commercial diets and so on. Commercial diet domain includes 3 kinds of domains—soft, hard and supplements. Composite scoring can be done with adding all the items these 3 domains say for example, aggregate score of soft food, hard food and dietary supplements is 15 combining the raw scores of each item of respective domains. Researcher can then consider the composite score as a measure of that pet’s commercial diet intake and can compare and contrast with homemade diet or correlate with other domains of the scale or with another different scale. Another example can be given from the items of factor ‘ Signs and Symptoms of Physical Issues ’. Here if the pet will have been rated as 4 for all the 4 items, it’s composite score will be 4x4=16, which interprets the pet has a higher level of physical symptoms indicating morbidity. Scores can be correlated with the items of diet part. G. Additional Queries The last section (G) is semi-structured and holds a long list of common morbid issues of cats and dogs along with a flexible portion of open-ended items for additional but related information about pet’s nutritional health (table 7 and table 8). Table 7. List of morbidities or diagnosed medical conditions o Neurological disorders o Urological & nephrological diseases (including renal failure) o Cardiac disorders o Pulmonary/respiratory diseases o Skin diseases (including fleas/tics) o Gastrointestinal/digestive disorders o Hepatobiliary dysfunctions o Reproductive disorders o Bone disorders o Muscular disorders o Dental diseases o Diabetes o Parasites o ENT issues o Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV) o Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP) o Feline Parvovirus (FPV) o Canine Parvovirus (CPV) o Distemper o Obesity o Phobia/Anxiety o Cancer o Others (please specify) ___________________________________________ Table 8. Other associated information a) Mealtime and frequency (in a day) ______________________________________ b) Any behavioral abnormality (aggression, change of voice, meowing etc.) _______ c) Any change in diet recently____________________________________________ d) Duration of current diet pattern _________________________________________ e) Food items else pet used to take (except above-mentioned) ___________________ f) History of deworming ________________________________________________ g) History of taking other medications _____________________________________ h) Any related information else ___________________________________________ Discussions This questionnaire incorporates indices like BCS, MCS, scales like physical assessment, and behavioral assessments along with scale of diet history under an umbrella. It would enable to capture different associated concepts of a single construct for a comprehensive assessment since multiple factors regulate nutritional status (National Academy of Sciences, 2006 ; Fabretti et al., 2020 ). It will provide a holistic view of the nutritional status of animals. Current research is more or less consistent with the studies where diet history of pets was focused (Bhowmik et al., 2020 ). Scale utilizes multiple but similar items which combinedly measures a single construct. On the flip side, index summaries multiple but different indicators into a single score. Moreover, the response categories of the whole scale (except two indices) were designed following frequency rating scale and ranking scale which would hold psychometric properties, ensure homogeneity and uniformity of response options and ease interpretation focusing magnitudes. Composite scores of the questionnaire can be correlated with other numerical findings of the case like biochemic analysis of nutritional status to better configure the bodily states. Another motive of involving rating or ranking scales is to facilitate correlational study avoiding factual information such as using rating scale from zero to high instead of actual average amount of food consumed. Actual amount can only provide with the ratio, neither enable correlational research nor let comparison. For that, a standardized score is needed which can be ensured through such scaling response format. Another feature is the modification of existing BCS (body condition score) which was either 9-point or 3-point but former one is too challenging to use because of the requirement of subtle observations (Baldwin et al., 2010 ). Again, the later one often overlooks specific information for being too short. In order to fix the issue, BCS is ranked in 5-point index from— very thin to very obese —leaving middle rooms for thin, ideal and obese respectively in this questionnaire which is the adapted version of the existing indices. Some of the existing questionnaires only considered one kind of pet either dog or cat (BSAVA, 2009 ), but this questionnaire was designed to be used for both cats and dogs like the study by Rollins and Murphy ( 2019 ) and added more items than the compered questionnaire in a more structured way. However, it is applicable for domestic cats and dogs only, if it is to be applied/adopted for other domestic animals, then modification of items would be needed accordingly. Conclusion Research requires appropriate tools and materials for a smooth conduction—hence designing tools, being basic research is a precondition for successful applied researches. This exploratory study attempted to prepare a holistic and intensive study tool highlighting the key components of a nutritional questionnaire used for studying feline and canine nutritional status. The paper critically focused the different dimensions that influence nutritional status of the body indicating their role in the nutritional assessment. Hence, it would be a pioneer for future health related studies in the field of animal nutrition and nutritional semiology. Declarations Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. Funding Information Authors received no fund for the research. Author’s Contribution Conceptualization, data collection, and data processing were done by the 1st author, Dr. Md. Sumon Mondol. Literature review, research design, data analysis and preparation of the final draft were performed by the 2nd author, Ms. Khadiza Ahsan. Both of the authors reviewed the manuscript finally. Acknowledgement Special gratitude to all who somehow associated with the study and contributed to. References Baldwin K, Bartges J, Buffington T, Freeman LM, Grabow M, Legred J, Ostwald D (2010) AAHA Nutritional Assessment Guidelines for Dogs and Cats. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 46:285–296 Bhowmik P, Mimi HK, Datta A, Adhikary K, Akter N, Barua K, Hossain ME (2020) Food, nutrition and health status of the pet animals in Dhaka and Chattogram city of Bangladesh. Bangladesh J Veterinary Anim Sci 8(2):171–179 BSAVA (2009) Feline behaviour questionnaire. BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Behavioural Medicine Da Santos SGD, De Farias Meirelles J, De Brum B, Zanchetta I, Xerem M, Braga B, Haiut L, Lanziani M, Musa R, T. H., Cordovil K (2023) First Clinical Nutrition Outpatient Consultation: A Review of Basic Principles in Nutritional Care of Adults with Hematologic Disease. Sci World J 2023:1–17. https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/9303798 Díaz L, Zambrano E, Flores ME, Contreras M, Crispín JC, Alemán G, Bravo C, Armenta A, Valdés VJ, Tovar A, Gamba G, Barrios-Payán J, Bobadilla NA (2020) Ethical Considerations in Animal Research: The Principle of 3R's. Revista de investigacion clinica; organo del Hospital de Enfermedades de la Nutricion, 73 (4), 199–209. https://doi.org/10.24875/RIC.20000380 Eirmann L (2016) Nutritional Assessment. Small Animal Practice, 46 (5), 855867. https://doi.org.10.1016/j.cvsm.2016.04.012 Fabretti AK, Gomes LA, Kemper DAG, Chaves RO, Kemper B, Pereira PM (2020) Clinical determination of the nutritional status of companion animals. Semina: Ciências Agrárias 41(5):1813–1830. https://doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2020v41n5p1813 Freeman L, Becvarova I, Cave N, MacKay C, Nguyen P, Rama B, Takashima G, Tiffin R, Beukelen P, Yathiraj S (2011) Nutritional Assessment Guidelines. Journal of the South African Veterinary Association, 82 (4), 254–263, https://doi.org.10.4102/jsava.v82i4.84 Freeman L, Becvarova I, Cave N, MacKay C, Nguyen P, Rama B, Takashima G, Tiffin R, Tsjimoto H, van Beukelen P (2011) WSAVA nutritional assessment guidelines. Journal of Small Animal Practice, 52 (7), 385396. https://doi.org.10.1111/j.1748-5827.2011.01079.x Harvatine G (2023) Lack of nutrition in animals and its effects on animals’ health. J Veterinary Med Allied Sci 7(1):132 Laflamme DP (2020) Understanding the nutritional needs of healthy cats and those with diet-sensitive conditions. Small Animal Practice, 50 (5), 905924. https://doi.org.10.1016/j.cvsm.2020.05.001 Lianou DT, Chatziprodromidou IP, Vasileiou NGC, Michael CK, Mavrogianni VS, Politis AP, Kordalis NG, Billinis C, Giannakopoulos A, Papadopoulos E, Giannenas I, Ioannidi KS, Katsafadou AI, Gougoulis DA, Lacasta D, Caroprese M, Fthenakis GC (2020) A Detailed Questionnaire for the Evaluation of Health Management in Dairy Sheep and Goats. Animals 10(9):1489. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10091489 National Academy of Sciences (2006) Your Cat’s Nutritional Needs: A Science-Based Guide for Pet Owners. National Academies Rollins AW, Murphy M (2019) Nutritional Assessments in Cats: Practical recommendations for better medical care. J Feline Med Surg 21:442–448. https://doi.org/10.1177/1098612X19843213 Tajana Z (2024) The Link between Animal Nutrition and Behavior: How Diet Impacts Mental Health. J Anim Health Behav Sci 8(5):278–279 Additional Declarations The authors declare no competing interests. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7083961","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":482962247,"identity":"19ef99e7-2fd7-4bfb-b9ce-4b461beda3a2","order_by":0,"name":"Dr. Md. Sumon Mondol","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"Dr.","firstName":"Md.","middleName":"Sumon","lastName":"Mondol","suffix":""},{"id":482962248,"identity":"8a063221-7161-4088-90d0-c8f597690ef3","order_by":1,"name":"Khadiza Ahsan","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA8klEQVRIie3PMQrCMBSA4YSALq2uKR28QqRQFNReRelaXQRHKRTiUnW1k2dwKY66OFW6FjJ5g7pZcTCpuKa6CeYfXt7wviEAqFQ/mQYA9LHYCMj5rNW/IXAjCPqMlBtBmniqCEnPx0ux7wzW9SA2e/e41UAA5ldPQrKJa+kJdqPwNDPHK9amCCAjimVEs01IsUsyzzbHIYOc1JAuI2liGwUnjiDdkDnV5ODZWKd4QDAn4MZGlcTIPMviZIiT07S79JlLEQykf2mkSftS0LnTXAS77PZg/e0iOOZXCXk38sWEtJx+9T3PeT2Pj45VKpXqz3oCnJVOGsIjnHEAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"University of Dhaka","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Khadiza","middleName":"","lastName":"Ahsan","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-07-09 12:47:12","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":{"humanSubjects":false,"vertebrateSubjects":true,"conflictsOfInterestStatement":false,"humanSubjectEthicalGuidelines":false,"humanSubjectConsent":false,"humanSubjectClinicalTrial":false,"humanSubjectCaseReport":false,"vertebrateSubjectEthicalGuidelines":true},"doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7083961/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7083961/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":86404201,"identity":"cf84bd8c-387e-4498-ad69-71aa48bf829c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-07-10 09:34:24","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1252771,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7083961/v1/75751969-3d9e-460e-a85b-f7446e883f92.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"The authors declare no competing interests.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConstruction of Nutritional Status Questionnaire for Pet Animals: A Tool of Nutritional Semiology\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eNutritional semiology is the field of assessing nutritional status through complete physical examination and history taking about diet pattern, environmental and behavioural aspects. Often laboratory investigations accompany information gained from physical, behavioural and environmental observations. Semiologic data include a wide range of items such as body condition, muscle condition, skin and coat condition, health of teeth, nail, ENT, diet pattern and quantity, water intake, competition among pets, morbidity etc. which are anyhow linked to nutritional state of the body (Da Silva Goncalves Dos Santos et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). Nutritional status of animals indicates either an ideal or a balanced situation of micronutrients and macronutrients in the body or the imbalance of any nutrients due to diet or other factors. Pet animals’ nutritional status largely depends on kind of food they consume, age, sex, fertility status etc. (National Academy of Sciences, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eHealth of domestic animals relies on proper and nutritious diet. Although, nutrients are inevitable for lives, excess or deficiency of them can cause toxicity and scarcity in the body jeopardizing the overall health. Nutritional status can be revealed through biochemical and hematological analysis but they need to be correlated for a reliable, objective and valid assessment. Assessing nutritional states through physical examination requires a structure tool to be used for the measurement and scoring. Also, information regarding the pet’s regular diet is essential to establish a connection between food and nutritional situation.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRoughly pet animals’ nutritional status depends on three factors (Eirmann, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e; Laflamme, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Freeman et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e)—\u003cem\u003epet specific factors\u003c/em\u003e (age, sex, breed, morbidity, activity etc.), \u003cem\u003ediet-specific factors\u003c/em\u003e (amount and type of foods, presence of supplements etc.), and \u003cem\u003eenvironmental factors\u003c/em\u003e (competition among pets, living environment, attachment with caregiver etc.). According to Fabretti et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e) and Gross et al. (n. d.), the following aspects are to be assessed in order to shed light on nutritional status of pet animals— signalments: age, sex, activity level, breed, disease status/comorbidity, fertility status, weight history: current weight and history of weight change, dietary history: appetite, frequency of food intake, quantity of food intake, type of food (homemade, commercial or both), supplements, water intake, physical examination: body condition, muscle condition, bone structure, coat condition, skin condition, hydration, eyes, ears, nose, oral health, bodily signs and symptoms: hair-loss, vomition (frequency), elimination status (normal/disorder).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRollins and Murphy (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e) designed a short diet history form approved by the World Small Animal Veterinary Association (WSAVA) for studying pet animals’ nutritional status. It captures mainly the diet pattern of pets along with basic information pertaining body conditions—activity, weight, BCS, MCS etc. But the form lacks in behavioural dimensions that may be correlated with nutritional status (Harvatine, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). Also, animal’s mental health and well-being are associated with the presence and quantity of nutrients in the body (Tajana, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). British Small Animal Veterinary Association (BSAVA, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e) prepared a Feline Behaviour Questionnaire but that only captures the behavioural aspects of cats and devoid of items related to diet or information about nutritional status. Study by Bhowmik et al. in the city of Dhaka, Bangladesh (2020) on food-nutrition and health status of pet animals screened out nutrition related facts including diet history; still, it lacks in a complete questionnaire for an in-depth and intensive investigation.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe \u003cem\u003eUniversity of Glasgow Nutrition Questionnaire\u003c/em\u003e, (in conjunction with Pet Food Manufacturing Association) for assessing dogs’ nutritional status is also devoid of behavioural domains (n.d.). Also, it is too long to be used for a study and may create cognitive overload. Furthermore, the scoring pattern is not uniform with response options, which may create issue during interpretation and correlation with other measures. The Nutritional Assessment Guidelines for Dogs and Cats published by the \u003cem\u003eJournal of the American Animal Hospital Association\u003c/em\u003e reported a nutritional screening for identifying the risk factors associated with pet’s health, though it is confined to morbid factors and some physical features (Baldwin et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e; Freeman et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e). Study by Fabretti et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e) went a long to guide the essential factors that lead toward nutritional status of pets and prescribed a format of assessment model, it overemphasized diet and history and morbidity. Factors like behavioural signals, water intake, attachment with caregiver etc. were under-detected. Also, the format followed no uniform scoring system.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAssessment of nutritional status of pet animals is required in order to mitigate the health issues generated from malnutrition or nutritional disorders. As per the general rule in clinical phenomena—cross validation or replication is more reliable than single observation or investigation, nutritional status should be detected via physical assessment as well as clinical investigation (Fabretti et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). Clinical investigation depends on biochemical findings through lab tests, but physical assessment is required through a valid and structured measurement tool which can contain every item that indicates nutritional status of pet animals. Research on dietary questionnaire for large animals for health management was found but there is a lack of consolidated research in this area for small animals’ case (Lianou et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAccording to literature reviews, existing questionnaires were found incomplete, unstructured and incompetent to assess a holistic nutritional status among pets. Some of them were overloaded with information, some presented scattered and fragmented contents or insufficient items for assessment; again, some were designed with ununiform response options or rating systems. Another issue was over-reliance on the responses from pet-caregivers; though it is supposed to be assessed by the vet/nutritionist except the diet history. Current study intended to design such a questionnaire to be used as an ideal model in the field of nutritional semiology of domestic animals especially cat and dogs.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe core objective of the study is to design and construct a standard questionnaire for assessing and measuring the nutritional status of the pet animals. In this regard, the elaborative objective is to develop a questionnaire containing multiple domains and items either directly or indirectly have effects on nutritional status of pet animals. Consequently, a by-product objective is to alleviate the vacancy of a structured and valid measurement model for assessing nutritional status of companion animals.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Method","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eStudy Design\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eQualitative approach was adopted for the study and it was exploratory in nature.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSampling\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eConvenience sampling was followed and sample size was detected from the saturation level. Data collection came to an end when findings were saturated and nothing new was approaching. Fifty-three pets along with their caregivers visited vet/pet clinics of Dhaka city, the capital of Bangladesh were selected in such a way. Besides, published and grey literatures were reviewed as long as saturation level was not reached.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eParticipants\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e Pet/domestic animals (cats, dogs), pet caregivers, veterinarians, and veterinary nutritionists were the participants. Fifty-three pets were physically assessed by companion vets and veterinary nutritionists to get an idea of their nutritional status from bodily signs and symptoms. Simultaneously their owners were interviewed about the diet history and pattern of the pets. Besides, opinion was taken from four companion vets including animal nutritionists pertaining the research problem.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eInformation was gained with a view to getting the factors and components that can lead to the assessment of the nutritional status of the pet animals (cats and dogs). The inclusion criteria were nutritional facts of cats and dogs (no other pets); nutritional statuses like excess, deficiency or ideal measurement of nutrients and domestic pets (no street cats/dogs).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTools \u0026amp; Techniques for Data Collection\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eA multi-method research design was followed where two types of qualitative techniques were employed to meet the research objectives. Narrative review, and flexible interview (face to face) were conducted to collect data from human as well as animal participants. Multiple methods were necessary in order to identify and cross-validate the specific factors and items needed for the construction of the questionnaire.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eBoth methods, review and interviews were conducted sequentially; first review was done and then interviews were taken to further explore those hidden phenomena. A flexible format containing items highlighting the research questions was used to gain information from participants in the form of interview. Besides, relevant literatures and grey literatures were utilized to review and get the state of the art of this matter.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eData Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eContent analysis was adopted to analyze the qualitative information from interviews and literature reviews.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eEthical Clearance\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that the investigations were carried out following the rules of the \u003cem\u003eDeclaration of Helsinki\u003c/em\u003e (World Medical Association, 2024). Ethics approval has been obtained from the review board of respective university of the researchers in order to deal with human as well as animal participants. Moreover, the \u003cem\u003e3R Principles\u003c/em\u003e of animal research (Díaz et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e) was followed. Consents of human participants were taken before conducting interviews and their data confidentiality was maintained and data were reserved only for research purpose.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eProcedure\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eConceptualizations were done reviewing the relevant published literatures and grey literatures. Narrative review was conducted to explore the gaps in existing researches and assembly the intellectual puzzles to configure the matter. After exploration from secondary sources, primary sources in the form of interviews were considered to uncover the domains of nutritional status needed to spotlight on for the assessment and measurement purpose. Concepts gathered from a thorough review and generated from interviews then were merged together following content analysis to design a structured questionnaire including scale, index, demographics and other factual items.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Findings (Results)","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFindings (Results)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFindings from reviews and interviews were analyzed for designing a questionnaire to assess nutritional status of domestic animals, that contains information regarding pet\u0026rsquo;s physical, environmental as well as behavioural signs and symptoms and a complete and detailed diet history of the pets since nutritional status of the body is dependent on diet. Other variables like morbidity and medical issues accompany the main variables.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Pet Animals\u0026rsquo; Nutritional Status Questionnaire (PANSQ) is consisted of seven parts\u0026mdash;1\u003csup\u003est\u003c/sup\u003e part (A) contains the demographic information regarding the pet, 2\u003csup\u003end\u003c/sup\u003e part (B) bears the information gained from examining or assessing a pet physically by a veterinarian, 3\u003csup\u003erd\u003c/sup\u003e part (C) includes whole diet pattern of a pet described by his/her caregiver, part (D) has items regarding pet\u0026rsquo;s temperament and behavioral patterns divided into two factors/sub-sections \u0026nbsp;part (E) contains environmental factors, part (F) contains 3 factors regarding diseases or disorders and were assessed by the vet/nutritionist.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFinally, the last part (G) is left for number of morbidities pets have which are assumed to be associated with nutritional phenomena and other additional information pertaining the subject under study.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eA. \u0026nbsp;Demographics\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFirst section (A) includes demographic information of the pets\u0026mdash;sex, age, fertility status, weight etc. the fundamentals for any assessment (table 1).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 1. Demographic Information\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://myfiles.space/user_files/127393_c7e80a1c9bb65875/127393_custom_files/img1752138691.png\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eB. \u0026nbsp;Physical Assessment\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSection B is prepared for an intensive physical assessment by vet or animal nutritionist which consists of BCS, MCS and other types of physical examinations to extract heath information (tables 2a, 2b, 2c). Items of section B include both index rating and ranking scales.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 2a. Body Condition Score (BCS)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"618\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 22.1325%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBody Condition\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.2553%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVery Thin (1)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.6317%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThin (2)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14.378%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIdeal (3)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13.7318%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eObese (4)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19.8708%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVery Obese (5)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 22.1325%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eScore\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.2553%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 11.6317%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14.378%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13.7318%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19.8708%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 2b. Muscle Condition Score (MCS)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"617\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 21.4286%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMuscle Condition\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.3442%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSevere muscle wasting (0)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 21.4286%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eModerate muscle wasting (1)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17.3701%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMild muscle\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ewasting (2)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 21.4286%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNormal musculature (3)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 21.4286%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eScore\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18.3442%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 21.4286%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17.3701%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 21.4286%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 2c. Other Physical Assessments\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"617\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35.9223%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCriteria\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16.8285%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWorse (1)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16.8285%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePoor (2)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13.754%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFair (3)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16.6667%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePerfect (4)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35.9223%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBone Condition\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16.8285%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16.8285%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13.754%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16.6667%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35.9223%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSkin \u0026amp; Coat Conditions\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16.8285%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16.8285%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13.754%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16.6667%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35.9223%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOral Health (jaw, tooth, tongue)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16.8285%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16.8285%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13.754%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16.6667%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35.9223%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNails and Paws\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16.8285%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16.8285%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13.754%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16.6667%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35.9223%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEyes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16.8285%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16.8285%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13.754%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16.6667%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35.9223%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eENT (ear, nose, throat)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16.8285%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16.8285%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13.754%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16.6667%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eC. \u0026nbsp;Diet History\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Items of \u003cem\u003ediet history\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003esection of the questionnaire includes 3 factors and the first two factors each contains 4 domains (tables 3a, 3b, 3c).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eFactor 1: Food Habits\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ea) \u0026nbsp; Homemade food, b) Commercial food (soft), c) Commercial food (dry), d) Supplements\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eFactor 2: Food Amount\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ea) \u0026nbsp; Homemade food, Commercial food (soft), c) Commercial food (dry), d) Supplements\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eFactor 3: Water Intake\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ea) \u0026nbsp; Amount and b) Frequency\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 3a. Food Habit \u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"620\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 176px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eItems\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNever (1)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOften (2)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFrequently (3)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAlways (4)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 176px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHomemade\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 444px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 176px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChicken\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 176px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFish\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 176px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEgg\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 176px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVegetable\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 176px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRice\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 176px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCommercial (Soft)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 444px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 176px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChicken\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 176px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFish\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 176px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCommercial (Dry)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 444px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 176px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChicken\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 176px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFish\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 176px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDietary Supplements\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 3b. Food Amount\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"628\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eItems\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNo/Zero (1)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLow (2)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMedium (3)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHigh (4)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHomemade\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 463px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChicken\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFish\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEgg\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVegetable\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRice\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCommercial (Soft)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 463px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChicken\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFish\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCommercial (Dry)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 463px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChicken\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFish\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDietary Supplements\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 3c. Water Intake\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"628\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 89px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eItems\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAlmost Zero (1)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLow (2)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMedium (3)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHigh (4)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 89px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAmount\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 89px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNever (1)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOften (2)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFrequently (3)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAlways (4)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 89px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFrequency\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eD. \u0026nbsp;Behavioural Assessments\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Behavioural Assessment section (D) has items about level of physical activity, sleep duration or quality, and sone indicators of nutritional states like aggression, appetite, grooming habit and natural sounds of pets (tables 4a, 4b).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eFactor 1: Physical Activity, Play and Sleep\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ea) \u0026nbsp; Level of Activity b) Playfulness and c) Sleep Quality or Duration\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eFactor 2: Behavioural Pattern\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ea) \u0026nbsp; Aggression, b) Appetite, c) Meowing/Barking and d) Grooming Habit\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 4a. Physical Activity, Play and Sleep\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"628\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 202px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eItems\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAlmost Zero (1)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLow (2)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMedium (3)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHigh (4)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 202px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLevel of Activity \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 202px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePlayfulness\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 202px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSleep Quality or Duration\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 4b. Behavioural Pattern \u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"628\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 146px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eItems\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAlmost Zero (1)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMild (2)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eModerate (3)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 142px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSevere (4)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 146px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAggression\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 142px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 146px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAppetite\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 142px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 146px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMeowing/Barking\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 142px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 146px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGrooming Habit\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 142px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eE. \u0026nbsp;Environmental Factors\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNext section (E) is for \u003cem\u003eEnvironmental Factors\u003c/em\u003e (attachment level with caregiver, competition among pets, unmonitored items, intentional unhealthy food consumption) which indirectly can influence pet\u0026rsquo;s nutritional status (table 5).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 5. Environmental Factors\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"628\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 240px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eItems\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAlmost Zero (1)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMild (2)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eModerate (3)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSevere (4)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 240px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCompetition among pets in house \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 240px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAttachment with caregiver\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 240px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePet\u0026rsquo;s access to unmonitored or hunted items (insects/mouse/lizard)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 240px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eItems intentionally given by caregiver (milk products/bakery)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eF. \u0026nbsp; Signs and Symptoms of Disorders\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe last structured section (F) of the questionnaire is regarding the signs and symptoms of any physical issues, abnormalities or disorders (tables 6a, 6b, 6c). It starts with simple bodily signs and gradually approaches to complex symptoms like nutritional deficiency or toxicity.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eFactor 1: Signs and Symptoms of Physical Issues\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ea) \u0026nbsp; Hair-loss, b) Vomition, c) Elimination Disorder and d) Weight Change\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eFactor 2: Signs and Symptoms of Comorbidities\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ea) \u0026nbsp; Level of Comorbidities and b) Duration of Morbidities\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eFactor 3: Signs and Symptoms of Nutritional Disorders\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ea) \u0026nbsp; Nutritional Deficiency and b) Nutritional Excess\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 6a. Signs and Symptoms of Physical Issues\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"628\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eItems\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAlmost Zero (1)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMild (2)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eModerate (3)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSevere (4)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHair-loss \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVomition\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eElimination Disorder\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 165px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWeight Change\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 6b. Signs and Symptoms of Morbidities \u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"632\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 169px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eItems\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAlmost Zero (1)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMild (2)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eModerate (3)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSevere (4)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 169px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLevel of Morbidities\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 169px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNever (1)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOften (2)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFrequently (3)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAlways (4)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 169px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDuration of Morbidities\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 123px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 6c. Signs and Symptoms of Nutritional Disorders\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"632\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 169px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eItems\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAlmost Zero (1)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMild (2)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 129px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eModerate (3)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSevere (4)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 169px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNutritional Deficiency\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 129px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 169px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNutritional Excess\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 129px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eItems of section C, D, E, F are rated in a 4-point frequency scale and 4-point ranking scale though there are different kinds of response categories in accordance with the items/domains. \u0026lsquo;Food Habit\u0026rsquo; is rated from \u003cem\u003enever\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eto\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;always\u003c/em\u003e where \u003cem\u003enever\u003c/em\u003e is coded 1 as lowest frequency and \u003cem\u003ealways\u003c/em\u003e is coded 4 as the highest frequency. \u0026lsquo;Food Amount\u0026rsquo; is rated from \u0026lsquo;\u003cem\u003ealmost zero\u003c/em\u003e to\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;high\u003c/em\u003e\u0026rsquo; respectively coding from 1 to 4. Domains of Water Intake and Physical Activity are also rated following the categories of amount. Signs and Symptoms are rated as \u003cem\u003ealmost zero\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003emild, moderate,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eand \u003cem\u003esevere\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003ecoded from 1 to 4 respectively with increasing magnitude.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eScoring of the scale would follow the technique of summing up all the items of similar domains. For example, all the items of domain homemade food would be summed to get a composite score and compare or correlate with other domains to get a result. Interpretation of the scale would consider the total score of a particular domain to narrate the findings. For instance, the domain of \u003cem\u003ehomemade food\u003c/em\u003e in food habit factor may have a total score of 20 (4 option ⅹ 5 items) means the pet is largely dependent homemade diet.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSimilar interpretation can be provided for commercial diets and so on. \u003cem\u003eCommercial diet\u003c/em\u003e domain includes 3 kinds of domains\u0026mdash;soft, hard and supplements. Composite scoring can be done with adding all the items these 3 domains say for example, aggregate score of soft food, hard food and dietary supplements is 15 combining the raw scores of each item of respective domains. Researcher can then consider the composite score as a measure of that pet\u0026rsquo;s commercial diet intake and can compare and contrast with homemade diet or correlate with other domains of the scale or with another different scale.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAnother example can be given from the items of factor \u0026lsquo;\u003cem\u003eSigns and Symptoms of Physical Issues\u003c/em\u003e\u0026rsquo;. Here if the pet will have been rated as 4 for all the 4 items, it\u0026rsquo;s composite score will be 4x4=16, which interprets the pet has a higher level of physical symptoms indicating morbidity. Scores can be correlated with the items of diet part.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eG. Additional Queries\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe last section (G) is semi-structured and holds a long list of common morbid issues of cats and dogs along with a flexible portion of open-ended items for additional but related information about pet\u0026rsquo;s nutritional health (table 7 and table 8).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 7. List of morbidities or diagnosed medical conditions\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"633\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 633px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eo Neurological disorders\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 633px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eo Urological \u0026amp; nephrological diseases (including renal failure)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 633px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eo Cardiac disorders\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 633px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eo Pulmonary/respiratory diseases\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 633px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eo Skin diseases (including fleas/tics)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 633px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eo Gastrointestinal/digestive disorders\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 633px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eo Hepatobiliary dysfunctions\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 633px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eo Reproductive disorders\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 633px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eo Bone disorders\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 633px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eo Muscular disorders\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 633px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eo Dental diseases\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 633px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eo Diabetes\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 633px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eo Parasites\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 633px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eo ENT issues \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 633px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eo Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 633px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eo Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 633px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eo Feline Parvovirus (FPV)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 633px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eo Canine Parvovirus (CPV)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 633px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eo Distemper\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 633px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eo Obesity\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 633px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eo Phobia/Anxiety\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 633px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eo Cancer\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 633px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eo Others (please specify) ___________________________________________\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 8. Other associated information\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"633\" class=\"fr-table-selection-hover\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 633px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ea) \u0026nbsp; Mealtime and frequency (in a day) ______________________________________\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 633px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eb) \u0026nbsp; Any behavioral abnormality (aggression, change of voice, meowing etc.) _______\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 633px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ec) \u0026nbsp; Any change in diet recently____________________________________________\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 633px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ed) \u0026nbsp; Duration of current diet pattern _________________________________________\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 633px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ee) \u0026nbsp; Food items else pet used to take (except above-mentioned) ___________________\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 633px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ef) \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;History of deworming ________________________________________________\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 633px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eg) \u0026nbsp; History of taking other medications _____________________________________\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 633px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eh) \u0026nbsp; Any related information else ___________________________________________\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e"},{"header":"Discussions","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis questionnaire incorporates indices like BCS, MCS, scales like physical assessment, and behavioral assessments along with scale of diet history under an umbrella. It would enable to capture different associated concepts of a single construct for a comprehensive assessment since multiple factors regulate nutritional status (National Academy of Sciences, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e; Fabretti et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). It will provide a holistic view of the nutritional status of animals. Current research is more or less consistent with the studies where diet history of pets was focused (Bhowmik et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). Scale utilizes multiple but similar items which combinedly measures a single construct. On the flip side, index summaries multiple but different indicators into a single score. Moreover, the response categories of the whole scale (except two indices) were designed following frequency rating scale and ranking scale which would hold psychometric properties, ensure homogeneity and uniformity of response options and ease interpretation focusing magnitudes.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eComposite scores of the questionnaire can be correlated with other numerical findings of the case like biochemic analysis of nutritional status to better configure the bodily states. Another motive of involving rating or ranking scales is to facilitate correlational study avoiding factual information such as using rating scale from zero to high instead of actual average amount of food consumed. Actual amount can only provide with the ratio, neither enable correlational research nor let comparison. For that, a standardized score is needed which can be ensured through such scaling response format. Another feature is the modification of existing BCS (body condition score) which was either 9-point or 3-point but former one is too challenging to use because of the requirement of subtle observations (Baldwin et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAgain, the later one often overlooks specific information for being too short. In order to fix the issue, BCS is ranked in 5-point index from\u0026mdash; \u003cem\u003every thin\u003c/em\u003e to \u003cem\u003every obese\u003c/em\u003e\u0026mdash;leaving middle rooms for \u003cem\u003ethin, ideal\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eobese\u003c/em\u003e respectively in this questionnaire which is the adapted version of the existing indices. Some of the existing questionnaires only considered one kind of pet either dog or cat (BSAVA, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e), but this questionnaire was designed to be used for both cats and dogs like the study by Rollins and Murphy (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e) and added more items than the compered questionnaire in a more structured way. However, it is applicable for domestic cats and dogs only, if it is to be applied/adopted for other domestic animals, then modification of items would be needed accordingly.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eResearch requires appropriate tools and materials for a smooth conduction\u0026mdash;hence designing tools, being basic research is a precondition for successful applied researches. This exploratory study attempted to prepare a holistic and intensive study tool highlighting the key components of a nutritional questionnaire used for studying feline and canine nutritional status. The paper critically focused the different dimensions that influence nutritional status of the body indicating their role in the nutritional assessment. Hence, it would be a pioneer for future health related studies in the field of animal nutrition and nutritional semiology.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003ch2\u003eConflict of Interest\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eAuthors declared no conflict of interest.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eFunding Information\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eAuthors received no fund for the research.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAuthor\u0026rsquo;s Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eConceptualization, data collection, and data processing were done by the 1st author, Dr. Md. Sumon Mondol. Literature review, research design, data analysis and preparation of the final draft were performed by the 2nd author, Ms. Khadiza Ahsan. Both of the authors reviewed the manuscript finally.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAcknowledgement\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eSpecial gratitude to all who somehow associated with the study and contributed to.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBaldwin K, Bartges J, Buffington T, Freeman LM, Grabow M, Legred J, Ostwald D (2010) AAHA Nutritional Assessment Guidelines for Dogs and Cats. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 46:285\u0026ndash;296\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBhowmik P, Mimi HK, Datta A, Adhikary K, Akter N, Barua K, Hossain ME (2020) Food, nutrition and health status of the pet animals in Dhaka and Chattogram city of Bangladesh. Bangladesh J Veterinary Anim Sci 8(2):171\u0026ndash;179\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBSAVA (2009) Feline behaviour questionnaire. \u003cem\u003eBSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Behavioural Medicine\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eDa Santos SGD, De Farias Meirelles J, De Brum B, Zanchetta I, Xerem M, Braga B, Haiut L, Lanziani M, Musa R, T. H., Cordovil K (2023) First Clinical Nutrition Outpatient Consultation: A Review of Basic Principles in Nutritional Care of Adults with Hematologic Disease. Sci World J 2023:1\u0026ndash;17. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1155/2023/9303798\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1155/2023/9303798\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eD\u0026iacute;az L, Zambrano E, Flores ME, Contreras M, Crisp\u0026iacute;n JC, Alem\u0026aacute;n G, Bravo C, Armenta A, Vald\u0026eacute;s VJ, Tovar A, Gamba G, Barrios-Pay\u0026aacute;n J, Bobadilla NA (2020) Ethical Considerations in Animal Research: The Principle of 3R's. \u003cem\u003eRevista de investigacion clinica; organo del Hospital de Enfermedades de la Nutricion, 73\u003c/em\u003e(4), 199\u0026ndash;209. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.24875/RIC.20000380\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.24875/RIC.20000380\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eEirmann L (2016) Nutritional Assessment. \u003cem\u003eSmall Animal Practice, 46\u003c/em\u003e(5), 855867. https://doi.org.10.1016/j.cvsm.2016.04.012\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eFabretti AK, Gomes LA, Kemper DAG, Chaves RO, Kemper B, Pereira PM (2020) Clinical determination of the nutritional status of companion animals. Semina: Ci\u0026ecirc;ncias Agr\u0026aacute;rias 41(5):1813\u0026ndash;1830. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2020v41n5p1813\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.5433/1679-0359.2020v41n5p1813\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eFreeman L, Becvarova I, Cave N, MacKay C, Nguyen P, Rama B, Takashima G, Tiffin R, Beukelen P, Yathiraj S (2011) Nutritional Assessment Guidelines. \u003cem\u003eJournal of the South African Veterinary Association, 82\u003c/em\u003e(4), 254\u0026ndash;263, https://doi.org.10.4102/jsava.v82i4.84\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eFreeman L, Becvarova I, Cave N, MacKay C, Nguyen P, Rama B, Takashima G, Tiffin R, Tsjimoto H, van Beukelen P (2011) WSAVA nutritional assessment guidelines. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Small Animal Practice, 52\u003c/em\u003e(7), 385396. https://doi.org.10.1111/j.1748-5827.2011.01079.x\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eHarvatine G (2023) Lack of nutrition in animals and its effects on animals\u0026rsquo; health. J Veterinary Med Allied Sci 7(1):132\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eLaflamme DP (2020) Understanding the nutritional needs of healthy cats and those with diet-sensitive conditions. \u003cem\u003eSmall Animal Practice, 50\u003c/em\u003e(5), 905924. https://doi.org.10.1016/j.cvsm.2020.05.001\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eLianou DT, Chatziprodromidou IP, Vasileiou NGC, Michael CK, Mavrogianni VS, Politis AP, Kordalis NG, Billinis C, Giannakopoulos A, Papadopoulos E, Giannenas I, Ioannidi KS, Katsafadou AI, Gougoulis DA, Lacasta D, Caroprese M, Fthenakis GC (2020) A Detailed Questionnaire for the Evaluation of Health Management in Dairy Sheep and Goats. Animals 10(9):1489. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.3390/ani10091489\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.3390/ani10091489\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eNational Academy of Sciences (2006) Your Cat\u0026rsquo;s Nutritional Needs: A Science-Based Guide for Pet Owners. National Academies\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eRollins AW, Murphy M (2019) Nutritional Assessments in Cats: Practical recommendations for better medical care. J Feline Med Surg 21:442\u0026ndash;448. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1177/1098612X19843213\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1177/1098612X19843213\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eTajana Z (2024) The Link between Animal Nutrition and Behavior: How Diet Impacts Mental Health. J Anim Health Behav Sci 8(5):278\u0026ndash;279\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"nutritional semiology, pet animals, assessment, questionnaire, nutritional status","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7083961/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7083961/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eHealthy life is closely connected with balanced nutrients in the body and in this regard nutritional semiology is significant to prevent malnutrition and promote ideal health status among pet animals. But the aspect has been less emphasized in the contemporary literatures which demands a structured, organized, and valid format as research tool for nutritional assessment. Current exploratory study aspired to design a questionnaire for assessing nutritional status of domestic cats and dogs in a more methodical way based on narrative review and flexible interview. The questionnaire form is broadly divided into seven sections each having respective factors and items including some demographic facts at the very beginning. A holistic investigation of physical signs, behavioural symptoms, and diet pattern of pets for research purpose is the prime concern. Besides, history of morbidity, environmental factors etc. which indirectly have influence on nutritional status are also taken into consideration. Apart from the structured sections, flexibility is left for additional information during the assessment making the questionnaire a semi-structured one. Moreover, the uniqueness of the questionnaire lies in the uniform scoring system and consolidated pattern. Therefore, it paved the way for further studies on nutritional assessments of companion animals.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Construction of Nutritional Status Questionnaire for Pet Animals: A Tool of Nutritional Semiology","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-07-10 09:18:19","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7083961/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"5ed6293d-c0ad-44ee-a24e-640375b8aff5","owner":[],"postedDate":"July 10th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[{"id":51281570,"name":"Veterinary Epidemiology"},{"id":51281571,"name":"Nutrition \u0026 Dietetics"},{"id":51281572,"name":"Animal Science"},{"id":51281573,"name":"Small Animal Medicine"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-07-10T09:18:19+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-07-10 09:18:19","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7083961","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7083961","identity":"rs-7083961","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}