Temporal Properties of Positive and Negative Defocus on Emmetropization

Temporal Properties of Positive and Negative Defocus on Emmetropization | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Temporal Properties of Positive and Negative Defocus on Emmetropization Xiaoying Zhu, Pauline Kang, David Troilo, Alexandra Benavente-Perez This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-966100/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 04 Mar, 2022 Read the published version in Scientific Reports → Version 1 posted 9 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Studying the temporal integration of visual signals is crucial to understand how time spent on different visual tasks can affect emmetropization and refractive error development. In this study we assessed the effect of interrupting positive and negative lens-imposed defocus with brief periods of unrestricted vision or darkness. A total of forty-six marmosets were treated monocularly with soft contact lenses for 4 weeks from 10 weeks of age (OD: +5D or -5D; OS: plano). Two control groups wore +5D (n = 5) or –5D (n = 13) lenses continuously for 9 hours/day. Two experimental groups had lens-wear interrupted for 30 minutes twice/day at noon and mid-afternoon by removing lenses and monitoring vision while marmosets sat at the center of a viewing cylinder (normal vision interruption, +5D: n =7; –5D: n = 8) or while they were in the dark (dark interruption, +5D: n =7; –5D: n = 6). The interruption period (30 mins/day) represented approx. 10% of the total stimulation time (9 hours/day). On-axis refractive error (RE) and vitreous chamber depth (VCD) were measured using an autorefractor and high frequency A-scan ultrasound at baseline and after treatment. Wearing +5D lenses continuously 9 hours/day for 4 weeks induced slowed eye growth and hyperopic shifts in RE in treated relative to contralateral control eyes (relative change, VCD: –25 ± 11 μm, p > 0.05; RE: +1.24 ± 0.58 D, p > 0.05), whereas -5D lens wear resulted in larger and myopic eyes (relative change, VCD: +109 ± 24 μm, p < 0.001; RE: –2.03 ± 0.56 D, p < 0.05), significantly different from those in the +5D lens-treated animals (p < 0.01 for both). Interrupting lens induced defocus with periods of normal vision or darkness for approx. 10% of the treatment time affected the resulting compensation differently for myopic and hyperopic defocus. Interrupting defocus with unrestricted vision reduced –5D defocus compensation but enhanced +5D defocus compensation (–5D, VCD: +18 ± 33 μm; RE: –0.93 ± 0.50 D, both p > 0.05; +5D, VCD: –86 ± 30 μm; RE: +1.93 ± 0.50 D,both p 0.05 for both; +5D, VCD: –10 ± 28 μm, RE: +1.22 ± 0.50 D, p > 0.05 for both). These findings in a non-human primate model of emmetropization are similar to those described in other species and confirm a non-linear model of visual signal integration over time. This suggests a mechanism that is conserved across species and may have clinical implications for myopia management in school-aged children. Health Policy Hospital Medicine Optical Materials and Devices Temporal Properties Positive and Negative Defocus Emmetropization temporal integration visual signals lens children Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Supplementary Files TempTableS114Sep2021.pdf Supplemental Table S1 TempTableS214Sep2021.pdf Supplemental Table S2 Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 04 Mar, 2022 Read the published version in Scientific Reports → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Major revision 02 Dec, 2021 Reviewers agreed at journal 07 Nov, 2021 Reviews received at journal 30 Oct, 2021 Reviewers agreed at journal 25 Oct, 2021 Reviewers invited by journal 25 Oct, 2021 Editor assigned by journal 25 Oct, 2021 Editor invited by journal 25 Oct, 2021 Submission checks completed at journal 25 Oct, 2021 First submitted to journal 12 Oct, 2021 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-966100","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":58892112,"identity":"83cf26e0-48c2-4b80-8c2f-0766962b5c06","order_by":0,"name":"Xiaoying Zhu","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"State University of New York College of Optometry","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Xiaoying","middleName":"","lastName":"Zhu","suffix":""},{"id":58892115,"identity":"4b090af8-86da-4eeb-8bc9-34169676360d","order_by":1,"name":"Pauline Kang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of New 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and Negative Defocus, Emmetropization, temporal integration, visual signals, lens, children","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-966100/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-966100/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"Studying the temporal integration of visual signals is crucial to understand how time spent on different visual tasks can affect emmetropization and refractive error development. In this study we assessed the effect of interrupting positive and negative lens-imposed defocus with brief periods of unrestricted vision or darkness. A total of forty-six marmosets were treated monocularly with soft contact lenses for 4 weeks from 10 weeks of age (OD: +5D or -5D; OS: plano). Two control groups wore +5D (n = 5) or –5D (n = 13) lenses continuously for 9 hours/day. Two experimental groups had lens-wear interrupted for 30 minutes twice/day at noon and mid-afternoon by removing lenses and monitoring vision while marmosets sat at the center of a viewing cylinder (normal vision interruption, +5D: n =7; –5D: n = 8) or while they were in the dark (dark interruption, +5D: n =7; –5D: n = 6). The interruption period (30 mins/day) represented approx. 10% of the total stimulation time (9 hours/day). On-axis refractive error (RE) and vitreous chamber depth (VCD) were measured using an autorefractor and high frequency A-scan ultrasound at baseline and after treatment. Wearing +5D lenses continuously 9 hours/day for 4 weeks induced slowed eye growth and hyperopic shifts in RE in treated relative to contralateral control eyes (relative change, VCD: –25 ± 11 μm, p \u003e 0.05; RE: +1.24 ± 0.58 D, p \u003e 0.05), whereas -5D lens wear resulted in larger and myopic eyes (relative change, VCD: +109 ± 24 μm, p \u003c 0.001; RE: –2.03 ± 0.56 D, p \u003c 0.05), significantly different from those in the +5D lens-treated animals (p \u003c 0.01 for both). Interrupting lens induced defocus with periods of normal vision or darkness for approx. 10% of the treatment time affected the resulting compensation differently for myopic and hyperopic defocus. Interrupting defocus with unrestricted vision reduced –5D defocus compensation but enhanced +5D defocus compensation (–5D, VCD: +18 ± 33 μm; RE: –0.93 ± 0.50 D, both p \u003e 0.05; +5D, VCD: –86 ± 30 μm; RE: +1.93 ± 0.50 D,both p \u003c 0.05). Interrupting defocus with darkness also decreased -5D defocus compensation, but had little effect on +5D defocus compensation (–5D, VCD: +73 ± 34 μm, RE: –1.13 ± 0.77 D, p \u003e 0.05 for both; +5D, VCD: –10 ± 28 μm, RE: +1.22 ± 0.50 D, p \u003e 0.05 for both). These findings in a non-human primate model of emmetropization are similar to those described in other species and confirm a non-linear model of visual signal integration over time. This suggests a mechanism that is conserved across species and may have clinical implications for myopia management in school-aged children.","manuscriptTitle":"Temporal Properties of Positive and Negative Defocus on Emmetropization","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2021-10-26 21:14:31","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-966100/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Major revision","date":"2021-12-03T04:36:53+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"875a38a6-e629-4d08-9bc1-77a124121127","date":"2021-11-08T01:34:39+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2021-10-30T14:01:22+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"0e1decea-d248-4217-b980-f00d42063081","date":"2021-10-25T13:43:15+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2021-10-25T11:35:28+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2021-10-25T10:05:01+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2021-10-25T10:03:23+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2021-10-25T09:55:26+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Scientific Reports","date":"2021-10-13T01:32:32+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"scientific-reports","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"scirep","sideBox":"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Scientific Reports","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Scientific Reports","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"f6f1c7cb-e724-437a-b3f2-fa5aad7a71bc","owner":[],"postedDate":"October 26th, 2021","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[{"id":8120106,"name":"Health Policy"},{"id":8120107,"name":"Hospital Medicine"},{"id":8120108,"name":"Optical Materials and Devices"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2022-03-04T14:50:25+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-966100","link":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-07621-6","journal":{"identity":"scientific-reports","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Scientific Reports"},"publishedOn":"2022-03-04 14:50:25","publishedOnDateReadable":"March 4th, 2022"},"versionCreatedAt":"2021-10-26 21:14:31","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1038/s41598-022-07621-6","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-07621-6","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-966100","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-966100","identity":"rs-966100","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"WrCJVZZCHTDjtuVLN7oU0","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}