Knowledge and attitude on family planning among Egyptian medical students: A Multicentric Cross-Sectional Study

Knowledge and attitude on family planning among Egyptian medical students: A Multicentric Cross-Sectional Study | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Knowledge and attitude on family planning among Egyptian medical students: A Multicentric Cross-Sectional Study Hajer Azzam, Basma Kamel, Ahmed Esawy, Mariam Awadh, Toka Rabea, and 7 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-5112701/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 28 May, 2025 Read the published version in BMC Public Health → Version 1 posted 4 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background: Family planning is a crucial practice that helps couples achieve their desired number of children and spacing between pregnancies. Effective family planning can prevent abortions, maternal morbidity, and maternal deaths. However, studies have shown that medical students need more knowledge regarding family planning. This study aims to assess the knowledge and attitude of Egyptian medical students towards family planning and the factors affecting them. Family planning not only supports individual health but also contributes to broader public health goals, including improved maternal and child health outcomes. Furthermore, enhancing medical students' understanding of family planning can positively influence their future clinical practice and patient counseling, ultimately leading to better healthcare delivery in their communities. Methods: This was a multi-centric cross-sectional descriptive study with an analytical component. We collected data using a multistage stratified cluster sampling method. The study tool was a questionnaire from a previously published study that showed an accepted reliability in a pilot study, a = 0.825 for knowledge and 0.906 for attitude. It included questions about family planning, contraceptive methods, and their providers in the students' localities. We analyzed data using IBM Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) software version 25. Results were considered statistically significant if the p -value was ≤ 0.05. Results This cross-sectional study surveyed 926 medical students, predominantly aged 17 to 27 years (mean 21.42 ± 1.90 years), with a balanced gender distribution (52.15% males). Most participants were enrolled in clinical years (63.4%) at governmental universities (74.9%). The majority of students showed poor knowledge of family planning (85.9%), despite significant variations in attitudes with a bigger percentage of inappropriate attitudes (52.7%). We also found that gender significantly influenced knowledge levels ( p = 0.04), with higher female scores. Conclusion We report a prevalent deficiency in knowledge among Egyptian medical students, with females having better knowledge than males. Attitudes toward family planning are mostly inappropriate, which states the need for effective educational and awareness programs. Trial Registration Not applicable. Attitude Contraception Egypt Family Planning Knowledge Medical students Figures Figure 1 1. Background Family planning is the practice of couples arranging their desired number of children, the timing of each pregnancy, and the spacing between each one by using family planning methods ( 1 ). The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) recommends family planning to guide the timing of pregnancies and the proper intervals between them ( 2 ). It is the key intervention proven to limit many adverse outcomes ( 3 ). Effective family planning can prevent up to 32% of maternal deaths, 90% of abortions, and 20% of maternal morbidity globally ( 4 ). It also teaches individuals how to avoid unhealthy practices and encourages healthy habits ( 2 ). For example, folic acid intake is essential to decrease the incidence of fetal neural tube defects by up to 75% if taken before conception ( 2 ). Further, early or closely spaced births not only increase the risk for various problems such as eclampsia, systemic infections, low birth weight, and preterm delivery, but also these women are at a higher risk of discontinuing education, earning less, and living in poorer households ( 5 ). The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends three-year birth intervals ( 6 ). In addition to the health benefits of family planning, it also has multiple economic and social advantages for the population as it slows population growth and improves income potential, reducing poverty and improving quality of life ( 7 ). The knowledge of university students regarding this topic is crucial as they are about to take the parental lead and are faced with many interests regarding their career paths and marriage ( 8 ), especially medical students since they are future doctors responsible for giving reliable counseling to patients ( 9 , 10 ). In Nicosia, Northern Cyprus, a study at an international medical school revealed that the knowledge of first-year medical students on family planning was insufficient ( 11 ). Another study in Romania showed that medical students believed it was important to be informed on this subject ( 12 ). Moreover, a recent Italian study revealed that female medical students needed sexual and contraceptive counseling despite their scientific knowledge ( 13 ). Many factors could affect their attitude towards family planning, such as gender and religion ( 14 , 15 ). Whether the students come from urban or rural areas, or being in a private or a public college could have an impact too ( 10 ). In addition, cultural and social barriers could thwart contraception use in women ( 16 ). A recent study in Ethiopia points to several reasons why family planning isn't used, including provider bias, lack of access to contraceptive methods, poor understanding of them, fear of adverse effects, and acceptance based on social and religious views ( 17 ). An Indian study showed that the majority of women in the child-bearing period either know very little or have false information regarding contraception use. Even if they are aware of some contraceptive names, many are unsure of how to use them correctly or where to obtain them. Some of these women may have heard inaccurate or misleading information, while others may have negative attitudes toward family planning ( 18 ). Studies conducted in Lebanon and Indonesia documented a decline in contraception use, which might increase the need for the promotion of family planning to support the health and development of their respective communities ( 19 , 20 ). Many studies have shown the impact of family planning education on medical students. Studies conducted in Malaysia and India indicated that medical students who initially had inadequate training regarding family planning, had their knowledge significantly improved following targeted educational interventions ( 9 , 10 ). Another study conducted in Chicago on third-year medical students emphasized how necessary it is to develop high-impact curricula for teaching family planning to medical students and even discussed how team-based learning is an innovative teaching style as a learning strategy for family planning ( 21 ). Study rationale Family planning plays a vital role in improving maternal and child health, reducing unintended pregnancies, controlling population growth, and fostering socioeconomic development. A cross-sectional study on knowledge and attitudes toward family planning is crucial for understanding how cultural, educational, socioeconomic, and religious factors influence perceptions and practices related to contraception. Based on the existing literature, family planning awareness among medical students has not yet been addressed in Egypt, despite considerable research on its importance and many studies that have been conducted on it in other countries. Thus, we aim to evaluate the knowledge and attitude of Egyptian medical students on family planning and the factors affecting them. This will subsequently help to develop targeted interventions such as educational programs, including the medical curriculum, conduct awareness campaigns and workshops, and create policies to call for action thus improving reproductive health outcomes and the overall quality of life. 2. Methods 2.1. Study design, aim and setting A multicentric, descriptive cross-sectional study with an analytic component was conducted among undergraduate medical students from October 2023 to January 2024 at 12 different Egyptian universities to assess their knowledge and attitude towards family planning. 2.2. Study sampling and Sample size A multistage stratified cluster sampling method was used to collect the sample from the included universities. First, we divided universities into five groups based on their location (Delta, Capital, East, West, and Upper Egypt). We randomly chose governmental, private, and Azhar universities from those groups. Governmental universities are much more numerous than private and Azhar ones in Egypt. Accordingly, we randomly chose nine governmental universities and three universities from private and Azhar. The governmental faculties of medicine included Mansoura, Tanta, ElMenofia, Aswan, Port Said, Alexandria, Helwan, and Suez Canal. The private one was Misr University (MUST) and El Azhar Cairo boys and girls were included. Subsequently, we obtained lists of all medical students from the 1st year till the intern year enrolled in the chosen universities and additional randomization was applied to select the included clusters of students proportionately across the faculties and different years. We calculated our sample size online using an Open-Epi calculator (22): by assuming a 50% frequency (p), a 5% margin of error, and a 95% confidence interval. The minimum required sample size was 383 which was then multiplied by 2 to compensate for the cluster sampling technique's design effect, and a 40% drop rate was added to compensate for potential dropouts and incomplete responses. Thus, the final sample size was 1072. Complete 926 responses were collected with an 86℅ response rate. Medical students who were not available for participation, non-medical students, post-graduates, and those who refused to answer the questionnaire were excluded. 2.3. Data collection and study questionnaire Two collaborators were selected from each included university. Collaborators distributed the online questionnaire to the students chosen through their contacts, providing a thorough explanation in advance to ensure their understanding. We employed an English-language, self-administered questionnaire previously used by a study discussing the same interests of ours (23). Before distribution, a public health professional reviewed the questionnaire to ensure its content and validity. We then conducted a pilot study involving 30 students to validate the questionnaire's reliability and ensure its clarity. We assessed the reliability of the knowledge and attitude scales using Cronbach's alpha test, which measures the internal consistency of the items. A Cronbach's alpha value greater than 0.6 indicates that the scale demonstrates acceptable reliability for the intended use. The knowledge scale consisted of 23 items with an acceptable value (a= 0.825). The attitude scale consisted of 15 items with an acceptable value (a=0.906). The data from the pilot study were excluded from the final analysis. The questionnaire consisted of four sections: Consent, Sociodemographic Data, Knowledge of Family Planning, and Attitude toward Family Planning. Section 1 included informed consent where participants were asked to indicate whether they agreed or disagreed to participate in the survey. Section 2 collected information about the participants' sociodemographic characteristics. Participants were asked to provide their age, sex, academic year, university, academic grade range in the past years, residency (urban or rural), living condition, nationality, religion, whether they work besides studying due to income needs, marital status, and the number of children they have if married. Section 3 assessed the participants' knowledge about family planning. Participants were presented with a series of statements related to family planning. They were asked to indicate whether they believed the statement was true, or false, or if they were unsure. The statements covered various aspects of family planning methods, their effectiveness, side effects, and related misconceptions. Section 4 explored the participants' attitudes towards family planning. Participants were presented with a series of statements related to family planning, and they were asked to indicate their level of agreement or disagreement with each statement on a Likert scale ranging from "Strongly Disagree" to "Strongly Agree." The statements covered topics such as the importance of family planning, shared responsibility, health benefits, and perceptions about specific family planning methods. Overall, the questionnaire aimed to gather data on the participants' knowledge and attitudes regarding family planning, and it was designed to be completed within approximately 5 minutes. 2.4. Ethical approval Approval was obtained from the IRB Committee of the Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University (R.22.091867). The study was executed by the ethical standards set in the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later modifications. Informed consent was obtained from all the subjects involved in the study. The survey cover page had an "agree" option, where eligible students who accessed the electronic survey should click on it before completing the survey questions. We ensured anonymity and confidentiality for participants. 2.5. Statistical analysis The data collected from the questionnaire were analyzed using IBM Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) software version 25 for data entry and statistical analysis. Knowledge and attitude scores were calculated and categorized into good or poor for knowledge and appropriate or inappropriate for attitude according to the median with a 75℅ cut-off value. Categorical data were summarized and described as numbers and percentages. Continuous data were summarized and described as mean and SD or median and IQR according to normality plots. Categorical data were compared using Chi-Square. We used Pearson for the correlation between continuous variables. Binary logistic regression was used to explore factors predicting good knowledge and appropriate attitude. We calculated the crude odds ratio (COR) and their corresponding 95% confidence interval. Results were considered statistically significant if the p-value was ≤ 0.05. 3. Results Table 1 shows the sociodemographic characteristics of the 926 study participants. Their ages ranged from 17 to 27 with a mean of 21.42 ± 1.90 years. The number of male and female participants was almost equal with 483 (47.84%) females and 443 (52.15%) males. Students from all academic years took part in the study, with the majority 587 (63.4℅) in clinical years and the least 62 (6.7℅) being medical interns. Our sample consisted of students from governmental, private, and Al-Azhar universities. Most of them were in governmental universities (74.9%), while 12.6% were enrolled in private universities and 12.4% in Azhar universities. Almost half of the respondents (54.4%) performed well in their studies with grades of A or A-, while the rest scored B or lower. Most students lived in rural areas (63.6%), as well as the majority lived with their families (78.9%), and only 101 (10.9℅) worked besides studying for income needs. The participants were mostly Egyptian (94.4%), Muslim (96.9%), and single (94.7%). 3.1. Primary outcomes This study aimed to assess the knowledge and attitude of medical students on family planning. Our findings showed that the average knowledge score was 13.95±3.7, with the majority of the participants having poor knowledge, 795 (85.9%) (Table 1, Figure 1). The average attitude score was 53.78±9.98 with almost equal numbers of appropriate and inappropriate attitudes: 438 (47.3%) and 488 (52.7%) respectively. Most of the participants reported that their source of information was the university curriculum,624 (67.2℅), followed by doctors, 413 (44.5℅), and social media, 302 (32.5%). 3.2. Factors affecting knowledge and attitude The only factor having a significant effect on knowledge was gender with females having higher knowledge scores than males, 79 (16.4%), 52 (11.7%), p =0.04 (Table 2). Other characteristics such as age, academic year, religion, and marital status did not significantly affect family planning knowledge among the participants. Regarding the factors affecting the attitude, the academic year was the only factor that showed a statistically significant difference between the groups of appropriate and inappropriate attitudes, p =0.05 (Table 3). There was no statistically significant difference between the groups regarding age, sex, university, university categories, academic year categories, academic grade, residency, living conditions, nationality, religion, marital status, and employment status (Table 3). A Pearson correlation showed the correlation between age, knowledge, and attitude. Knowledge scores appeared to have a significant positive weak correlation with attitude scores ( r =0.33, p = 0 ). However, the correlation between age and knowledge scores, age and attitude scores wasn’t significant ( r =0.003, p =0.94) ( r = -0,03, p =0.93) respectively. The regression analysis showed that female sex is a significant predictor of good knowledge (COR=1.47, 95% CI=1.01 - 2.14, p = 0.05), indicating that females are 47% more likely to have good knowledge compared to males. 4. Discussion Despite the growing emphasis on family planning worldwide, there remains a need to improve knowledge and attitudes towards it in certain countries, such as Egypt. This study evaluated the Egyptian undergraduate medical students' knowledge and attitude regarding family planning. Our results showed an overall poor knowledge represented by 85.9% of the participants. A strong indicator of those students’ curricula insufficiency is that 54.72% of them scored a high academic grade of A or A-, and 67.2℅ reported they had their family planning knowledge from their university curriculum. Another concern is that 32.5% mentioned social media as their source of knowledge, indicating a high number of students relying on unreliable sources that may spread inaccurate or misleading information. This underscores the need for increased awareness and reliable educational resources and indicates a problem with the medical students’ learning methods about this topic or a lack of clinical practice in primary healthcare facilities. In comparison, a 2019 study conducted at a university in Malaysia reported a 56.1% level of poor knowledge and showed better knowledge levels than ours (24). Most of their good knowledge percentage was of Chinese students 54.3% followed by Indian 42.1% then Malay 38.5%, which may indicate that nature and traditions of peoples may play a role in these different percentages. However, a study conducted on female final-year undergraduates at the University of Ibadan, Nigeria revealed that only 22% were aware of reproductive life plans, which is significantly lower than the percentage of good knowledge observed in our study (25). Our findings, in agreement with others, indicate that gender significantly affects knowledge, with females achieving higher scores than males (26,27). This may be attributed to several factors. Previous research identified negative male perceptions of family planning influenced by societal norms, lack of interest, prevailing perceptions around childbearing, religious beliefs, and concerns about health risks associated with contraceptive methods (28,29). Additionally, it was noted that family planning promotion often does not explicitly target men, and existing services are perceived as not meeting their needs (30). However, this contrasts with other studies which found no significant gender difference (31,32), and studies on Malaysian medical students and South African university students which reported a predominance of male knowledge, which may be because of increased targeted educational efforts and services to address barriers facing males and improve their understanding of family planning (24,29). Moreover, we assessed attitude scores through a Likert scale and found that 52.7 % of Egyptian medical students exhibited mostly inappropriate attitudes toward family planning. Studies conducted on other medical students in Malaysia also reported inappropriate attitudes (24,31–33), while others reported appropriate ones (34,35). These comparisons ensure that cultural and environmental circumstances in addition to the clinical training of medical students can all play an important role in the level of attitude toward family planning. The inappropriate attitudes students have toward family planning and contraception may be because of their poor knowledge, and belief of harmful effects of contraceptives as being unreliable, causing cancer, decreasing sexual pleasure, and increasing illegal intercourse (36). Other studies on university students found almost the same prevalence of knowledge and attitude as ours (25,37,38), while others disagreed (26,27). Regarding attitude, there was a significant difference among participants based on the academic year but the regression analysis was insignificant. This is supported by the results of others who found that the academic year significantly predicts appropriate attitudes (31,32). However, other studies found no statistically significant difference (34),(35). We also reported a significant positive weak correlation between knowledge and attitude scores which agrees with others (27,31,32,38,39). While the correlation between age and knowledge scores was insignificant, age and attitude scores were insignificant, which is in agreement with another study (31). Strengths and limitations Our study is a multicentric study and the first to be conducted about knowledge and attitudes toward family planning among medical students in Egypt. It is also one of the pioneers’ studies to use the multistage random methodology to represent this topic. We analyzed medical students' responses from all college years and compared their different levels of knowledge and attitude. We achieved a large sample size enough for the results to be generalizable to our target population. However, it has some limitations. There was a high risk of recall bias resulting from using self-reported questionnaires. We did not assess the families’ socioeconomic status or their practice of family planning methods which may affect students’ knowledge and attitude levels. No cause-and-effect relationship can be detected between knowledge or attitude and other variables. So, we suggest conducting more longitudinal research to study this relationship, increase knowledge, and improve the attitudes of medical students and future healthcare providers. Conclusion We highlight a prevalent deficiency in knowledge among Egyptian medical students, with the majority needing a better understanding of family planning concepts. Despite this, encouraging signs in attitudes are seen, with nearly half of the participants demonstrating appropriate attitudes towards family planning. Gender is found to be a significant predictor of knowledge, with females having more knowledge than males Implications for future practice and recommendations More studies should focus on assessing the levels of knowledge of family planning among medical students, as well as dentistry, pharmacy, and paramedical students. In addition, medical educators should assess the resources from which medical students learn about family planning. Accordingly, educational programs about family planning should be integrated early into medical curricula as a crucial component of comprehensive healthcare training. An effective program should not only cover basic knowledge about family planning but also emphasize the responsibilities of healthcare professionals in promoting and implementing family planning practices. A recent study in the USA showed that broadening reproductive health education in medical school will prepare future primary care physicians to discuss the full range of reproductive options for their patients (40). Additionally, active educational techniques, such as clinical scenarios that simulate real-life situations, awareness campaigns, and interactive learning workshops, would enhance teaching effectiveness. These programs should extend into the clinical years of medical education and connect proper family planning awareness with various clinical conditions. Abbreviations ACOG: American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists WHO: World Health Organization Declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate: Approval was obtained from the IRB Committee of the Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University (R.22.091867). The study was executed by the ethical standards set in the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later modifications. Informed consent was obtained from all the subjects involved in the study. The survey cover page had an "agree" option, where eligible students who accessed the electronic survey should click on it before completing the survey questions. We ensured anonymity and confidentiality for participants. Consent for publication: Not applicable Availability of data and materials: The datasets used during this study are available from the corresponding author on a reasonable request. Competing interests: The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Funding/Support: No funding was received for this research. Author contributions: HA: Idea and conception. HA, AE, MA, TR, NR, AS, TD, EA, BK, FA, AE: Study design, and data collection. HA, BK, MA, TR, and NR conducted data analysis. HA prepared tables and figures. BK, HA, AE, MA, TD, and AS wrote the manuscript. DA: Editing and supervision. All authors read, reviewed, and approved the final manuscript. Acknowledgments: We would like to acknowledge Ahmed Mansour, Ahmed Mostafa Amin, Mohamed I. Mohamed, Rodina N. ElWakil, Youssef Elhdad, Mohamed Mohalal, Rana Ashraf, Sohila Elshabrawy, Mahmoud Elkaffas, Enjy M El-bialy, Nora I Yousef, Kareem M Arafa, Osama A. Abd Elaziz, Yasmeen Doma, Lara M. Saeed, and Rawan E. Elnaggar for their great effort as collaborators in data collection . We are grateful to Mansoura Students’ Scientific Association (MSSA) and its officials for initiating this study, supporting and building the capacity of authors to successfully conduct and publish the study. References Anbesu EW, Alemayehu M, Asgedom DK, Jeleta FY. Women’s decision-making power regarding family planning use and associated factors in Ethiopia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. SAGE Open Med. 2023;11:20503121231162720. Fooladi E, Weller C, Salehi M, Abhari FR, Stern J. 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Tables Table(1): Demographic characteristics, knowledge & attitude levels of participating students (N= 926) Age (Years) Mean ± SD 21.42 ± 1.9 Min-Max 17-27 Sex n(%) Male 443 (47.84%) Female 483 (52.15%) Academic year Basic Years n(%) 277 (29.9℅) 1st year 128 (13.8℅) 2nd year 149 (16.1℅) Clinical Years n(%) 587 (63.4℅) 3rd year 173 (18.7℅) 4th year 175 (18.9℅) 5th year 154 (16.6℅) 6th year 85 (9.2℅) Interns n(%) 62 (6.7℅) University n(%) Governmental 694 (74.9℅) Alexandria 94 (10.2℅) Aswan 103 (11.1℅) El Menofia 76 (8.2℅) Helwan 81 (8.7℅) Mansoura 125 (13.5℅) PortSaid 32 (3.5℅) Suez 87 (9.4) Tanta 96 (10.4) Private MUST 117 (12.6℅) Azhar 115 (12.4℅) Azhar-Boys 65 (7℅) Azhar-Girls 50 (5.4℅) Academic Grade n(%) A, A- 504 (54.4℅) B, B- 329 (35.5℅) C, C- 80 (8.6℅) D 13 (1.4℅) Residency n(%) Rural 589 (63.6℅) Urban 337 (36.4℅) Living Condition n(%) Alone 72 (7.8℅) With family 731 (78.9℅) With friends/dorms 112 (12.1℅) Other 11 (1.2℅) Nationality n(%) Egyptian 874 (94.4℅) Other 52 (5.6℅) Religion n(%) Muslim 897 (96.9℅) Christian 29 (3.1℅) Working beside studying because of income need n(%) Yes 101 (10.9℅) No 825 (89.1℅) Marital Status n(%) Single 877 (94.7℅) Engaged 45 (4.9℅) Married 4 (0.4℅) Knowledge Score Mean ± SD 13.95 ± 3.7 Knowledge Class n(%) Poor 75% 131 (14.1%) Attitude Score Mean ± SD 53.78 ± 9.98 Attitude Class n(%) Inappropriate 75% 438 (47.3%) Source of Information (multiple answers) University Curriculum 624 (67.2℅) Doctors 413 (44.5℅) Social Media 302 (32.5%) Relatives and friends 170 (18.3℅) Awareness Campaigns 133 (14.3℅) No source 89 (9.6℅) TV 77 (8.3℅) High school 18 (1.9℅) Table (2): Factors affecting knowledge of family planning. Poor Knowledge (N=795) Good Knowledge (N=131) p -value Age in Years mean(SD) 21.43 (1.95) 21.31 (1.79) 0.37 Gender n(%) Male 391 (88.3%) 52 (11.7%) 0.26 Female 404 (83.6%) 79 (16.4%) Academic year 0.41 Basic Years n(%) 232 (83.8%) 45 (16.2%) 1st year 105 (82%) 23 (18%) 0.05* 2nd year 127 (85.2%) 22 (14.8%) Clinical Years n(%) 512 (87.2%) 75 (12.8%) 3rd year 157 (90.8%) 16 (9.2%) 4th year 143 (81.7%) 32 (18.3%) 5th year 133 (86.4%) 21 (13.6%) 6th year 79 (92.9%) 6 (7.1%) Interns n(%) 51 (82.3%) 11 (17.7%) University 0.07 Governmental 603 (86.9%) 91 (13.1%) Alexandria 78 (83%) 16 (17%) 0.5 Aswan 89 (86.4%) 14 (13.6%) El Menofia 66 (86.8%) 10 (13.2%) Helwan 70 (86.4%) 11 (13.6%) Mansoura 116 (92.8%) 9 (7.2%) PortSaid 29 (90.6%) 3 (9.4%) Suez 75 (86.2%) 12 (13.8%) Tanta 80 (83.3%) 16 (16.7%) Private MUST 99 (84.6%) 18 (15.4%) Azhar 93 (80.9%) 22 (19.1℅) Azhar-Boys 58 (89.2%) 7 (10.8%) Azhar-Girls 35 (70%) 15 (30%) Academic Grade n(%) A, A- 435 (86.3%) 69 (13.7%) 0.98 B, B- 281 (85.4%) 48 (14.6%) C, C- 68 (85%) 12 (15%) D 11 (84.6%) 2 (15.4%) Residency n(%) Rural 512 (86.9%) 77 (13.1%) 0.22 Urban 283 (84%) 54 (16%) Living Condition n(%) Alone 61 (84.7%) 11 (15.3%) 0.53 With family 632 (86.5%) 99 (13.5%) With friends/dorms 94 (83.9%) 18 (16.1%) Other 8 (72.7%) 3 (27.3%) Nationality n(%) Egyptian 753 (86.2%) 121 (13.8%) 0.28 Other 42 (80.8%) 10 (19.2%) Religion n(%) Muslim 769 (85.7%) 128 (14.3%) 0.55 Christian 26 (89.7%) 3 (10.3%) Working beside studying because of income need n(%) Yes 87 (86.1%) 14 (13.9%) 0.93 No 708 (85.8%) 117 (14.2%) Marital Status n(%) Single 751 (85.6%) 126 (14.4%) 0.6 Engaged 40 (88.9%) 5 (11.1%) Married 4 (100%) 0 (0%) *Significant Data presented as no and ℅ calculated by row Table (3): Factors affecting attitude towards family planning: Inappropriate Attitude (N=488) Appropriate Attitude (N=438) p -value Age in Years mean(SD) 21.36 (1.90) 21.47 (1.89) 0.37 Gender n(%) Male 242 (54.6%) 201 (45.4%) 0.26 Female 246 (50.9%) 237 (45.4%) Academic year Basic Years n(%) 144 (52%) 133 (48%) 0.41 1st year 71 (55.5%) 57 (44.5%) 0.05* 2nd year 73 (49%) 76 (51%) Clinical Years n(%) 316 (53.8%) 271 (46.2%) 3rd year 106 (61.3%) 67 (38.7%) 4th year 82 (46.9%) 93 (53.1%) 5th year 77 (50%) 77 (50%) 6th year 51 (60%) 34 (40%) Interns n(%) 28 (45.2%) 34 (54.8%) University Governmental 379 (54.6%) 315 (45.4%) 0.07 Alexandria 51 (54.3%) 43 (45.7%) 0.5 Aswan 55 (53.4%) 48 (46.6%) El Menofia 41 (53.9%) 35 (46.1%) Helwan 49 (60.5%) 32 (39.5%) Mansoura 65 (52%) 60 (48%) PortSaid 19 (59.4%) 13 (40.6%) Suez 42 (48.3%) 45 (51.7%) Tanta 57 (59.4%) 39 (40.6%) Private MUST 50 (42.7%) 67 (57.3%) Azhar 59 (51.3%) 56 (48.7%) Azhar-Boys 35 (53.8%) 30 (46.2%) Azhar-Girls 24 (48%) 26 (52%) Academic Grade n(%) A, A- 271 (53.8%) 233 (46.2%) 0.85 B, B- 171 (52%) 158 (48%) C, C- 39 (48.8%) 41 (51.2%) D 7 (53.8%) 6 (46.2%) Residency n(%) Rural 303 (51.4%) 286 (48.6%) 0.31 Urban 185 (54.9%) 152 (45.1%) Living Condition n(%) Alone 35 (48.6%) 37 (51.4%) 0.24 With family 397 (54.3%) 334 (45.7%) With friends/dorms 52 (46.4%) 60 (53.6%) Other 4 (36.4%) 7 (63.6%) Nationality n(%) Egyptian 465 (53.2%) 409 (46.8%) 0.21 Other 23 (44.2%) 29 (55.8%) Religion n(%) Muslim 471 (52.5%) 426 (47.5%) 0.52 Christian 17 (58.6%) 12 (41.4%) Working beside studying because of income need n(%) Yes 56 (55.4%) 45 (44.6%) 0.56 No 432 (52.4%) 393 (47.6%) Marital Status n(%) Single 464 (52.9%) 413 (47.1%) 0.87 Engaged 22 (48.9%) 23 (51.1%) Married 2 (50%) 2 (50%) *Significant Data presented as no and ℅ calculated by row Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 28 May, 2025 Read the published version in BMC Public Health → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 23 Sep, 2024 Editor assigned by journal 20 Sep, 2024 Submission checks completed at journal 20 Sep, 2024 First submitted to journal 18 Sep, 2024 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-5112701","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":357912000,"identity":"45365bc7-a79e-462e-af07-bd8ec9ef04e1","order_by":0,"name":"Hajer Azzam","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Hajer","middleName":"","lastName":"Azzam","suffix":""},{"id":357912001,"identity":"894a75d3-1131-44f5-a7c3-4a54bc40ab1b","order_by":1,"name":"Basma Kamel","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA/klEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBACAzB5AIjZmQ8cSKgAMpiZG4jUwsyW+ODBGRCDkWgtPMaGD9tAPAJazNmPP93w44xdND8zg5lE4rzaaP52oJYfFdtwarHsyTG72XMjOXdmM0OaROK247kzDjM2MPacuY3bYQdy2G7wfGDO3XCY4RhQy7HcBqAWZsY2PFrOP39288+H+tz9hxnbJBLnHMudT1DLjQSz2zw3DuduYGZmNkhsqAFaR0CL5Yw3ZrdlzoC8wMb4IOHYgdyNQC0H8fnFnD/92c03x6pz+9v7Pxz8UVOXO+/84YMPflTg1oIODoPJA0SrB4I6UhSPglEwCkbBCAEAT2dnu7VuiQgAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University","correspondingAuthor":true,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Basma","middleName":"","lastName":"Kamel","suffix":""},{"id":357912002,"identity":"e25c6c1b-cd78-4b49-adc9-c578d8094fc5","order_by":2,"name":"Ahmed Esawy","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura 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University","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Nouran","middleName":"","lastName":"Riad","suffix":""},{"id":357912006,"identity":"4509633c-17a7-4180-8470-7e887a30177b","order_by":6,"name":"Abdullah Suliman","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Abdullah","middleName":"","lastName":"Suliman","suffix":""},{"id":357912007,"identity":"9d2d608f-b69c-4f6c-87f3-35722c4fe3a8","order_by":7,"name":"Tasneem Deibes","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Tasneem","middleName":"","lastName":"Deibes","suffix":""},{"id":357912008,"identity":"c651dc37-c720-45e4-9e4f-9f799cd9f7c7","order_by":8,"name":"Eman Ayman","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Eman","middleName":"","lastName":"Ayman","suffix":""},{"id":357912009,"identity":"fc58a914-6665-45bc-b86e-7bc52455f9a0","order_by":9,"name":"Aly Elbaz","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Aly","middleName":"","lastName":"Elbaz","suffix":""},{"id":357912010,"identity":"dac8d063-9714-4a68-89fb-c6ef5c316ed0","order_by":10,"name":"Farah Ashraf","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Farah","middleName":"","lastName":"Ashraf","suffix":""},{"id":357912011,"identity":"e61dd31c-65ad-4190-98de-a59124284b18","order_by":11,"name":"Doaa Alemam","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Public Health and Community Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Doaa","middleName":"","lastName":"Alemam","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-09-18 22:51:25","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5112701/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5112701/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-024-20827-9","type":"published","date":"2025-05-28T15:57:51+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":69056259,"identity":"dfe647d0-c6cc-49a3-af90-05b8565bad93","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-11-15 06:27:02","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":19560,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003ePrevalence of good and poor knowledge and attitudes among the studied group\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5112701/v1/ff7a3dc5a69f6bf6da3a9382.png"},{"id":83782975,"identity":"6e942c16-ca70-4ff7-81eb-3c661a5fcb16","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-06-02 16:09:30","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1506267,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5112701/v1/2bd09a64-8de5-4c35-a8fe-2792eb560658.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Knowledge and attitude on family planning among Egyptian medical students: A Multicentric Cross-Sectional Study","fulltext":[{"header":"1. Background","content":"\u003cp\u003eFamily planning is the practice of couples arranging their desired number of children, the timing of each pregnancy, and the spacing between each one by using family planning methods (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) recommends family planning to guide the timing of pregnancies and the proper intervals between them (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). It is the key intervention proven to limit many adverse outcomes (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEffective family planning can prevent up to 32% of maternal deaths, 90% of abortions, and 20% of maternal morbidity globally (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). It also teaches individuals how to avoid unhealthy practices and encourages healthy habits (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). For example, folic acid intake is essential to decrease the incidence of fetal neural tube defects by up to 75% if taken before conception (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). Further, early or closely spaced births not only increase the risk for various problems such as eclampsia, systemic infections, low birth weight, and preterm delivery, but also these women are at a higher risk of discontinuing education, earning less, and living in poorer households (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e). The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends three-year birth intervals (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e). In addition to the health benefits of family planning, it also has multiple economic and social advantages for the population as it slows population growth and improves income potential, reducing poverty and improving quality of life (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe knowledge of university students regarding this topic is crucial as they are about to take the parental lead and are faced with many interests regarding their career paths and marriage (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e), especially medical students since they are future doctors responsible for giving reliable counseling to patients (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e). In Nicosia, Northern Cyprus, a study at an international medical school revealed that the knowledge of first-year medical students on family planning was insufficient (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e). Another study in Romania showed that medical students believed it was important to be informed on this subject (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e). Moreover, a recent Italian study revealed that female medical students needed sexual and contraceptive counseling despite their scientific knowledge (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMany factors could affect their attitude towards family planning, such as gender and religion (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e). Whether the students come from urban or rural areas, or being in a private or a public college could have an impact too (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e). In addition, cultural and social barriers could thwart contraception use in women (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e). A recent study in Ethiopia points to several reasons why family planning isn't used, including provider bias, lack of access to contraceptive methods, poor understanding of them, fear of adverse effects, and acceptance based on social and religious views (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e). An Indian study showed that the majority of women in the child-bearing period either know very little or have false information regarding contraception use. Even if they are aware of some contraceptive names, many are unsure of how to use them correctly or where to obtain them. Some of these women may have heard inaccurate or misleading information, while others may have negative attitudes toward family planning (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e). Studies conducted in Lebanon and Indonesia documented a decline in contraception use, which might increase the need for the promotion of family planning to support the health and development of their respective communities (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMany studies have shown the impact of family planning education on medical students. Studies conducted in Malaysia and India indicated that medical students who initially had inadequate training regarding family planning, had their knowledge significantly improved following targeted educational interventions (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e). Another study conducted in Chicago on third-year medical students emphasized how necessary it is to develop high-impact curricula for teaching family planning to medical students and even discussed how team-based learning is an innovative teaching style as a learning strategy for family planning (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eStudy rationale\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFamily planning plays a vital role in improving maternal and child health, reducing unintended pregnancies, controlling population growth, and fostering socioeconomic development. A cross-sectional study on knowledge and attitudes toward family planning is crucial for understanding how cultural, educational, socioeconomic, and religious factors influence perceptions and practices related to contraception. Based on the existing literature, family planning awareness among medical students has not yet been addressed in Egypt, despite considerable research on its importance and many studies that have been conducted on it in other countries. Thus, we aim to evaluate the knowledge and attitude of Egyptian medical students on family planning and the factors affecting them. This will subsequently help to develop targeted interventions such as educational programs, including the medical curriculum, conduct awareness campaigns and workshops, and create policies to call for action thus improving reproductive health outcomes and the overall quality of life.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.1. Study design, aim and setting\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA multicentric, descriptive cross-sectional study with an analytic component was conducted among undergraduate medical students from October 2023 to January 2024 at 12 different Egyptian universities to assess their knowledge and attitude towards family planning.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.2. Study sampling and Sample size\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA multistage stratified cluster sampling method was used to collect the sample from the included universities. First, we divided universities into five groups based on their location (Delta, Capital, East, West, and Upper Egypt). We randomly chose governmental, private, and Azhar universities from those groups. Governmental universities are much more numerous than private and Azhar ones in Egypt. Accordingly, we randomly chose nine governmental universities and three universities from private and Azhar. The governmental faculties of medicine included Mansoura, Tanta, ElMenofia, Aswan, Port Said, Alexandria, Helwan, and Suez Canal. The private one was Misr University (MUST) and El Azhar Cairo boys and girls were included.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSubsequently, we obtained lists of all medical students from the 1st year till the intern year enrolled in the chosen universities and additional randomization was applied to select the included clusters of students proportionately across the faculties and different years.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe calculated our sample size online using an Open-Epi calculator (22): by assuming a 50% frequency (p), a 5% margin of error, and a 95% confidence interval. The minimum required sample size was 383 which was then multiplied by 2 to compensate for the cluster sampling technique\u0026apos;s design effect, and a 40% drop rate was added to compensate for potential dropouts and incomplete responses. Thus, the final sample size was 1072. Complete 926 responses were collected with an 86℅ response rate.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMedical students who were not available for participation, non-medical students, post-graduates, and those who refused to answer the questionnaire were excluded.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.3. Data collection and study questionnaire\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTwo collaborators were selected from each included university. Collaborators distributed the online questionnaire to the students chosen through their contacts, providing a thorough explanation in advance to ensure their understanding.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe employed an English-language, self-administered questionnaire previously used by a study discussing the same interests of ours (23).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBefore distribution, a public health professional reviewed the questionnaire to ensure its content and validity. We then conducted a pilot study involving 30 students to validate the questionnaire\u0026apos;s reliability and ensure its clarity. We assessed the reliability of the knowledge and attitude scales using Cronbach\u0026apos;s alpha test, which measures the internal consistency of the items. A Cronbach\u0026apos;s alpha value greater than 0.6 indicates that the scale demonstrates acceptable reliability for the intended use. The knowledge scale consisted of 23 items with an acceptable value (a= 0.825). The attitude scale consisted of 15 items with an acceptable value (a=0.906). The data from the pilot study were excluded from the final analysis.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe questionnaire consisted of four sections: Consent, Sociodemographic Data, Knowledge of Family Planning, and Attitude toward Family Planning. Section 1 included informed consent where participants were asked to indicate whether they agreed or disagreed to participate in the survey. Section 2 collected information about the participants\u0026apos; sociodemographic characteristics. Participants were asked to provide their age, sex, academic year, university, academic grade range in the past years, residency (urban or rural), living condition, nationality, religion, whether they work besides studying due to income needs, marital status, and the number of children they have if married. Section 3 assessed the participants\u0026apos; knowledge about family planning. Participants were presented with a series of statements related to family planning. They were asked to indicate whether they believed the statement was true, or false, or if they were unsure. The statements covered various aspects of family planning methods, their effectiveness, side effects, and related misconceptions. Section 4 explored the participants\u0026apos; attitudes towards family planning. Participants were presented with a series of statements related to family planning, and they were asked to indicate their level of agreement or disagreement with each statement on a Likert scale ranging from \u0026quot;Strongly Disagree\u0026quot; to \u0026quot;Strongly Agree.\u0026quot; The statements covered topics such as the importance of family planning, shared responsibility, health benefits, and perceptions about specific family planning methods.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOverall, the questionnaire aimed to gather data on the participants\u0026apos; knowledge and attitudes regarding family planning, and it was designed to be completed within approximately 5 minutes.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.4. Ethical approval\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eApproval was obtained from the IRB Committee of the Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University (R.22.091867). The study was executed by the ethical standards set in the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later modifications. Informed consent was obtained from all the subjects involved in the study. The survey cover page had an \u0026quot;agree\u0026quot; option, where eligible students who accessed the electronic survey should click on it before completing the survey questions. We ensured anonymity and confidentiality for participants.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.5. Statistical analysis\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe data collected from the questionnaire were analyzed using IBM Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) software version 25 for data entry and statistical analysis. Knowledge and attitude scores were calculated and categorized into good or poor for knowledge and appropriate or inappropriate for attitude according to the median with a 75℅ cut-off value. Categorical data were summarized and described as numbers and percentages. Continuous data were summarized and described as mean and SD or median and IQR according to normality plots. Categorical data were compared using Chi-Square. We used Pearson for the correlation between continuous variables. Binary logistic regression was used to explore factors predicting good knowledge and appropriate attitude. We calculated the crude odds ratio (COR) and their corresponding 95% confidence interval. Results were considered statistically significant if the p-value was \u0026le; 0.05.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"3. Results","content":"\u003cp\u003eTable 1 shows the sociodemographic characteristics of the 926 study participants. Their ages ranged from 17 to 27 with a mean of 21.42 \u0026plusmn; 1.90 years. The number of male and female participants was almost equal with 483 (47.84%) females and 443 (52.15%) males. Students from all academic years took part in the study, with the majority 587 (63.4℅) in clinical years and the least 62 (6.7℅) being medical interns. Our sample consisted of students from governmental, private, and Al-Azhar universities. Most of them were in governmental universities (74.9%), while 12.6% were enrolled in private universities and 12.4% in Azhar universities. Almost half of the respondents (54.4%) performed well in their studies with grades of A or A-, while the rest scored B or lower. Most students lived in rural areas (63.6%), as well as the majority lived with their families (78.9%), and only 101 (10.9℅) worked besides studying for income needs. The participants were mostly Egyptian (94.4%), Muslim (96.9%), and single (94.7%).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.1. Primary outcomes\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study aimed to assess the knowledge and attitude of medical students on family planning. Our findings showed that the average knowledge score was 13.95\u0026plusmn;3.7, with the majority of the participants having poor knowledge, 795 (85.9%) (Table 1, Figure 1). The average attitude score was 53.78\u0026plusmn;9.98 with almost equal numbers of appropriate and inappropriate attitudes: 438 (47.3%) and 488 (52.7%) respectively. Most of the participants reported that their source of information was the university curriculum,624 (67.2℅), \u0026nbsp;followed by doctors, 413 (44.5℅), \u0026nbsp;and social media, 302 (32.5%).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.2. Factors affecting knowledge and attitude\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe only factor having a significant effect on knowledge was gender with females having higher knowledge scores than males, 79 (16.4%), 52 (11.7%), \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e=0.04 (Table 2). Other characteristics such as age, academic year, religion, and marital status did not significantly affect family planning knowledge among the participants.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRegarding the factors affecting the attitude, the academic year was the only factor that showed a statistically significant difference between the groups of appropriate and inappropriate attitudes, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e=0.05 (Table 3). There was no statistically significant difference between the groups regarding age, sex, university, university categories, academic year categories, academic grade, residency, living conditions, nationality, religion, marital status, and employment status (Table 3).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA Pearson correlation showed the correlation between age, knowledge, and attitude. Knowledge scores appeared to have a significant positive weak correlation with attitude scores ( \u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e=0.33, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e= 0 ). However, the correlation between age and knowledge scores, age and attitude scores wasn\u0026rsquo;t significant (\u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e=0.003, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e=0.94) (\u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e= -0,03, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e=0.93) respectively.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe regression analysis showed that female sex is a significant predictor of good knowledge (COR=1.47, 95% CI=1.01 - 2.14, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e= 0.05), indicating that females are 47% more likely to have good knowledge compared to males.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"4. Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eDespite the growing emphasis on family planning worldwide, there remains a need to improve knowledge and attitudes towards it in certain countries, such as Egypt. This study evaluated the Egyptian undergraduate medical students\u0026apos; knowledge and attitude regarding family planning. Our results showed an overall poor knowledge represented by 85.9% of the participants. A strong indicator of those students\u0026rsquo; curricula insufficiency is that 54.72% of them scored a high academic grade of A or A-, and 67.2℅ reported they had their family planning knowledge from their university curriculum. Another concern is that 32.5% mentioned social media as their source of knowledge, indicating a high number of students relying on unreliable sources that may spread inaccurate or misleading information. This underscores the need for increased awareness and reliable educational resources and indicates a problem with the medical students\u0026rsquo; learning methods about this topic or a lack of clinical practice in primary healthcare facilities. \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn comparison, a 2019 study conducted at a university in Malaysia reported a 56.1% level of poor knowledge and showed better knowledge levels than ours (24). Most of their good knowledge percentage was of Chinese students 54.3% followed by Indian 42.1% then Malay 38.5%, which may indicate that nature and traditions of peoples may play a role in these different percentages. However, a study conducted on female final-year undergraduates at the University of Ibadan, Nigeria revealed that only 22% were aware of reproductive life plans, which is significantly lower than the percentage of good knowledge observed in our study (25).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOur findings, in agreement with others, indicate that gender significantly affects knowledge, with females achieving higher scores than males (26,27). This may be attributed to several factors. Previous research identified negative male perceptions of family planning influenced by societal norms, lack of interest, prevailing perceptions around childbearing, religious beliefs, and concerns about health risks associated with contraceptive methods (28,29). Additionally, it was noted that family planning promotion often does not explicitly target men, and existing services are perceived as not meeting their needs (30). However, this contrasts with other studies which found no significant gender difference (31,32), and studies on Malaysian medical students and South African university students which reported a predominance of male knowledge, which may be because of increased targeted educational efforts and services to address barriers facing males and improve their understanding of family planning (24,29).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMoreover, we assessed attitude scores through a Likert scale and found that 52.7 % of Egyptian medical students exhibited mostly inappropriate attitudes toward family planning. Studies conducted on other medical students in Malaysia also reported inappropriate attitudes (24,31\u0026ndash;33), while others reported appropriate ones (34,35). These comparisons ensure that cultural and environmental circumstances in addition to the clinical training of medical students can all play an important role in the level of attitude toward family planning. The inappropriate attitudes students have toward family planning and contraception may be because of their poor knowledge, and belief of harmful effects of contraceptives as being unreliable, causing cancer, decreasing sexual pleasure, and increasing illegal intercourse (36). Other studies on university students found almost the same prevalence of knowledge and attitude as ours (25,37,38), while others disagreed (26,27).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRegarding attitude, there was a significant difference among participants based on the academic year but the regression analysis was insignificant. This is supported by the results of others who found that the academic year significantly predicts appropriate attitudes (31,32). However, other studies found no statistically significant difference (34),(35).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe also reported a significant positive weak correlation between knowledge and attitude scores which agrees with others (27,31,32,38,39). While the correlation between age and knowledge scores was insignificant, age and attitude scores were insignificant, which is in agreement with another study (31).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStrengths and limitations \u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOur study is a multicentric study and the first to be conducted about knowledge and attitudes toward family planning among medical students in Egypt. It is also one of the pioneers\u0026rsquo; studies to use the multistage random methodology to represent this topic. We analyzed medical students\u0026apos; responses from all college years and compared their different levels of knowledge and attitude. We achieved a large sample size enough for the results to be generalizable to our target population. However, it has some limitations. There was a high risk of recall bias resulting from using self-reported questionnaires. We did not assess the families\u0026rsquo; socioeconomic status or their practice of family planning methods which may affect students\u0026rsquo; knowledge and attitude levels. No cause-and-effect relationship can be detected between knowledge or attitude and other variables. So, we suggest conducting more longitudinal research to study this relationship, increase knowledge, and improve the attitudes of medical students and future healthcare providers.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eWe highlight a prevalent deficiency in knowledge among Egyptian medical students, with the majority needing a better understanding of family planning concepts. Despite this, encouraging signs in attitudes are seen, with nearly half of the participants demonstrating appropriate attitudes towards family planning. Gender is found to be a significant predictor of knowledge, with females having more knowledge than males\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eImplications for future practice and recommendations\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;More studies should focus on assessing the levels of knowledge of family planning among medical students, as well as dentistry, pharmacy, and paramedical students. In addition, medical educators should assess the resources from which medical students learn about family planning. Accordingly, educational programs about family planning should be integrated early into medical curricula as a crucial component of comprehensive healthcare training. An effective program should not only cover basic knowledge about family planning but also emphasize the responsibilities of healthcare professionals in promoting and implementing family planning practices. A recent study in the USA showed that broadening reproductive health education in medical school will prepare future primary care physicians to discuss the full range of reproductive options for their patients (40).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAdditionally, active educational techniques, such as clinical scenarios that simulate real-life situations, awareness campaigns, and interactive learning workshops, would enhance teaching effectiveness. These programs should extend into the clinical years of medical education and connect proper family planning awareness with various clinical conditions.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Abbreviations","content":"\u003cp\u003eACOG: American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWHO: World Health Organization\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eApproval was obtained from the IRB Committee of the Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University (R.22.091867). The study was executed by the ethical standards set in the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later modifications. Informed consent was obtained from all the subjects involved in the study. The survey cover page had an \"agree\" option, where eligible students who accessed the electronic survey should click on it before completing the survey questions. We ensured anonymity and confidentiality for participants.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eNot applicable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of data and materials:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eThe datasets used during this study are available from the corresponding author on a reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eThe authors declare that they have no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding/Support:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eNo funding was received for this research.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor contributions:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eHA: Idea and conception. HA, AE, MA, TR, NR, AS, TD, EA, BK, FA, AE: Study design, and data collection. HA, BK, MA, TR, and NR conducted data analysis. HA prepared tables and figures. BK, HA, AE, MA, TD, and AS wrote the manuscript. DA: Editing and supervision.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll authors read, reviewed, and\u0026nbsp;approved the final manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgments:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eWe would like to acknowledge Ahmed Mansour, Ahmed Mostafa Amin, Mohamed I. Mohamed, Rodina N. ElWakil, Youssef Elhdad, Mohamed Mohalal, Rana Ashraf, Sohila Elshabrawy, Mahmoud Elkaffas, Enjy M El-bialy, Nora I Yousef, Kareem M Arafa, Osama A. Abd Elaziz, Yasmeen Doma, Lara M. Saeed, and Rawan E. Elnaggar for their great effort as collaborators in data collection\u003cstrong\u003e.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eWe are grateful to Mansoura Students’ Scientific Association (MSSA) and its officials for initiating this study, supporting and building the capacity of authors to successfully conduct and publish the study.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAnbesu EW, Alemayehu M, Asgedom DK, Jeleta FY. Women\u0026rsquo;s decision-making power regarding family planning use and associated factors in Ethiopia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. SAGE Open Med. 2023;11:20503121231162720.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eFooladi E, Weller C, Salehi M, Abhari FR, Stern J. Using reproductive life plan-based information in a primary health care center increased Iranian women\u0026rsquo;s knowledge of fertility, but not their future fertility plan: A randomized, controlled trial. 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Reprod Health. 2022;19(Suppl 1):86.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eRaselekoane NR, Morwe KG, Tshitangano T. University of Venda\u0026rsquo;s male students\u0026rsquo; attitudes towards contraception and family planning. Afr J Prim Health Care Fam Med. 2016;8(2):e1\u0026ndash;7.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eRaikes A, Shoo R, Brabin L. Gender-planned health services. Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 1992;86(Suppl 1):19\u0026ndash;23.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSenior Resident C, Medicine PGIMS, Rohtak, Choudhary P. Assessment of Knowledge and Attitude regarding Emergency Contraception among Medical Students of North India. IJoPCCM. 2020;05(04):18\u0026ndash;25.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eGajera AN, Barvaliya MJ, Shukla A, Tripathi CB. Knowledge and attitude towards emergency contraception among undergraduate medical students. Int J Basic Clin Pharmacol. 2017;6(4):955.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eReddy NR, Kishore SG, Basha SR, KNOWELDGE ON EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION AMONG. MEDICAL STUDENTS IN BANGALORE, KARNATAKA. J Evol Med Dent Sci. 2014.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eDogra A, Wankhede UN. Knowledge and attitude of medical undergraduate, interns and postgraduate students towards emergency contraception. Int J Reprod Contracept Obstet Gynecol. 2017;6(7):2944.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eGiri PA, Bangal VB, Phalke DB. Knowledge and attitude of medical undergraduate, interns and postgraduate students in India towards emergency contraception. N Am J Med Sci. 2013;5(1):37\u0026ndash;40.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKara WSK, Benedicto M, Mao J. Knowledge, attitude, and practice of contraception methods among female undergraduates in dodoma, tanzania. Cureus. 2019;11(4):e4362.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eJoseph N, Shetty B, Hasreen F, Ishwarya R, Baniya M, Sachdeva S, et al. Awareness and attitudes toward emergency contraceptives among college students in south india. J Obstet Gynaecol India. 2016;66(Suppl 1):363\u0026ndash;9.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKongnyuy EJ, Ngassa P, Fomulu N, Wiysonge CS, Kouam L, Doh AS. A survey of knowledge, attitudes and practice of emergency contraception among university students in Cameroon. BMC Emerg Med. 2007;7:7.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eZhou Y, Xiong J, Li J, Huang S, Shang X, Liu G, et al. Urgent need for contraceptive education and services in Chinese unmarried undergraduates: a multi-campus survey. J Huazhong Univ Sci Technol Med Sci. 2011;31(4):426.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eDuane M, Carson G, VanderKolk K, Adams E, Gordon L. An evaluation of US medical schools\u0026rsquo; reproductive health and family planning curricula. Issues Law Med. 2022;37(2):117\u0026ndash;28.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"Tables","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eTable(1): Demographic characteristics, knowledge \u0026amp; attitude levels of participating students\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"271\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;(N= 926)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAge (Years)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean \u0026plusmn; SD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.42 \u0026plusmn; 1.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMin-Max\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17-27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSex n(%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Male\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e443 (47.84%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Female\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e483 (52.15%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcademic year\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBasic Years n(%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e277 (29.9℅)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;1st year\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e128 (13.8℅)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;2nd year\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e149 (16.1℅)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eClinical Years n(%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e587 (63.4℅)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;3rd year\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e173 (18.7℅)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;4th year\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e175 (18.9℅)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;5th year\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e154 (16.6℅)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;6th year\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e85 (9.2℅)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eInterns n(%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62 (6.7℅)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eUniversity n(%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGovernmental\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e694 (74.9℅)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Alexandria\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e94 (10.2℅)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Aswan\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e103 (11.1℅)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;El Menofia\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e76 (8.2℅)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Helwan\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e81 (8.7℅)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Mansoura\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e125 (13.5℅)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;PortSaid\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32 (3.5℅)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Suez\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e87 (9.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Tanta\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e96 (10.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePrivate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;MUST\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e117 (12.6℅)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAzhar\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e115 (12.4℅)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Azhar-Boys\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e65 (7℅)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Azhar-Girls\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50 (5.4℅)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcademic Grade n(%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;A, A-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e504 (54.4℅)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;B, B-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e329 (35.5℅)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;C, C-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80 (8.6℅)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;D\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13 (1.4℅)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResidency n(%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Rural\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e589 (63.6℅)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Urban\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e337 (36.4℅)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLiving Condition n(%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Alone\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e72 (7.8℅)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;With family\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e731 (78.9℅)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;With friends/dorms\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e112 (12.1℅)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Other\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11 (1.2℅)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNationality n(%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Egyptian\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e874 (94.4℅)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Other\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52 (5.6℅)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eReligion n(%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Muslim\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e897 (96.9℅)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Christian\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29 (3.1℅)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWorking beside studying because of income need n(%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Yes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e101 (10.9℅)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;No\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e825 (89.1℅)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMarital Status n(%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Single\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e877 (94.7℅)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Engaged\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45 (4.9℅)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Married\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4 (0.4℅)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eKnowledge Score\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean \u0026plusmn; SD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.95 \u0026plusmn; 3.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eKnowledge Class n(%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Poor \u0026lt;=75%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e795 (85.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Good \u0026gt;75%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e131 (14.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAttitude Score\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean \u0026plusmn; SD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e53.78 \u0026plusmn; 9.98\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAttitude Class n(%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Inappropriate \u0026lt;=75%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e488 (52.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Appropriate \u0026gt;75%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e438 (47.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSource of Information (multiple answers)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;University Curriculum\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e624 (67.2℅)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Doctors\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e413 (44.5℅)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Social Media\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e302 (32.5%)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Relatives and friends\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e170 (18.3℅)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Awareness Campaigns\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e133 (14.3℅)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;No source\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e89 (9.6℅)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;TV\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e77 (8.3℅)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;High school\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18 (1.9℅)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable (2): Factors affecting knowledge of family planning.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"400\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePoor Knowledge\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(N=795)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGood Knowledge\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(N=131)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;p\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e-value\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAge in Years mean(SD)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.43 (1.95)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.31 (1.79)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGender n(%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e391 (88.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52 (11.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e404 (83.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e79 (16.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcademic year\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBasic Years n(%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e232 (83.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45 (16.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;1st year\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e105 (82%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23 (18%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.05*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;2nd year\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e127 (85.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22 (14.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eClinical Years n(%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e512 (87.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e75 (12.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;3rd year\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e157 (90.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16 (9.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;4th year\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e143 (81.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32 (18.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;5th year\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e133 (86.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21 (13.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;6th year\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e79 (92.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6 (7.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eInterns n(%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51 (82.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11 (17.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eUniversity\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGovernmental\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e603 (86.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e91 (13.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Alexandria\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e78 (83%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16 (17%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Aswan\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e89 (86.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14 (13.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;El Menofia\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e66 (86.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10 (13.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Helwan\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70 (86.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11 (13.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Mansoura\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e116 (92.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9 (7.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;PortSaid\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29 (90.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 (9.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Suez\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e75 (86.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12 (13.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Tanta\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80 (83.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16 (16.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePrivate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;MUST\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e99 (84.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18 (15.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAzhar\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e93 (80.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22 (19.1℅)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Azhar-Boys\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e58 (89.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7 (10.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Azhar-Girls\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35 (70%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15 (30%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcademic Grade n(%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;A, A-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e435 (86.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e69 (13.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.98\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;B, B-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e281 (85.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48 (14.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;C, C-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e68 (85%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12 (15%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;D\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11 (84.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 (15.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResidency n(%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Rural\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e512 (86.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e77 (13.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Urban\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e283 (84%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54 (16%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLiving Condition n(%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Alone\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e61 (84.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11 (15.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;With family\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e632 (86.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e99 (13.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;With friends/dorms\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e94 (83.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18 (16.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Other\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8 (72.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 (27.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNationality n(%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Egyptian\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e753 (86.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e121 (13.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Other\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42 (80.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10 (19.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eReligion n(%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Muslim\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e769 (85.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e128 (14.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Christian\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26 (89.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 (10.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWorking beside studying because of income need n(%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Yes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e87 (86.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14 (13.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.93\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;No\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e708 (85.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e117 (14.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMarital Status n(%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Single\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e751 (85.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e126 (14.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Engaged\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40 (88.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5 (11.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Married\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4 (100%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 (0%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e*Significant\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eData presented as no and ℅ calculated by row\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable (3): Factors affecting attitude towards family planning:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"390\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eInappropriate Attitude (N=488)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAppropriate Attitude (N=438)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e-value\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAge in Years mean(SD)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.36 (1.90)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.47 (1.89)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGender n(%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e242 (54.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e201 (45.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e246 (50.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e237 (45.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcademic year\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBasic Years n(%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e144 (52%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e133 (48%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;1st year\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e71 (55.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e57 (44.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.05*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;2nd year\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e73 (49%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e76 (51%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eClinical Years n(%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e316 (53.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e271 (46.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;3rd year\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e106 (61.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e67 (38.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;4th year\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e82 (46.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e93 (53.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;5th year\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e77 (50%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e77 (50%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;6th year\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51 (60%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34 (40%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eInterns n(%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28 (45.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34 (54.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eUniversity\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGovernmental\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e379 (54.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e315 (45.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Alexandria\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51 (54.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43 (45.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;0.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Aswan\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55 (53.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48 (46.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;El Menofia\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41 (53.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35 (46.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Helwan\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e49 (60.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32 (39.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Mansoura\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e65 (52%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60 (48%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; PortSaid\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19 (59.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13 (40.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Suez\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42 (48.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45 (51.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Tanta\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e57 (59.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39 (40.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePrivate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;MUST\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50 (42.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e67 (57.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAzhar\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59 (51.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e56 (48.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Azhar-Boys\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35 (53.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30 (46.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Azhar-Girls\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24 (48%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26 (52%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcademic Grade n(%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;A, A-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e271 (53.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e233 (46.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.85\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;B, B-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e171 (52%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e158 (48%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;C, C-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39 (48.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41 (51.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;D\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7 (53.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6 (46.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResidency n(%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Rural\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e303 (51.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e286 (48.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Urban\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e185 (54.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e152 (45.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLiving Condition n(%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Alone\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35 (48.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37 (51.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;With family\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e397 (54.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e334 (45.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;With friends/dorms\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52 (46.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60 (53.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Other\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4 (36.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7 (63.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNationality n(%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Egyptian\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e465 (53.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e409 (46.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Other\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23 (44.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29 (55.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eReligion n(%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Muslim\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e471 (52.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e426 (47.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Christian\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17 (58.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12 (41.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWorking beside studying because of income need n(%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Yes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e56 (55.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45 (44.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;No\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e432 (52.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e393 (47.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMarital Status n(%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Single\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e464 (52.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e413 (47.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.87\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Engaged\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22 (48.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23 (51.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Married\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 (50%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 (50%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e*Significant\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eData presented as no and ℅ calculated by row\u003c/p\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-public-health","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"pubh","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Public Health](http://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/pubh/default.aspx","title":"BMC Public Health","twitterHandle":"@BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Attitude, Contraception, Egypt, Family Planning, Knowledge, Medical students","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5112701/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5112701/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003ch2\u003eBackground:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eFamily planning is a crucial practice that helps couples achieve their desired number of children and spacing between pregnancies. Effective family planning can prevent abortions, maternal morbidity, and maternal deaths. However, studies have shown that medical students need more knowledge regarding family planning. This study aims to assess the knowledge and attitude of Egyptian medical students towards family planning and the factors affecting them. Family planning not only supports individual health but also contributes to broader public health goals, including improved maternal and child health outcomes. Furthermore, enhancing medical students' understanding of family planning can positively influence their future clinical practice and patient counseling, ultimately leading to better healthcare delivery in their communities.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMethods:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis was a multi-centric cross-sectional descriptive study with an analytical component. We collected data using a multistage stratified cluster sampling method. The study tool was a questionnaire from a previously published study that showed an accepted reliability in a pilot study, a\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.825 for knowledge and 0.906 for attitude. It included questions about family planning, contraceptive methods, and their providers in the students' localities. We analyzed data using IBM Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) software version 25. Results were considered statistically significant if the \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e-value was \u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.05.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResults\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis cross-sectional study surveyed 926 medical students, predominantly aged 17 to 27 years (mean 21.42\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.90 years), with a balanced gender distribution (52.15% males). Most participants were enrolled in clinical years (63.4%) at governmental universities (74.9%). The majority of students showed poor knowledge of family planning (85.9%), despite significant variations in attitudes with a bigger percentage of inappropriate attitudes (52.7%). We also found that gender significantly influenced knowledge levels (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.04), with higher female scores.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eConclusion\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eWe report a prevalent deficiency in knowledge among Egyptian medical students, with females having better knowledge than males. Attitudes toward family planning are mostly inappropriate, which states the need for effective educational and awareness programs.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eTrial Registration\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Knowledge and attitude on family planning among Egyptian medical students: A Multicentric Cross-Sectional Study","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-11-15 06:26:57","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5112701/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2024-09-23T11:48:12+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2024-09-20T09:09:09+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2024-09-20T09:05:28+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"BMC Public Health","date":"2024-09-18T22:49:19+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-public-health","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"pubh","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Public Health](http://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/pubh/default.aspx","title":"BMC Public Health","twitterHandle":"@BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"0012fcf8-ccfd-4c85-9e8b-41e69f0b75f9","owner":[],"postedDate":"November 15th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-06-02T16:03:10+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-5112701","link":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-024-20827-9","journal":{"identity":"bmc-public-health","isVorOnly":false,"title":"BMC Public Health"},"publishedOn":"2025-05-28 15:57:51","publishedOnDateReadable":"May 28th, 2025"},"versionCreatedAt":"2024-11-15 06:26:57","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1186/s12889-024-20827-9","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-024-20827-9","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-5112701","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-5112701","identity":"rs-5112701","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"WrCJVZZCHTDjtuVLN7oU0","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}