Ethnomedical knowledge of plants used in traditional medicine in Mampa village, Haut-Katanga province, Democratic Republic of Congo

Ethnomedical knowledge of plants used in traditional medicine in Mampa village, Haut-Katanga province, Democratic Republic of Congo | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Ethnomedical knowledge of plants used in traditional medicine in Mampa village, Haut-Katanga province, Democratic Republic of Congo Bashige Valentin Chiribagula, Bakari Amuri Salvius, Biayi Benaja Martin, and 1 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-5116022/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background The inhabitants of the village of Mampa have developed a rich corpus of knowledge and practices for treating pathologies using plants that are worthy of preservation, perpetuation, and promotion. They draw on the region's rich biodiversity, particularly in the Miombo clear forest. However, to date, no documentation of their ethnomedicinal knowledge exists. Methods This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted between November 2022 and October 2023. It employed a direct, face-to-face interview with the Mampa village population and a guide questionnaire. Results A total of 400 respondents were included in the study (sex ratio M/F = 0.9; mean age: 48.0 ± 4.0 years; experience: 14.5 ± 2.0 years), and the majority (93.8%) reported that they learned about plants from their families. These individuals mainly use plants as a first-line treatment (100%) and provided information on 38 taxa. The most commonly cited species were Anisophyllea pomifera and Brachystesia boehmii with 46 citations, while the most commonly used taxon was Landolphia kirkii with six recorded uses. This is the first report of Entandrophragma delevoyi and Pterocarpus brenanii as medicinal plants. Most of these taxa are trees, comprising 29 from 23 genera belonging to 24 families, with a notable prevalence of Fabaceae (10 taxa). 81 pathologies are indicated for treatment, with a predominance of gastrointestinal disorders (8 recipes, 7 taxa, 152 citations). The root is the most used organ, with 21 recipes and 14 taxa, while decoction is the most common preparation method, with 41 recipes and 19 taxa. Conclusions This study's findings indicate that a significant number of medicinal plants are used in traditional Mampa medicine to treat various diseases. Some of these species are endemic to the biodiversity area, while others are shared with other cultures and regions. A series of pharmacological studies are currently underway to validate some of the reported plant indications. Botany Anisophyllea pomifera Brachystesia boehmii Entandrophragma delevoyi Landolphia kirkii Pterocarpus brenanii and alternative Medicine Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 9 Background Traditional medicine is the original form of healthcare [1–3]. The plant has been utilized for centuries by many cultures as a primary source of therapeutic agents, frequently constituting a dominant element within traditional medicinal systems [4,5]. This remains the case despite the evolution of medicine, with more than three-quarters of drugs currently being of biological origin [6,7]. The advent of technology has resulted in a decline in the prominence of traditional medicine, leading to its marginalization in some regions and the emergence of alternative or complementary forms of medicine [8]. Unfortunately, the remedies used in biomedicine have not always met expectations. Resistance has been observed in of several therapeutic classes of drugs, and the emergence of metabolic pathologies has prompted the search for new remedies [9–11]. Traditional medicine is a highly credible alternative to biomedicine in primary healthcare and the search for new molecules due to its frequency of use, effectiveness, acceptability and accessibility [12]. 88% of WHO member countries report a high level of use of traditional medicine in their healthcare systems, and in many parts of the world, it remains the only form of treatment available [12]. On the other hand, several molecules currently used in therapeutics are of natural origin and derived from ethnomedicinal knowledge [13,14]. However, while traditional medicine has been documented and archived in certain civilizations, such as China [15], India [16] and Persia [17], it remains poorly preserved and little disseminated in various African regions, even though, in most cases, it constitutes a form of knowledge accumulated over several generations and has long been an integral part of cultural heritage and local traditions. In the DRC, as in many African countries, traditional medicine was the only source of healthcare during the pre-colonial period [18–21]. Currently, it remains in great demand in several regions of the country, as attested by various ethnobotanical studies carried out in the various areas of the DRC, such as Bukavu [22,23]; Uvira [24]; Butembo [25]; Kisantu and Mbanza ngungu [26]; Kasangulu [27] ; Kinshasa [28]; Yakoma [29]; Kenge [30]; Kasai Oriental [31] and particularly Haut-Katanga [32–41]. The results of ethnobotanical studies conducted in Haut-Katanga indicate that 76.4% of the population utilize traditional medicine as a complement to biomedicine [21,42]. The reasons for turning to traditional medicine in this region are not only accessibility but also the conviction of a certainty of cure [21,42,43]. Healing in the region’s main urban areas is culturally mixed, with knowledge passed not only within families but also between ethnic groups, where the Bemba, Luba, and Tabwa are dominant [32,36,38]. It should be noted, however, that most of these studies have been carried out in large cities, leaving out the villages in between. Given that the transmission of knowledge in the region is from ancestor to descendant and that in Congolese villages, where knowledge is still transmitted orally, with all the risks this entails, it is often people from the same tribe who live there, we thought it would be interesting to integrate this village-based approach into the search for the value of traditional Katangese knowledge used to cure pathologies. With this in mind, we turned our attention to the village of Mampa, located between the city of Lubumbashi and the town of Kasumbalesa, which borders Zambia. This village is so special because traditional medicine is the only form of primary health care available, especially since there are no modern health facilities in the village. This study aims to report on the knowledge, attitudes and practices of traditional medicine in the village of Mampa, particularly the plant taxa used as medicinal plants. Materials and Methods 1.1 Experimental Framework The study was conducted in the Mampa village (Fig. 1). The village of Mampa belongs to the Kaponda chiefdom, in the Dilanda groupement, Kipushi territory, Haut-Katanga province, DRC. It was founded in 1925 by Mampa of the Lamba tribe. The village, which lies between 11°40'-12°18' south latitude and 27°18'-27°45' east longitude, covers an area of 453.1 km 2 at an altitude of 1,240 m, 8 km from the town of Lubumbashi and 83 km from the city of Kasumbalesa, and is inhabited by the Lamba, Tabwa, Tshokwe, Bemba, Sanga and Luba-Kas peoples. They form around 600–820 households, with an average of 6 people per household. Their main activities are agriculture and the ember trade. Its geographical location is characterized by a tropical climate, with an average annual temperature of 22.4°C and average yearly rainfall of 512.7 mm 3 . The village has two seasons, with a relatively shorter rainy season from November to April. Characteristic vegetation is of the clear Miombo forest type. The village has no health facilities or schools. All pathologies are treated in the first line of traditional medicine. 1.2. Ethnomedical data collection This is a descriptive cross-sectional study. It was conducted among the population living in the village of Mampa between November 2022 and October 2023 in a direct interview using a guide questionnaire (Appendix 1). Questions focused on the village population's practices and attitudes to various diseases and the plants used to treat them. In addition, information relating to some of the socio-demographic characteristics of the population surveyed was also collected. The following formula determined the size of the representative sample [40,44]: n \(\:=\:\frac{\text{p}\:\text{x}\:\left(1-\text{p}\right)\:\text{x}\:\text{N}\:\text{x}{\:\text{t}}_{\text{p}}^{2}}{{\text{t}}_{\text{p}}^{2}\:\text{x}\:\text{p}\:\left(1-\text{p}\right)+\left(\text{N}-1\right)\text{x}{\:\text{y}}^{2}}\) (1); Where, n = sample size, N = actual population size (103,043), p = expected proportion of respondents (estimated p at 0.5), tp = sampling confidence interval (tp = 1.96 given that we set a 95% confidence interval) and y = margin of sampling error: we set this at 0.05. This yields a household population of 383. We went as far as 400 people, further reassuring the representativeness of our sample. People living in the Mamapa village who had already used medicinal plants to treat illnesses were included in the study, if they had been met in the various households of the Mamapa village, that they had agreed to take part in the research and that they had been able to answer the questions at the time of the interviews. The interviews were conducted in Swahili, the language spoken in the village by the entire population, and the local ethnic languages. Data processing and analysis The names of the plant species were given by the respondents in the local language during the interviews. The plants were collected in the company of the interviewees. On this occasion, photographs were taken, and herbarium specimens were prepared and deposited at the Kipopo Herbarium, where the plants were formally identified and given scientific names by the herbarium botanists. The names were updated by comparison with the following databases: Plants of the World Online ( https://powo.science.kew.org/ ), The World Flora Online ( http://www.worldfloraonline ) or the African Plant Database https://africanplantdatabase.ch/ ). Given the current controversy surrounding ethnobotanical indexes [45], we have used only the terms Numbers and relative citation frequency (percentage) to assess the results of our investigations quantitatively. Ethics approval and consent to participate Research The Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Lubumbashi (FSPUNILU-DP-BD-062022) reviewed and approved the project proposal and ethical rules. Before the start of data collection, in accordance with the ethical, moral standards of the University of Lubumbashi, all respondents (n = 400) were asked to provide voluntary verbal consent. All participants agreed to participate in the study. All respondents were informed that the data collected would be used for academic purposes only. Results and Discussion Knowledge, attitudes and practices of the people of Mampa Village who use plants to treat various pathologies There are six main reasons why people in the village of Mampa turn to medicinal plants, with the most cited reasons being family tradition (93.8%), distance from hospitals (25.3%), and certainty of cure (23.8%). Mampa people turn to six primary sources for their herbal remedies, dominated by friends (24.5%) and family members (24%). But long before resorting to herbal remedies, the Mampa people, depending on their pathologies, resort to 5 practices, of which the analysis of signs and symptoms (35%) and tests derived from the ancestral tradition (24%) are reported by nearly three-fifths of those surveyed (Table 1 ). Although most of the people in the village of Mampa use plants to treat their illnesses, and in most cases (49%) they are not aware of the risks involved, some of them are aware of certain risks associated with the use of medicinal plants. Of the four risks mentioned, not completing the cure (13%) or aggravating the illness (11.5%) are the two most frequently cited reasons. The Mampa population is aware that the use of medicinal plants does not always produce the expected results and that there have been cases of therapeutic failure. When such cases occur, seven attitudes are observed by the subjects, of which the two most frequently mentioned are: either to do nothing (24%) or to change the plant: 22% (Table 1 ). Table 1 Knowledge, attitudes and practices of traditional medicine in the Mampa village Factor Men (n = 199) Women (n = 201) Total (n = 400) Reasons why people use medicinal plants E % E % E % Family traditions 179 89.9 196 97.5 375 93.8 Reliable hospitals far from home 50 25.1 51 25.4 101 25.3 Certainty of healing 47 23.6 48 23.9 95 23.8 Short treatment times 29 14.6 29 14.4 58 14.5 Low cost of treatment 27 13.6 27 13.4 54 13.5 Easy access to plants 24 12.1 24 11.9 48 12.0 Sources of knowledge about medicinal plants Friends 48 24.1 50 24.9 98 24.5 Family 48 24.1 48 23.9 96 24.0 Previous experiences 29 14.6 29 14.4 58 14.5 Dream 28 14.1 28 13.9 56 14.0 Traditional healers 24 12.1 24 11.9 48 12.0 Herbalists 22 11.1 22 10.9 44 11.0 Diagnosis of diseases before using plants Signs and symptoms 170 85.2 194 96.5 364 91.0 Traditional tests 48 24.1 48 23.9 96 24.0 Dream 29 14.6 31 15.4 60 15.0 Biomedical examinations 27 13.6 29 14.4 56 14.0 Ancestral rituals 25 12.6 23 11.4 48 12.0 Knowledge of the risks of using medicinal plants No 96 48.2 100 49.8 196 49.0 Failure to complete the course of treatment, leads to relapse 27 13.6 25 12.4 52 13.0 Failure to control the dose 24 12.1 22 10.9 46 11.5 Worsening of the disease 20 10.1 22 10.9 42 10.5 Initiation to mystical practices 16 8.0 20 10.0 36 9.0 Increase in undesirable effects 16 8.0 12 6.0 28 7.0 Attitude in the event of therapeutic failure after herbal treatment Do nothing 45 22.6 51 25.4 96 24.0 Use fetishists 7 3.5 5 2.5 12 3.0 Use traditional healers 13 6.5 11 5.5 24 6.0 Change plant 44 22.1 44 21.9 88 22.0 Use plant mixtures 29 14.6 29 14.4 58 14.5 Double the dose 31 15.6 32 15.9 63 15.8 Use of biomedicine 30 15.1 29 14.4 59 14.8 Legend – E: Headcount. Knowledge of medicinal plants among the population of Mampa village In total, 38 plants are used by the population of Mampa village to treat 33 pathologies, with Anisophyllea pomifera (46 citations) being the most cited plant and Brachystegia boehmii (5 uses) being the most used taxon. The characteristics of these taxa relate to their family, morphological, and geographical types, as well as the characteristics of the medicinal recipes derived from their use (Table 2 ). Table 2 Medicinal plants used by the people of Mampa village Plant species (Family) MT Local name (ethnicity) Geographical type Local Medical Uses UP,PF No. Citations No. Uses Albizia julibrissin Durazz (Fabaceae) h Musamba mvula (f) N Syphilis k,s 21 3 Mungesha ngesha (d) Coxarthrosis k,s 10 Poisoning fish t,v 3 Anisophyllea pomifera Engl. & Brehmer* (Anisophylleaceae) h Lufunga (f) CA Urinary infections* n,r 46 5 Diabetes m,q 10 Malaria k,n,q 5 Cough k,n,k 4 Hypertension k,n,q 3 Bauhinia variegata L (Fabaceae) h Ndunda wa bululu (f) C Constipation p,q 31 1 Brachystegia boehmii Taub (Fabaceae) h Musanga (f) CA-EA Constipation n,s 46 5 Gonorrhea n,q 20 Diarrhea l,q 10 Cough m,r 15 Wounds m,n,r 18 Buddleja davidii Franch (Scrophulariaceae) i Sambwe sambwe (f) B Hair loss k,r 13 2 Wound k,r 05 Butea monosperma (Lam) Kuntze (Fabaceae) h Mukombo (f) C Snakebite l,t 12 1 Chrysobalanus icaco L (Chrysobalanaceae) i Munazi (f) R Anemia k,r 35 2 Kapempe (a) Intestinal worms k,r 27 Cratoxylum cochinchinense (Lour) Blume (Hyperiaceae) h Mukute (f) B Diarrhea k,q 36 2 Kafifi (g) Diarrhea k,q 18 Crossopteryx febrifuga (G Don) Benth (Rubiaceae) h Pelapori (f) P Fever l,q 20 3 Malaria l 17 Diarrhea l 19 Cupaniopsis anacardioides (A Rich) Radlk (Sapindaceae) h Mukonda mbazo (f) D Tooth decay l,q 22 2 Decreased libido n,q 20 Damnacanthus indicus CF Gaertn (Rubiaceae) i Zanza (f) C Swelling pain k,r 11 2 Sansa (a) Cancer k,r 10 Dimocarpus longan Lour (Sapindaceae) h Mululu (f) B Abdominal pain l,q 21 1 Diospyros virginiana L (Ebenaceae) h Bukolongo (f) K Syphilis k,r 11 1 Dombeya rotundifolia (Hochst) Planch (Malvaceae) h Kiku (f) F Vomiting l,r 21 1 Elaeodendron orientale Jacq (Celestraceae) h Kakula (f) M Anemia l,r 12 1 Entandrophragma delevoyi De Wild (Meliaceae) h Kimuti Leza (f) E Cough m,q 37 4 Malaria m,q 8 Rhumatism m,q 6 Wound m,q 3 Flueggea suffruticosa (Pall) Baill (Phyllanthaceae) i Mupeto wa lupe (f) A Swollen fingers n,t 11 1 Gomphocarpus sinaicus Boiss [Syn Asclepias sinaica (Boiss.) Muschl] (Apocynaceae) j Kapofwe (b) I Coxarthrosis o,q 21 2 Kasobololo (f) Gastritis o,q 19 Harungana madagascariensis Lam ex Poir (Hypericaceae) h Kape (f) P Rheumatism m,r 8 2 Gout m,r 15 Juglans nigra L (Juglandaceae) h Mukena mbulo (f) K Decreased libido m,r 41 2 diarrhea m,r 12 Kigelia africana (Lam) Benth (Bignoniaceae) h Muvungu lume (f) P Decreased libido o,r 21 2 Urinary infections* n,r 05 Landolphia kirkii Dyer ex Hook.f (Apocynaceae) i Mabungo (a) E Fever n,q 42 6 Pain n,q 10 Hemorrhoids † n,q 18 Malaria n,q 10 Diabetes n,q 08 Anemia n,q 06 Parinari curatellifolia Planch. ex Benth (Chrysobalanaceae) h Mupundu (b) T Diarrhoea l,q 15 1 Phoebe lanceolata (Nees) Nees (Lauraceae) h Kibobo (a) B Diarrhea k,q 32 2 Kakolwa (f) Wound l,q 30 Piliostigma reticulatum (DC.) Hochst (Fabaceae) h Ukifumbe (f) S Tooth decay l,q 11 2 Hemorrhoids † n,q 2 Piscidia piscipula (L) Sarg (Fabaceae) h Mulama (f) L Abdominal pain k,r 11 1 Prunus armeniaca L (Rosaceae) h Kasombo (f) G Gonorrhea k,r 10 1 Psidium cattleianum Sabine (Myrtaceae) h Bupubili (f) 0 Gastritis m,q 20 1 Pterocarpus angolensis DC (Fabaceae) h Mukunda mbazu (f) F Gout n,q 16 2 Diabetes mellitus m,q 15 Pterocarpus brenanii Barbosa & Torre (Fabaceae) h Kakula (f) H Cancer m,q 39 4 Hepatitis m,q 12 Malaria m,q 6 Fever m,q 4 Pueraria montana (Lour) Merr (Fabaceae) j Ubupundu (f) C Dysentery k,q 12 1 Quercus suber L (Fagaceae) h Ndale (d) J Ascites l,r 22 2 Kilonde (f) Ascites m,r 19 Rhododendron simsii Planch (Ericaceae) i Muda (f) B Dental plaque k,q 22 2 cough k,q 10 Ricinus communis L (Euphorbiceae) h Mono (f) H Abdominal pain kr 13 3 Mbalika (e) Hemorrhoids n,q 10 Mudia ntondo (c) Bronchitis l,q 12 Senegalia polyacantha (Willd) Seigler & Ebinger (Fabaceae) h Kibombolo (f) Q Sexual weakness m,q 40 4 Diabetes mellitus m,q 15 Diarrhea m,q 20 Painful menstruation m,q 21 Syzygium cumini (L) Skeels (Myrtaceae) h Masanfwa (f) B Abdominal pain o,p,u 31 2 Snake bite n,t 10 Tetradium ruticarpum (A Juss) TG Hartley (Rutaceae) h Kinsungwa (b) B Swelling pain k,r 35 2 Kinsungu (f) Headaches o,s 15 Viburnum odoratissimum Ker Gawl (Viburnaceae) i Kifubya (f) B Abdominal pain k,q 21 2 Kishimya mulilo (b) Wounds l,q 20 Legend – Ethnicity – Bemba: a, Lamba: b, Luba-kas: c, Luba-kat: d, Swahili: e, Tabwa: f, Zela: g – Geographical types- Asia-Temperate: A, Asia-Temperate - Asia-Tropical: B, Asia-Temperate - Asia-Tropical-Australia: C, Australia: D, CA-EA: E, CA-SA: F, Central Asia: G, EA: H, NA: I, NA-WE: J, Northern America: K, Northern America - Southern America: L, SA: M, South Asia: N, South-America: O, TA: P, TA-SA: Q, WA-CA: R, WA-EA: S, TA-MA: T - Morphological types - Tree: h, Shrub: i, Subshrub: j – Mode of preparation – Decoction: q, Maceration: r, Infusion: s, Pillage: t, Mastication: u – Used part – Root: k, Stem Root: m, Stem bark: l, Leaves: n, Fruit: o, Rhizome: p and Seeds: v - Plants used in mixtures ( in equal parts) – Haemorrhoids: †; Urinary infections: * Morphological and geographical type The medicinal plants inventoried in the village of Mampa can be classified into three morphological types, with the tree type representing 76.3% of the total (Fig. 2 ). They can be further divided into 22 geographical types, with plants endemic to Asia representing the majority. However, African endemic taxa account for 47.4% of all taxa, including 13 from the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) (Fig. 3 ). Family and local name The 38 taxa are distributed among 23 genera belonging to 24 families. The most prevalent family is Fabaceae, which accounts for 26.3% of the taxa, followed by four families with two taxa each: The remaining families are represented by only one taxon each (Fig. 4 ). These taxa are named in seven local languages of the DRC, of which Tabwa is the most represented with 36 taxa. It is followed by Bemba and Lamba with four taxa each (Fig. 5 ). Used part and mode of preparation A total of 79 single plant medicinal recipes and two mixed plant medicinal recipes were derived from the 38 taxa using seven plant parts. The root was the most utilized plant part, with 21 recipes and 14 taxa, followed by the stem bark, which was used in 19 recipes and 15 taxa. The root bark was the third most utilized plant part, with 18 recipes and 10 taxa (Fig. 6 ). The seven organs utilized in a multitude of medicinal preparations are processed via six distinct methods, with decoction being the predominant approach, accounting for 41 recipes and 19 taxa (Fig. 7 ). This is followed by maceration, which is employed in 26 recipes and 15 taxa. Pathologies treated by plants inventoried in our experimental framework The 81 recipes from 38 taxa inventoried in this study are used in the treatment of 32 pathologies where abdominal pain (8 recipes, 7 taxa, 152 citations), diarrhoea (7 recipes, 4 taxa, 104 citations), hemorrhoids (4 recipes, 3 taxa, 96 citations), decreased libido (3 recipes, 3 taxa, 76 citations) and cough (3 recipes, 2 taxa, 72 citations) are treated by at least 3 medicinal recipes (Fig. 8 ). Previous medicinal knowledge of the organs of inventoried taxa A review of the existing literature (Table 3 ), focusing on the last medicinal uses of the 38 taxa used in the Mampa village, reveals the following: Eight taxa had previously been reported as medicinal plants in Katanga, of which five ( Anisophyllea boehmii , Brachystegia boehmii , Crossopteryx febrifuga , Harungana madagascariensis , and Landolphia kirkii ) have the same medicinal uses in Mampa as in the existing literature from the region, and three ( Parinari curatellifolia , Pterocarpus angolensis , and Senegalia polyacantha ) have new medicinal uses. Three taxa are reported as medicinal plants in regions of the DRC other than Katanga and for pathologies other than those for which they are used in the village of Mampa: Kigelia africana, Ricinus communis, Syzygium cumini . Nine taxa have the same medicinal use in Mampa as in other regions outside the DRC: Albizia julibrissin , Bauhinia variegata , Buddleja davidii , Cupaniopsis anacardioides , Damnacanthus indicus , Juglans nigra , Phoebe lanceolata , Piliostigma reticulatum , and Rhododendron simsii . Two taxa, Entandrophragma delevoyi , and Pterocarpus brenanii , are reported for the first time as medicinal plants. Both are endemic to Africa, one of which, Entandrophragma delevoyi , is singularly endemic to the DRC. These taxa constitute the particularity of the Mampa village from the point of view of ethnomedicinal uses of plants. Sixteen taxa reported as medicinal plants in other regions outside the DRC and for uses other than those for which they are used in the village of Mampa: Butea monosperma , Chrysobalanus icaco , Cratoxylum cochinchinense , Dimocarpus longan , Diospyros virginiana , Dombeya rotundifolia , Elaeodendron orientale , Flueggea suffruticosa , Gomphocarpus sinaicus , Piscidia piscipula , Prunus armeniaca , Psidium cattleianum , Pueraria montana , Quercus suber , Tetradium ruticarpum , and Viburnum odoratissimum (Table 3 ). Table 3 Extract from the available literature on medicinal uses of plants in the Mampa village Taxa Country Previous medicinal uses Source Albizia julibrissin China Root : swelling and pain in the lungs, shin ulcers, wounds, depression. [46] Leaves : Inflammations [47] Stem Bark : ulcers, abscesses, burns, hemorrhoids, and fractures. [48] Korea Leaves : Ichtiotoxics [49] Anisophyllea pomifera DRC: Lubumbashi Root: Diabetes , abdominal pain, Tooth decay, Malaria , mental disorders, hypertension, cough [35,36,50] Bauhinia variegata India Stem Bark & Flowers : Obesity, dysentery, Hemorrhagia [51] India Stem bark : diarrhea, dysentery, constipation , Goiter, leprosy; Tumor, diabetes, helminth, ulcer, obesity [52,53] Brachystegia boehmii DRC: Lubumbashi Stem bark : Dysentery, diarrhea , abdominal pain, dysmenorrhea and gonorrhoea , Tuberculosis, Typhoid Fever. [39] Zimbabwe Stem bark : Abdominal pains, antivenom, back pain, cataracts, heart problems, mental problems, sore eyes, toothache, constipation and lumbago in ruminants. [54] Zimbabwe Leaves: Wounds [55] Mozambique Root bark : Abdominal pains [56] Zambia Root bark : Dizziness and diarrhea [57] Buddleja davidii China Root : headache, wound [58] Republic of Korea Leaf : Malaria, inflammatory pathologies, wound [59] Butea monosperma India Stem bark : helminth, infertility, diabetes, Sexual dysfunction [60] India Roots : impotency, elephantiasis, snake bite [61] Chrysobalanus icaco Nigeria Leaves : Diabetes, obesity [62] Cratoxylum cochinchinense Brazil Leaves : Diabetes [63] Crossopteryx febrifuga DRC: Lubumbashi Stem bark : Sexual dysfunction, Diabetes, Malaria , haemorrhoids, Diarrhea , cough and abdominal pain [36–38,41] Angola Burkina Faso Congo Ghana Guinea Ivory Coast Mozambique Nigeria Zimbabwe Stem bark : Malaria , cough, asthma, pneumonia, tuberculosis, sterility, gastrointestinal complaints, diabetes, wound infections, epilepsy, fever [64] Cupaniopsis anacardioides Australia Fruit, Leaves : Cold, fever, inflammation [65] Damnacanthus indicus China Root : Cancer [66] Dimocarpus longan China Stem bark : Fatigue [67] Diospyros virginiana India Root : dysentery, diarrhea, fevers, haemorrhoids [68] Dombeya rotundifolia RSA Stem bark : Skin Infections [69] Elaeodendron orientale Madagascar Stem bark : chest infections, venereal illness, and scorpion fish poisoning [70] Entandrophragma delevoyi NR NR NR Flueggea suffruticosa Russia Leaves : lumbago, rheumatic disease, numbness of the limbs, impotence, infantile paralysis and indigestion [71] Gomphocarpus sinaicus Egypt Fruit : Diarrhea, rhinorrhagia, metrorrhagia [72] Harungana madagascariensis Cameroon Root bark : gonorrhoea, leprosy, haemorrhoids and to facilitate childbirth [73] DRC: Katanga Root bark : Diabetes, rheumatism , Sexual dysfunction, High blood pressure [36,41,43] Juglans nigra United States of America Root bark : diarrhea , bilious, cramp colic, and cancers [74] Kigelia africana South Africa Fruits : Solar keratosis, malignant melanoma, dysentery, worm infestations, pneumonia, toothache, malaria, diabetes, venereal diseases, convulsions, antidote for snakebite, post parturition haemorrhage, solar keratoses and skin cancer [75] Botswana STDs [75] Nigeria Inflammations diseases [75] DRC: Lubero Epilepsy, Haemorrhoid [76] Landolphia kirkii DRC: Lubumbashi Leaves : Malaria , seizures [34,37] Parinari curatellifolia DRC: Lubumbashi Root Bark : Malaria, diarrhea , STDs, haemorrhoids, Kunde [37] Phoebe lanceolata China Root : wound , Cough [77] Piliostigma reticulatum Ivory Coast Stem Bark : diarrhoea [78] Senegal Stem Bark : ulcers, boils, toothache , wounds, syphilitic cancer, gingivitis and diarrhea [79] Piscidia piscipula Mexico Root : nerve pain, migraine, insomnia, anxiety, fear, and nervous tension [80] Prunus armeniaca Algeria Root : coughs, bronchitis, asthma, and to soothe inflamed or irritated skin [81] Psidium cattleianum Brazil Root bark : Constipation, diarrhea [82] Pterocarpus angolensis Angola, India Leaf : gastrointestinal and urine-genital ailments, fertility problems [83,84] Root bark : respiratory conditions, and skin disorders [83,84] DRC: Katanga Root bark : Malaria, diarrhea, haemorrhoids, wounds, anaemia, Diabetes , tooth decay, hepatitis, fever, otitis. [34,36–38] Pterocarpus brenanii NR NR NR Pueraria montana Root : Diabetes, gastroenteritis, HTA [85,86] Quercus suber Morocco Stem bark : Diabetes, gastroenteritis, diarrhea, asthma, haemorrhoids, gonorrhoea, gastritis, pyrexia. [87] Morocco Root bark : Parkinson’s disease, and hepatoprotective diseases, gastric ulcers. [87] Rhododendron simsii China Root : bronchitis, cough, rheumatoid arthritis, pain, and skin ailments [88] Ricinus communis India Root : Diabetes, Bacterial infections, Asthma [89] RDC: Beni and Lubero Root : Diabetes [76] India Leaf : Diabetes, Helminths, Convulsions, ulcers [89] Senegalia polyacantha India Root bark : Snakebites, leishmaniasis [90] Benin Root Bark : Livestock's diseases [91] Sudan Root bark : STDs, Wound, stomach disorders [92] DRC: Katanga Root bark : Malaria, diarrhea , diabetes , female STDs [34] Syzygium cumini Philippines, India Stem bark : dysentery, anaemia, gingivitis and mouth ulcerations, Diarrhea, diabetes [93] DRC: Kisangani Fruit: Diabetes [94] Leaf : dysentery, stomatitis, vomiting, haemorrhoids, [95] Tetradium ruticarpum China Rizhome : Gastritis, indigestion, vomiting, gastroduodenal ulcer nausea, neural headache, heart failure, dysmenorrhea. [96,97] Viburnum odoratissimum China Root : Rheumatism [98] Legend - STD: Sexually transmitted disease; HTA: High blood pressure. Important medicinal plants in Mampa In this study, we consider important local medicinal plants to be those that meet one of three criteria: (i) plants with the highest number of citations, (ii) plants with the highest number of uses, and (iii) plants that have been identified as medicinal for the first time. The most frequently cited taxa are Anisophyllea pomifera and Brachystelia boehmii , with 30 citations each. In contrast, the most frequently utilized taxa are Landolphia kirkii (six uses) and Brachystegia boehmii (five uses). This study marks the first time Entandrophragma delevoyi and Pterocarpus brenanii have been identified as medicinal plants (Fig. 9). Anisophyllea boehmii Engl Brachystegia boehmii Taub Entandrophragma delevoyi De Wild Landolphia kirkii Dyer Pterocarpus brenanii Barbosa & Torre Figure 9 : Plants particularly highlighted by the study. Source: http://www.africanplants.senckenberg.de/ The socio-demographic characteristics of the interviewees. 400 resource persons were interviewed as part of this study, with an average age of 48 ± 4 years (ranging from 24 to 72 years). The male-to-female ratio was 0.99. The respondents were either household representatives (93.75%), herbalists (2.50%), or traditional healers (3.75%). The respondents' mean experience in using medicinal plants was found to be 9 ± 2 years (range: 2–31 years). The participants were engaged in seven primary occupations, with agriculture and livestock breeding representing over 60% of the total. In over 50% of cases, the respondents had only completed elementary school (Table 4 ). Table 4 Socio-demographic characteristics of resource persons interviewed Category Household (n = 375) Herbalists (n = 10) THs (n = 15) Total (n = 400) N % N° % N % N % Age 20–30 34 9.1 0 0 1 6.7 35 8.75 30–40 155 41.3 2 20 1 6.7 158 39.5 40–50 115 30.7 4 40 3 20.0 122 30.5 50–60 59 15.7 2 20 7 46.7 68 17 > 60 12 3.2 1 10 3 20.0 16 4 Experience (Year range) 0–5 15 4,0 0 0 1 6,7 16 4 5–10 170 45.3 1 10 3 20.0 174 43.5 10–15 168 44.8 3 30 7 46.7 178 44.5 > 15 22 5.9 6 60 4 26.7 32 8 Main activity Agriculture 30 8.0 0 0 0 0.0 30 7.5 Breeding 155 41.3 0 0 0 0.0 155 38.75 Crafts 119 31.7 0 0 0 0.0 119 29.75 Herbalist 0 0.0 10 100 0 0.0 10 2.5 Housework 61 16.3 0 0 0 0.0 61 15.25 THs 0 0.0 0 0 15 100.0 15 3.75 Trade 10 2.7 0 0 0 0.0 10 2.5 Gender Female 192 51.2 6 60 3 20.0 201 50.25 Male 183 48.8 4 40 12 80.0 199 49.75 Level of education None 61 16.3 0 0 0 0.0 61 15.25 Primary 198 52.8 7 70 8 53.3 213 53.25 Secondary 115 30.7 3 30 6 40.0 124 31 University 1 0.3 0 0 1 6.7 2 0.5 Discussion Knowledge, attitudes and practices of traditional medicine using plants in the Mampa village. The interviews conducted as part of this study revealed that all subjects consulted utilized traditional medicine, predominantly based on plant use. This result is consistent with the findings of a recent study conducted in Lubumbashi, which revealed that 76.4% of the population utilizes traditional medicine, with a notable prevalence of plant-based remedies [21]. This observation has been previously documented in ethnobotanical studies conducted in Haut-Katanga, although these studies were oriented towards specific pathologies [32–34,36–38,40,41,99]. This study identified family tradition as the primary rationale for the utilization of plants in traditional medicine, a finding that aligns with those of previous research studies [100–103]. The impact of family tradition on the uptake of traditional medicine is a complex phenomenon. These include: (i) The practice may be regarded as a cultural heritage that has become an integral part of the family's identity and heritage [104]. An alternative perspective is that it may be viewed as a means of symbolizing continuity, respect for ancestors, and the link with cultural roots, which may serve to reinforce the feeling of belonging to a community [105]. Thirdly, some families may perceive this practice as a means of achieving greater autonomy and control over their well-being [106]. Fourthly, the practice may have given rise to a positive family tradition passed down through generations. Alternatively, it may serve as an element of family cohesion and reinforcement of the unity of a community, as observed by parents and relatives. In this context, the certainty of cure, identified by this study as a reason for the use of traditional medicine by nearly 24% of the population surveyed (Table 1 ), may appear to be a secondary justification for the use of traditional medicine based on family practice. The second most frequently cited rationale for using traditional medicine in this study was the distance to healthcare facilities (Table 1 ). The lack of physical accessibility to biomedicine has been previously identified as a rationale for using traditional medicine. This is particularly evident in studies conducted in various African countries, including Uganda [107], Rwanda [108], Ethiopia [109,110], Kenya [102], Nigeria [111], Cameroon [112,113], Zambia [114], and the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), particularly in Haut-Katanga [21]. Although poor accessibility is a common and widely reported reason for the use of traditional medicine in many regions, in the case of the village of Mampa, traditional medicine is the only alternative, given that the village lacks a health structure where modern medicine is practiced. This situation serves to illustrate the role of traditional medicine in primary health care in the village of Mampa. These considerations can also be correlated with the sources of knowledge evoked by the population interviewed on the use of traditional medicine, where friends, family, and previous experience figure prominently (Table 1 ). It is evident that the diagnostic procedures employed in traditional medicine in the Mampa village are not distinctive when compared to the methods of diagnosis documented in the literature on the diagnosis of pathologies in African traditional medicine [115,116]. This is particularly the case in the context of Katanga [38,43]. Notably, clinical signs represent the primary foundation for diagnosis in traditional medicine within the Mampa village (91%). The utilization of clinical signs for the diagnosis of illnesses in traditional medicine offers several advantages, including: (i) the establishment of a link between traditional medicine and biomedicine, the latter also employing clinical signs to connect manifestations to specific drugs, and (ii) the facilitation of the development of an experimental procedure, particularly in clinical studies, aimed at validating traditional medicine practices [117]. However, this approach has the disadvantage of exposing the patient to the risk of incomplete treatment, of which only a minority of the population surveyed (13%) was aware (Table 1 ). Regarding the knowledge of the risks associated with the use of plants in traditional medicine in the village of Mampa, it is notable that several risks identified in this study have been previously documented in other studies [118,119]. However, some risks have not been previously reported. These include the risk of plant confusion during harvesting, intoxication by the metallic trace elements (TMEs) that specific taxa concentrate, and the ecological risk. It is particularly noteworthy that nearly half of the population is unaware of the potential risks associated with using medicinal plants. This could have a detrimental impact on the social stability of the village, particularly given that therapeutic failures may be attributed to witchcraft or mystical practices. In the event of therapeutic failure when using medicinal plants, two attitudes are predominant in the Mampa village: inaction (24%) and changing the plant (22%). Those who elect to do nothing in the event of therapeutic failure adhere to the belief that there is no alternative to traditional medicine, as they perceive this approach to be infallible. This viewpoint has also been documented in prior research conducted in the region [21,43]. This indicates the degree of belief in traditional medicine held by this segment of the population, who have likely never encountered a genuine case of therapeutic failure. The remaining majority opinion is to change the plant. This approach is analogous to that of biomedicine, wherein a change in medication is observed in the event of therapeutic failure. This suggests a spectrum of treatment options within traditional medicine in Mampa. Consequently, the mention of two plants in the management of pathology does not necessarily imply that they are used alternatively but that they may also be employed as a palliative measure. It is important to consider this information when collecting ethnobotanical data on traditional Katangan medicine. A variety of medicinal plants from the Mampa village. Traditional medicine in the village of Mampa uses 38 taxa. Most of these plants are endemic Asian trees belonging to the Fabaceae family, most of which are named in Tabwa (Table 2 ). As evidenced by various ethnobotanical studies conducted in the region [33,34,38,43,120], the predominance of trees among medicinal plants in Haut-Katanga is a well-documented phenomenon. In contrast to other morphological types, using trees for therapeutic purposes offers several advantages. First, the availability of raw materials is not limited by seasonality, allowing for year-round utilization. Second, using different organs can increase the versatility of the therapeutic supply. Third, the low probability of extinction of highly utilized taxa are another advantage. Many taxa inventoried in this study originate from Asia, but only three taxa are endemic to the DRC. This differs from various ethnobotanical studies conducted in the Katangese region [36,39,121,122]. The high prevalence of non-endemic medicinal plants in the village of Mampa may indicate a culturally influenced tradition of traditional medicine in this village, potentially shaped by Asian cultural influences. The presence of an Indian agricultural enterprise in the region for nearly two decades supports this hypothesis. However, this hypothesis may be called into question not only by the fact that all the medicinal plants listed are named in local languages, with a predominance of Tabwa, an ethnic group reputed to be among the healing peoples of Katanga, but also by the fact that the acquisition of medicinal knowledge in this village is, in half the cases, the result of a family tradition, dating back to the creation of the village, according to the information gathered during our interviews (Table 1 ). In the latter case, the taxa in question would not have been formally identified as endemic to Katanga. The preponderance of Fabaceae among the taxa inventoried during this study agrees not only with previous ethnomedicinal studies carried out in the area covered by the Miombo open forest [123–128], but also with ethnomedicinal studies carried out in Katanga [36,38,39,43,129]. This numerical predominance of Fabaceae is globally observed across all taxa in sub-Saharan Africa and has been attributed to their ability to capture atmospheric nitrogen, enabling them to grow in any soil type, whether nutrient-rich or nutrient-poor [28,130]. Pathologies, signs or conditions treated by medicinal plants in the Mampa village. The results of our surveys indicate that four pathologies or conditions are the most prevalent in the Mampa village, with a total of 32 identified. These are gastrointestinal disorders, diarrhoea, haemorrhoids, and low libido. Fortunately, the local traditional medicine has plants that can treat these conditions, with seven taxa for gastrointestinal disorders, four taxa for diarrhoea, and three taxa for libido and haemorrhoids, respectively (Fig. 8 ). At the national level, the ten most prevalent and lethal pathologies in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) are malaria, tuberculosis, lower respiratory tract infections, neonatal diseases, diarrheal diseases, strokes, ischemic heart disease, road trauma, hypertensive heart disease, and cirrhosis and other chronic liver diseases [131]. The findings of our surveys indicate that the medicinal knowledge of the Mampa village population may be associated with three of the ten leading causes of mortality: diarrhoea (four taxa), malaria (one taxon), and lower respiratory tract infections (two taxa). These two scenarios, at the local and national levels, illustrate the efficacy of traditional medicine in addressing significant health concerns. Furthermore, these findings underscore the significance of traditional medicine in rural communities, particularly in the context of primary healthcare, as evidenced by numerous prior studies [132–134]. The village of Mampa has been documented to have a variety of ethnomedicinal uses, which have also been observed in other regions of the country and the world. The ethnobotanical uses reported later in Katanga (DRC) are also observed in the Mampa village. These include the decoction of Anisophyllea pomifera Engl & Brehmer roots, used in Kipushi (Haut-Katanga, DRC) to treat diabetes [36], and that of Harungana madagascariensis root bark, used in the Kafubu valley (Haut-Katanga) against rheumatism [36,41]. These same uses are reported in the Mampa village. Similarly, the leaves of Landolphia kirkii are employed in Lubumbashi as a decoction to treat malaria [34,37]. Additionally, the stem barks of Parinari curatellifolia are utilized in Lubumbashi as a decoction for managing diarrhea [37]. Pterocarpus angolensis stem bark is employed in Lubumbashi as a decoction for treating diabetes [34,36,37]. Ultimately, Senegalia polyacantha stem bark is employed in Lubumbashi as a decoction or infusion for managing diarrhea and diabetes, respectively [34,36]. The uses above were similarly documented in the Mampa village as part of the present study. Other medicinal applications, documented in both Katanga and other regions, were observed in the Mampa village during our research. These include Crossopteryx febrifuga stem bark, which has been used as a decoction to treat malaria and diarrhoea in Kipushi in the Democratic Republic of the Congo [36,38,41] and in other countries such as Guinea, Nigeria, and Zimbabwe [64]. Similarly, Brachystegia boehmii leaves are employed in the form of a compress in the Likasi region of Katanga, Democratic Republic of the Congo [39] and as a decoction in Zimbabwe [55] for the treatment of wounds. Furthermore, its ashes are utilised as a therapeutic agent against gonorrhoea in the regions as mentioned above [54]. Other ethnopharmacological applications of Mampa have been documented in other global cultures situated outside the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). For example, Buddleja davidii roots are used in China against wounds [58] and the Republic of Korea [59]. Butea monosperma roots are used in India against snake venom [61]. In China, Damnacanthus indicus roots are used against cancerous pathologies [66]. The root barks of Juglans nigra are employed in the United States for the management of diarrheal pathologies [74]. The roots of Phoebe lanceolata are utilized in China to manage wounds [77]. The stem bark of Piliostigma reticulatum is used in Senegal [79] and Ivory Coast [78] for the treatment of diarrheal disorders. Based on the findings of our investigation, which are presented in this study, the same ethnopharmacological uses are reported for the same taxa in the Mampa village. The above-cited consensuses, obtained from individuals of disparate backgrounds, demonstrate that there is reason to accord some degree of credibility to the findings of our investigation. Furthermore, they suggest that the results of prospective biological experiments conducted in a laboratory setting are likely to corroborate these uses [38,39]. Medicinal recipes from Mampa village The population has identified 32 pathologies in the Mampa villages and developed 81 recipes to treat these conditions, of which two employ two plants and 79 utilize a single plant per recipe. The root is used in 21 recipes and 18 recipes for root bark (see Fig. 6 ), while decoction (see Fig. 7 ) is the most commonly utilized preparation method and plant part. The preponderance of roots as the part used is also reported in some targeted ethnomedicinal studies previously carried out in the region [32,34,39,41,120,135]. In contrast, other targeted ethnomedicinal studies have indicated that the leaf is the most commonly used part [33,37,40,99]. The lack of consensus on which organ is the most widely used in traditional medicine in Katanga may be justified by the diversity of localization of bioactive phytochemical compounds within the plant, which can vary from one pathology to another. The utilization of roots offers certain advantages, including providing primary metabolites, vitamins, and minerals such as carbohydrates, pectin, calcium, and vitamin A [136]. Furthermore, the roots can provide access to secondary metabolite groups, including anthocyanins [137], flavanones and flavanols, lipids [137], and phenylpropanoids and organo-heterocycles [138]. However, reliance on the root exposes the taxon to extinction, as it is in high demand. It would, therefore, be advantageous for the residents of Mampa to receive instruction in techniques that facilitate the natural regeneration of plant material, which is frequently utilized for therapeutic purposes. In local traditional medicine, decoction is the preferred method of preparation, as evidenced by the findings of several studies conducted in Mampa and Haut-Katanga [32,33,120,135,34,36–41,99]. In the context of traditional medicine, the preparation of a medicinal formula via decoction offers several advantages. Firstly, this preparation method is optimal for extracting active compounds that remain stable at high temperatures. Secondly, the process does not require the use of sophisticated or costly apparatus, thereby facilitating its implementation on a vast scale. Thirdly, the method is relatively straightforward and does not necessitate the involvement of a skilled operator, which is advantageous in traditional settings. Fourth, it is a cost-effective method that can be readily implemented in a domestic setting. However, decoctions are not an optimal method for the extraction of heat-sensitive components, as the boiling process can lead to their degradation [40,139–141]. Nevertheless, decoction should not be the default preparation method in a specific local culture. The optimal preparation method should be determined on an individual basis, considering the specific pathology and the nature of the remedy. Only through rigorous biological experimentation can the rational use of each preparation method be accurately assessed. Essential medicinal plants discovered in the Mampa village. The most frequently cited taxa in this study are Anisophyllea pomifera and Brachystegia boehmii , while the most widely used taxon is Landolphia kirkii . Entandrophragma delevoyi and Pterocarpus brenanii represent the taxa first reported as medicinal plants. It is thus possible to consider these taxa as those which have been singled out by this study in the context of Mampa village. Anisophyllea pomifera is a tree species endemic to the southwestern part of Africa, including countries such as Tanzania, Malawi, Zambia, Burundi, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo ( https://www.worldfloraonline.org/taxon/wfo-0000537325 ). In Tanzania, the plant is utilized as a means of deterring rodent pests that prey on maize and beans, and its fruit is consumed [142,143], as is the case in Burundi [142]. In the Democratic Republic of the Congo, in the southern Katanga region, the decoction of the plant's leaves, roots, and stem bark is utilised for the treatment of dental caries, malaria, abdominal discomfort, mental health disorders, hypertension, respiratory conditions, including coughs [34,35]Some of these applications, in addition to indications against urinary tract infections and diabetes, were documented in the Mampa village (Table 2 ). In vitro studies have demonstrated that the plant's methanolic leaf extract exhibits antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus mutans MTCC 890 (minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC): 31.25 µg/mL) and Lactobacillus acidophilus MTCC 447 (MIC: 62.5 µg/mL) [35]. Additionally, the methanolic root extract demonstrated in vitro antiplasmodial activity against Plasmodium falciparum , with an IC₅₀ of 22.1 µg/mL [50]. Additionally, the root was found to contain saponins, tannins, and terpenoids, while the leaves were also found to contain alkaloids and steroids. However, this taxon has the same vernacular name (Fungo: Sanga and lufunga: Tabwa) as Anisophyllea boehmii Engl., with which it shares certain medicinal uses, notably in the management of diabetes and digestive disorders in Haut-Katanga [36]This suggests a potential case of confusion in the use of these two taxa in traditional Katangese medicine. Subsequent simultaneous pharmacognostic and phytochemical studies on both taxa would be beneficial to reach a definitive conclusion. Brachystegia boehmii Taub is an endemic African tree species that is native to the following countries: The species is found in Angola, Botswana, Burundi, Malawi, Mozambique, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Tanzania, Zambia, and Zimbabwe ( https://powo.science.kew.org ). The ethnobotanical uses of this taxon vary depending on the country and the organ in question. In Mozambique, the roots are employed in a decoction to assuage agitation in patients [144], whereas the leaves are utilised in a decoction to alleviate abdominal discomfort and the effects of snake venom [145]. In Tanzania, the roots are used in a decoction to treat impotence and wounds [54]. In Zimbabwe, the leaves are employed in a decoction for the treatment of wounds, constipation, lumbago, back pain, and dysmenorrhea [55,144]. Additionally, macerated stem bark is indicated for the management of sexually transmitted infections [146]. In the Democratic Republic of the Congo, the roots are employed as a macerate to treat wounds and coughs, whereas the stem barks are utilized as a decoction to address dysentery, diarrhea, abdominal discomfort, and gonorrhea [40]. This taxon is used globally for the same purposes in the Mampa village (Table 2 ). To our knowledge, the only pharmacological evidence reported to date concerns the leaves. Chloroformic leaf extract showed in vitro antibacterial activity against P. aeruginosa ATCC 27853, S. aureus ATCC 25923, S. epidermidis and E. coli , with a DZI ranging from 12 to 21 mm [55]. The ethanolic extract of the leaves showed only weak anti-inflammatory activity of 48% on COX-1 and antioxidant activity with an IC 50 of 46 µg/mL [147]. The primary metabolite metabolomic profile of fresh leaves provides information on the presence of 39 primary metabolites, including seven amino acids (glycine (Gly), alanine (Ala), valine (Val), glutamate (Glu), γ-amino butyric acid (GABA), isoleucine (Ile) and threonine (Thr)), two organic acids (threonate and glycerate) and two sugars (galactose and glycerol) [148]. Landolphia kirkii Dyer ex Hook. F is a tree species endemic to southern and central Africa, occurring in the following countries: The species is found in the following countries: Burundi, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of Congo, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, South Africa, Somalia, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. In some regions, various parts of the plant are employed in multiple applications. The fruit is utilised primarily as food in all countries where the plant is endemic, except the DRC, where its decoction is employed for the treatment of constipation [32] and malaria [149]. In South Africa, the roots are employed as an infusion to alleviate dental discomfort [150], diarrhea, and blood purification [151]. In Kenya [152,153] and Mozambique [56], the plant is used as a decoction to relieve digestive disorders. In the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), the plant is used as an infusion to combat urogenital schistosomiasis and intestinal worms [32]. The leaves are primarily utilised in the DRC as a decoction to treat convulsions [50] and as a maceration to combat malaria [50,154]. The antimalarial use of the plant, as documented in the village of Mampa, is similarly observed in other regions of the DRC [154] and other parts of the continent [155]. In a previous study, the methanolic extract of the leaves demonstrated anti-plasmodial activity against local isolates of Plasmodium falciparum with an IC 50 of 9.9 µg/mL [50]. To the best of our knowledge, this represents the only validated in vitro use of the leaves to date. No biological studies have been conducted on the roots and stems. However, the methanolic fruit extract is active in vitro against Salmonella typhimurium ATCC 14028, Streptococcus pyogenes ATCC 21059, and Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 13883 with MICs ranging from 6.3 to 24 µg/mL. Nevertheless, it exhibits weak antioxidant activity, with an IC 50 value greater than 100 µg/mL [156]. A previous phytochemical screening of the fruit revealed the following characteristics of the plant: The chemical composition of the plant includes hexadecanoic acid, 9-octadecanoic acid, tetradecanoic acid, 9,12-octadecanoic acid, and acid, 9,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid [157]. The ash content is reported as follows: The mean value was 2.9 ± 0.0, and the protein content was 12.7 ± 0.3 mg/kg. The results indicated that the sample contained 2.1 ± 0.20% moisture, 0.9 ± 0.1% ash, and 1.8 ± 0.2% fat. The total phenolic content (TPC) was found to be 1,250.33 milligrams of gallic acid equivalent (GAE) per gram of millified fruit, while the total flavonoid content (TFC) was determined to be 2,019.0 milligrams of rutin equivalent (RE) per gram of millified fruit [158]. Entandrophragma delevoyi De Wild is a tree species indigenous to the Democratic Republic of Congo, Rwanda, and Burundi. The only data available in the literature pertains to phytochemistry. These findings indicate that the hexanic extract of the bark of this taxon contains azadirone, 14β,15β-epoxyazadirone, 6α-acetoxyazadirone, 6α-acetoxy-14β,15β-epoxyazadirone, and 6α-acetoxy-14β,15β-epoxyazadiradione. Additionally, the phytochemical profile of the bark includes 4-secotirucalla-4(28),7,24-triene-3,21-dioic acid, delevoyin A (3,4-secotirucalla-4(28),7,24-trien-3-oic acid), delevoyin B (6α-acetoxy kihada lactone), limonoid, 11β-acetoxygedunin, and delevoyin C [159]. In the village of Mampa, Entandrophragma delevoyi is employed to treat malaria. Despite the absence of prior documentation regarding this utilisation in other regions, a range of Entandrophragma taxa are used in traditional medicine as a malaria treatment. These include E. angolense , E. candollei , E. caudatum , E. congolense , E. palustre , and E. utile [160]. The findings of this study thus allow for the inclusion of E. delevoyi among the various taxa of this genus. Pterocarpus brenanii Barbosa & Torre is a tree species endemic to Malawi, Mozambique, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. Despite a lack of documentation attesting to its presence in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), the proximity of the village of Mampa to Zambia may provide a rationale for its inclusion in the village's traditional medicinal practices. Furthermore, despite the absence of ethnobotanical studies on this topic in the accessible literature, two medicinal uses in the village of Mampa (malaria and cancer) have been documented in various taxa of the Pterocarpus genus [161,162]. It would be beneficial to conduct further research to determine whether these two pathologies may serve as pharmacotaxonomic markers for the entire Pterocarpus genus. Limitations of the study Despite the methodological efforts to address the significant concerns that arise in ethnomedicinal studies, particularly data reliability, community access, taxa identification, and logistical challenges, this study does not claim to have exhausted all knowledge related to the interaction between plants and the Mampa village population. The study does not give the cutus on the use of these medicinal plants. The study was limited to documenting their medicinal use, thus paving the way for ethnopharmacological studies that should prove their efficacy and safety, thus validating these uses. At a later stage, it will be necessary to complete our knowledge of the other uses of these plants by these peoples (cultural, artistic, nutritional, etc.). Subsequent studies will also have to examine the therapeutic peculiarities of each family, especially since, in the Mampa village, knowledge is acquired and transmitted within the family. Moreover, given that therapeutic expertise in the Mampa village is transmitted orally, there is a risk of variability related to the memory and will of the informants. The influence of the use of plants in the treatment of diseases can cause damage to biodiversity. Since this study did not address this aspect, future studies should focus on it. Conclusions This study illustrates that the Mampa village is inhabited by a diverse range of plant species, which are vital for maintaining the village's health system. These plants represent the sole alternative for primary treatment of the various pathologies encountered by the local population. This ethnomedical knowledge is acquired and practiced within the family unit. Some of the taxa employed as remedies in this village are shared with other African cultures, while others appear to be exclusive to the region. This new knowledge thus significantly contributes to the existing body of traditional therapeutic knowledge in Katanga, particularly in the Congo more widely. These findings highlight the necessity for developing techniques to preserve the integrity of the Miombo forest, in which the Mampa village is located, and to educate local populations in this regard. Furthermore, the value of Indigenous users' knowledge of phytotherapy merits further investigation through phytochemical and biological studies, with the objective of developing phytomedicines or ligaments, as appropriate. Abbreviations TA (Tropical Africa); NEA (North-East Africa); CA (Central Africa); SA (Southern Africa); MA (Madagascar); EA (East Africa); NA (North Africa); WE (West Africa); MCI : Medical Capability Index ; CI : citation index; GT : geographical type; UP : used part; MT : morphological type; FU : form of use; TH : type of hemorrhoid; WP : Whole plant ; Rb : Root bark; Sb : Stem Bark; Lv : Leaves; Sd : Seed; Fr : Fruit; Rz : Rhizome; NH : herbarium number; FU : form of use; Nc : Number of citations; Nt : Number of taxa. Declarations Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank the Kipopo Herbarium for identifying plant species. They also thank the traditional healers, herbalists, and Lubumbashi households for acquiring ethnobotanical data. Authors' contributions BCV designed, coordinated this research and drafted the manuscript. BBM and BCV carried out experiments and data analysis. BCV, BAS and LSJB conceived the study, and participated in research coordination. The all authors read and approved the final manuscript. 9. Funding Statement No funding was received for this research. 10. Data Availability The data used in this study are included in the article. Ethics approval and consent to participate Ethical review was provided by the Department of Pharmacology – Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences – University of Lubumbashi (FSPUNILU-DP-BD-062022). Consent for publication There is no third-party data. It is our original research data; About the people interviewed, Oral informed consent was obtained before the initiation of data collection in all cases. All concerned individual authors have agreed to the publication of the outcome of this study as stated above under ethical consideration and authors ‘contribution. Conflicts of Interest The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest. Author details 1 Department of Pharmacology - Laboratory of Therapeutic Chemistry and Analysis of Natural Substances - Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences - University of Lubumbashi (UNILU) - 27, av. Kato, Commune Kampemba, Lubumbashi - DR Congo. 2 Department of Pharmacology - Laboratory of Pharmacognosy – Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences – University of Lubumbashi (UNILU)- 27, av Kato, Commune Kampemba, Lubumbashi - DR Congo. 3 Department of Chemistry– Faculty of Sciences–University of Lubumbashi (UNILU) N°1 Maternity Avenue, Commune of Lubumbashi, Lubumbashi - DR Congo. References Payyappallimana U. The Role of Traditional Medicine in Primary Health Care: An Overview of Perspectives and Challenges. J Immunodefic Disord 2012; 01 (01). doi:10.4172/2324-853x.1000e101. Kala CP. Traditional health care systems and herbal medicines in India. Eur J Environ Public Heal 2017; 1 (1):1–6. Che, C. T., George, V., Ijinu, T. P., Pushpangadan, P., & Andrae-Marobela K. Traditional medicine. In: Pharmacognosy (Second Edition) Fundamentals, Applications, and Strategies . Academic Press: Cambridge, Massachusetts, 2024: 11–28. Tesfahuneygn G, Gebreegziabher G. Medicinal Plants Used in Traditional Medicine by Ethiopians A Review Article. J Respir Med Lung Dis 2019; 2 (4):18–21. Chaughule RS, Barve RS. Role of herbal medicines in the treatment of infectious diseases. Vegetos 2023; 18 :1–11. Mahomoodally MF. Traditional medicines in Africa: An appraisal of ten potent African medicinal plants. Evidence-based Complement Altern Med 2013; 2013 . doi:10.1155/2013/617459. Nasim N, Sandeep IS, Mohanty S. Plant-derived natural products for drug discovery: current approaches and prospects. Nucleus 2022; 65 (3):399–411. Arjona-García C, Blancas J, Beltrán-Rodríguez L, López Binnqüist C, Colín Bahena H, Moreno-Calles AI, et al. How does urbanization affect perceptions and traditional knowledge of medicinal plants? J Ethnobiol Ethnomed 2021; 17 (1):1–26. Pacios O, Blasco L, Bleriot I, Fernandez-Garcia L, Bardanca, Mónica González Ambroa A, López M, et al. Strategies to Combat Multidrug-Resistant and Persistent Infectious Diseases. Antibiotics 2020; 9 (65):1–20. Terreni M, Taccani M, Pregnolato M. New antibiotics for multidrug-resistant bacterial strains: Latest research developments and future perspectives. Molecules 2021; 26 (9). doi:10.3390/molecules26092671. Sharma A, Khanna S, Kaur G, Singh I. Medicinal plants and their components for wound healing applications. Futur J Pharm Sci 2021; 7 (53):1–13. WHO. Integrating traditional and complementary medicine into health systems : social , economic and health considerations. World Heal Organ 2023;:1–4. Dehelean CA, Marcovici I, Soica C, Mioc M, Coricovac D, Iurciuc S, et al. Plant-derived anticancer compounds as new perspectives in drug discovery and alternative therapy. Molecules 2021; 26 (4):1–29. Pirintsos S, Panagiotopoulos A, Bariotakis M, Daskalakis V, Lionis C, Sourvinos G, et al. From Traditional Ethnopharmacology to Modern Natural Drug Discovery: A Methodology Discussion and Specific Examples. Molecules 2022; 27 (13):1–18. Cheung H, Doughty H, Hinsley A, Hsu E, Lee TM, Milner-Gulland EJ, et al. Understanding Traditional Chinese Medicine to strengthen conservation outcomes. People Nat 2021; 3 (1):115–128. Shi Y, Zhang C, Li X. Traditional medicine in India. J Tradit Chinese Med Sci 2021; 8 :S51–S55. Buso P, Manfredini S, Ahmadi-Ashtiani HR, Sciabica S, Buzzi R, Vertuani S, et al. Iranian medicinal plants: From ethnomedicine to actual studies. Med 2020; 56 (3):2014–2023. Asakitikpi A. African indigenous medicines: Towards a holistic healthcare system in Africa. African Identities 2024; 20 (4):365–379. Nkwabi, S. M., & Ngoya AJ. The Changing Role of Traditional Medicine in the Provision of Health Care in Tanzania from Precolonial to Post-Colonial Period. Lagos Hist Rev 2022; 22 :1–8. Doyle S. Health in African History. Hist African Dev 2023;:1–20. Mutombo CS, Bakari SA, Ntabaza VN, Nachtergael A, Lumbu JS, Duez P, et al. Perceptions and use of traditional African medicine in Lubumbashi , Haut-Katanga province ( DR Congo ): A cross-sectional study. PLoS One 2022; 17 (10):1–25. Bashige C V, Bakari AS, Ndjolo PO, Kahumba BJ, Duez P, Lumbu SJ. Ethnobotanical study of plants used as antimalarial in traditional medicine in Bagira in Eastern RD Congo. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2020; 9 (4):1–14. Kasali FM, Kadima JN, Peter EL, Mtewa AG, Ajayi CO, Tusiimire J, et al. Antidiabetic Medicinal Plants Used in Democratic Republic of Congo: A Critical Review of Ethnopharmacology and Bioactivity Data. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12 (October):1–40. Iragi GK, Imani B, Nfizi IB, Masumbuko CN, Gendusa PA, Matendo A, et al. Ethnomedicinal study of plants used in the Uvira Territory ( Democratic Republic of Congo ) Ethnomedicinal study of plants used in the Uvira Territory ( Democratic Republic of Congo ). Forest Sci Technol 2021; 17 (3):144–154. Syamasamba MA, Kapiri MM, Muhesi KE, Mbayahi KE, Mavinga BM. Ethnobotanical Study of Plants Used by Traditherapists for the Treatment of Malaria in the City of Butembo, North Kivu, East of the Democratic Republic of Congo. Indones J Innov Appl Sci 2022; 2 (3):219–233. Pathy KK, Flavien NB, Honoré BK, Vanhove W, Patrick VD. Ethnobotanical characterization of medicinal plants used in Kisantu and Mbanza-Ngungu territories, Kongo-Central Province in DR Congo. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed 2021; 17 (1):1–15. Ashande CM, Ngbolua KJ, Imani B, Rusaati W, Gbolo BZ. Ethno-botanical survey of medicinal plants species traditionally used for the treatment of diseases in Kasangulu Territory, DRC. Moroccan J Agric Sci 2023; 4 (2):76–85. Bashige CV, Okusa NP, Manya MH, Kasali MF. Ethnomedicinal Knowledge of Plants Used in Nonconventional Medicine in the Management of Diabetes Mellitus in Kinshasa (Democratic Republic of the Congo). Evidence-Based Complement Altern Med 2023; 2023 :4621883. Ngunde-Te-Ngunde S, Lengbiye EM, Ngiala Bongo G, Basosila Bolamba N, Ashande CM, Gbolo Zoawe B, et al. Ethno-botanical Survey on Medicinal Plants Traditionally Used to Treat Sickle Cell Anemia in Yakoma Territory (Nord-Ubangi, D. R. Congo). Int J Plant Sci Ecol 2020; 6 (1):7–13. Ndombe FM, Ngbolua K, Mawunu M, Da BY. Ethnobotanical , ecological and monographic study of four medicinal plants traditionally used in the treatment of sterility in Kenge City and its surroundings , Democratic Republic of the Congo. J Appl Biosci 2023; 188 (1):19868–19884. Musuasua MM, Kabena ON, Kalanda LK, Masens DMY. Floristic and Eco-Morphological Study of Antibacterial Plants in Phytotherapeutic Practice of Kasai Oriental in DR Congo. J Complement Altern Med Res 2021; 14 (2):19–41. Muya K, Tshoto K, Cioci CC, Aseho MM, Kalonji M, Byanga K, et al. Survol ethnobotanique de quelques plantes utilisées contre la schistosomiase urogénitale à Lubumbashi et environs. Phyothérapie 2014. doi:10.1007/s10298-014-0877-z. Kalonda E, Mbayo M, Muhume S, Kasereka M, Mulamba J, Manya H, et al. Ethnopharmacological survey of plants used against malaria in Lubumbashi city (D.R. Congo). J Adv Bot Zool 2014; 1 (2):1–8. Bashige C v, Kahumba BJ, Bakari AS, Mbuyi KS, Lumbu SJ. Étude ethnobotanique , phytochimique et évaluation de l ’ activité antiplasmodiale de 13 plantes réputées antipaludéennes dans la commune du Kenya ( Lubumbashi , RDC ). Phytothépie 2017;:1–10. Bashige C V, Manya MH, Ntabaza N V, Numbi IE, Bakari AS, Kalonda ME, et al. Étude ethnobotanique, biologique et chimique de plantes réputées anticariogènes à Lubumbashi – RD Congo. Phytothérapie 2017; 15 (1):2–9. Amuri B, Maseho M, Lumbu S, Pierre D, Byanga K. Ethnobotanical survey of herbs used in the management of diabetes mellitus in Southern Katanga Area/DR Congo. Pan African Med Journal 2018; 30 (2018). doi:10.11604/pamj.2018.30.218.11718. Kalonji M, Muya RK, Mutombo EK, Cimanga BCC, Numbi EWI, Kahumba JB. Aperçu ethnobotanique de plantes réputées antipaludéennes utilisées dans la ville de Lubumbashi et ses environs , dans le Haut-Katanga en RD Congo. Ethnopharmacologia 2019; 61 (6):75–84. Bashige C V, Alombong AG, Kamwimba MA, Bakari AS, Okusa NP. Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used in the treatment of sexual dysfunctions in traditional medicine in Kampemba-Lubumbashi, DR Congo. World J Adv Res Rev 2020; 7 (3):016–032. Bashige C V, Pierre KI, Manya MH, Kasali mushagalusa F, Okusa NP, Lumbu SJ. Ethnobotanical study of plants used by traditional healers in Lubumbashi ( Democratic Republic of Congo ) in the management of typhoid fever. GSC Biol Pharm Sci 2022; 21 (01):265–286. Valentin BC, Philippe ON, Henry MM, Salvius BA, Suzanne MK, Kasali M. Ethnomedical Knowledge of Plants Used in Nonconventional Medicine for Wound Healing in Lubumbashi , Haut-Katanga Province , DR Congo. Sci World J 2024; 2024 :1–33. François DO, Eddy NK, James MM. Ethnobotanical Studies of Reputed Aphrodisiac Plants Used in Traditional Medicine in Haut-Katanga in DR of Congo. Int J Innov Sci Res Technol 2024; 9 (5):3317–3334. Bashige C, Bakari AS, Okusa NP, Lumbu SJ. Self-medication with antimalarials drugs in Lubumbashi city ( DR Congo ). GSC Biol Pharm Sci 2020; 12 (02):7–20. Vwakyanakazi M, Petit P. Bunganga ya Mici : Guérisseurs et plantes médicinales à Lubumbashi. 2004;:125. Rea LM, Parker RA. Designing and Conducting Survey Research: A Comprehensive Guide . 4th editio. Jossey-Bass: San Francisco, USA, 2014. Leonti M. The relevance of quantitative ethnobotanical indices for ethnopharmacology and ethnobotany. J Ethnopharmacol 2022; 288 :1–19. Xian, M., Oh, M., Kwak, H. J., Jeong, H., Ko, H. J., & Kim SH. Chemical constituents from the stem bark of Albizia julibrissin and their SREBP-1c inhibitory activity. J Asian Nat Prod Res 2023; 25 (9):912-917. Huang B, Wu Y, Li C, Tang Q, Zhang Y. Molecular basis and mechanism of action of Albizia julibrissin in depression treatment and clinical application of its formulae. Chinese Herb Med 2023; 15 (2):201–213. Li W, Yang HJ. Isolation and Identification of Lignans and Other Phenolic Constituents from the Stem Bark of Albizia julibrissin Durazz and Evaluation of Their Nitric Oxide Inhibitory Activity. Molecules 2020; 25 (9):2065. Cheon I, Song M-J, Kim H, Lee KH, Yoo YJ. Traditional Knowledge of Plants Used for River Fishing in Local Communities of North Jeolla Province, Korea. Korean J Community Living Sci 2015; 8565 (4):675–681. Bashige-Chiribagula V, Bakari-Amuri S, Mbuyi-Kalonji S, Kahumba-Byanga J, Duez P, Lumbu-Simbi JB. Study of the ethnobotanical, phytochemical, and antiplasmodial activity of thirteen medicinal plants used against malaria in Kenya commune (Lubumbashi, RDC). Phytotherapie 2017. doi:10.1007/s10298-017-1152-x. Sharma K, Kumar V, Kumar S, Sharma R, Mehta CM. Bauhinia variegata: a comprehensive review on bioactive compounds, health benefits and utilization. Adv Tradit Med 2021; 21 (4):645–653. Kansal M, Shukla P, Shukla P. A Boon to Human Health-Bauhinia Variegata. Int J Pharmacogn 2020; 7 (7):155–161. Nayik GA, Gull A. Antioxidants in Fruits: Properties and Health Benefits. Antioxidants Fruits Prop Heal Benefits 2020;(December):1–637. Maroyi A. Medicinal Uses of the Fabaceae Family in Zimbabwe: A Review. Plants 2023; 12 (6):1255. Sibanda S, Shoko R, Chishaya K, Chimwanda P, Nyoni S, Ndlovu J. Antimicrobial effect of Brachystegia boehmii extracts and their green synthesised silver zero-valent derivatives on burn wound infectious bacteria. All Life 2022; 15 (1):1117–1125. Sitoe E, Wyk B Van. An inventory and analysis of the medicinal plants of Mozambique. J Ethnopharmacol 2024; 319 (P2):117137. Kalirajan A, Kalenshi A, Banda D, Siankuku M. Ethnobotanical survey of traditional medicinal plants used in treatment of gastrointestinal disorders in Lusaka, Zambia. Int J Herb Med 2021; 9 (3):28–34. Chen Y, Montero L, Luo J, Li J, Schmitz OJ. Application of the new at-column dilution (ACD) modulator for the two-dimensional RP×HILIC analysis of Buddleja davidii. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 412 (7):1483–1495. Nguyen AT, Kim KY. Inhibition of Proinflammatory Cytokines in Cutibacterium acnes-Induced Inflammation in HaCaT Cells by Using Buddleja davidii Aqueous Extract. Int J Inflam 2020; 2020 :8063289. Kumari, P., Raina, K., Thakur, S., Sharma, R., Cruz-Martins, N., Kumar, P., Barman K, Sharma, S, Kumar, D, Prajapati, PK, Sharma, R & Chaudhary, AKumari, P., Raina, K., Thakur, S., Sharma, R., Cruz-Martins, N., Kumar, P., Barman K, Sharma, S, Kumar, D, Pr A. Ethnobotany, phytochemistry and pharmacology of palash (Butea monosperma (Lam.) Taub.): a systematic review. Curr Pharmacol Reports 2022; 8 (3):188–204. Pragya L, Sourabh J. Butea monosperma (Lam.) Taub: Review On Its Chemistry, Morphology, Ethnomedical Uses, Phytochemistry And Pharmacological Activities. J Innov Invent Pharm Sci 2020; 21 (1):1–9. Onilude HA, Kazeem MI, Adu OB. Chrysobalanus icaco: A review of its phytochemistry and pharmacology. J Integr Med 2021; 19 (1):13–19. Fonseca-Kruel VS, Neves MER, Araujo DSD de, Prance GT. Ethnobotany of Bajiru (Chrysobalanus Icaco L.) In a Coastal Vegetation of Southeastern Brazil. Res Sq 2020;:1–11. Ibekwe NN. Crossopteryx febrifuga (Afzel. ex G.Don) Benth: Ethnobotany, Phytochemistry and Pharmacology of an African Tree for Malaria and Beyond. Trop J Nat Prod Res 2022; 6 (11):1755–1764. Ngoc Minh QP, Vuong Q V., Le A V., Bowyer MC, Scarlett CJ. Investigation of the most suitable conditions for dehydration of Tuckeroo (Cupaniopsis anacardioides) fruits. Processes 2020; 8 (2):1–11. Long S, Yuan C, Wang Y, Zhang J, Li G. Network Pharmacology Analysis of Damnacanthus indicus C.F.Gaertn in Gene-Phenotype. Evidence-based Complement Altern Med 2019; 2019 :1368371. Paul P, Biswas P, Dey D, Saikat ASM, Islam MA, Sohel M, et al. Exhaustive plant profile of “dimocarpus longan lour” with significant phytomedicinal properties: A literature based-review. Processes 2021; 9 (10):1–23. Sirisha SNVL, Male A, Sai KA, Raj, Sundar I, Teja, et al. A Scientific Review on Three Species of Diospyros. Phcog Rev 2018; 1 (2):214–217. Shikwambana N, Mahlo SM. A Survey of Antifungal Activity of Selected South African Plant Species Used for the Treatment of Skin Infections. Nat Prod Commun 2020; 15 (5):1–10. Jennifer N, Mishra AP, Nigam M, Devkota HP, Paudel KR, Matsabisa MG. applied sciences Bioactive Compounds from the Plants of the Elaeodendron Genus and Their Biological Activities — A Review. Appl Sci 2022; 12 :12618. Peng Y, Zeng N, Yao Q, Peng C, Sheng W, Li B, et al. A Review of the Medicinal Uses, Phytochemistry and Pharmacology of Genus. Curr Chinese Sci 2023; 3 :213–241. Batran, S. A. E., Abdel-Azim, N. S., Abdel-Shafeek, K. A., Shahat, A. E. A., & El-Missiry MM. Flavonoids of Gomphocarpus sinaicus and evaluation of some pharmacological activities. Nat Prod Sci 2005; 11 (4):233–239. Mouthé G, Laure G, Tiani M, Youssouf B, Gbetnkom M. Phytochemistry and pharmacology of Harungana madagascariensis : mini review. Phytochem Lett 2020; 35 (11):103–112. Khanh-Van H, Anuradha R. Profiling Anticancer and Antioxidant Activities of Phenolic Compounds Present in Black Walnuts (Juglans nigra) Using a High-Throughput Screening Approach. Molecules 2020; 24 :4516. Nabatanzi A, Nkadimeng SM, Lall N, Kabasa JD, Mcgaw LJ. Ethnobotany, Phytochemistry and Pharmacological Activity of Kigelia africana (Lam.) Benth. (Bignoniaceae). Plants 2020; 9 :753. Kasika EL, Vasombolwa VK, Lejoly J. Popular medicinal plants used by the Bantu people and Pygmies living in the administrative territories of Beni and Lubero ( DRC ). J Med Plants Res 2016; 10 (30):479–494. Semwal DK, Semwal RB. Ethnobotany , Pharmacology and Phytochemistry of the Genus Phoebe ( Lauraceae ). Mini Rev Org Chem 2014; 10 :12–26. Guessan BBN, Dosso K, Gnangoran BN, Amoateng P, Julius I, Gyekye A, et al. Antibacterial and antispasmodic activities of a dichloromethane fraction of an ethanol extract of stem bark of Piliostigma reticulatum. J Pharm Bioallied Sci 2015; 7 (2):128–135. Ibra S, Dieng M, Sarr A, Fall AD. Polyphenol Content and Antioxidant Activity of Bark Hydroethanolic Extract of Piliostigma reticulatum ( DC ) Hochst and Its Fractions. European J Med Plants 2018; 26 (2):1–7. Beytia-Pacheco ES, Espinoza-Velasco B, Crosby-Galván MM, Sánchez- Villarreal A, Ramírez-Mella M. Alimentary and anti-methanogenic potential of four species of tropical fodder legumes in domestic ruminants. Agro Product 2023; 16 (3):167–173. Kitic D, Miladinovic B, Randjelovic M, Szopa A, Sharifi-rad J, Calina D, et al. Anticancer Potential and Other Pharmacological Properties of Prunus armeniaca L.: An Updated Overview. Plants 2022; 11 :1885. Faleiro JH, Gonçalves RC, Núbia M, Pereira D, Lázaro P, Naves F, et al. The Chemical Featuring , Toxicity , and Antimicrobial Activity of Psidium cattleianum ( Myrtaceae ) Leaves. New J Sci 2016; 2016 :7538613. Santos ES, Luís Â, Gonçalves J, Rosado T, Pereira L, Gallardo E, et al. Julbernardia paniculata and Pterocarpus angolensis: From ethnobotanical surveys to phytochemical characterization and bioactivities evaluation. Molecules 2020; 25 (8):1828. Chowdhury SR, Haldar S, Bhar R, Das S, Saha A, Pal K, et al. Pterocarpus angolensis : Botanical , Chemical and Pharmacological Review of an Endangered Medicinal Plant of India. J Exp Biol Agric Sci 2022; 10 (2320):150–156. Cui T, Tang S, Liu C, Li Z, Zhu Q, You J, et al. Three new isoflavones from the Pueraria montana var . lobata ( Willd .) and their bioactivities. Nat Prod Res 2018; 32 (23):2817–2824. Zhang G, Liu J, Gao M, Kong W, Zhao Q, Shi L. Tracing the Edible and Medicinal Plant Pueraria montana and Its Products in the Marketplace Yields Subspecies Level Distinction Using DNA Barcoding and DNA Metabarcoding. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11 :336. Taib M, Rezzak Y, Bouyazza L, Lyoussi B. Medicinal Uses, Phytochemistry, and Pharmacological Activities of Quercus Species. Evidence-based Complement Altern Med 2020; 2020 :1920683. Wang F, Sun W, Lan Z, Zhou Y, Li L, Li Z. Chemical constituents and hepatoprotective properties of Rhododendron simsii Planch extract in Con A-induced autoimmune hepatitis. Arab J Chem 2023; 16 (8):104955. Chouhan HS, Swarnakar G, Jogpal B. Medicinal Properties of Ricinus Communis : A Review. Int J Pharm Sci Res 2021; 12 (7):3632-3642. Salbei C, Ngeiywa M, Makwali J. Efficacy of Crude Bark Extract of Acacia Polyacantha Against Leishmania Donovani in Mice. Int J Sci Basic Appl Res 2020; 54 (4):43–54. Alain KY, Dossa A, Pascal C, Boniface Y, Paul TF, Alain AG, et al. Chemical characterization and biological activities of extracts from two plants ( Cissus quadrangularis and Acacia polyacantha ) used in veterinary medicine in Benin. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2015; 3 (6):91–96. Daffalla HM, Sir K, Ali E, Tajelser T, Hagr TE, Ahmed NS, et al. Larvicidal and Antibacterial Activities of Methanol Extract of Acacia polyacantha Willd. J Adv Res Pharm Sci Pharmacol Interv 2019; 2 (2):7–11. Kumar S, Singh B. Syzygium Cumini (Jamun) Its Medicinal Uses. Int J Pharmacogn 2021; 8 (9):361–372. Katemo M, Mpiana PT, Mbala BM, Mihigo SO, Ngbolua KN, Tshibangu DST, et al. Ethnopharmacological survey of plants used against diabetes in Kisangani city (DR Congo). J Ethnopharmacol 2012; 144 (1):39–43. Nadeem A, NawabMohammad, Husain KM. Medicinal Potential of Jamun ( Syzygium cumini Linn ): A Review. J Drug Deliv Ther 2019; 9 (5):175–180. Li M, Wang C. Traditional uses , phytochemistry , pharmacology , pharmacokinetics and toxicology of the fruit of Tetradium ruticarpum : A review. J Ethnopharmacol 2020; 263 :113231. Shan Q, Sang X, Hui H, Shou Q, Fu H, Hao M. Processing and Polyherbal Formulation of Tetradium ruticarpum ( A . Juss .) Hartley : Phytochemistry , Pharmacokinetics , and Toxicity. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11 :133. Zhang Y, Zhou W, Song X, Yao G, Song S, Zhang Y, et al. Neuroprotective terpenoids from the leaves of Viburnum odoratissimum. Nat Prod Res 2020; 34 (10):1–8. Bashige-Chiribagula V, Manya-Mboni H, Ntabaza-Ndage V, Numbi Ilunga E, Bakari-Amuri S, Kalonda Mutombo E, et al. Étude ethnobotanique, biologique et chimique de plantes réputées anticariogènes à Lubumbashi – RD Congo. Phytotherapie 2017; 15 (1):2–9. Mohammed M, Akeel A, Marzuq W, Ghamdi A, Habib S Al, Koshm M, et al. Herbal medicines : Saudi population knowledge , attitude , and practice at a glance. J Fam Med Prim Care 2018; 7 ::865-75. Welz AN, Emberger-klein A, Menrad K. Why people use herbal medicine : insights from a focus-group study in Germany. BMC Complement Altern Med 2018; 18 (92):1–9. Waweru D, Otieno M, Gitahi S, Mucunu J, Karuri P, Mbaabu P, et al. Traditional medicine in Kenya : Past and current status , challenges , and the way forward. Sci African 2020; 8 :e00360. Anywar G, Kakudidi E, Byamukama R, Mukonzo J, Schubert A, Oryem-Origa H, et al. A Review of the Toxicity and Phytochemistry of Medicinal Plant Species Used by Herbalists in Treating People Living With HIV/AIDS in Uganda. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12 :615147. Rondilla NAO, Rocha ICN, Roque SJR, Lu RMS, Apolinar NLB, Solaiman- AA, et al. Folk Medicine in the Philippines : A Phenomenological Study of Health-Seeking Individuals. Int J Med Students 2021; 19 (426):25–32. Marques B, Freeman C, Carter L. Adapting Traditional Healing Values and Beliefs into Therapeutic Cultural Environments for Health and Well-Being. Int J Environ Res Public Heal 2022; 19 :426. Suharti B, Kartika T. Culture and social : herbal medicine as health communication to build urban community empowerment. J Stud Komun 2021; 5 :151–164. Nkengurutse J, Mansouri F, Bekkouch O, Ben A, Masharabu T, Gahungu G, et al. Chemical composition and oral toxicity assessment of Anisophyllea boehmii kernel oil: potential source of new edible oil with high tocopherol content. Food Chem 2019; 278 :795–804. Tan M, Otake Y, Tamming T, Akuredusenge V, Uwinama B, Hagenimana F. Local experience of using traditional medicine in northern Rwanda : a qualitative study. BMC Complement Med Ther 2021; 21 :2010. Bazie GW, Adimassie MT. Modern health services utilization and associated factors in North East Ethiopia. PLoS One 2017; 12 (9):e0185381. Chali BU, Hasho A, Koricha NB. Preference and Practice of Traditional Medicine and Associated Factors in Jimma Town , Southwest Ethiopia. Evidence-based Complement Altern Med 2021; 2021 :9962892. Aina O, Gautam L, Simkhada P, Hall S. Prevalence , determinants and knowledge about herbal medicine and hospital utilisation in southwest Nigeria : a cross- ­ sectional study. BMJ Open 2020; 10 :e040769. Périne MNA, Ache SB, Mireille A, Nga N, Serge AA, Joseph N. Knowledge , Attitudes , Practices on Homologation of Improved Traditional Medicines Among Practitioners in Mfoundi Division of Cameroon. Int J Pharm Phytopharm Res 2022; 11 (4):33–38. Nsagha DS, Ayima CW, Njamen TN-, Clement J, Assob N. The Role of Traditional , Complementary / Alternative Medicine in Primary Healthcare , Adjunct to Universal Health Coverage in Cameroon : A Review of the Literature. Am J Epidemiol Infect Dis 2020; 8 (1):37–47. Nang C, Namutambo Y, Mufwambi W, Kabuka R, Chulu M, Nanyangwe N, et al. Prevalence and Patterns of Herbal Medicine Use among Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients at the University Teaching Hospitals in Lusaka. J Biomed Res Env Sci 2022; 3 (1):: 074-081. Tosam MJ. Human Nature, Disease Diagnosis and Health in Traditional African Medicine. Polylog 2019; 42 :21–40. Anywar G, Kakudidi E, Byamukama R, Mukonzo J, Schubert A, Oryem-Origa H, et al. A Review of the Toxicity and Phytochemistry of Medicinal Plant Species Used by Herbalists in Treating People Living With HIV/AIDS in Uganda. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12 (4):1–10. Ijaz N, Hunter J, Grant S, Templeman K. Protocol for a scoping review of traditional medicine research methods , methodologies , frameworks and strategies. Front Med 2024; 11 :1409392. Luo L, Wang B, Jiang J, Fitzgerald M, Huang Q, Yu Z, et al. Heavy Metal Contaminations in Herbal Medicines : Determination , Comprehensive Risk Assessments , and Solutions. Front Pharmacol 2021; 11 :595335. Okaiyeto K, Oguntibeju OO. African herbal medicines: Adverse effects and cytotoxic potentials with different therapeutic applications. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021; 18 (11):5988. Mbayo KM, Kalonda ME, Tshisand TP, Kisimba KE, Mulamba M, Richard MK, et al. Contribution to ethnobotanical knowledge of some Euphorbiaceae used in traditional medicine in Lubumbashi and its surroundings ( DRC ). J Adv Bot Zool 2016; 4 (2):1–16. Okombe V, Simbi JL, Stévigny C, Vandenput S, Pongombo C, Duez P. Traditional plant-based remedies to control gastrointestinal disorders in livestock in the regions of Kamina and Kaniama ( Katanga province , Democratic Republic of Congo ). J Ethnopharmacol 2014; 153 (3):686–693. Bashige C V, Bakari, Amuri S, Mbuyi KS, Kahumba BJ, Duez P, Lumbu SJ. Étude ethnobotanique, phytochimique et évaluation de l’activité antiplasmodiale de 13 plantes réputées antipaludéennes dans la commune du Kenya (Lubumbashi, RDC). Phytothérapie 2020; 18 (2):71–80. Kacholi DS, Mvungi Amir H. Herbal remedies used by traditional healers to treat haemorrhoids in Tabora region, Tanzania. Pharm Biol 2022; 60 (1):2182–2188. Novotna B, Polesny Z, Pinto-Basto MF, Van Damme P, Pudil P, Mazancova J, et al. Medicinal plants used by ‘root doctors’, local traditional healers in Bié province, Angola. J Ethnopharmacol 2020; 260 :112662. Nyirenda J, Chipuwa M. An ethnobotanical study of herbs and medicinal plants used in Western, Copperbelt, Central and Northern provinces of Zambia. Phytomedicine Plus 2024; 4 (1):100514. Chikowe I, Mnyenyembe M, Jere S, Mtewa A, Mponda J, Lampiao F. ). An ethnomedicinal survey of indigenous knowledge on medicinal plants in the traditional authority Chikowi in Zomba, Malawi. Curr Tradit Med 2020; 6 (3):225–241. Shopo B, Mapaya R, Maroyi A. Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants traditionally used in Gokwe South District, Zimbabwe. South African J Bot 2022; 149 :29–48. Sitoe E, Van Wyk BE. An inventory and analysis of the medicinal plants of Mozambique. J Ethnopharmacol 2024; 319 (P2):117137. Bashige VC, Philippe ON, Henry MM, Salvius BA, Suzanne MK, Kasali M. Ethnomedical Knowledge of Plants Used in Nonconventional Medicine for Wound Healing in Lubumbashi , Haut-Katanga Province , DR Congo. Sci World J 2024; 2024 :4049263. Van Wyk BE. A family-level floristic inventory and analysis of medicinal plants used in Traditional African Medicine. J Ethnopharmacol 2020; 249 :112351. Abbafati C, Abbas KM, Abbasi-Kangevari M, Abd-Allah F, Abdelalim A, Abdollahi M, et al. Global burden of 369 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet 2020; 396 (10258):1204–1222. Ohemu TL, Shalkur D, Ohemu BO. Knowledge , attitude and practice of traditional medicine among people of Jos South Local Government Area of Plateau State , Nigeria. J Pharm Bioresour 2021; 18 (2):147–154. Care P, Gizaw Z, Astale T, Kassie GM. What improves access to primary healthcare services in rural communities ? A systematic review. BMC Prim Care 2022; 23 :313. Cordero CS, Meve U, Jonathan G, Alejandro D. Ethnobotany and diversity of medicinal plants used among rural communities in Mina , Iloilo , Philippines : A quantitative study. J Asia-Pacific Biodivers 2023; 16 (1):96–117. Maloba MJ, Muyumba NW, Kasanya KJ, Mutombo SC, Mbayo KM, Ngoy KE, et al. Ethnobotanical survey and preliminary chemical screening of 14 plants reputed antigastritis in Lubumbashi and surroundings (DR Congo). Int Eur Ext Enablement Sci Eng Manag 2020; 8 (12):62–69. Scott GJ. Invited Review A review of root , tuber and banana crops in developing countries : past , present and future. Int J Food Sci Technol 2021; 56 :1093–1114. Hussein RA, El-Anssary AA. Plants secondary metabolites: the key drivers of the pharmacological actions of medicinal plants. In: Herbal medicine . Inotechopen, 2021: 13–30. Heuermann D, Döll S, Schweneker D. Distinct metabolite classes in root exudates are indicative for fi eld- or hydroponically-grown cover crops. Front Plant Sci 2023; 14 :1122285. Rasul MG. Extraction , Isolation and Characterization of Natural Products from Medicinal Plants. Int J Basic Sci Appl Comput 2019; 2 (6):F0076122618. El Maaiden E, Bouzroud S, Nasser B, Moustaid K, El Mouttaqi A, Ibourki M, et al. A Comparative Study between Conventional and Advanced Extraction Techniques: Pharmaceutical and Cosmetic Properties of Plant Extracts. Molecules 2022; 27 (7):2074. Bitwell C, Indra S Sen, Luke C, Kakoma MK. A review of modern and conventional extraction techniques and their applications for extracting phytochemicals from plants. Sci African 2023; 19 :e01585. Hakizimana P, Masharabu T, Bangirinama F, Habonimana B, Bogaert & J. Analyse du rôle de la biodiversité végétale des forêts de Kigwena et de Rumonge au Burundi. Tropicultura 2011; 29 :28–38. Mpasiwakomu R. The Diversity and Utilization of Wild Medicinal Plant Species Found in The Miombo Woodlands of Uvinza, Tanzania. Acad Lett 2021;(10):3803. Moura I, Duvane JA, Silva MJ, Ribeiro N, Isabel A. Woody species from the Mozambican Miombo woodlands : A review on their ethnomedicinal uses and pharmacological potential. J Med Plants Res 2018; 12 (2):15–31. Bruschi P, Mancini M, Mattioli E, Morganti M, Signorini MA. Traditional uses of plants in a rural community of Mozambique and possible links with Miombo degradation and harvesting sustainability. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed 2014; 10 (1):1–22. Maroyi A. Traditional use of medicinal plants in south-central Zimbabwe: Review and perspectives. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed 2013; 9 (31):1–18. Chirisa, E., Mukanganyama S. Evaluation of in vitro anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity of selected Zimbabwean plant extracts. J Herbs Spices Med Plants 2016; 22 (2):157–172. Duvane JA, Jorge TF, Maquia I, Ribeiro N, Ribeiro-Barros AIF, António C. Characterization of the primary metabolome of brachystegia boehmii and colophospermum mopane under different fire regimes in miombo and mopane African woodlands. Front Plant Sci 2017; 8 :2130. Mbuyi KS, Kalunga MR, Kalonda M, Cimanga CC, Numbi WI, Kahumba BJ, et al. Aperçu ethnobotanique de plantes réputées antipaludéennes utilisées dans la ville de Lubumbashi et ses environs , dans le Haut-Katanga en RD Congo. Ethnopharmacologia 2019; 61 :75–83. Corrigan BM, Van Wyk, B. E., Geldenhuys CJ, Jardine JM. Ethnobotanical plant uses in the KwaNibela peninsula, St lucia, South Africa. South African J Bot 2011; 77 (2):346–359. Zwane NS, De Wet H, Van Vuuren SF. Blood purification practices: Some ethnopharmacological insight from a rural community in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. J Ethnopharmacol 2024; 324 (August 2023):117795. Pakia M, Cooke JA. The ethnobotany of the Midzichenda tribes of the coastal forest areas in Kenya: 2. Medicinal plant uses. South African J Bot 2003; 69 (3):382–395. Mutie FM, Mbuni YM, Rono PC, Mkala EM, Nzei JM, Phumthum M, et al. Important Medicinal and Food Taxa (Orders and Families) in Kenya, Based on Three Quantitative Approaches. Plants 2023; 12 (5):1–143. Mboni HM, Keymeulen F, Ngezahayo J, Amuri SB, Mutombo EK, Byanga JK, et al. Antimalarial herbal remedies of Bukavu and Uvira areas in DR Congo: An ethnobotanical survey. J Ethnopharmacol 2019; 249 (1):112422. Baumgärtel, C., Lautenschläger T. The genus Landolphia P. Beauv.(Apocynaceae): A comprehensive review on its ethnobotanical utilizations, pharmacology and nutritional potential. J Ethnopharmacol 2023; 303 :115946. Tshikalange TE, Modishane DC, Tabit FT. Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, and Cytotoxicity Properties of Selected Wild Edible Fruits of Traditional Medicinal Plants. J Herbs, Spices Med Plants 2017; 23 (1):68–76. Matemu AO, Adeyemi D, Nyoni H, Mdee L, Tshabalala P, Mamba B, et al. Fatty acid composition of dried fruits of sclerocarya birrea, diospyros blancoi and landolphia kirkii. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2017; 14 (11):1401. Mwamatope B, Chikowe I, Tembo DT, Kamanula JF, Masumbu FFF, Kumwenda FD. Phytochemical Composition and Antioxidant Activity of Edible Wild Fruits from Malawi. Biomed Res Int 2023; 2023 :2621434. Mulholland DA, Schwikkard SL, Sandor P, Nuzillard JM. Delevoyin C, a tetranortriterpenoid from Entandrophragma delevoyi. Phytochemistry 2000; 53 (4):465–468. Mouthé Happi G, Tchaleu Ngadjui B, Green IR, Fogué Kouam S. Phytochemistry and pharmacology of the genus Entandrophragma over the 50 years from 1967 to 2018: a ‘golden’ overview. J Pharm Pharmacol 2018; 70 (11):1431–1460. Saslis-Lagoudakis CH, Klitgaard BB, Forest F, Francis L, Savolainen V, Williamson EM, et al. The use of phylogeny to interpret cross-cultural patterns in plant use and guide medicinal plant discovery: An example from pterocarpus (leguminosae). PLoS One 2011; 6 (7):e22275. Islam MR, Akbar S, Akter B, Nahar A, Proma NM, Hossain MK. Phytochemical Screening and Evaluation of in-vivo Analgesic Activity of Pterocarpus indicus Leaf. Chittagong Univ J B Sci 2023; 11 (1–2):52–60. Appendix Appendix 1 is not available with this version. Additional Declarations The authors declare no competing interests. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-5116022","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":356238959,"identity":"a7710aac-8e96-456c-a6ff-3d0e3b53a665","order_by":0,"name":"Bashige Valentin Chiribagula","email":"data:image/png;base64,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","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1371-0517","institution":"UNILU","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Bashige","middleName":"Valentin","lastName":"Chiribagula","suffix":""},{"id":356241968,"identity":"82dfbbd9-dc10-415e-8fe0-7ec28f8b012d","order_by":1,"name":"Bakari Amuri Salvius","email":"","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6360-8660","institution":"UNILU","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Bakari","middleName":"Amuri","lastName":"Salvius","suffix":""},{"id":356241969,"identity":"b28202f0-0c8b-4da5-b6fc-fa9f99a31489","order_by":2,"name":"Biayi Benaja Martin","email":"","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-0760-267X","institution":"UNILU","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Biayi","middleName":"Benaja","lastName":"Martin","suffix":""},{"id":356241970,"identity":"1339c192-dd76-4844-b3be-507e3cbe9a26","order_by":3,"name":"Lumbu Simbi Jean Baptiste","email":"","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8889-3397","institution":"UNILU","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Lumbu","middleName":"Simbi Jean","lastName":"Baptiste","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-09-19 10:03:37","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":{"humanSubjects":false,"vertebrateSubjects":false,"conflictsOfInterestStatement":false,"humanSubjectEthicalGuidelines":false,"humanSubjectConsent":false,"humanSubjectClinicalTrial":false,"humanSubjectCaseReport":false,"vertebrateSubjectEthicalGuidelines":false},"doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5116022/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5116022/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":65095052,"identity":"78d50c58-aae4-4d0b-a9fb-7b1c1843aedc","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-09-23 14:28:33","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":247027,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eVillage Mampa, Haut – Katanga, DRC.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5116022/v1/b3ade1e08ed1d37a8d1a62bc.png"},{"id":65093421,"identity":"916f1686-9356-4edb-9b4d-de80f28399ff","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-09-23 14:20:33","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":8415,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eMorphological types of medicinal plants from Mampa village\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5116022/v1/5449f1fec19b32ee516ead52.png"},{"id":65095051,"identity":"55945fa9-40bf-4168-9cf9-c3731d66dfa4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-09-23 14:28:32","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":19978,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eGeographical types of medicinal plants in Mampa village\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLegend\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e: CA (Central Africa); SA (Southern Africa); MA(Madagascar); EA (East Africa); NA (North Africa); WA (West Africa).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5116022/v1/d5a0dc87363f04afff9a03d0.png"},{"id":65093416,"identity":"db7f160d-d7a0-40ef-b07d-843ad8675b35","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-09-23 14:20:32","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":26837,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eBotanical families of medicinal plants from the Mampa village (n=38)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLegends\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e: \u003c/strong\u003eThe intensity of the color corresponds to the number of taxa in the family concerned, according to the scale shown in the figure\u003cstrong\u003e.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5116022/v1/d00423ea5a951f48ac3f4538.png"},{"id":65095053,"identity":"7cac464f-0f55-4b6d-8588-9ce684283747","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-09-23 14:28:33","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":8548,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eLocal languages used to name medicinal plants in Mampa village\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5116022/v1/a522f9cefcab27c65b28b252.png"},{"id":65093418,"identity":"79a088f2-941b-4483-a19a-8edd6d04fffd","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-09-23 14:20:32","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":9037,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eParts of the medicinal plants from Mampa village\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5116022/v1/4dca653f95f4a0d0a6b52ead.png"},{"id":65093423,"identity":"72ee4beb-ba82-43fa-8e18-797035a4d455","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-09-23 14:20:33","extension":"png","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":7383,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eMethods of preparing herbal remedies in the village of Mampa.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5116022/v1/e531d8f686116c376fbda5ab.png"},{"id":65093422,"identity":"532bc16f-ef3c-4a08-bbd0-a43daec0d081","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-09-23 14:20:33","extension":"png","order_by":8,"title":"Figure 8","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":20891,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSigns and pathologies treated by traditional medicine in the Mampa village\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"8.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5116022/v1/c0d22b51d3f5e2d4757b38ca.png"},{"id":65093419,"identity":"930ae74c-b748-4867-a98c-8c92d2d572d9","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-09-23 14:20:32","extension":"png","order_by":9,"title":"Figure 9","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":535018,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003ePlants particularly highlighted by the study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSource: \u003ca href=\"http://www.africanplants.senckenberg.de/\"\u003ehttp://www.africanplants.senckenberg.de/\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"9.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5116022/v1/7c86a91dcae15b840befa073.png"},{"id":65095313,"identity":"64bc63f9-3ec1-444f-9907-462c97040bf9","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-09-23 14:36:35","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":3554222,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5116022/v1/7b7cb51c-319a-4a31-ba4d-f9abc0ba0d73.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"The authors declare no competing interests.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003eEthnomedical knowledge of plants used in traditional medicine in Mampa village, Haut-Katanga province, Democratic Republic of Congo\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"Background","content":"\u003cp\u003eTraditional medicine is the original form of healthcare [1\u0026ndash;3]. The plant has been utilized for centuries by many cultures as a primary source of therapeutic agents, frequently constituting a dominant element within traditional medicinal systems [4,5]. This remains the case despite the evolution of medicine, with more than three-quarters of drugs currently being of biological origin [6,7]. The advent of technology has resulted in a decline in the prominence of traditional medicine, leading to its marginalization in some regions and the emergence of alternative or complementary forms of medicine [8]. Unfortunately, the remedies used in biomedicine have not always met expectations. Resistance has been observed in of several therapeutic classes of drugs, and the emergence of metabolic pathologies has prompted the search for new remedies [9\u0026ndash;11].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTraditional medicine is a highly credible alternative to biomedicine in primary healthcare and the search for new molecules due to its frequency of use, effectiveness, acceptability and accessibility [12]. 88% of WHO member countries report a high level of use of traditional medicine in their healthcare systems, and in many parts of the world, it remains the only form of treatment available [12]. On the other hand, several molecules currently used in therapeutics are of natural origin and derived from ethnomedicinal knowledge [13,14]. However, while traditional medicine has been documented and archived in certain civilizations, such as China [15], India [16] and Persia [17], it remains poorly preserved and little disseminated in various African regions, even though, in most cases, it constitutes a form of knowledge accumulated over several generations and has long been an integral part of cultural heritage and local traditions.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the DRC, as in many African countries, traditional medicine was the only source of healthcare during the pre-colonial period [18\u0026ndash;21]. Currently, it remains in great demand in several regions of the country, as attested by various ethnobotanical studies carried out in the various areas of the DRC, such as Bukavu [22,23]; Uvira [24]; Butembo [25]; Kisantu and Mbanza ngungu [26]; Kasangulu [27] ; Kinshasa [28]; Yakoma [29]; Kenge [30]; Kasai Oriental [31] and particularly Haut-Katanga [32\u0026ndash;41].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe results of ethnobotanical studies conducted in Haut-Katanga indicate that 76.4% of the population utilize traditional medicine as a complement to biomedicine [21,42]. The reasons for turning to traditional medicine in this region are not only accessibility but also the conviction of a certainty of cure [21,42,43]. Healing in the region\u0026rsquo;s main urban areas is culturally mixed, with knowledge passed not only within families but also between ethnic groups, where the Bemba, Luba, and Tabwa are dominant [32,36,38].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIt should be noted, however, that most of these studies have been carried out in large cities, leaving out the villages in between. Given that the transmission of knowledge in the region is from ancestor to descendant and that in Congolese villages, where knowledge is still transmitted orally, with all the risks this entails, it is often people from the same tribe who live there, we thought it would be interesting to integrate this village-based approach into the search for the value of traditional Katangese knowledge used to cure pathologies. With this in mind, we turned our attention to the village of Mampa, located between the city of Lubumbashi and the town of Kasumbalesa, which borders Zambia. This village is so special because traditional medicine is the only form of primary health care available, especially since there are no modern health facilities in the village.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study aims to report on the knowledge, attitudes and practices of traditional medicine in the village of Mampa, particularly the plant taxa used as medicinal plants.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Materials and Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003e1.1 Experimental Framework\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe study was conducted in the Mampa village (Fig.\u0026nbsp;1).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe village of Mampa belongs to the Kaponda chiefdom, in the Dilanda groupement, Kipushi territory, Haut-Katanga province, DRC. It was founded in 1925 by Mampa of the Lamba tribe. The village, which lies between 11\u0026deg;40'-12\u0026deg;18' south latitude and 27\u0026deg;18'-27\u0026deg;45' east longitude, covers an area of 453.1 km\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e at an altitude of 1,240 m, 8 km from the town of Lubumbashi and 83 km from the city of Kasumbalesa, and is inhabited by the Lamba, Tabwa, Tshokwe, Bemba, Sanga and Luba-Kas peoples. They form around 600\u0026ndash;820 households, with an average of 6 people per household. Their main activities are agriculture and the ember trade. Its geographical location is characterized by a tropical climate, with an average annual temperature of 22.4\u0026deg;C and average yearly rainfall of 512.7 mm\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e. The village has two seasons, with a relatively shorter rainy season from November to April. Characteristic vegetation is of the clear Miombo forest type. The village has no health facilities or schools. All pathologies are treated in the first line of traditional medicine.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e1.2. Ethnomedical data collection\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis is a descriptive cross-sectional study. It was conducted among the population living in the village of Mampa between November 2022 and October 2023 in a direct interview using a guide questionnaire (Appendix 1). Questions focused on the village population's practices and attitudes to various diseases and the plants used to treat them. In addition, information relating to some of the socio-demographic characteristics of the population surveyed was also collected. The following formula determined the size of the representative sample [40,44]:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003en\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:=\\:\\frac{\\text{p}\\:\\text{x}\\:\\left(1-\\text{p}\\right)\\:\\text{x}\\:\\text{N}\\:\\text{x}{\\:\\text{t}}_{\\text{p}}^{2}}{{\\text{t}}_{\\text{p}}^{2}\\:\\text{x}\\:\\text{p}\\:\\left(1-\\text{p}\\right)+\\left(\\text{N}-1\\right)\\text{x}{\\:\\text{y}}^{2}}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e (1);\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhere, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;sample size, N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;actual population size (103,043), p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;expected proportion of respondents (estimated p at 0.5), tp\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;sampling confidence interval (tp\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.96 given that we set a 95% confidence interval) and y\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;margin of sampling error: we set this at 0.05. This yields a household population of 383. We went as far as 400 people, further reassuring the representativeness of our sample.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePeople living in the Mamapa village who had already used medicinal plants to treat illnesses were included in the study, if they had been met in the various households of the Mamapa village, that they had agreed to take part in the research and that they had been able to answer the questions at the time of the interviews. The interviews were conducted in Swahili, the language spoken in the village by the entire population, and the local ethnic languages.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eData processing and analysis\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe names of the plant species were given by the respondents in the local language during the interviews. The plants were collected in the company of the interviewees. On this occasion, photographs were taken, and herbarium specimens were prepared and deposited at the Kipopo Herbarium, where the plants were formally identified and given scientific names by the herbarium botanists. The names were updated by comparison with the following databases: Plants of the World Online (\u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://powo.science.kew.org/\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://powo.science.kew.org/\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e ), The World Flora Online (\u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttp://www.worldfloraonline\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"http://www.worldfloraonline\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e ) or the African Plant Database \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://africanplantdatabase.ch/\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://africanplantdatabase.ch/\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGiven the current controversy surrounding ethnobotanical indexes [45], we have used only the terms Numbers and relative citation frequency (percentage) to assess the results of our investigations quantitatively.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate Research\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e The Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Lubumbashi (FSPUNILU-DP-BD-062022) reviewed and approved the project proposal and ethical rules. Before the start of data collection, in accordance with the ethical, moral standards of the University of Lubumbashi, all respondents (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;400) were asked to provide voluntary verbal consent. All participants agreed to participate in the study. All respondents were informed that the data collected would be used for academic purposes only.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results and Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eKnowledge, attitudes and practices of the people of Mampa Village who use plants to treat various pathologies\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThere are six main reasons why people in the village of Mampa turn to medicinal plants, with the most cited reasons being family tradition (93.8%), distance from hospitals (25.3%), and certainty of cure (23.8%). Mampa people turn to six primary sources for their herbal remedies, dominated by friends (24.5%) and family members (24%). But long before resorting to herbal remedies, the Mampa people, depending on their pathologies, resort to 5 practices, of which the analysis of signs and symptoms (35%) and tests derived from the ancestral tradition (24%) are reported by nearly three-fifths of those surveyed (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAlthough most of the people in the village of Mampa use plants to treat their illnesses, and in most cases (49%) they are not aware of the risks involved, some of them are aware of certain risks associated with the use of medicinal plants. Of the four risks mentioned, not completing the cure (13%) or aggravating the illness (11.5%) are the two most frequently cited reasons. The Mampa population is aware that the use of medicinal plants does not always produce the expected results and that there have been cases of therapeutic failure. When such cases occur, seven attitudes are observed by the subjects, of which the two most frequently mentioned are: either to do nothing (24%) or to change the plant: 22% (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKnowledge, attitudes and practices of traditional medicine in the Mampa village\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFactor\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMen (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;199)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWomen (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;201)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;400)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"7\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eReasons why people use medicinal plants\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eE\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eE\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eE\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFamily traditions\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e179\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e89.9\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e196\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e97.5\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e375\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e93.8\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eReliable hospitals far from home\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e25.1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e25.4\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e101\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e25.3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCertainty of healing\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e23.6\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e23.9\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e95\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e23.8\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eShort treatment times\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e14.6\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e14.4\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e14.5\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLow cost of treatment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e13.6\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e13.4\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e13.5\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEasy access to plants\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e12.1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e11.9\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e12.0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"7\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSources of knowledge about medicinal plants\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFriends\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e24.1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e24.9\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e98\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e24.5\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFamily\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e24.1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e23.9\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e96\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e24.0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrevious experiences\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e14.6\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e14.4\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e14.5\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDream\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e14.1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e13.9\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e14.0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTraditional healers\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e12.1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e11.9\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e12.0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHerbalists\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e11.1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10.9\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e11.0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"7\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDiagnosis of diseases before using plants\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSigns and symptoms\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e170\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e85.2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e194\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e96.5\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e364\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e91.0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTraditional tests\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e24.1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e23.9\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e96\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e24.0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDream\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e14.6\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e15.4\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e15.0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBiomedical examinations\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e13.6\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e14.4\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e14.0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAncestral rituals\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e12.6\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e11.4\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e12.0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"7\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eKnowledge of the risks of using medicinal plants\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e96\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e48.2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e49.8\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e196\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e49.0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFailure to complete the course of treatment, leads to relapse\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e13.6\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e12.4\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e13.0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFailure to control the dose\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e12.1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10.9\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e11.5\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWorsening of the disease\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10.1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10.9\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10.5\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInitiation to mystical practices\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8.0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10.0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9.0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIncrease in undesirable effects\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8.0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6.0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7.0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"7\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAttitude in the event of therapeutic failure after herbal treatment\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDo nothing\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e22.6\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e25.4\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e96\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e24.0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUse fetishists\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.5\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2.5\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUse traditional healers\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6.5\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5.5\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6.0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChange plant\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e22.1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e21.9\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e88\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e22.0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUse plant mixtures\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e14.6\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e14.4\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e14.5\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDouble the dose\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e15.6\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e15.9\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e63\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e15.8\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUse of biomedicine\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e15.1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e14.4\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e59\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e14.8\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eLegend\u003c/b\u003e \u0026ndash; E: Headcount.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eKnowledge of medicinal plants among the population of Mampa village\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn total, 38 plants are used by the population of Mampa village to treat 33 pathologies, with \u003cem\u003eAnisophyllea pomifera\u003c/em\u003e (46 citations) being the most cited plant and \u003cem\u003eBrachystegia boehmii\u003c/em\u003e (5 uses) being the most used taxon. The characteristics of these taxa relate to their family, morphological, and geographical types, as well as the characteristics of the medicinal recipes derived from their use (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMedicinal plants used by the people of Mampa village\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePlant species (Family)\u003csup\u003eMT\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLocal name (ethnicity)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGeographical type\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLocal Medical Uses \u003csup\u003eUP,PF\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo. Citations\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo. Uses\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAlbizia julibrissin\u003c/em\u003e Durazz (Fabaceae) \u003csup\u003eh\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMusamba mvula (f)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSyphilis\u003csup\u003ek,s\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMungesha ngesha (d)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCoxarthrosis\u003csup\u003ek,s\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePoisoning fish\u003csup\u003et,v\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAnisophyllea pomifera\u003c/em\u003e Engl. \u0026amp; Brehmer* (Anisophylleaceae) \u003csup\u003eh\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLufunga (f)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUrinary infections* \u003csup\u003en,r\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDiabetes\u003c/b\u003e \u003csup\u003em,q\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMalaria\u003c/b\u003e \u003csup\u003ek,n,q\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCough\u003c/b\u003e \u003csup\u003ek,n,k\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eHypertension\u003c/b\u003e \u003csup\u003ek,n,q\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBauhinia variegata\u003c/em\u003e\u0026nbsp;L (Fabaceae) \u003csup\u003eh\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNdunda wa bululu (f)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eConstipation\u003csup\u003ep,q\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBrachystegia boehmii\u003c/em\u003e Taub (Fabaceae) \u003csup\u003eh\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMusanga (f)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCA-EA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eConstipation\u003csup\u003en,s\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eGonorrhea\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003en,q\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDiarrhea\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003el,q\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCough\u003csup\u003em,r\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eWounds\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003em,n,r\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBuddleja davidii\u003c/em\u003e Franch (Scrophulariaceae) \u003csup\u003ei\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSambwe sambwe (f)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eB\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHair loss\u003csup\u003ek,r\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eWound\u003c/b\u003e \u003csup\u003ek,r\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eButea monosperma\u003c/em\u003e (Lam) Kuntze (Fabaceae) \u003csup\u003eh\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMukombo (f)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSnakebite\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003el,t\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eChrysobalanus icaco\u003c/em\u003e\u0026nbsp;L (Chrysobalanaceae) \u003csup\u003ei\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMunazi (f)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnemia\u003csup\u003ek,r\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKapempe (a)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntestinal worms \u003csup\u003ek,r\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCratoxylum cochinchinense\u003c/em\u003e\u0026nbsp;(Lour) Blume (Hyperiaceae) \u003csup\u003eh\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMukute (f)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eB\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDiarrhea \u003csup\u003ek,q\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKafifi (g)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDiarrhea\u003csup\u003ek,q\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCrossopteryx febrifuga\u003c/em\u003e (G Don) Benth (Rubiaceae) \u003csup\u003eh\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePelapori (f)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFever\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003el,q\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMalaria\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003el\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDiarrhea\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003el\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCupaniopsis anacardioides\u003c/em\u003e (A Rich) Radlk (Sapindaceae) \u003csup\u003eh\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMukonda mbazo (f)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eD\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTooth decay\u003csup\u003el,q\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDecreased libido\u003csup\u003en,q\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eDamnacanthus indicus\u003c/em\u003e CF Gaertn (Rubiaceae) \u003csup\u003ei\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eZanza (f)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSwelling pain\u003csup\u003ek,r\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSansa (a)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCancer\u003c/b\u003e \u003csup\u003ek,r\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eDimocarpus longan\u003c/em\u003e Lour (Sapindaceae) \u003csup\u003eh\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMululu (f)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eB\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAbdominal pain\u003csup\u003el,q\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eDiospyros virginiana\u003c/em\u003e L (Ebenaceae) \u003csup\u003eh\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBukolongo (f)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eK\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSyphilis\u003csup\u003ek,r\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eDombeya rotundifolia\u003c/em\u003e (Hochst) Planch (Malvaceae) \u003csup\u003eh\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKiku (f)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVomiting\u003csup\u003el,r\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eElaeodendron orientale\u003c/em\u003e Jacq (Celestraceae) \u003csup\u003eh\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKakula (f)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnemia\u003csup\u003el,r\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eEntandrophragma delevoyi\u003c/em\u003e De Wild (Meliaceae) \u003csup\u003eh\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKimuti Leza (f)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eE\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCough\u003csup\u003em,q\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMalaria\u003csup\u003em,q\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRhumatism \u003csup\u003em,q\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWound\u003csup\u003em,q\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eFlueggea suffruticosa\u003c/em\u003e (Pall) Baill (Phyllanthaceae) \u003csup\u003ei\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMupeto wa lupe (f)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSwollen fingers\u003csup\u003en,t\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGomphocarpus sinaicus\u003c/em\u003e Boiss [Syn \u003cem\u003eAsclepias sinaica\u003c/em\u003e (Boiss.) Muschl] (Apocynaceae) \u003csup\u003ej\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKapofwe (b)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCoxarthrosis\u003csup\u003eo,q\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKasobololo (f)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGastritis\u003csup\u003eo,q\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eHarungana madagascariensis\u003c/em\u003e Lam ex Poir (Hypericaceae) \u003csup\u003eh\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKape (f)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eRheumatism\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003em,r\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGout\u003csup\u003em,r\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eJuglans nigra\u003c/em\u003e L (Juglandaceae) \u003csup\u003eh\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMukena mbulo (f)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eK\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDecreased libido\u003csup\u003em,r\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ediarrhea\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003em,r\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eKigelia africana\u003c/em\u003e (Lam) Benth (Bignoniaceae) \u003csup\u003eh\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMuvungu lume (f)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDecreased libido\u003csup\u003eo,r\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUrinary infections* \u003csup\u003en,r\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eLandolphia kirkii\u003c/em\u003e Dyer ex Hook.f (Apocynaceae)\u003csup\u003ei\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMabungo (a)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eE\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFever \u003csup\u003en,q\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePain \u003csup\u003en,q\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHemorrhoids \u0026dagger; \u003csup\u003en,q\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMalaria\u003c/b\u003e \u003csup\u003en,q\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDiabetes \u003csup\u003en,q\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnemia \u003csup\u003en,q\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eParinari curatellifolia\u003c/em\u003e Planch. ex Benth (Chrysobalanaceae)\u003csup\u003eh\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMupundu (b)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eT\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDiarrhoea\u003csup\u003el,q\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePhoebe lanceolata\u003c/em\u003e (Nees) Nees (Lauraceae) \u003csup\u003eh\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKibobo (a)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eB\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDiarrhea\u003csup\u003ek,q\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKakolwa (f)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWound\u003csup\u003el,q\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePiliostigma reticulatum\u003c/em\u003e (DC.) Hochst (Fabaceae) \u003csup\u003eh\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUkifumbe (f)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTooth decay\u003csup\u003el,q\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHemorrhoids\u003csup\u003e\u0026dagger; n,q\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePiscidia piscipula\u003c/em\u003e\u0026nbsp;(L) Sarg (Fabaceae) \u003csup\u003eh\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMulama (f)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eL\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAbdominal pain\u003csup\u003ek,r\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePrunus armeniaca\u003c/em\u003e L (Rosaceae) \u003csup\u003eh\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKasombo (f)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eG\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGonorrhea\u003csup\u003ek,r\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePsidium cattleianum\u003c/em\u003e Sabine (Myrtaceae) \u003csup\u003eh\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBupubili (f)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGastritis\u003csup\u003em,q\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePterocarpus angolensis\u003c/em\u003e DC (Fabaceae) \u003csup\u003eh\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMukunda mbazu (f)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGout\u003csup\u003en,q\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDiabetes mellitus\u003csup\u003em,q\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePterocarpus brenanii\u003c/em\u003e Barbosa \u0026amp; Torre (Fabaceae) \u003csup\u003eh\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKakula (f)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCancer\u003csup\u003em,q\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHepatitis\u003csup\u003em,q\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMalaria \u003csup\u003em,q\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFever \u003csup\u003em,q\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePueraria montana\u003c/em\u003e (Lour) Merr (Fabaceae) \u003csup\u003ej\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUbupundu (f)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDysentery\u003csup\u003ek,q\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eQuercus suber\u003c/em\u003e L (Fagaceae) \u003csup\u003eh\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNdale (d)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJ\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAscites\u003csup\u003el,r\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKilonde (f)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAscites\u003csup\u003em,r\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eRhododendron simsii\u003c/em\u003e\u0026nbsp;Planch (Ericaceae) \u003csup\u003ei\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMuda (f)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eB\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDental plaque\u003csup\u003ek,q\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ecough\u003csup\u003ek,q\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eRicinus communis\u003c/em\u003e L (Euphorbiceae) \u003csup\u003eh\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMono (f)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAbdominal pain\u003csup\u003ekr\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMbalika (e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHemorrhoids\u003csup\u003en,q\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMudia ntondo (c)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBronchitis\u003csup\u003el,q\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSenegalia polyacantha\u003c/em\u003e (Willd) Seigler \u0026amp; Ebinger (Fabaceae) \u003csup\u003eh\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKibombolo (f)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eQ\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSexual weakness\u003csup\u003em,q\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDiabetes mellitus\u003csup\u003em,q\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDiarrhea\u003csup\u003em,q\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePainful menstruation\u003csup\u003em,q\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSyzygium cumini\u003c/em\u003e (L) Skeels (Myrtaceae) \u003csup\u003eh\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMasanfwa (f)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eB\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAbdominal pain \u003csup\u003eo,p,u\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSnake bite\u003csup\u003en,t\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTetradium ruticarpum\u003c/em\u003e (A Juss) TG Hartley (Rutaceae) \u003csup\u003eh\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKinsungwa (b)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eB\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSwelling pain\u003csup\u003ek,r\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKinsungu (f)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHeadaches\u003csup\u003eo,s\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eViburnum odoratissimum\u003c/em\u003e Ker Gawl (Viburnaceae)\u003csup\u003ei\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKifubya (f)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eB\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAbdominal pain\u003csup\u003ek,q\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKishimya mulilo (b)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWounds\u003csup\u003el,q\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"6\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eLegend\u003c/em\u003e \u0026ndash; \u003cem\u003eEthnicity\u003c/em\u003e \u0026ndash; Bemba: a, Lamba: b, Luba-kas: c, Luba-kat: d, Swahili: e, Tabwa: f, Zela: g \u0026ndash; \u003cem\u003eGeographical types-\u003c/em\u003e Asia-Temperate: A, Asia-Temperate - Asia-Tropical: B, Asia-Temperate - Asia-Tropical-Australia: C, Australia: D, CA-EA: E, CA-SA: F, Central Asia: G, EA: H, NA: I, NA-WE: J, Northern America: K, Northern America - Southern America: L, SA: M, South Asia: N, South-America: O, TA: P, TA-SA: Q, WA-CA: R, WA-EA: S, TA-MA: T - \u003cem\u003eMorphological types\u003c/em\u003e- Tree: h, Shrub: i, Subshrub: j \u0026ndash; \u003cem\u003eMode of preparation\u003c/em\u003e \u0026ndash; Decoction: q, Maceration: r, Infusion: s, Pillage: t, Mastication: u \u0026ndash; \u003cem\u003eUsed part\u003c/em\u003e\u0026ndash; Root: k, Stem Root: m, Stem bark: l, Leaves: n, Fruit: o, Rhizome: p and Seeds: v - \u003cem\u003ePlants used in mixtures\u003c/em\u003e ( in equal parts) \u0026ndash; Haemorrhoids: \u0026dagger;; Urinary infections: *\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eMorphological and geographical type\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe medicinal plants inventoried in the village of Mampa can be classified into three morphological types, with the tree type representing 76.3% of the total (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). They can be further divided into 22 geographical types, with plants endemic to Asia representing the majority. However, African endemic taxa account for 47.4% of all taxa, including 13 from the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eFamily and local name\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe 38 taxa are distributed among 23 genera belonging to 24 families. The most prevalent family is Fabaceae, which accounts for 26.3% of the taxa, followed by four families with two taxa each: The remaining families are represented by only one taxon each (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). These taxa are named in seven local languages of the DRC, of which Tabwa is the most represented with 36 taxa. It is followed by Bemba and Lamba with four taxa each (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \n\u003ch3\u003eUsed part and mode of preparation\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA total of 79 single plant medicinal recipes and two mixed plant medicinal recipes were derived from the 38 taxa using seven plant parts. The root was the most utilized plant part, with 21 recipes and 14 taxa, followed by the stem bark, which was used in 19 recipes and 15 taxa. The root bark was the third most utilized plant part, with 18 recipes and 10 taxa (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe seven organs utilized in a multitude of medicinal preparations are processed via six distinct methods, with decoction being the predominant approach, accounting for 41 recipes and 19 taxa (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e). This is followed by maceration, which is employed in 26 recipes and 15 taxa.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003ePathologies treated by plants inventoried in our experimental framework\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe 81 recipes from 38 taxa inventoried in this study are used in the treatment of 32 pathologies where abdominal pain (8 recipes, 7 taxa, 152 citations), diarrhoea (7 recipes, 4 taxa, 104 citations), hemorrhoids (4 recipes, 3 taxa, 96 citations), decreased libido (3 recipes, 3 taxa, 76 citations) and cough (3 recipes, 2 taxa, 72 citations) are treated by at least 3 medicinal recipes (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrevious medicinal knowledge of the organs of inventoried taxa\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA review of the existing literature (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e), focusing on the last medicinal uses of the 38 taxa used in the Mampa village, reveals the following:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003col\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eEight taxa had previously been reported as medicinal plants in Katanga, of which five (\u003cem\u003eAnisophyllea boehmii\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eBrachystegia boehmii\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eCrossopteryx febrifuga\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eHarungana madagascariensis\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eLandolphia kirkii\u003c/em\u003e) have the same medicinal uses in Mampa as in the existing literature from the region, and three (\u003cem\u003eParinari curatellifolia\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003ePterocarpus angolensis\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eSenegalia polyacantha\u003c/em\u003e) have new medicinal uses.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eThree taxa are reported as medicinal plants in regions of the DRC other than Katanga and for pathologies other than those for which they are used in the village of Mampa: \u003cem\u003eKigelia africana, Ricinus communis, Syzygium cumini\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eNine taxa have the same medicinal use in Mampa as in other regions outside the DRC: \u003cem\u003eAlbizia julibrissin\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eBauhinia variegata\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eBuddleja davidii\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eCupaniopsis anacardioides\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eDamnacanthus indicus\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eJuglans nigra\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003ePhoebe lanceolata\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003ePiliostigma reticulatum\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eRhododendron simsii\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eTwo taxa, \u003cem\u003eEntandrophragma delevoyi\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003ePterocarpus brenanii\u003c/em\u003e, are reported for the first time as medicinal plants. Both are endemic to Africa, one of which, \u003cem\u003eEntandrophragma delevoyi\u003c/em\u003e, is singularly endemic to the DRC. These taxa constitute the particularity of the Mampa village from the point of view of ethnomedicinal uses of plants.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eSixteen taxa reported as medicinal plants in other regions outside the DRC and for uses other than those for which they are used in the village of Mampa: \u003cem\u003eButea monosperma\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eChrysobalanus icaco\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eCratoxylum cochinchinense\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eDimocarpus longan\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eDiospyros virginiana\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eDombeya rotundifolia\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eElaeodendron orientale\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eFlueggea suffruticosa\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eGomphocarpus sinaicus\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003ePiscidia piscipula\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003ePrunus armeniaca\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003ePsidium cattleianum\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003ePueraria montana\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eQuercus suber\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eTetradium ruticarpum\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eViburnum odoratissimum\u003c/em\u003e (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003c/ol\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eExtract from the available literature on medicinal uses of plants in the Mampa village\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTaxa\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCountry\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrevious medicinal uses\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSource\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAlbizia julibrissin\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChina\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eRoot\u003c/b\u003e: swelling and pain in the lungs, shin ulcers, wounds, depression.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e[46]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLeaves\u003c/b\u003e: Inflammations\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e[47]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eStem Bark\u003c/b\u003e: ulcers, abscesses, burns, hemorrhoids, and fractures.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e[48]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKorea\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLeaves\u003c/b\u003e: Ichtiotoxics\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e[49]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAnisophyllea pomifera\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDRC: Lubumbashi\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eRoot: Diabetes\u003c/b\u003e, abdominal pain, Tooth decay, \u003cb\u003eMalaria\u003c/b\u003e, mental disorders, \u003cb\u003ehypertension, cough\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e[35,36,50]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBauhinia variegata\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndia\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eStem Bark \u0026amp; Flowers\u003c/b\u003e: Obesity, dysentery, Hemorrhagia\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e[51]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndia\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eStem bark\u003c/b\u003e: diarrhea, dysentery, \u003cb\u003econstipation\u003c/b\u003e, Goiter, leprosy; Tumor, diabetes, helminth, ulcer, obesity\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e[52,53]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBrachystegia boehmii\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDRC: Lubumbashi\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eStem bark\u003c/b\u003e: Dysentery, \u003cb\u003ediarrhea\u003c/b\u003e, abdominal pain, dysmenorrhea and \u003cb\u003egonorrhoea\u003c/b\u003e, Tuberculosis, Typhoid Fever.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e[39]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eZimbabwe\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eStem bark\u003c/b\u003e: Abdominal pains, antivenom, back pain, cataracts, heart problems, mental problems, sore eyes, toothache, constipation and lumbago in ruminants.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e[54]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eZimbabwe\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLeaves: Wounds\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e[55]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMozambique\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eRoot bark\u003c/b\u003e: Abdominal pains\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e[56]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eZambia\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eRoot bark\u003c/b\u003e: Dizziness and \u003cb\u003ediarrhea\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e[57]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBuddleja davidii\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChina\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eRoot\u003c/b\u003e: headache, \u003cb\u003ewound\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e[58]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRepublic of Korea\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLeaf\u003c/b\u003e: Malaria, inflammatory pathologies, \u003cb\u003ewound\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e[59]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eButea monosperma\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndia\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eStem bark\u003c/b\u003e: helminth, infertility, diabetes, Sexual dysfunction\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e[60]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndia\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eRoots\u003c/b\u003e: impotency, elephantiasis, \u003cb\u003esnake bite\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e[61]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eChrysobalanus icaco\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNigeria\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLeaves\u003c/b\u003e: Diabetes, obesity\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e[62]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCratoxylum cochinchinense\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBrazil\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLeaves\u003c/b\u003e: Diabetes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e[63]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCrossopteryx febrifuga\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDRC: Lubumbashi\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eStem bark\u003c/b\u003e: Sexual dysfunction, Diabetes, \u003cb\u003eMalaria\u003c/b\u003e, haemorrhoids, \u003cb\u003eDiarrhea\u003c/b\u003e, cough and abdominal pain\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e[36\u0026ndash;38,41]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAngola Burkina Faso Congo\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGhana Guinea\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIvory Coast Mozambique Nigeria Zimbabwe\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eStem bark\u003c/b\u003e: \u003cb\u003eMalaria\u003c/b\u003e, cough, asthma, pneumonia, tuberculosis, sterility, gastrointestinal complaints, diabetes, wound infections, epilepsy, \u003cb\u003efever\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e[64]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCupaniopsis anacardioides\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAustralia\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFruit, Leaves\u003c/b\u003e : Cold, fever, inflammation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e[65]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eDamnacanthus indicus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChina\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRoot : \u003cb\u003eCancer\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e[66]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eDimocarpus longan\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChina\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eStem bark\u003c/b\u003e : Fatigue\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e[67]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eDiospyros virginiana\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndia\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eRoot\u003c/b\u003e : dysentery, diarrhea, fevers, haemorrhoids\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e[68]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eDombeya rotundifolia\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRSA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eStem bark\u003c/b\u003e : Skin\u0026nbsp;Infections\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e[69]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eElaeodendron orientale\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMadagascar\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eStem bark\u003c/b\u003e : chest infections, venereal illness, and scorpion fish poisoning\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e[70]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eEntandrophragma delevoyi\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNR\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNR\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNR\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eFlueggea suffruticosa\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRussia\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLeaves\u003c/b\u003e : lumbago, rheumatic disease, numbness of the limbs, impotence, infantile paralysis and indigestion\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e[71]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eGomphocarpus sinaicus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEgypt\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFruit\u003c/b\u003e : Diarrhea, rhinorrhagia, metrorrhagia\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e[72]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eHarungana madagascariensis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCameroon\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eRoot bark\u003c/b\u003e : gonorrhoea, leprosy, haemorrhoids and to facilitate childbirth\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e[73]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDRC: Katanga\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eRoot bark\u003c/b\u003e : Diabetes, \u003cb\u003erheumatism\u003c/b\u003e, Sexual dysfunction, High blood pressure\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e[36,41,43]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eJuglans nigra\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnited States of America\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eRoot bark\u003c/b\u003e : \u003cb\u003ediarrhea\u003c/b\u003e, bilious, cramp colic, and cancers\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e[74]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eKigelia africana\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSouth Africa\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFruits\u003c/b\u003e : Solar keratosis, malignant melanoma, dysentery, worm infestations, pneumonia, toothache, malaria, diabetes, venereal diseases, convulsions, antidote for snakebite, post parturition haemorrhage, solar keratoses and skin cancer\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e[75]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBotswana\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSTDs\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e[75]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNigeria\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInflammations diseases\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e[75]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDRC: Lubero\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEpilepsy, Haemorrhoid\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e[76]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eLandolphia kirkii\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDRC: Lubumbashi\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLeaves\u003c/b\u003e : \u003cb\u003eMalaria\u003c/b\u003e, seizures\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e[34,37]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eParinari curatellifolia\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDRC: Lubumbashi\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eRoot Bark\u003c/b\u003e : Malaria, \u003cb\u003ediarrhea\u003c/b\u003e, STDs, haemorrhoids, Kunde\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e[37]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePhoebe lanceolata\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChina\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eRoot\u003c/b\u003e: \u003cb\u003ewound\u003c/b\u003e, Cough\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e[77]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePiliostigma reticulatum\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIvory Coast\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eStem Bark\u003c/b\u003e : \u003cb\u003ediarrhoea\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e[78]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSenegal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eStem Bark\u003c/b\u003e : ulcers, boils, \u003cb\u003etoothache\u003c/b\u003e, wounds, syphilitic cancer, gingivitis and \u003cb\u003ediarrhea\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e[79]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePiscidia piscipula\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMexico\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eRoot\u003c/b\u003e : nerve pain, migraine, insomnia, anxiety, fear, and nervous tension\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e[80]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePrunus armeniaca\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAlgeria\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eRoot\u003c/b\u003e : coughs, bronchitis, asthma, and to soothe inflamed or irritated skin\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e[81]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePsidium cattleianum\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBrazil\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eRoot bark\u003c/b\u003e : Constipation, diarrhea\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e[82]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePterocarpus angolensis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAngola, India\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLeaf\u003c/b\u003e : gastrointestinal and urine-genital ailments, fertility problems\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e[83,84]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eRoot bark\u003c/b\u003e : respiratory conditions, and skin disorders\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e[83,84]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDRC: Katanga\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eRoot bark\u003c/b\u003e : Malaria, diarrhea, haemorrhoids, wounds, anaemia, \u003cb\u003eDiabetes\u003c/b\u003e, tooth decay, hepatitis, fever, otitis.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e[34,36\u0026ndash;38]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePterocarpus brenanii\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNR\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNR\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNR\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePueraria montana\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eRoot\u003c/b\u003e : Diabetes, gastroenteritis, HTA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e[85,86]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eQuercus suber\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMorocco\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eStem bark\u003c/b\u003e : Diabetes, gastroenteritis, diarrhea, asthma, haemorrhoids, gonorrhoea, gastritis, pyrexia.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e[87]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMorocco\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eRoot bark\u003c/b\u003e : Parkinson\u0026rsquo;s disease, and hepatoprotective diseases, gastric ulcers.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e[87]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eRhododendron simsii\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChina\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eRoot\u003c/b\u003e : bronchitis, cough, rheumatoid arthritis, pain, and skin ailments\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e[88]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eRicinus communis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndia\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eRoot\u003c/b\u003e : Diabetes, Bacterial infections, Asthma\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e[89]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eRDC: Beni and Lubero\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eRoot\u003c/b\u003e: Diabetes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e[76]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndia\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLeaf\u003c/b\u003e : Diabetes, Helminths, Convulsions, ulcers\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e[89]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSenegalia polyacantha\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndia\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eRoot bark\u003c/b\u003e : Snakebites, leishmaniasis\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e[90]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBenin\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eRoot Bark\u003c/b\u003e : Livestock's diseases\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e[91]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSudan\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eRoot bark\u003c/b\u003e : STDs, Wound, stomach disorders\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e[92]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDRC: Katanga\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eRoot bark\u003c/b\u003e : Malaria, \u003cb\u003ediarrhea\u003c/b\u003e, \u003cb\u003ediabetes\u003c/b\u003e, female STDs\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e[34]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSyzygium cumini\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhilippines, India\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eStem bark\u003c/b\u003e : dysentery, anaemia, gingivitis and mouth ulcerations, Diarrhea, diabetes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e[93]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDRC: Kisangani\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFruit: Diabetes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e[94]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLeaf\u003c/b\u003e : dysentery, stomatitis, vomiting, haemorrhoids,\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e[95]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTetradium ruticarpum\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChina\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eRizhome\u003c/b\u003e : Gastritis, indigestion, vomiting, gastroduodenal ulcer nausea, neural headache, heart failure, dysmenorrhea.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e[96,97]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eViburnum odoratissimum\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChina\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eRoot\u003c/b\u003e : Rheumatism\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e[98]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eLegend\u003c/b\u003e - STD: Sexually transmitted disease; HTA: High blood pressure.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eImportant medicinal plants in Mampa\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn this study, we consider important local medicinal plants to be those that meet one of three criteria: (i) plants with the highest number of citations, (ii) plants with the highest number of uses, and (iii) plants that have been identified as medicinal for the first time.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe most frequently cited taxa are \u003cem\u003eAnisophyllea pomifera\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eBrachystelia boehmii\u003c/em\u003e, with 30 citations each. In contrast, the most frequently utilized taxa are \u003cem\u003eLandolphia kirkii\u003c/em\u003e (six uses) and \u003cem\u003eBrachystegia boehmii\u003c/em\u003e (five uses). This study marks the first time \u003cem\u003eEntandrophragma delevoyi\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003ePterocarpus brenanii\u003c/em\u003e have been identified as medicinal plants (Fig.\u0026nbsp;9).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"No\" id=\"Taba\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAnisophyllea boehmii\u003c/em\u003e Engl\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBrachystegia boehmii\u003c/em\u003e Taub\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eEntandrophragma delevoyi\u003c/em\u003e De Wild\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eLandolphia kirkii\u003c/em\u003e Dyer \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePterocarpus brenanii\u003c/em\u003e Barbosa \u0026amp; Torre\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eFigure 9 : Plants particularly highlighted by the study.\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSource: \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttp://www.africanplants.senckenberg.de/\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"http://www.africanplants.senckenberg.de/\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eThe socio-demographic characteristics of the interviewees.\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e400 resource persons were interviewed as part of this study, with an average age of 48\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4 years (ranging from 24 to 72 years). The male-to-female ratio was 0.99. The respondents were either household representatives (93.75%), herbalists (2.50%), or traditional healers (3.75%). The respondents' mean experience in using medicinal plants was found to be 9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2 years (range: 2\u0026ndash;31 years). The participants were engaged in seven primary occupations, with agriculture and livestock breeding representing over 60% of the total. In over 50% of cases, the respondents had only completed elementary school (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSocio-demographic characteristics of resource persons interviewed\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"9\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCategory\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHousehold (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;375)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHerbalists (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;10)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTHs (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;15)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;400)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN\u0026deg;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"9\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAge\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u0026ndash;30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9.1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6.7\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8.75\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u0026ndash;40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e155\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e41.3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e20\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6.7\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e158\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e39.5\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40\u0026ndash;50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e115\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e30.7\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e40\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e20.0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e122\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e30.5\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50\u0026ndash;60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e59\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e15.7\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e20\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e46.7\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e68\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e17\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e20.0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"9\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eExperience (Year range)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u0026ndash;5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4,0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6,7\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u0026ndash;10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e170\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e45.3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e20.0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e174\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e43.5\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u0026ndash;15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e168\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e44.8\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e30\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e46.7\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e178\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e44.5\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5.9\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e60\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e26.7\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"9\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMain activity\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAgriculture\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8.0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e7.5\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBreeding\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e155\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e41.3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e155\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e38.75\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCrafts\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e119\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e31.7\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e119\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e29.75\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHerbalist\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e100\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2.5\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHousework\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e61\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e16.3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e61\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e15.25\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTHs\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e100.0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.75\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTrade\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2.7\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2.5\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"9\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eGender\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e192\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e51.2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e60\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e20.0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e201\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e50.25\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e183\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e48.8\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e40\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e80.0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e199\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e49.75\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"9\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLevel of education\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNone\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e61\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e16.3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e61\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e15.25\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrimary\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e198\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e52.8\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e70\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e53.3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e213\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e53.25\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSecondary\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e115\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e30.7\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e30\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e40.0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e124\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e31\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUniversity\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6.7\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.5\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eKnowledge, attitudes and practices of traditional medicine using plants in the Mampa village.\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe interviews conducted as part of this study revealed that all subjects consulted utilized traditional medicine, predominantly based on plant use. This result is consistent with the findings of a recent study conducted in Lubumbashi, which revealed that 76.4% of the population utilizes traditional medicine, with a notable prevalence of plant-based remedies [21]. This observation has been previously documented in ethnobotanical studies conducted in Haut-Katanga, although these studies were oriented towards specific pathologies [32\u0026ndash;34,36\u0026ndash;38,40,41,99].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study identified family tradition as the primary rationale for the utilization of plants in traditional medicine, a finding that aligns with those of previous research studies [100\u0026ndash;103]. The impact of family tradition on the uptake of traditional medicine is a complex phenomenon. These include: (i) The practice may be regarded as a cultural heritage that has become an integral part of the family's identity and heritage [104]. An alternative perspective is that it may be viewed as a means of symbolizing continuity, respect for ancestors, and the link with cultural roots, which may serve to reinforce the feeling of belonging to a community [105]. Thirdly, some families may perceive this practice as a means of achieving greater autonomy and control over their well-being [106]. Fourthly, the practice may have given rise to a positive family tradition passed down through generations. Alternatively, it may serve as an element of family cohesion and reinforcement of the unity of a community, as observed by parents and relatives. In this context, the certainty of cure, identified by this study as a reason for the use of traditional medicine by nearly 24% of the population surveyed (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e), may appear to be a secondary justification for the use of traditional medicine based on family practice.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe second most frequently cited rationale for using traditional medicine in this study was the distance to healthcare facilities (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). The lack of physical accessibility to biomedicine has been previously identified as a rationale for using traditional medicine. This is particularly evident in studies conducted in various African countries, including Uganda [107], Rwanda [108], Ethiopia [109,110], Kenya [102], Nigeria [111], Cameroon [112,113], Zambia [114], and the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), particularly in Haut-Katanga [21]. Although poor accessibility is a common and widely reported reason for the use of traditional medicine in many regions, in the case of the village of Mampa, traditional medicine is the only alternative, given that the village lacks a health structure where modern medicine is practiced. This situation serves to illustrate the role of traditional medicine in primary health care in the village of Mampa. These considerations can also be correlated with the sources of knowledge evoked by the population interviewed on the use of traditional medicine, where friends, family, and previous experience figure prominently (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIt is evident that the diagnostic procedures employed in traditional medicine in the Mampa village are not distinctive when compared to the methods of diagnosis documented in the literature on the diagnosis of pathologies in African traditional medicine [115,116]. This is particularly the case in the context of Katanga [38,43]. Notably, clinical signs represent the primary foundation for diagnosis in traditional medicine within the Mampa village (91%). The utilization of clinical signs for the diagnosis of illnesses in traditional medicine offers several advantages, including: (i) the establishment of a link between traditional medicine and biomedicine, the latter also employing clinical signs to connect manifestations to specific drugs, and (ii) the facilitation of the development of an experimental procedure, particularly in clinical studies, aimed at validating traditional medicine practices [117]. However, this approach has the disadvantage of exposing the patient to the risk of incomplete treatment, of which only a minority of the population surveyed (13%) was aware (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRegarding the knowledge of the risks associated with the use of plants in traditional medicine in the village of Mampa, it is notable that several risks identified in this study have been previously documented in other studies [118,119]. However, some risks have not been previously reported. These include the risk of plant confusion during harvesting, intoxication by the metallic trace elements (TMEs) that specific taxa concentrate, and the ecological risk. It is particularly noteworthy that nearly half of the population is unaware of the potential risks associated with using medicinal plants. This could have a detrimental impact on the social stability of the village, particularly given that therapeutic failures may be attributed to witchcraft or mystical practices.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the event of therapeutic failure when using medicinal plants, two attitudes are predominant in the Mampa village: inaction (24%) and changing the plant (22%). Those who elect to do nothing in the event of therapeutic failure adhere to the belief that there is no alternative to traditional medicine, as they perceive this approach to be infallible. This viewpoint has also been documented in prior research conducted in the region [21,43]. This indicates the degree of belief in traditional medicine held by this segment of the population, who have likely never encountered a genuine case of therapeutic failure. The remaining majority opinion is to change the plant. This approach is analogous to that of biomedicine, wherein a change in medication is observed in the event of therapeutic failure. This suggests a spectrum of treatment options within traditional medicine in Mampa. Consequently, the mention of two plants in the management of pathology does not necessarily imply that they are used alternatively but that they may also be employed as a palliative measure. It is important to consider this information when collecting ethnobotanical data on traditional Katangan medicine.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eA variety of medicinal plants from the Mampa village.\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTraditional medicine in the village of Mampa uses 38 taxa. Most of these plants are endemic Asian trees belonging to the Fabaceae family, most of which are named in Tabwa (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs evidenced by various ethnobotanical studies conducted in the region [33,34,38,43,120], the predominance of trees among medicinal plants in Haut-Katanga is a well-documented phenomenon. In contrast to other morphological types, using trees for therapeutic purposes offers several advantages. First, the availability of raw materials is not limited by seasonality, allowing for year-round utilization. Second, using different organs can increase the versatility of the therapeutic supply. Third, the low probability of extinction of highly utilized taxa are another advantage.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMany taxa inventoried in this study originate from Asia, but only three taxa are endemic to the DRC. This differs from various ethnobotanical studies conducted in the Katangese region [36,39,121,122]. The high prevalence of non-endemic medicinal plants in the village of Mampa may indicate a culturally influenced tradition of traditional medicine in this village, potentially shaped by Asian cultural influences. The presence of an Indian agricultural enterprise in the region for nearly two decades supports this hypothesis. However, this hypothesis may be called into question not only by the fact that all the medicinal plants listed are named in local languages, with a predominance of Tabwa, an ethnic group reputed to be among the healing peoples of Katanga, but also by the fact that the acquisition of medicinal knowledge in this village is, in half the cases, the result of a family tradition, dating back to the creation of the village, according to the information gathered during our interviews (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). In the latter case, the taxa in question would not have been formally identified as endemic to Katanga.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe preponderance of Fabaceae among the taxa inventoried during this study agrees not only with previous ethnomedicinal studies carried out in the area covered by the Miombo open forest [123\u0026ndash;128], but also with ethnomedicinal studies carried out in Katanga [36,38,39,43,129]. This numerical predominance of Fabaceae is globally observed across all taxa in sub-Saharan Africa and has been attributed to their ability to capture atmospheric nitrogen, enabling them to grow in any soil type, whether nutrient-rich or nutrient-poor [28,130].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003ePathologies, signs or conditions treated by medicinal plants in the Mampa village.\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe results of our surveys indicate that four pathologies or conditions are the most prevalent in the Mampa village, with a total of 32 identified. These are gastrointestinal disorders, diarrhoea, haemorrhoids, and low libido. Fortunately, the local traditional medicine has plants that can treat these conditions, with seven taxa for gastrointestinal disorders, four taxa for diarrhoea, and three taxa for libido and haemorrhoids, respectively (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e). At the national level, the ten most prevalent and lethal pathologies in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) are malaria, tuberculosis, lower respiratory tract infections, neonatal diseases, diarrheal diseases, strokes, ischemic heart disease, road trauma, hypertensive heart disease, and cirrhosis and other chronic liver diseases [131]. The findings of our surveys indicate that the medicinal knowledge of the Mampa village population may be associated with three of the ten leading causes of mortality: diarrhoea (four taxa), malaria (one taxon), and lower respiratory tract infections (two taxa). These two scenarios, at the local and national levels, illustrate the efficacy of traditional medicine in addressing significant health concerns. Furthermore, these findings underscore the significance of traditional medicine in rural communities, particularly in the context of primary healthcare, as evidenced by numerous prior studies [132\u0026ndash;134].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe village of Mampa has been documented to have a variety of ethnomedicinal uses, which have also been observed in other regions of the country and the world.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe ethnobotanical uses reported later in Katanga (DRC) are also observed in the Mampa village. These include the decoction of \u003cem\u003eAnisophyllea pomifera\u003c/em\u003e Engl \u0026amp; Brehmer roots, used in Kipushi (Haut-Katanga, DRC) to treat diabetes [36], and that of \u003cem\u003eHarungana madagascariensis\u003c/em\u003e root bark, used in the Kafubu valley (Haut-Katanga) against rheumatism [36,41]. These same uses are reported in the Mampa village. Similarly, the leaves of \u003cem\u003eLandolphia kirkii\u003c/em\u003e are employed in Lubumbashi as a decoction to treat malaria [34,37]. Additionally, the stem barks of \u003cem\u003eParinari curatellifolia\u003c/em\u003e are utilized in Lubumbashi as a decoction for managing diarrhea [37]. \u003cem\u003ePterocarpus angolensis\u003c/em\u003e stem bark is employed in Lubumbashi as a decoction for treating diabetes [34,36,37]. Ultimately, \u003cem\u003eSenegalia polyacantha\u003c/em\u003e stem bark is employed in Lubumbashi as a decoction or infusion for managing diarrhea and diabetes, respectively [34,36]. The uses above were similarly documented in the Mampa village as part of the present study.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOther medicinal applications, documented in both Katanga and other regions, were observed in the Mampa village during our research. These include \u003cem\u003eCrossopteryx febrifuga\u003c/em\u003e stem bark, which has been used as a decoction to treat malaria and diarrhoea in Kipushi in the Democratic Republic of the Congo [36,38,41] and in other countries such as Guinea, Nigeria, and Zimbabwe [64]. Similarly, \u003cem\u003eBrachystegia boehmii\u003c/em\u003e leaves are employed in the form of a compress in the Likasi region of Katanga, Democratic Republic of the Congo [39] and as a decoction in Zimbabwe [55] for the treatment of wounds. Furthermore, its ashes are utilised as a therapeutic agent against gonorrhoea in the regions as mentioned above [54].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOther ethnopharmacological applications of Mampa have been documented in other global cultures situated outside the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). For example, \u003cem\u003eBuddleja davidii\u003c/em\u003e roots are used in China against wounds [58] and the Republic of Korea [59]. \u003cem\u003eButea monosperma\u003c/em\u003e roots are used in India against snake venom [61]. In China, \u003cem\u003eDamnacanthus indicus\u003c/em\u003e roots are used against cancerous pathologies [66]. The root barks of \u003cem\u003eJuglans nigra\u003c/em\u003e are employed in the United States for the management of diarrheal pathologies [74]. The roots of \u003cem\u003ePhoebe lanceolata\u003c/em\u003e are utilized in China to manage wounds [77]. The stem bark of \u003cem\u003ePiliostigma reticulatum\u003c/em\u003e is used in Senegal [79] and Ivory Coast [78] for the treatment of diarrheal disorders. Based on the findings of our investigation, which are presented in this study, the same ethnopharmacological uses are reported for the same taxa in the Mampa village.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe above-cited consensuses, obtained from individuals of disparate backgrounds, demonstrate that there is reason to accord some degree of credibility to the findings of our investigation. Furthermore, they suggest that the results of prospective biological experiments conducted in a laboratory setting are likely to corroborate these uses [38,39].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec14\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eMedicinal recipes from Mampa village\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe population has identified 32 pathologies in the Mampa villages and developed 81 recipes to treat these conditions, of which two employ two plants and 79 utilize a single plant per recipe. The root is used in 21 recipes and 18 recipes for root bark (see Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e), while decoction (see Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e) is the most commonly utilized preparation method and plant part.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe preponderance of roots as the part used is also reported in some targeted ethnomedicinal studies previously carried out in the region [32,34,39,41,120,135]. In contrast, other targeted ethnomedicinal studies have indicated that the leaf is the most commonly used part [33,37,40,99]. The lack of consensus on which organ is the most widely used in traditional medicine in Katanga may be justified by the diversity of localization of bioactive phytochemical compounds within the plant, which can vary from one pathology to another. The utilization of roots offers certain advantages, including providing primary metabolites, vitamins, and minerals such as carbohydrates, pectin, calcium, and vitamin A [136]. Furthermore, the roots can provide access to secondary metabolite groups, including anthocyanins [137], flavanones and flavanols, lipids [137], and phenylpropanoids and organo-heterocycles [138]. However, reliance on the root exposes the taxon to extinction, as it is in high demand. It would, therefore, be advantageous for the residents of Mampa to receive instruction in techniques that facilitate the natural regeneration of plant material, which is frequently utilized for therapeutic purposes.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn local traditional medicine, decoction is the preferred method of preparation, as evidenced by the findings of several studies conducted in Mampa and Haut-Katanga [32,33,120,135,34,36\u0026ndash;41,99].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the context of traditional medicine, the preparation of a medicinal formula via decoction offers several advantages. Firstly, this preparation method is optimal for extracting active compounds that remain stable at high temperatures. Secondly, the process does not require the use of sophisticated or costly apparatus, thereby facilitating its implementation on a vast scale. Thirdly, the method is relatively straightforward and does not necessitate the involvement of a skilled operator, which is advantageous in traditional settings. Fourth, it is a cost-effective method that can be readily implemented in a domestic setting. However, decoctions are not an optimal method for the extraction of heat-sensitive components, as the boiling process can lead to their degradation [40,139\u0026ndash;141]. Nevertheless, decoction should not be the default preparation method in a specific local culture. The optimal preparation method should be determined on an individual basis, considering the specific pathology and the nature of the remedy. Only through rigorous biological experimentation can the rational use of each preparation method be accurately assessed.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eEssential medicinal plants discovered in the Mampa village.\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe most frequently cited taxa in this study are \u003cem\u003eAnisophyllea pomifera\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eBrachystegia boehmii\u003c/em\u003e, while the most widely used taxon is \u003cem\u003eLandolphia kirkii\u003c/em\u003e. \u003cem\u003eEntandrophragma delevoyi\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003ePterocarpus brenanii\u003c/em\u003e represent the taxa first reported as medicinal plants. It is thus possible to consider these taxa as those which have been singled out by this study in the context of Mampa village.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eAnisophyllea pomifera\u003c/em\u003e is a tree species endemic to the southwestern part of Africa, including countries such as Tanzania, Malawi, Zambia, Burundi, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo (\u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://www.worldfloraonline.org/taxon/wfo-0000537325\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://www.worldfloraonline.org/taxon/wfo-0000537325\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e). In Tanzania, the plant is utilized as a means of deterring rodent pests that prey on maize and beans, and its fruit is consumed [142,143], as is the case in Burundi [142]. In the Democratic Republic of the Congo, in the southern Katanga region, the decoction of the plant's leaves, roots, and stem bark is utilised for the treatment of dental caries, malaria, abdominal discomfort, mental health disorders, hypertension, respiratory conditions, including coughs [34,35]Some of these applications, in addition to indications against urinary tract infections and diabetes, were documented in the Mampa village (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn vitro studies have demonstrated that the plant's methanolic leaf extract exhibits antimicrobial activity against \u003cem\u003eStreptococcus mutans\u003c/em\u003e MTCC 890 (minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC): 31.25 \u0026micro;g/mL) and \u003cem\u003eLactobacillus acidophilus\u003c/em\u003e MTCC 447 (MIC: 62.5 \u0026micro;g/mL) [35]. Additionally, the methanolic root extract demonstrated \u003cem\u003ein vitro\u003c/em\u003e antiplasmodial activity against \u003cem\u003ePlasmodium falciparum\u003c/em\u003e, with an IC₅₀ of 22.1 \u0026micro;g/mL [50]. Additionally, the root was found to contain saponins, tannins, and terpenoids, while the leaves were also found to contain alkaloids and steroids. However, this taxon has the same vernacular name (Fungo: Sanga and lufunga: Tabwa) as \u003cem\u003eAnisophyllea boehmii\u003c/em\u003e Engl., with which it shares certain medicinal uses, notably in the management of diabetes and digestive disorders in Haut-Katanga [36]This suggests a potential case of confusion in the use of these two taxa in traditional Katangese medicine. Subsequent simultaneous pharmacognostic and phytochemical studies on both taxa would be beneficial to reach a definitive conclusion.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eBrachystegia boehmii\u003c/em\u003e Taub is an endemic African tree species that is native to the following countries: The species is found in Angola, Botswana, Burundi, Malawi, Mozambique, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Tanzania, Zambia, and Zimbabwe (\u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://powo.science.kew.org\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://powo.science.kew.org\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e). The ethnobotanical uses of this taxon vary depending on the country and the organ in question. In Mozambique, the roots are employed in a decoction to assuage agitation in patients [144], whereas the leaves are utilised in a decoction to alleviate abdominal discomfort and the effects of snake venom [145]. In Tanzania, the roots are used in a decoction to treat impotence and wounds [54]. In Zimbabwe, the leaves are employed in a decoction for the treatment of wounds, constipation, lumbago, back pain, and dysmenorrhea [55,144]. Additionally, macerated stem bark is indicated for the management of sexually transmitted infections [146]. In the Democratic Republic of the Congo, the roots are employed as a macerate to treat wounds and coughs, whereas the stem barks are utilized as a decoction to address dysentery, diarrhea, abdominal discomfort, and gonorrhea [40]. This taxon is used globally for the same purposes in the Mampa village (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo our knowledge, the only pharmacological evidence reported to date concerns the leaves. Chloroformic leaf extract showed in vitro antibacterial activity against \u003cem\u003eP. aeruginosa\u003c/em\u003e ATCC 27853, \u003cem\u003eS. aureus\u003c/em\u003e ATCC 25923, \u003cem\u003eS. epidermidis\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eE. coli\u003c/em\u003e, with a DZI ranging from 12 to 21 mm [55]. The ethanolic extract of the leaves showed only weak anti-inflammatory activity of 48% on COX-1 and antioxidant activity with an IC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e of 46 \u0026micro;g/mL [147]. The primary metabolite metabolomic profile of fresh leaves provides information on the presence of 39 primary metabolites, including seven amino acids (glycine (Gly), alanine (Ala), valine (Val), glutamate (Glu), γ-amino butyric acid (GABA), isoleucine (Ile) and threonine (Thr)), two organic acids (threonate and glycerate) and two sugars (galactose and glycerol) [148].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eLandolphia kirkii\u003c/em\u003e Dyer ex Hook. F is a tree species endemic to southern and central Africa, occurring in the following countries: The species is found in the following countries: Burundi, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of Congo, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, South Africa, Somalia, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. In some regions, various parts of the plant are employed in multiple applications. The fruit is utilised primarily as food in all countries where the plant is endemic, except the DRC, where its decoction is employed for the treatment of constipation [32] and malaria [149]. In South Africa, the roots are employed as an infusion to alleviate dental discomfort [150], diarrhea, and blood purification [151]. In Kenya [152,153] and Mozambique [56], the plant is used as a decoction to relieve digestive disorders. In the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), the plant is used as an infusion to combat urogenital schistosomiasis and intestinal worms [32]. The leaves are primarily utilised in the DRC as a decoction to treat convulsions [50] and as a maceration to combat malaria [50,154]. The antimalarial use of the plant, as documented in the village of Mampa, is similarly observed in other regions of the DRC [154] and other parts of the continent [155].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn a previous study, the methanolic extract of the leaves demonstrated anti-plasmodial activity against local isolates of \u003cem\u003ePlasmodium falciparum\u003c/em\u003e with an IC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e of 9.9 \u0026micro;g/mL [50]. To the best of our knowledge, this represents the only validated in vitro use of the leaves to date. No biological studies have been conducted on the roots and stems. However, the methanolic fruit extract is active in vitro against \u003cem\u003eSalmonella typhimurium\u003c/em\u003e ATCC 14028, \u003cem\u003eStreptococcus pyogenes\u003c/em\u003e ATCC 21059, and \u003cem\u003eKlebsiella pneumoniae\u003c/em\u003e ATCC 13883 with MICs ranging from 6.3 to 24 \u0026micro;g/mL. Nevertheless, it exhibits weak antioxidant activity, with an IC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e value greater than 100 \u0026micro;g/mL [156]. A previous phytochemical screening of the fruit revealed the following characteristics of the plant: The chemical composition of the plant includes hexadecanoic acid, 9-octadecanoic acid, tetradecanoic acid, 9,12-octadecanoic acid, and acid, 9,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid [157]. The ash content is reported as follows: The mean value was 2.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0, and the protein content was 12.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.3 mg/kg. The results indicated that the sample contained 2.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.20% moisture, 0.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1% ash, and 1.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.2% fat. The total phenolic content (TPC) was found to be 1,250.33 milligrams of gallic acid equivalent (GAE) per gram of millified fruit, while the total flavonoid content (TFC) was determined to be 2,019.0 milligrams of rutin equivalent (RE) per gram of millified fruit [158].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eEntandrophragma delevoyi\u003c/em\u003e De Wild is a tree species indigenous to the Democratic Republic of Congo, Rwanda, and Burundi. The only data available in the literature pertains to phytochemistry. These findings indicate that the hexanic extract of the bark of this taxon contains azadirone, 14β,15β-epoxyazadirone, 6α-acetoxyazadirone, 6α-acetoxy-14β,15β-epoxyazadirone, and 6α-acetoxy-14β,15β-epoxyazadiradione. Additionally, the phytochemical profile of the bark includes 4-secotirucalla-4(28),7,24-triene-3,21-dioic acid, delevoyin A (3,4-secotirucalla-4(28),7,24-trien-3-oic acid), delevoyin B (6α-acetoxy kihada lactone), limonoid, 11β-acetoxygedunin, and delevoyin C [159]. In the village of Mampa, \u003cem\u003eEntandrophragma delevoyi\u003c/em\u003e is employed to treat malaria. Despite the absence of prior documentation regarding this utilisation in other regions, a range of Entandrophragma taxa are used in traditional medicine as a malaria treatment. These include \u003cem\u003eE. angolense\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eE. candollei\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eE. caudatum\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eE. congolense\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eE. palustre\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eE. utile\u003c/em\u003e [160]. The findings of this study thus allow for the inclusion of \u003cem\u003eE. delevoyi\u003c/em\u003e among the various taxa of this genus.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003ePterocarpus brenanii\u003c/em\u003e Barbosa \u0026amp; Torre is a tree species endemic to Malawi, Mozambique, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. Despite a lack of documentation attesting to its presence in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), the proximity of the village of Mampa to Zambia may provide a rationale for its inclusion in the village's traditional medicinal practices. Furthermore, despite the absence of ethnobotanical studies on this topic in the accessible literature, two medicinal uses in the village of Mampa (malaria and cancer) have been documented in various taxa of the Pterocarpus genus [161,162]. It would be beneficial to conduct further research to determine whether these two pathologies may serve as pharmacotaxonomic markers for the entire Pterocarpus genus.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec15\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eLimitations of the study\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eDespite the methodological efforts to address the significant concerns that arise in ethnomedicinal studies, particularly data reliability, community access, taxa identification, and logistical challenges, this study does not claim to have exhausted all knowledge related to the interaction between plants and the Mampa village population. The study does not give the cutus on the use of these medicinal plants. The study was limited to documenting their medicinal use, thus paving the way for ethnopharmacological studies that should prove their efficacy and safety, thus validating these uses. At a later stage, it will be necessary to complete our knowledge of the other uses of these plants by these peoples (cultural, artistic, nutritional, etc.). Subsequent studies will also have to examine the therapeutic peculiarities of each family, especially since, in the Mampa village, knowledge is acquired and transmitted within the family. Moreover, given that therapeutic expertise in the Mampa village is transmitted orally, there is a risk of variability related to the memory and will of the informants. The influence of the use of plants in the treatment of diseases can cause damage to biodiversity. Since this study did not address this aspect, future studies should focus on it.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusions","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study illustrates that the Mampa village is inhabited by a diverse range of plant species, which are vital for maintaining the village's health system. These plants represent the sole alternative for primary treatment of the various pathologies encountered by the local population. This ethnomedical knowledge is acquired and practiced within the family unit. Some of the taxa employed as remedies in this village are shared with other African cultures, while others appear to be exclusive to the region. This new knowledge thus significantly contributes to the existing body of traditional therapeutic knowledge in Katanga, particularly in the Congo more widely. These findings highlight the necessity for developing techniques to preserve the integrity of the Miombo forest, in which the Mampa village is located, and to educate local populations in this regard. Furthermore, the value of Indigenous users' knowledge of phytotherapy merits further investigation through phytochemical and biological studies, with the objective of developing phytomedicines or ligaments, as appropriate.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Abbreviations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTA\u003c/strong\u003e(Tropical Africa); \u003cstrong\u003eNEA\u003c/strong\u003e(North-East Africa); \u003cstrong\u003eCA\u003c/strong\u003e (Central Africa); \u003cstrong\u003eSA\u003c/strong\u003e(Southern Africa); \u003cstrong\u003eMA\u003c/strong\u003e(Madagascar); \u003cstrong\u003eEA\u003c/strong\u003e(East Africa); \u003cstrong\u003eNA\u003c/strong\u003e(North Africa); \u003cstrong\u003eWE\u003c/strong\u003e(West Africa); \u003cstrong\u003eMCI\u003c/strong\u003e : Medical Capability Index ; \u003cstrong\u003eCI\u003c/strong\u003e: citation index; \u003cstrong\u003eGT\u003c/strong\u003e: geographical type; \u003cstrong\u003eUP\u003c/strong\u003e: used part; \u003cstrong\u003eMT\u003c/strong\u003e: morphological type; \u003cstrong\u003eFU\u003c/strong\u003e: form of use; \u003cstrong\u003eTH\u003c/strong\u003e: type of hemorrhoid; \u003cstrong\u003eWP\u003c/strong\u003e: Whole plant ; \u003cstrong\u003eRb\u003c/strong\u003e: Root bark; \u003cstrong\u003eSb\u003c/strong\u003e: Stem Bark; \u003cstrong\u003eLv\u003c/strong\u003e : Leaves; \u003cstrong\u003eSd\u003c/strong\u003e : Seed; \u003cstrong\u003eFr\u003c/strong\u003e: Fruit; \u003cstrong\u003eRz\u003c/strong\u003e: Rhizome; \u003cstrong\u003eNH\u003c/strong\u003e: herbarium number; \u003cstrong\u003eFU\u003c/strong\u003e: form of use; \u003cstrong\u003eNc\u003c/strong\u003e: Number of citations; \u003cstrong\u003eNt\u003c/strong\u003e: Number of taxa.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors would like to thank the Kipopo Herbarium for identifying plant species. They also thank the traditional healers, herbalists, and Lubumbashi households for acquiring ethnobotanical data.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors\u0026apos; contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBCV designed, coordinated this research and drafted the manuscript. BBM and BCV carried out experiments and data analysis. BCV, BAS and LSJB conceived the study, and participated in research coordination. The all authors read and approved the final manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e9. Funding Statement\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo funding was received for this research.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e10. Data Availability\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe data used in this study are included in the article.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEthical review was provided by the Department of Pharmacology \u0026ndash; Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences \u0026ndash; University of Lubumbashi (FSPUNILU-DP-BD-062022).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThere is no third-party data. It is our original research data;\u0026nbsp;About the people interviewed,\u0026nbsp;Oral informed consent was obtained before the initiation of data collection in all cases.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll concerned individual authors have agreed to the publication of the outcome\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eof this study as stated above under ethical consideration and authors \u0026lsquo;contribution.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConflicts of Interest\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor details\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e1\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003eDepartment of Pharmacology - Laboratory of Therapeutic Chemistry and Analysis of Natural Substances - Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences - University of Lubumbashi (UNILU) - 27, av. Kato, Commune Kampemba, Lubumbashi - DR Congo.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e2\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003eDepartment of Pharmacology - Laboratory of Pharmacognosy \u0026ndash; Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences \u0026ndash; University of Lubumbashi (UNILU)- 27, av Kato, Commune Kampemba, Lubumbashi - DR Congo.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e Department of Chemistry\u0026ndash; Faculty of Sciences\u0026ndash;University of Lubumbashi (UNILU) N\u0026deg;1 Maternity Avenue, Commune of Lubumbashi, Lubumbashi - DR Congo.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePayyappallimana U. The Role of Traditional Medicine in Primary Health Care: An Overview of Perspectives and Challenges. \u003cem\u003eJ Immunodefic Disord\u003c/em\u003e 2012;\u003cstrong\u003e01\u003c/strong\u003e(01). doi:10.4172/2324-853x.1000e101.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKala CP. Traditional health care systems and herbal medicines in India. \u003cem\u003eEur J Environ Public Heal\u003c/em\u003e 2017;\u003cstrong\u003e1\u003c/strong\u003e(1):1\u0026ndash;6.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eChe, C. T., George, V., Ijinu, T. P., Pushpangadan, P., \u0026amp; Andrae-Marobela K. Traditional medicine. In: \u003cem\u003ePharmacognosy (Second Edition) Fundamentals, Applications, and Strategies\u003c/em\u003e. Academic Press: Cambridge, Massachusetts, 2024: 11\u0026ndash;28.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTesfahuneygn G, Gebreegziabher G. Medicinal Plants Used in Traditional Medicine by Ethiopians A Review Article. \u003cem\u003eJ Respir Med Lung Dis\u003c/em\u003e 2019;\u003cstrong\u003e2\u003c/strong\u003e(4):18\u0026ndash;21.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eChaughule RS, Barve RS. Role of herbal medicines in the treatment of infectious diseases. \u003cem\u003eVegetos\u003c/em\u003e 2023;\u003cstrong\u003e18\u003c/strong\u003e:1\u0026ndash;11.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMahomoodally MF. Traditional medicines in Africa: An appraisal of ten potent African medicinal plants. \u003cem\u003eEvidence-based Complement Altern Med\u003c/em\u003e 2013;\u003cstrong\u003e2013\u003c/strong\u003e. doi:10.1155/2013/617459.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNasim N, Sandeep IS, Mohanty S. Plant-derived natural products for drug discovery: current approaches and prospects. \u003cem\u003eNucleus\u003c/em\u003e 2022;\u003cstrong\u003e65\u003c/strong\u003e(3):399\u0026ndash;411.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eArjona-Garc\u0026iacute;a C, Blancas J, Beltr\u0026aacute;n-Rodr\u0026iacute;guez L, L\u0026oacute;pez Binnq\u0026uuml;ist C, Col\u0026iacute;n Bahena H, Moreno-Calles AI, et al. How does urbanization affect perceptions and traditional knowledge of medicinal plants? \u003cem\u003eJ Ethnobiol Ethnomed\u003c/em\u003e 2021;\u003cstrong\u003e17\u003c/strong\u003e(1):1\u0026ndash;26.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePacios O, Blasco L, Bleriot I, Fernandez-Garcia L, Bardanca, M\u0026oacute;nica Gonz\u0026aacute;lez Ambroa A, L\u0026oacute;pez M, et al. Strategies to Combat Multidrug-Resistant and Persistent Infectious Diseases. \u003cem\u003eAntibiotics\u003c/em\u003e 2020;\u003cstrong\u003e9\u003c/strong\u003e(65):1\u0026ndash;20.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTerreni M, Taccani M, Pregnolato M. New antibiotics for multidrug-resistant bacterial strains: Latest research developments and future perspectives. \u003cem\u003eMolecules\u003c/em\u003e 2021;\u003cstrong\u003e26\u003c/strong\u003e(9). doi:10.3390/molecules26092671.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSharma A, Khanna S, Kaur G, Singh I. Medicinal plants and their components for wound healing applications. \u003cem\u003eFutur J Pharm Sci\u003c/em\u003e 2021;\u003cstrong\u003e7\u003c/strong\u003e(53):1\u0026ndash;13.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWHO. Integrating traditional and complementary medicine into health systems : social , economic and health considerations. \u003cem\u003eWorld Heal Organ\u003c/em\u003e 2023;:1\u0026ndash;4.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDehelean CA, Marcovici I, Soica C, Mioc M, Coricovac D, Iurciuc S, et al. Plant-derived anticancer compounds as new perspectives in drug discovery and alternative therapy. \u003cem\u003eMolecules\u003c/em\u003e 2021;\u003cstrong\u003e26\u003c/strong\u003e(4):1\u0026ndash;29.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePirintsos S, Panagiotopoulos A, Bariotakis M, Daskalakis V, Lionis C, Sourvinos G, et al. From Traditional Ethnopharmacology to Modern Natural Drug Discovery: A Methodology Discussion and Specific Examples. \u003cem\u003eMolecules\u003c/em\u003e 2022;\u003cstrong\u003e27\u003c/strong\u003e(13):1\u0026ndash;18.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCheung H, Doughty H, Hinsley A, Hsu E, Lee TM, Milner-Gulland EJ, et al. Understanding Traditional Chinese Medicine to strengthen conservation outcomes. \u003cem\u003ePeople Nat\u003c/em\u003e 2021;\u003cstrong\u003e3\u003c/strong\u003e(1):115\u0026ndash;128.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eShi Y, Zhang C, Li X. Traditional medicine in India. \u003cem\u003eJ Tradit Chinese Med Sci\u003c/em\u003e 2021;\u003cstrong\u003e8\u003c/strong\u003e:S51\u0026ndash;S55.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBuso P, Manfredini S, Ahmadi-Ashtiani HR, Sciabica S, Buzzi R, Vertuani S, et al. Iranian medicinal plants: From ethnomedicine to actual studies. \u003cem\u003eMed\u003c/em\u003e 2020;\u003cstrong\u003e56\u003c/strong\u003e(3):2014\u0026ndash;2023.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAsakitikpi A. African indigenous medicines: Towards a holistic healthcare system in Africa. \u003cem\u003eAfrican Identities\u003c/em\u003e 2024;\u003cstrong\u003e20\u003c/strong\u003e(4):365\u0026ndash;379.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNkwabi, S. M., \u0026amp; Ngoya AJ. The Changing Role of Traditional Medicine in the Provision of Health Care in Tanzania from Precolonial to Post-Colonial Period. \u003cem\u003eLagos Hist Rev\u003c/em\u003e 2022;\u003cstrong\u003e22\u003c/strong\u003e:1\u0026ndash;8.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDoyle S. Health in African History. \u003cem\u003eHist African Dev\u003c/em\u003e 2023;:1\u0026ndash;20.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMutombo CS, Bakari SA, Ntabaza VN, Nachtergael A, Lumbu JS, Duez P, et al. Perceptions and use of traditional African medicine in Lubumbashi , Haut-Katanga province ( DR Congo ): A cross-sectional study. \u003cem\u003ePLoS One\u003c/em\u003e 2022;\u003cstrong\u003e17\u003c/strong\u003e(10):1\u0026ndash;25.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBashige C V, Bakari AS, Ndjolo PO, Kahumba BJ, Duez P, Lumbu SJ. Ethnobotanical study of plants used as antimalarial in traditional medicine in Bagira in Eastern RD Congo. \u003cem\u003eJ Pharmacogn Phytochem\u003c/em\u003e 2020;\u003cstrong\u003e9\u003c/strong\u003e(4):1\u0026ndash;14.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKasali FM, Kadima JN, Peter EL, Mtewa AG, Ajayi CO, Tusiimire J, et al. Antidiabetic Medicinal Plants Used in Democratic Republic of Congo: A Critical Review of Ethnopharmacology and Bioactivity Data. \u003cem\u003eFront Pharmacol\u003c/em\u003e 2021;\u003cstrong\u003e12\u003c/strong\u003e(October):1\u0026ndash;40.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIragi GK, Imani B, Nfizi IB, Masumbuko CN, Gendusa PA, Matendo A, et al. Ethnomedicinal study of plants used in the Uvira Territory ( Democratic Republic of Congo ) Ethnomedicinal study of plants used in the Uvira Territory ( Democratic Republic of Congo ). \u003cem\u003eForest Sci Technol\u003c/em\u003e 2021;\u003cstrong\u003e17\u003c/strong\u003e(3):144\u0026ndash;154.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSyamasamba MA, Kapiri MM, Muhesi KE, Mbayahi KE, Mavinga BM. Ethnobotanical Study of Plants Used by Traditherapists for the Treatment of Malaria in the City of Butembo, North Kivu, East of the Democratic Republic of Congo. \u003cem\u003eIndones J Innov Appl Sci\u003c/em\u003e 2022;\u003cstrong\u003e2\u003c/strong\u003e(3):219\u0026ndash;233.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePathy KK, Flavien NB, Honor\u0026eacute; BK, Vanhove W, Patrick VD. Ethnobotanical characterization of medicinal plants used in Kisantu and Mbanza-Ngungu territories, Kongo-Central Province in DR Congo. \u003cem\u003eJ Ethnobiol Ethnomed\u003c/em\u003e 2021;\u003cstrong\u003e17\u003c/strong\u003e(1):1\u0026ndash;15.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAshande CM, Ngbolua KJ, Imani B, Rusaati W, Gbolo BZ. Ethno-botanical survey of medicinal plants species traditionally used for the treatment of diseases in Kasangulu Territory, DRC. \u003cem\u003eMoroccan J Agric Sci\u003c/em\u003e 2023;\u003cstrong\u003e4\u003c/strong\u003e(2):76\u0026ndash;85.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBashige CV, Okusa NP, Manya MH, Kasali MF. Ethnomedicinal Knowledge of Plants Used in Nonconventional Medicine in the Management of Diabetes Mellitus in Kinshasa (Democratic Republic of the Congo). \u003cem\u003eEvidence-Based Complement Altern Med\u003c/em\u003e 2023;\u003cstrong\u003e2023\u003c/strong\u003e:4621883.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNgunde-Te-Ngunde S, Lengbiye EM, Ngiala Bongo G, Basosila Bolamba N, Ashande CM, Gbolo Zoawe B, et al. Ethno-botanical Survey on Medicinal Plants Traditionally Used to Treat Sickle Cell Anemia in Yakoma Territory (Nord-Ubangi, D. R. Congo). \u003cem\u003eInt J Plant Sci Ecol\u003c/em\u003e 2020;\u003cstrong\u003e6\u003c/strong\u003e(1):7\u0026ndash;13.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNdombe FM, Ngbolua K, Mawunu M, Da BY. Ethnobotanical , ecological and monographic study of four medicinal plants traditionally used in the treatment of sterility in Kenge City and its surroundings , Democratic Republic of the Congo. \u003cem\u003eJ Appl Biosci\u003c/em\u003e 2023;\u003cstrong\u003e188\u003c/strong\u003e(1):19868\u0026ndash;19884.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMusuasua MM, Kabena ON, Kalanda LK, Masens DMY. Floristic and Eco-Morphological Study of Antibacterial Plants in Phytotherapeutic Practice of Kasai Oriental in DR Congo. \u003cem\u003eJ Complement Altern Med Res\u003c/em\u003e 2021;\u003cstrong\u003e14\u003c/strong\u003e(2):19\u0026ndash;41.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMuya K, Tshoto K, Cioci CC, Aseho MM, Kalonji M, Byanga K, et al. Survol ethnobotanique de quelques plantes utilis\u0026eacute;es contre la schistosomiase urog\u0026eacute;nitale \u0026agrave; Lubumbashi et environs. \u003cem\u003ePhyoth\u0026eacute;rapie\u003c/em\u003e 2014. doi:10.1007/s10298-014-0877-z.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKalonda E, Mbayo M, Muhume S, Kasereka M, Mulamba J, Manya H, et al. Ethnopharmacological survey of plants used against malaria in Lubumbashi city (D.R. Congo). \u003cem\u003eJ Adv Bot Zool\u003c/em\u003e 2014;\u003cstrong\u003e1\u003c/strong\u003e(2):1\u0026ndash;8.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBashige C v, Kahumba BJ, Bakari AS, Mbuyi KS, Lumbu SJ. \u0026Eacute;tude ethnobotanique , phytochimique et \u0026eacute;valuation de l \u0026rsquo; activit\u0026eacute; antiplasmodiale de 13 plantes r\u0026eacute;put\u0026eacute;es antipalud\u0026eacute;ennes dans la commune du Kenya ( Lubumbashi , RDC ). \u003cem\u003ePhytoth\u0026eacute;pie\u003c/em\u003e 2017;:1\u0026ndash;10.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBashige C V, Manya MH, Ntabaza N V, Numbi IE, Bakari AS, Kalonda ME, et al. \u0026Eacute;tude ethnobotanique, biologique et chimique de plantes r\u0026eacute;put\u0026eacute;es anticariog\u0026egrave;nes \u0026agrave; Lubumbashi \u0026ndash; RD Congo. \u003cem\u003ePhytoth\u0026eacute;rapie\u003c/em\u003e 2017;\u003cstrong\u003e15\u003c/strong\u003e(1):2\u0026ndash;9.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAmuri B, Maseho M, Lumbu S, Pierre D, Byanga K. Ethnobotanical survey of herbs used in the management of diabetes mellitus in Southern Katanga Area/DR Congo. \u003cem\u003ePan African Med Journal\u003c/em\u003e 2018;\u003cstrong\u003e30\u003c/strong\u003e(2018). doi:10.11604/pamj.2018.30.218.11718.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKalonji M, Muya RK, Mutombo EK, Cimanga BCC, Numbi EWI, Kahumba JB. Aper\u0026ccedil;u ethnobotanique de plantes r\u0026eacute;put\u0026eacute;es antipalud\u0026eacute;ennes utilis\u0026eacute;es dans la ville de Lubumbashi et ses environs , dans le Haut-Katanga en RD Congo. \u003cem\u003eEthnopharmacologia\u003c/em\u003e 2019;\u003cstrong\u003e61\u003c/strong\u003e(6):75\u0026ndash;84.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBashige C V, Alombong AG, Kamwimba MA, Bakari AS, Okusa NP. Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used in the treatment of sexual dysfunctions in traditional medicine in Kampemba-Lubumbashi, DR Congo. \u003cem\u003eWorld J Adv Res Rev\u003c/em\u003e 2020;\u003cstrong\u003e7\u003c/strong\u003e(3):016\u0026ndash;032.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBashige C V, Pierre KI, Manya MH, Kasali mushagalusa F, Okusa NP, Lumbu SJ. Ethnobotanical study of plants used by traditional healers in Lubumbashi ( Democratic Republic of Congo ) in the management of typhoid fever. \u003cem\u003eGSC Biol Pharm Sci\u003c/em\u003e 2022;\u003cstrong\u003e21\u003c/strong\u003e(01):265\u0026ndash;286.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eValentin BC, Philippe ON, Henry MM, Salvius BA, Suzanne MK, Kasali M. Ethnomedical Knowledge of Plants Used in Nonconventional Medicine for Wound Healing in Lubumbashi , Haut-Katanga Province , DR Congo. \u003cem\u003eSci World J\u003c/em\u003e 2024;\u003cstrong\u003e2024\u003c/strong\u003e:1\u0026ndash;33.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFran\u0026ccedil;ois DO, Eddy NK, James MM. Ethnobotanical Studies of Reputed Aphrodisiac Plants Used in Traditional Medicine in Haut-Katanga in DR of Congo. \u003cem\u003eInt J Innov Sci Res Technol\u003c/em\u003e 2024;\u003cstrong\u003e9\u003c/strong\u003e(5):3317\u0026ndash;3334.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBashige C, Bakari AS, Okusa NP, Lumbu SJ. Self-medication with antimalarials drugs in Lubumbashi city ( DR Congo ). \u003cem\u003eGSC Biol Pharm Sci\u003c/em\u003e 2020;\u003cstrong\u003e12\u003c/strong\u003e(02):7\u0026ndash;20.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eVwakyanakazi M, Petit P. Bunganga ya Mici : Gu\u0026eacute;risseurs et plantes m\u0026eacute;dicinales \u0026agrave; Lubumbashi. 2004;:125.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRea LM, Parker RA. \u003cem\u003eDesigning and Conducting Survey Research: A Comprehensive Guide\u003c/em\u003e. 4th editio. Jossey-Bass: San Francisco, USA, 2014.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLeonti M. The relevance of quantitative ethnobotanical indices for ethnopharmacology and ethnobotany. \u003cem\u003eJ Ethnopharmacol\u003c/em\u003e 2022;\u003cstrong\u003e288\u003c/strong\u003e:1\u0026ndash;19.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eXian, M., Oh, M., Kwak, H. J., Jeong, H., Ko, H. J., \u0026amp; Kim SH. Chemical constituents from the stem bark of Albizia julibrissin and their SREBP-1c inhibitory activity. \u003cem\u003eJ Asian Nat Prod Res\u003c/em\u003e 2023;\u003cstrong\u003e25\u003c/strong\u003e(9):912-917.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHuang B, Wu Y, Li C, Tang Q, Zhang Y. Molecular basis and mechanism of action of Albizia julibrissin in depression treatment and clinical application of its formulae. \u003cem\u003eChinese Herb Med\u003c/em\u003e 2023;\u003cstrong\u003e15\u003c/strong\u003e(2):201\u0026ndash;213.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLi W, Yang HJ. Isolation and Identification of Lignans and Other Phenolic Constituents from the Stem Bark of Albizia julibrissin Durazz and Evaluation of Their Nitric Oxide Inhibitory Activity. \u003cem\u003eMolecules\u003c/em\u003e 2020;\u003cstrong\u003e25\u003c/strong\u003e(9):2065.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCheon I, Song M-J, Kim H, Lee KH, Yoo YJ. Traditional Knowledge of Plants Used for River Fishing in Local Communities of North Jeolla Province, Korea. \u003cem\u003eKorean J Community Living Sci\u003c/em\u003e 2015;\u003cstrong\u003e8565\u003c/strong\u003e(4):675\u0026ndash;681.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBashige-Chiribagula V, Bakari-Amuri S, Mbuyi-Kalonji S, Kahumba-Byanga J, Duez P, Lumbu-Simbi JB. Study of the ethnobotanical, phytochemical, and antiplasmodial activity of thirteen medicinal plants used against malaria in Kenya commune (Lubumbashi, RDC). \u003cem\u003ePhytotherapie\u003c/em\u003e 2017. doi:10.1007/s10298-017-1152-x.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSharma K, Kumar V, Kumar S, Sharma R, Mehta CM. Bauhinia variegata: a comprehensive review on bioactive compounds, health benefits and utilization. \u003cem\u003eAdv Tradit Med\u003c/em\u003e 2021;\u003cstrong\u003e21\u003c/strong\u003e(4):645\u0026ndash;653.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKansal M, Shukla P, Shukla P. A Boon to Human Health-Bauhinia Variegata. \u003cem\u003eInt J Pharmacogn\u003c/em\u003e 2020;\u003cstrong\u003e7\u003c/strong\u003e(7):155\u0026ndash;161.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNayik GA, Gull A. Antioxidants in Fruits: Properties and Health Benefits. \u003cem\u003eAntioxidants Fruits Prop Heal Benefits\u003c/em\u003e 2020;(December):1\u0026ndash;637.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMaroyi A. Medicinal Uses of the Fabaceae Family in Zimbabwe: A Review. \u003cem\u003ePlants\u003c/em\u003e 2023;\u003cstrong\u003e12\u003c/strong\u003e(6):1255.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSibanda S, Shoko R, Chishaya K, Chimwanda P, Nyoni S, Ndlovu J. Antimicrobial effect of Brachystegia boehmii extracts and their green synthesised silver zero-valent derivatives on burn wound infectious bacteria. \u003cem\u003eAll Life\u003c/em\u003e 2022;\u003cstrong\u003e15\u003c/strong\u003e(1):1117\u0026ndash;1125.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSitoe E, Wyk B Van. An inventory and analysis of the medicinal plants of Mozambique. \u003cem\u003eJ Ethnopharmacol\u003c/em\u003e 2024;\u003cstrong\u003e319\u003c/strong\u003e(P2):117137.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKalirajan A, Kalenshi A, Banda D, Siankuku M. Ethnobotanical survey of traditional medicinal plants used in treatment of gastrointestinal disorders in Lusaka, Zambia. \u003cem\u003eInt J Herb Med\u003c/em\u003e 2021;\u003cstrong\u003e9\u003c/strong\u003e(3):28\u0026ndash;34.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eChen Y, Montero L, Luo J, Li J, Schmitz OJ. Application of the new at-column dilution (ACD) modulator for the two-dimensional RP\u0026times;HILIC analysis of Buddleja davidii. \u003cem\u003eAnal Bioanal Chem\u003c/em\u003e 2020;\u003cstrong\u003e412\u003c/strong\u003e(7):1483\u0026ndash;1495.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNguyen AT, Kim KY. Inhibition of Proinflammatory Cytokines in Cutibacterium acnes-Induced Inflammation in HaCaT Cells by Using Buddleja davidii Aqueous Extract. \u003cem\u003eInt J Inflam\u003c/em\u003e 2020;\u003cstrong\u003e2020\u003c/strong\u003e:8063289.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKumari, P., Raina, K., Thakur, S., Sharma, R., Cruz-Martins, N., Kumar, P., Barman K, Sharma, S, Kumar, D, Prajapati, PK, Sharma, R \u0026amp; Chaudhary, AKumari, P., Raina, K., Thakur, S., Sharma, R., Cruz-Martins, N., Kumar, P., Barman K, Sharma, S, Kumar, D, Pr A. Ethnobotany, phytochemistry and pharmacology of palash (Butea monosperma (Lam.) Taub.): a systematic review. \u003cem\u003eCurr Pharmacol Reports\u003c/em\u003e 2022;\u003cstrong\u003e8\u003c/strong\u003e(3):188\u0026ndash;204.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePragya L, Sourabh J. Butea monosperma (Lam.) Taub: Review On Its Chemistry, Morphology, Ethnomedical Uses, Phytochemistry And Pharmacological Activities. \u003cem\u003eJ Innov Invent Pharm Sci\u003c/em\u003e 2020;\u003cstrong\u003e21\u003c/strong\u003e(1):1\u0026ndash;9.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eOnilude HA, Kazeem MI, Adu OB. Chrysobalanus icaco: A review of its phytochemistry and pharmacology. \u003cem\u003eJ Integr Med\u003c/em\u003e 2021;\u003cstrong\u003e19\u003c/strong\u003e(1):13\u0026ndash;19.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFonseca-Kruel VS, Neves MER, Araujo DSD de, Prance GT. Ethnobotany of Bajiru (Chrysobalanus Icaco L.) In a Coastal Vegetation of Southeastern Brazil. \u003cem\u003eRes Sq\u003c/em\u003e 2020;:1\u0026ndash;11.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIbekwe NN. Crossopteryx febrifuga (Afzel. ex G.Don) Benth: Ethnobotany, Phytochemistry and Pharmacology of an African Tree for Malaria and Beyond. \u003cem\u003eTrop J Nat Prod Res\u003c/em\u003e 2022;\u003cstrong\u003e6\u003c/strong\u003e(11):1755\u0026ndash;1764.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNgoc Minh QP, Vuong Q V., Le A V., Bowyer MC, Scarlett CJ. Investigation of the most suitable conditions for dehydration of Tuckeroo (Cupaniopsis anacardioides) fruits. \u003cem\u003eProcesses\u003c/em\u003e 2020;\u003cstrong\u003e8\u003c/strong\u003e(2):1\u0026ndash;11.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLong S, Yuan C, Wang Y, Zhang J, Li G. Network Pharmacology Analysis of Damnacanthus indicus C.F.Gaertn in Gene-Phenotype. \u003cem\u003eEvidence-based Complement Altern Med\u003c/em\u003e 2019;\u003cstrong\u003e2019\u003c/strong\u003e:1368371.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePaul P, Biswas P, Dey D, Saikat ASM, Islam MA, Sohel M, et al. Exhaustive plant profile of \u0026ldquo;dimocarpus longan lour\u0026rdquo; with significant phytomedicinal properties: A literature based-review. \u003cem\u003eProcesses\u003c/em\u003e 2021;\u003cstrong\u003e9\u003c/strong\u003e(10):1\u0026ndash;23.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSirisha SNVL, Male A, Sai KA, Raj, Sundar I, Teja, et al. A Scientific Review on Three Species of Diospyros. \u003cem\u003ePhcog Rev\u003c/em\u003e 2018;\u003cstrong\u003e1\u003c/strong\u003e(2):214\u0026ndash;217.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eShikwambana N, Mahlo SM. A Survey of Antifungal Activity of Selected South African Plant Species Used for the Treatment of Skin Infections. \u003cem\u003eNat Prod Commun\u003c/em\u003e 2020;\u003cstrong\u003e15\u003c/strong\u003e(5):1\u0026ndash;10.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eJennifer N, Mishra AP, Nigam M, Devkota HP, Paudel KR, Matsabisa MG. applied sciences Bioactive Compounds from the Plants of the Elaeodendron Genus and Their Biological Activities \u0026mdash; A Review. \u003cem\u003eAppl Sci\u003c/em\u003e 2022;\u003cstrong\u003e12\u003c/strong\u003e:12618.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePeng Y, Zeng N, Yao Q, Peng C, Sheng W, Li B, et al. A Review of the Medicinal Uses, Phytochemistry and Pharmacology of Genus. \u003cem\u003eCurr Chinese Sci\u003c/em\u003e 2023;\u003cstrong\u003e3\u003c/strong\u003e:213\u0026ndash;241.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBatran, S. A. E., Abdel-Azim, N. S., Abdel-Shafeek, K. A., Shahat, A. E. A., \u0026amp; El-Missiry MM. Flavonoids of Gomphocarpus sinaicus and evaluation of some pharmacological activities. \u003cem\u003eNat Prod Sci\u003c/em\u003e 2005;\u003cstrong\u003e11\u003c/strong\u003e(4):233\u0026ndash;239.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMouth\u0026eacute; G, Laure G, Tiani M, Youssouf B, Gbetnkom M. Phytochemistry and pharmacology of Harungana madagascariensis : mini review. \u003cem\u003ePhytochem Lett\u003c/em\u003e 2020;\u003cstrong\u003e35\u003c/strong\u003e(11):103\u0026ndash;112.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKhanh-Van H, Anuradha R. Profiling Anticancer and Antioxidant Activities of Phenolic Compounds Present in Black Walnuts (Juglans nigra) Using a High-Throughput Screening Approach. \u003cem\u003eMolecules\u003c/em\u003e 2020;\u003cstrong\u003e24\u003c/strong\u003e:4516.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNabatanzi A, Nkadimeng SM, Lall N, Kabasa JD, Mcgaw LJ. Ethnobotany, Phytochemistry and Pharmacological Activity of Kigelia africana (Lam.) Benth. (Bignoniaceae). \u003cem\u003ePlants\u003c/em\u003e 2020;\u003cstrong\u003e9\u003c/strong\u003e:753.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKasika EL, Vasombolwa VK, Lejoly J. Popular medicinal plants used by the Bantu people and Pygmies living in the administrative territories of Beni and Lubero ( DRC ). \u003cem\u003eJ Med Plants Res\u003c/em\u003e 2016;\u003cstrong\u003e10\u003c/strong\u003e(30):479\u0026ndash;494.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSemwal DK, Semwal RB. Ethnobotany , Pharmacology and Phytochemistry of the Genus Phoebe ( Lauraceae ). \u003cem\u003eMini Rev Org Chem\u003c/em\u003e 2014;\u003cstrong\u003e10\u003c/strong\u003e:12\u0026ndash;26.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGuessan BBN, Dosso K, Gnangoran BN, Amoateng P, Julius I, Gyekye A, et al. Antibacterial and antispasmodic activities of a dichloromethane fraction of an ethanol extract of stem bark of Piliostigma reticulatum. \u003cem\u003eJ Pharm Bioallied Sci\u003c/em\u003e 2015;\u003cstrong\u003e7\u003c/strong\u003e(2):128\u0026ndash;135.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIbra S, Dieng M, Sarr A, Fall AD. Polyphenol Content and Antioxidant Activity of Bark Hydroethanolic Extract of Piliostigma reticulatum ( DC ) Hochst and Its Fractions. \u003cem\u003eEuropean J Med Plants\u003c/em\u003e 2018;\u003cstrong\u003e26\u003c/strong\u003e(2):1\u0026ndash;7.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBeytia-Pacheco ES, Espinoza-Velasco B, Crosby-Galv\u0026aacute;n MM, S\u0026aacute;nchez- Villarreal A, Ram\u0026iacute;rez-Mella M. Alimentary and anti-methanogenic potential of four species of tropical fodder legumes in domestic ruminants. \u003cem\u003eAgro Product\u003c/em\u003e 2023;\u003cstrong\u003e16\u003c/strong\u003e(3):167\u0026ndash;173.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKitic D, Miladinovic B, Randjelovic M, Szopa A, Sharifi-rad J, Calina D, et al. Anticancer Potential and Other Pharmacological Properties of Prunus armeniaca L.: An Updated Overview. \u003cem\u003ePlants\u003c/em\u003e 2022;\u003cstrong\u003e11\u003c/strong\u003e:1885.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFaleiro JH, Gon\u0026ccedil;alves RC, N\u0026uacute;bia M, Pereira D, L\u0026aacute;zaro P, Naves F, et al. The Chemical Featuring , Toxicity , and Antimicrobial Activity of Psidium cattleianum ( Myrtaceae ) Leaves. \u003cem\u003eNew J Sci\u003c/em\u003e 2016;\u003cstrong\u003e2016\u003c/strong\u003e:7538613.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSantos ES, Lu\u0026iacute;s \u0026Acirc;, Gon\u0026ccedil;alves J, Rosado T, Pereira L, Gallardo E, et al. Julbernardia paniculata and Pterocarpus angolensis: From ethnobotanical surveys to phytochemical characterization and bioactivities evaluation. \u003cem\u003eMolecules\u003c/em\u003e 2020;\u003cstrong\u003e25\u003c/strong\u003e(8):1828.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eChowdhury SR, Haldar S, Bhar R, Das S, Saha A, Pal K, et al. Pterocarpus angolensis : Botanical , Chemical and Pharmacological Review of an Endangered Medicinal Plant of India. \u003cem\u003eJ Exp Biol Agric Sci\u003c/em\u003e 2022;\u003cstrong\u003e10\u003c/strong\u003e(2320):150\u0026ndash;156.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCui T, Tang S, Liu C, Li Z, Zhu Q, You J, et al. Three new isoflavones from the Pueraria montana var . lobata ( Willd .) and their bioactivities. \u003cem\u003eNat Prod Res\u003c/em\u003e 2018;\u003cstrong\u003e32\u003c/strong\u003e(23):2817\u0026ndash;2824.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eZhang G, Liu J, Gao M, Kong W, Zhao Q, Shi L. Tracing the Edible and Medicinal Plant Pueraria montana and Its Products in the Marketplace Yields Subspecies Level Distinction Using DNA Barcoding and DNA Metabarcoding. \u003cem\u003eFront Pharmacol\u003c/em\u003e 2020;\u003cstrong\u003e11\u003c/strong\u003e:336.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTaib M, Rezzak Y, Bouyazza L, Lyoussi B. Medicinal Uses, Phytochemistry, and Pharmacological Activities of Quercus Species. \u003cem\u003eEvidence-based Complement Altern Med\u003c/em\u003e 2020;\u003cstrong\u003e2020\u003c/strong\u003e:1920683.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWang F, Sun W, Lan Z, Zhou Y, Li L, Li Z. Chemical constituents and hepatoprotective properties of Rhododendron simsii Planch extract in Con A-induced autoimmune hepatitis. \u003cem\u003eArab J Chem\u003c/em\u003e 2023;\u003cstrong\u003e16\u003c/strong\u003e(8):104955.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eChouhan HS, Swarnakar G, Jogpal B. Medicinal Properties of Ricinus Communis : A Review. \u003cem\u003eInt J Pharm Sci Res\u003c/em\u003e 2021;\u003cstrong\u003e12\u003c/strong\u003e(7):3632-3642.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSalbei C, Ngeiywa M, Makwali J. Efficacy of Crude Bark Extract of Acacia Polyacantha Against Leishmania Donovani in Mice. \u003cem\u003eInt J Sci Basic Appl Res\u003c/em\u003e 2020;\u003cstrong\u003e54\u003c/strong\u003e(4):43\u0026ndash;54.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAlain KY, Dossa A, Pascal C, Boniface Y, Paul TF, Alain AG, et al. Chemical characterization and biological activities of extracts from two plants ( Cissus quadrangularis and Acacia polyacantha ) used in veterinary medicine in Benin. \u003cem\u003eJ Pharmacogn Phytochem\u003c/em\u003e 2015;\u003cstrong\u003e3\u003c/strong\u003e(6):91\u0026ndash;96.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDaffalla HM, Sir K, Ali E, Tajelser T, Hagr TE, Ahmed NS, et al. Larvicidal and Antibacterial Activities of Methanol Extract of Acacia polyacantha Willd. \u003cem\u003eJ Adv Res Pharm Sci Pharmacol Interv\u003c/em\u003e 2019;\u003cstrong\u003e2\u003c/strong\u003e(2):7\u0026ndash;11.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKumar S, Singh B. Syzygium Cumini (Jamun) Its Medicinal Uses. \u003cem\u003eInt J Pharmacogn\u003c/em\u003e 2021;\u003cstrong\u003e8\u003c/strong\u003e(9):361\u0026ndash;372.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKatemo M, Mpiana PT, Mbala BM, Mihigo SO, Ngbolua KN, Tshibangu DST, et al. Ethnopharmacological survey of plants used against diabetes in Kisangani city (DR Congo). \u003cem\u003eJ Ethnopharmacol\u003c/em\u003e 2012;\u003cstrong\u003e144\u003c/strong\u003e(1):39\u0026ndash;43.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNadeem A, NawabMohammad, Husain KM. Medicinal Potential of Jamun ( Syzygium cumini Linn ): A Review. \u003cem\u003eJ Drug Deliv Ther\u003c/em\u003e 2019;\u003cstrong\u003e9\u003c/strong\u003e(5):175\u0026ndash;180.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLi M, Wang C. Traditional uses , phytochemistry , pharmacology , pharmacokinetics and toxicology of the fruit of Tetradium ruticarpum : A review. \u003cem\u003eJ Ethnopharmacol\u003c/em\u003e 2020;\u003cstrong\u003e263\u003c/strong\u003e:113231.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eShan Q, Sang X, Hui H, Shou Q, Fu H, Hao M. Processing and Polyherbal Formulation of Tetradium ruticarpum ( A . Juss .) Hartley : Phytochemistry , Pharmacokinetics , and Toxicity. \u003cem\u003eFront Pharmacol\u003c/em\u003e 2020;\u003cstrong\u003e11\u003c/strong\u003e:133.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eZhang Y, Zhou W, Song X, Yao G, Song S, Zhang Y, et al. Neuroprotective terpenoids from the leaves of Viburnum odoratissimum. \u003cem\u003eNat Prod Res\u003c/em\u003e 2020;\u003cstrong\u003e34\u003c/strong\u003e(10):1\u0026ndash;8.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBashige-Chiribagula V, Manya-Mboni H, Ntabaza-Ndage V, Numbi Ilunga E, Bakari-Amuri S, Kalonda Mutombo E, et al. \u0026Eacute;tude ethnobotanique, biologique et chimique de plantes r\u0026eacute;put\u0026eacute;es anticariog\u0026egrave;nes \u0026agrave; Lubumbashi \u0026ndash; RD Congo. \u003cem\u003ePhytotherapie\u003c/em\u003e 2017;\u003cstrong\u003e15\u003c/strong\u003e(1):2\u0026ndash;9.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMohammed M, Akeel A, Marzuq W, Ghamdi A, Habib S Al, Koshm M, et al. Herbal medicines : Saudi population knowledge , attitude , and practice at a glance. \u003cem\u003eJ Fam Med Prim Care\u003c/em\u003e 2018;\u003cstrong\u003e7\u003c/strong\u003e::865-75.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWelz AN, Emberger-klein A, Menrad K. Why people use herbal medicine : insights from a focus-group study in Germany. \u003cem\u003eBMC Complement Altern Med\u003c/em\u003e 2018;\u003cstrong\u003e18\u003c/strong\u003e(92):1\u0026ndash;9.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWaweru D, Otieno M, Gitahi S, Mucunu J, Karuri P, Mbaabu P, et al. Traditional medicine in Kenya : Past and current status , challenges , and the way forward. \u003cem\u003eSci African\u003c/em\u003e 2020;\u003cstrong\u003e8\u003c/strong\u003e:e00360.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAnywar G, Kakudidi E, Byamukama R, Mukonzo J, Schubert A, Oryem-Origa H, et al. A Review of the Toxicity and Phytochemistry of Medicinal Plant Species Used by Herbalists in Treating People Living With HIV/AIDS in Uganda. \u003cem\u003eFront Pharmacol\u003c/em\u003e 2021;\u003cstrong\u003e12\u003c/strong\u003e:615147.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRondilla NAO, Rocha ICN, Roque SJR, Lu RMS, Apolinar NLB, Solaiman- AA, et al. Folk Medicine in the Philippines : A Phenomenological Study of Health-Seeking Individuals. \u003cem\u003eInt J Med Students\u003c/em\u003e 2021;\u003cstrong\u003e19\u003c/strong\u003e(426):25\u0026ndash;32.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMarques B, Freeman C, Carter L. Adapting Traditional Healing Values and Beliefs into Therapeutic Cultural Environments for Health and Well-Being. \u003cem\u003eInt J Environ Res Public Heal\u003c/em\u003e 2022;\u003cstrong\u003e19\u003c/strong\u003e:426.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSuharti B, Kartika T. Culture and social : herbal medicine as health communication to build urban community empowerment. \u003cem\u003eJ Stud Komun\u003c/em\u003e 2021;\u003cstrong\u003e5\u003c/strong\u003e:151\u0026ndash;164.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNkengurutse J, Mansouri F, Bekkouch O, Ben A, Masharabu T, Gahungu G, et al. Chemical composition and oral toxicity assessment of Anisophyllea boehmii kernel oil: potential source of new edible oil with high tocopherol content. \u003cem\u003eFood Chem\u003c/em\u003e 2019;\u003cstrong\u003e278\u003c/strong\u003e:795\u0026ndash;804.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTan M, Otake Y, Tamming T, Akuredusenge V, Uwinama B, Hagenimana F. Local experience of using traditional medicine in northern Rwanda : a qualitative study. \u003cem\u003eBMC Complement Med Ther\u003c/em\u003e 2021;\u003cstrong\u003e21\u003c/strong\u003e:2010.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBazie GW, Adimassie MT. Modern health services utilization and associated factors in North East Ethiopia. \u003cem\u003ePLoS One\u003c/em\u003e 2017;\u003cstrong\u003e12\u003c/strong\u003e(9):e0185381.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eChali BU, Hasho A, Koricha NB. Preference and Practice of Traditional Medicine and Associated Factors in Jimma Town , Southwest Ethiopia. \u003cem\u003eEvidence-based Complement Altern Med\u003c/em\u003e 2021;\u003cstrong\u003e2021\u003c/strong\u003e:9962892.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAina O, Gautam L, Simkhada P, Hall S. Prevalence , determinants and knowledge about herbal medicine and hospital utilisation in southwest Nigeria : a cross- \u0026shy; sectional study. \u003cem\u003eBMJ Open\u003c/em\u003e 2020;\u003cstrong\u003e10\u003c/strong\u003e:e040769.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eP\u0026eacute;rine MNA, Ache SB, Mireille A, Nga N, Serge AA, Joseph N. Knowledge , Attitudes , Practices on Homologation of Improved Traditional Medicines Among Practitioners in Mfoundi Division of Cameroon. \u003cem\u003eInt J Pharm Phytopharm Res\u003c/em\u003e 2022;\u003cstrong\u003e11\u003c/strong\u003e(4):33\u0026ndash;38.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNsagha DS, Ayima CW, Njamen TN-, Clement J, Assob N. The Role of Traditional , Complementary / Alternative Medicine in Primary Healthcare , Adjunct to Universal Health Coverage in Cameroon : A Review of the Literature. \u003cem\u003eAm J Epidemiol Infect Dis\u003c/em\u003e 2020;\u003cstrong\u003e8\u003c/strong\u003e(1):37\u0026ndash;47.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNang C, Namutambo Y, Mufwambi W, Kabuka R, Chulu M, Nanyangwe N, et al. Prevalence and Patterns of Herbal Medicine Use among Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients at the University Teaching Hospitals in Lusaka. \u003cem\u003eJ Biomed Res Env Sci\u003c/em\u003e 2022;\u003cstrong\u003e3\u003c/strong\u003e(1):: 074-081.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTosam MJ. Human Nature, Disease Diagnosis and Health in Traditional African Medicine. \u003cem\u003ePolylog\u003c/em\u003e 2019;\u003cstrong\u003e42\u003c/strong\u003e:21\u0026ndash;40.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAnywar G, Kakudidi E, Byamukama R, Mukonzo J, Schubert A, Oryem-Origa H, et al. A Review of the Toxicity and Phytochemistry of Medicinal Plant Species Used by Herbalists in Treating People Living With HIV/AIDS in Uganda. \u003cem\u003eFront Pharmacol\u003c/em\u003e 2021;\u003cstrong\u003e12\u003c/strong\u003e(4):1\u0026ndash;10.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIjaz N, Hunter J, Grant S, Templeman K. Protocol for a scoping review of traditional medicine research methods , methodologies , frameworks and strategies. \u003cem\u003eFront Med\u003c/em\u003e 2024;\u003cstrong\u003e11\u003c/strong\u003e:1409392.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLuo L, Wang B, Jiang J, Fitzgerald M, Huang Q, Yu Z, et al. Heavy Metal Contaminations in Herbal Medicines : Determination , Comprehensive Risk Assessments , and Solutions. \u003cem\u003eFront Pharmacol\u003c/em\u003e 2021;\u003cstrong\u003e11\u003c/strong\u003e:595335.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eOkaiyeto K, Oguntibeju OO. African herbal medicines: Adverse effects and cytotoxic potentials with different therapeutic applications. \u003cem\u003eInt J Environ Res Public Health\u003c/em\u003e 2021;\u003cstrong\u003e18\u003c/strong\u003e(11):5988.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMbayo KM, Kalonda ME, Tshisand TP, Kisimba KE, Mulamba M, Richard MK, et al. Contribution to ethnobotanical knowledge of some Euphorbiaceae used in traditional medicine in Lubumbashi and its surroundings ( DRC ). \u003cem\u003eJ Adv Bot Zool\u003c/em\u003e 2016;\u003cstrong\u003e4\u003c/strong\u003e(2):1\u0026ndash;16.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eOkombe V, Simbi JL, St\u0026eacute;vigny C, Vandenput S, Pongombo C, Duez P. Traditional plant-based remedies to control gastrointestinal disorders in livestock in the regions of Kamina and Kaniama ( Katanga province , Democratic Republic of Congo ). \u003cem\u003eJ Ethnopharmacol\u003c/em\u003e 2014;\u003cstrong\u003e153\u003c/strong\u003e(3):686\u0026ndash;693.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBashige C V, Bakari, Amuri S, Mbuyi KS, Kahumba BJ, Duez P, Lumbu SJ. \u0026Eacute;tude ethnobotanique, phytochimique et \u0026eacute;valuation de l\u0026rsquo;activit\u0026eacute; antiplasmodiale de 13 plantes r\u0026eacute;put\u0026eacute;es antipalud\u0026eacute;ennes dans la commune du Kenya (Lubumbashi, RDC). \u003cem\u003ePhytoth\u0026eacute;rapie\u003c/em\u003e 2020;\u003cstrong\u003e18\u003c/strong\u003e(2):71\u0026ndash;80.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKacholi DS, Mvungi Amir H. Herbal remedies used by traditional healers to treat haemorrhoids in Tabora region, Tanzania. \u003cem\u003ePharm Biol\u003c/em\u003e 2022;\u003cstrong\u003e60\u003c/strong\u003e(1):2182\u0026ndash;2188.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNovotna B, Polesny Z, Pinto-Basto MF, Van Damme P, Pudil P, Mazancova J, et al. Medicinal plants used by \u0026lsquo;root doctors\u0026rsquo;, local traditional healers in Bi\u0026eacute; province, Angola. \u003cem\u003eJ Ethnopharmacol\u003c/em\u003e 2020;\u003cstrong\u003e260\u003c/strong\u003e:112662.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNyirenda J, Chipuwa M. An ethnobotanical study of herbs and medicinal plants used in Western, Copperbelt, Central and Northern provinces of Zambia. \u003cem\u003ePhytomedicine Plus\u003c/em\u003e 2024;\u003cstrong\u003e4\u003c/strong\u003e(1):100514.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eChikowe I, Mnyenyembe M, Jere S, Mtewa A, Mponda J, Lampiao F. ). An ethnomedicinal survey of indigenous knowledge on medicinal plants in the traditional authority Chikowi in Zomba, Malawi. \u003cem\u003eCurr Tradit Med\u003c/em\u003e 2020;\u003cstrong\u003e6\u003c/strong\u003e(3):225\u0026ndash;241.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eShopo B, Mapaya R, Maroyi A. Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants traditionally used in Gokwe South District, Zimbabwe. \u003cem\u003eSouth African J Bot\u003c/em\u003e 2022;\u003cstrong\u003e149\u003c/strong\u003e:29\u0026ndash;48.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSitoe E, Van Wyk BE. An inventory and analysis of the medicinal plants of Mozambique. \u003cem\u003eJ Ethnopharmacol\u003c/em\u003e 2024;\u003cstrong\u003e319\u003c/strong\u003e(P2):117137.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBashige VC, Philippe ON, Henry MM, Salvius BA, Suzanne MK, Kasali M. Ethnomedical Knowledge of Plants Used in Nonconventional Medicine for Wound Healing in Lubumbashi , Haut-Katanga Province , DR Congo. \u003cem\u003eSci World J\u003c/em\u003e 2024;\u003cstrong\u003e2024\u003c/strong\u003e:4049263.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eVan Wyk BE. A family-level floristic inventory and analysis of medicinal plants used in Traditional African Medicine. \u003cem\u003eJ Ethnopharmacol\u003c/em\u003e 2020;\u003cstrong\u003e249\u003c/strong\u003e:112351.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAbbafati C, Abbas KM, Abbasi-Kangevari M, Abd-Allah F, Abdelalim A, Abdollahi M, et al. Global burden of 369 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories, 1990\u0026ndash;2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. \u003cem\u003eLancet\u003c/em\u003e 2020;\u003cstrong\u003e396\u003c/strong\u003e(10258):1204\u0026ndash;1222.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eOhemu TL, Shalkur D, Ohemu BO. Knowledge , attitude and practice of traditional medicine among people of Jos South Local Government Area of Plateau State , Nigeria. \u003cem\u003eJ Pharm Bioresour\u003c/em\u003e 2021;\u003cstrong\u003e18\u003c/strong\u003e(2):147\u0026ndash;154.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCare P, Gizaw Z, Astale T, Kassie GM. What improves access to primary healthcare services in rural communities ? A systematic review. \u003cem\u003eBMC Prim Care\u003c/em\u003e 2022;\u003cstrong\u003e23\u003c/strong\u003e:313.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCordero CS, Meve U, Jonathan G, Alejandro D. Ethnobotany and diversity of medicinal plants used among rural communities in Mina , Iloilo , Philippines : A quantitative study. \u003cem\u003eJ Asia-Pacific Biodivers\u003c/em\u003e 2023;\u003cstrong\u003e16\u003c/strong\u003e(1):96\u0026ndash;117.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMaloba MJ, Muyumba NW, Kasanya KJ, Mutombo SC, Mbayo KM, Ngoy KE, et al. Ethnobotanical survey and preliminary chemical screening of 14 plants reputed antigastritis in Lubumbashi and surroundings (DR Congo). \u003cem\u003eInt Eur Ext Enablement Sci Eng Manag\u003c/em\u003e 2020;\u003cstrong\u003e8\u003c/strong\u003e(12):62\u0026ndash;69.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eScott GJ. Invited Review A review of root , tuber and banana crops in developing countries : past , present and future. \u003cem\u003eInt J Food Sci Technol\u003c/em\u003e 2021;\u003cstrong\u003e56\u003c/strong\u003e:1093\u0026ndash;1114.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHussein RA, El-Anssary AA. Plants secondary metabolites: the key drivers of the pharmacological actions of medicinal plants. In: \u003cem\u003eHerbal medicine\u003c/em\u003e. Inotechopen, 2021: 13\u0026ndash;30.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHeuermann D, D\u0026ouml;ll S, Schweneker D. Distinct metabolite classes in root exudates are indicative for fi eld- or hydroponically-grown cover crops. \u003cem\u003eFront Plant Sci\u003c/em\u003e 2023;\u003cstrong\u003e14\u003c/strong\u003e:1122285.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRasul MG. Extraction , Isolation and Characterization of Natural Products from Medicinal Plants. \u003cem\u003eInt J Basic Sci Appl Comput\u003c/em\u003e 2019;\u003cstrong\u003e2\u003c/strong\u003e(6):F0076122618.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eEl Maaiden E, Bouzroud S, Nasser B, Moustaid K, El Mouttaqi A, Ibourki M, et al. A Comparative Study between Conventional and Advanced Extraction Techniques: Pharmaceutical and Cosmetic Properties of Plant Extracts. \u003cem\u003eMolecules\u003c/em\u003e 2022;\u003cstrong\u003e27\u003c/strong\u003e(7):2074.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBitwell C, Indra S Sen, Luke C, Kakoma MK. A review of modern and conventional extraction techniques and their applications for extracting phytochemicals from plants. \u003cem\u003eSci African\u003c/em\u003e 2023;\u003cstrong\u003e19\u003c/strong\u003e:e01585.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHakizimana P, Masharabu T, Bangirinama F, Habonimana B, Bogaert \u0026amp; J. Analyse du r\u0026ocirc;le de la biodiversit\u0026eacute; v\u0026eacute;g\u0026eacute;tale des for\u0026ecirc;ts de Kigwena et de Rumonge au Burundi. \u003cem\u003eTropicultura\u003c/em\u003e 2011;\u003cstrong\u003e29\u003c/strong\u003e:28\u0026ndash;38.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMpasiwakomu R. The Diversity and Utilization of Wild Medicinal Plant Species Found in The Miombo Woodlands of Uvinza, Tanzania. \u003cem\u003eAcad Lett\u003c/em\u003e 2021;(10):3803.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMoura I, Duvane JA, Silva MJ, Ribeiro N, Isabel A. Woody species from the Mozambican Miombo woodlands : A review on their ethnomedicinal uses and pharmacological potential. \u003cem\u003eJ Med Plants Res\u003c/em\u003e 2018;\u003cstrong\u003e12\u003c/strong\u003e(2):15\u0026ndash;31.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBruschi P, Mancini M, Mattioli E, Morganti M, Signorini MA. Traditional uses of plants in a rural community of Mozambique and possible links with Miombo degradation and harvesting sustainability. \u003cem\u003eJ Ethnobiol Ethnomed\u003c/em\u003e 2014;\u003cstrong\u003e10\u003c/strong\u003e(1):1\u0026ndash;22.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMaroyi A. Traditional use of medicinal plants in south-central Zimbabwe: Review and perspectives. \u003cem\u003eJ Ethnobiol Ethnomed\u003c/em\u003e 2013;\u003cstrong\u003e9\u003c/strong\u003e(31):1\u0026ndash;18.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eChirisa, E., Mukanganyama S. Evaluation of in vitro anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity of selected Zimbabwean plant extracts. \u003cem\u003eJ Herbs Spices Med Plants\u003c/em\u003e 2016;\u003cstrong\u003e22\u003c/strong\u003e(2):157\u0026ndash;172.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDuvane JA, Jorge TF, Maquia I, Ribeiro N, Ribeiro-Barros AIF, Ant\u0026oacute;nio C. Characterization of the primary metabolome of brachystegia boehmii and colophospermum mopane under different fire regimes in miombo and mopane African woodlands. \u003cem\u003eFront Plant Sci\u003c/em\u003e 2017;\u003cstrong\u003e8\u003c/strong\u003e:2130.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMbuyi KS, Kalunga MR, Kalonda M, Cimanga CC, Numbi WI, Kahumba BJ, et al. Aper\u0026ccedil;u ethnobotanique de plantes r\u0026eacute;put\u0026eacute;es antipalud\u0026eacute;ennes utilis\u0026eacute;es dans la ville de Lubumbashi et ses environs , dans le Haut-Katanga en RD Congo. \u003cem\u003eEthnopharmacologia\u003c/em\u003e 2019;\u003cstrong\u003e61\u003c/strong\u003e:75\u0026ndash;83.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCorrigan BM, Van Wyk, B. E., Geldenhuys CJ, Jardine JM. Ethnobotanical plant uses in the KwaNibela peninsula, St lucia, South Africa. \u003cem\u003eSouth African J Bot\u003c/em\u003e 2011;\u003cstrong\u003e77\u003c/strong\u003e(2):346\u0026ndash;359.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eZwane NS, De Wet H, Van Vuuren SF. Blood purification practices: Some ethnopharmacological insight from a rural community in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. \u003cem\u003eJ Ethnopharmacol\u003c/em\u003e 2024;\u003cstrong\u003e324\u003c/strong\u003e(August 2023):117795.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePakia M, Cooke JA. The ethnobotany of the Midzichenda tribes of the coastal forest areas in Kenya: 2. Medicinal plant uses. \u003cem\u003eSouth African J Bot\u003c/em\u003e 2003;\u003cstrong\u003e69\u003c/strong\u003e(3):382\u0026ndash;395.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMutie FM, Mbuni YM, Rono PC, Mkala EM, Nzei JM, Phumthum M, et al. Important Medicinal and Food Taxa (Orders and Families) in Kenya, Based on Three Quantitative Approaches. \u003cem\u003ePlants\u003c/em\u003e 2023;\u003cstrong\u003e12\u003c/strong\u003e(5):1\u0026ndash;143.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMboni HM, Keymeulen F, Ngezahayo J, Amuri SB, Mutombo EK, Byanga JK, et al. Antimalarial herbal remedies of Bukavu and Uvira areas in DR Congo: An ethnobotanical survey. \u003cem\u003eJ Ethnopharmacol\u003c/em\u003e 2019;\u003cstrong\u003e249\u003c/strong\u003e(1):112422.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBaumg\u0026auml;rtel, C., Lautenschl\u0026auml;ger T. The genus Landolphia P. Beauv.(Apocynaceae): A comprehensive review on its ethnobotanical utilizations, pharmacology and nutritional potential. \u003cem\u003eJ Ethnopharmacol\u003c/em\u003e 2023;\u003cstrong\u003e303\u003c/strong\u003e:115946.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTshikalange TE, Modishane DC, Tabit FT. Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, and Cytotoxicity Properties of Selected Wild Edible Fruits of Traditional Medicinal Plants. \u003cem\u003eJ Herbs, Spices Med Plants\u003c/em\u003e 2017;\u003cstrong\u003e23\u003c/strong\u003e(1):68\u0026ndash;76.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMatemu AO, Adeyemi D, Nyoni H, Mdee L, Tshabalala P, Mamba B, et al. Fatty acid composition of dried fruits of sclerocarya birrea, diospyros blancoi and landolphia kirkii. \u003cem\u003eInt J Environ Res Public Health\u003c/em\u003e 2017;\u003cstrong\u003e14\u003c/strong\u003e(11):1401.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMwamatope B, Chikowe I, Tembo DT, Kamanula JF, Masumbu FFF, Kumwenda FD. Phytochemical Composition and Antioxidant Activity of Edible Wild Fruits from Malawi. \u003cem\u003eBiomed Res Int\u003c/em\u003e 2023;\u003cstrong\u003e2023\u003c/strong\u003e:2621434.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMulholland DA, Schwikkard SL, Sandor P, Nuzillard JM. Delevoyin C, a tetranortriterpenoid from Entandrophragma delevoyi. \u003cem\u003ePhytochemistry\u003c/em\u003e 2000;\u003cstrong\u003e53\u003c/strong\u003e(4):465\u0026ndash;468.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMouth\u0026eacute; Happi G, Tchaleu Ngadjui B, Green IR, Fogu\u0026eacute; Kouam S. Phytochemistry and pharmacology of the genus Entandrophragma over the 50 years from 1967 to 2018: a \u0026lsquo;golden\u0026rsquo; overview. \u003cem\u003eJ Pharm Pharmacol\u003c/em\u003e 2018;\u003cstrong\u003e70\u003c/strong\u003e(11):1431\u0026ndash;1460.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSaslis-Lagoudakis CH, Klitgaard BB, Forest F, Francis L, Savolainen V, Williamson EM, et al. The use of phylogeny to interpret cross-cultural patterns in plant use and guide medicinal plant discovery: An example from pterocarpus (leguminosae). \u003cem\u003ePLoS One\u003c/em\u003e 2011;\u003cstrong\u003e6\u003c/strong\u003e(7):e22275.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIslam MR, Akbar S, Akter B, Nahar A, Proma NM, Hossain MK. Phytochemical Screening and Evaluation of in-vivo Analgesic Activity of Pterocarpus indicus Leaf. \u003cem\u003eChittagong Univ J B Sci\u003c/em\u003e 2023;\u003cstrong\u003e11\u003c/strong\u003e(1\u0026ndash;2):52\u0026ndash;60.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"Appendix","content":"\u003cp\u003eAppendix 1 is not available with this version.\u003c/p\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Anisophyllea pomifera, Brachystesia boehmii, Entandrophragma delevoyi, Landolphia kirkii, Pterocarpus brenanii, and alternative Medicine","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5116022/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5116022/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003ch2\u003eBackground\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe inhabitants of the village of Mampa have developed a rich corpus of knowledge and practices for treating pathologies using plants that are worthy of preservation, perpetuation, and promotion. They draw on the region's rich biodiversity, particularly in the Miombo clear forest. However, to date, no documentation of their ethnomedicinal knowledge exists.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMethods\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted between November 2022 and October 2023. It employed a direct, face-to-face interview with the Mampa village population and a guide questionnaire.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResults\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eA total of 400 respondents were included in the study (sex ratio M/F\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.9; mean age: 48.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.0 years; experience: 14.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.0 years), and the majority (93.8%) reported that they learned about plants from their families. These individuals mainly use plants as a first-line treatment (100%) and provided information on 38 taxa. The most commonly cited species were Anisophyllea pomifera and Brachystesia boehmii with 46 citations, while the most commonly used taxon was Landolphia kirkii with six recorded uses. This is the first report of Entandrophragma delevoyi and Pterocarpus brenanii as medicinal plants. Most of these taxa are trees, comprising 29 from 23 genera belonging to 24 families, with a notable prevalence of Fabaceae (10 taxa). 81 pathologies are indicated for treatment, with a predominance of gastrointestinal disorders (8 recipes, 7 taxa, 152 citations). The root is the most used organ, with 21 recipes and 14 taxa, while decoction is the most common preparation method, with 41 recipes and 19 taxa.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eConclusions\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study's findings indicate that a significant number of medicinal plants are used in traditional Mampa medicine to treat various diseases. Some of these species are endemic to the biodiversity area, while others are shared with other cultures and regions. A series of pharmacological studies are currently underway to validate some of the reported plant indications.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Ethnomedical knowledge of plants used in traditional medicine in Mampa village, Haut-Katanga province, Democratic Republic of Congo","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-09-23 14:20:28","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5116022/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"2c936663-db7e-4ed0-af60-7f2f4e12af7a","owner":[],"postedDate":"September 23rd, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[{"id":37878411,"name":"Botany"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-09-23T14:20:28+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-09-23 14:20:28","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-5116022","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-5116022","identity":"rs-5116022","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}