Molecular Actions of Cyclophosphamide (CPA) in the Ovaries of Rats with Mammary Neoplasia

Cancer Management and Research (Jan 2026) Molecular Actions of Cyclophosphamide (CPA) in the Ovaries of Rats with Mammary Neoplasia Abstract Anna Nynca,1 Sylwia Swigonska,2 Tomasz Molcan,3 Brian K Petroff,4 Renata E Ciereszko1 1Department of Animal Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland; 2Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland; 3Molecular Biology Laboratory, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Olsztyn, Poland; 4Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USACorrespondence: Anna Nynca, Department of Animal Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland, Email [email protected]: Women diagnosed with cancer often undergo aggressive chemotherapy that can impair fertility and lead to long-term ovarian damage, significantly affecting their quality of life. Cyclophosphamide (CPA), a chemotherapeutic agent known for its gonadotoxic effects, has been shown to reduce ovarian follicle reserves, thereby contributing to the development of primary ovarian insufficiency in both humans and animal models. This study sought to identify the molecules and intracellular signaling pathways associated with CPA’s effects on ovarian tissue of rats bearing mammary tumors.Methods: To address the objective of the study, transcriptomic (RNA-Seq) and proteomic (2D-DIGE/MS) methodologies were applied. The study was conducted on rats with N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU)-induced mammary neoplasia, randomly assigned to control or cyclophosphamide (CPA)-treated groups. CPA was administered intraperitoneally (50 mg/kg on day 3, then 10 mg/kg weekly until day 31). Animals were euthanized on day 34, and ovaries were collected for RNA-Seq and 2D-DIGE/MS analyses.Results: Our results demonstrated that the crucial mechanism of CPA action during follicular depletion in the ovary may be linked to CPA-induced immune cell responses. Moreover, we found that CPA may trigger apoptosis or ferroptosis of follicular cells, ultimately leading to ovarian dysfunction.Conclusion: The obtained results highlight the importance of mechanisms contributing to ovarian toxicity from cancer chemotherapy, paving the way for developing targeted strategies for ovarian protection. Further functional experiments are needed to identify substances that could effectively preserve the fertility of female cancer survivors. Keywords: breast cancer, cyclophosphamide, ovary, tumor-bearing rats, transcriptome, proteome