Evaluation of Hydrogeochemical Processes and Dissolve Ion Chemistry in Satopanth Tal, Garhwal Himalaya, India

Evaluation of Hydrogeochemical Processes and Dissolve Ion Chemistry in Satopanth Tal, Garhwal Himalaya, India | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Evaluation of Hydrogeochemical Processes and Dissolve Ion Chemistry in Satopanth Tal, Garhwal Himalaya, India Subhrajit Das, Sivaprakasam Vasudevan This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-283156/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract To grasp meltwater chemistry and geochemical processes influencing hydrogeochemistry, major ion chemistry of the glacial lake Satopanth Tal was carried out to provide relevant details on the dissolved ions sources, weathering, and hydrogeochemical processes as well as anthropogenic activities taking place throughout the lake setting. Twenty-one surficial water samples were collected and 12 different physicochemical parameters were analyzed to understand the hydrogeochemistry of the study area. The mean pH value was estimated to be 6.9 in the lake water, which indicates a marginally acidic. The ionic contribution through the organic matter decomposition has been indicated by the observation of dominancy of the total anions over the total cations. The most abundant anion was Cl− in Satopanth Tal, while Ca2+ and Mg2+ were significant cations in the water. The high ratios of (Ca2+ + Mg2+)/TZ+, (Ca2+ + Mg2+)/(Na+ + K+), HCO3̶/(Ca2+ + Mg2+), and the higher Ca+/ Na+, Mg+/ Na+ and HCO3̶/ Na+ ratio indicate the supremacy of the weathering of carbonate as a significant source of dissolved ions in the study area's lake water. The lower equivalent ratios of Na+/Cl− and K+/Cl− are measured and substantially comparable results are observed that have been expected from the Gibbs plot and the stable isotope analysis suggests a reasonably significant contribution to the chemical composition of the Satopanth Tal water by these ions from atmospheric precipitation. The correlation and factor analysis show that water chemistry at Satopanth Tal is primarily influenced by weathering processes such as weathering of carbonate and silicate, pyrite oxidation. Environmental Engineering Environmental Policy Major ion chemistry Hydrogeochemical processes Himalayan Lake Carbonate Weathering Stable Isotope Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Full Text Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-283156","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":14867749,"identity":"8c9922da-dd19-4b3c-be39-16a93721522c","order_by":0,"name":"Subhrajit Das","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Annamalai University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Subhrajit","middleName":"","lastName":"Das","suffix":""},{"id":14867750,"identity":"97b454d0-f2ed-40de-918a-fcf81b70531e","order_by":1,"name":"Sivaprakasam Vasudevan","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA2UlEQVRIiWNgGAWjYDCCA2BSgoGBvQFIG1iQooUHxDKQIFoLSFcCVC8hwHe8x/BzwR+LxP6Zz69u+FEgwcDf3p2AV4vkmTPG0jPbJBJn3M4pu9kDdJjEmbMb8GoxuJGWIM3bIGHMcDsn7QYPUIuBRC4BLfefJf/m+SNhLH/zTNrNP0RpucF8TJqHTULO4Ab7sdtE2SJ5JvmYNW+bhJzhmRy22zIGEjwE/cJ3/GDzbZ4/dTxyx48/u/nmj40cf3svfi1IgMcATBKrHATYH5CiehSMglEwCkYQAAASjkdttPzhJgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2434-9130","institution":"Annamalai University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Sivaprakasam","middleName":"","lastName":"Vasudevan","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2021-02-27 10:05:40","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-283156/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-283156/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":6908504,"identity":"dc96683e-bfdc-4b1f-9f86-5aae6bdbd6be","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-03-12 23:55:52","extension":"jpg","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":591849,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"Study Area and Sample Location map for Satopanth Tal, Chamoli, Uttarakhand exhibiting a recent time image extracted from Google Earth Pro and 21 water samples location points\nNote: The designations employed and the presentation of the material on this map do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of Research Square concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. This map has been provided by the authors.","description":"","filename":"Fig1.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-283156/v1/984dc907c1e9bddf3143d8e8.jpg"},{"id":6909050,"identity":"c3b5d2c8-1c05-4a2d-978f-39df9c8d06d4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-03-12 23:58:52","extension":"jpg","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":48791,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"Schoeller diagram representing the concentration of anions and cations","description":"","filename":"Fig2.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-283156/v1/c27def3c177d02c8abbee27d.jpg"},{"id":6908502,"identity":"7a9f4aa5-8589-4e56-8ae8-a74d5032267e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-03-12 23:55:51","extension":"jpg","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":50963,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"(a) showing the scatter plot of (Ca++Mg+) vs.TZ+ and (Na+ + K+) vs.TZ+, (b) showing the scatter plot between (Ca++Mg+) vs. (Na+ + K+) suggesting the dominancy of carbonate weathirng","description":"","filename":"Fig3.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-283156/v1/56bee4dd74c9849c5ca7302a.jpg"},{"id":6908146,"identity":"17c7104c-a452-4e71-b24c-d4db3031da45","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-03-12 23:52:52","extension":"jpg","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":54590,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"Showing the scatterplot between (a) (Ca2++Mg2+) vs. HCO3−, (b) (HCO3−+SO42−) vs. (Ca2++Mg2+), and (c) regression plot between (Ca2++Mg2+) and SO42− suggesting different weathering processes and contribution of sulphate to the water","description":"","filename":"Fig4.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-283156/v1/532114501735b3773064fbab.jpg"},{"id":6909051,"identity":"fe8da6cb-9339-4bf1-882a-9e79e90f91c5","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-03-12 23:58:52","extension":"jpg","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":50564,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"Scatter diagrams between (a) (Na++K+) vs. Cl−, and (b) Na+/Cl− and K+/Cl− suggests the contribution of atmospheric precipitations","description":"","filename":"Fig5.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-283156/v1/e2d3735ab935f5ebc6e6384c.jpg"},{"id":6908151,"identity":"73dbc086-5b0f-4947-9186-f8c7f977c3de","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-03-12 23:52:52","extension":"jpg","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":46107,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"Relationship plot between (a) CAI vs. Samples and (b) CAI-1 vs. CAI-2 indicates the ion exchange processes in the lake water","description":"","filename":"Fig6.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-283156/v1/7af3609f6b53e561b06cbf94.jpg"},{"id":6908150,"identity":"da5f87c0-b32a-4061-a736-f60b01fde04c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-03-12 23:52:52","extension":"jpg","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":110447,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"(a) Piper plot indication the different water type, (b) The modified Piper diamond plot, and (c) Gibbs plot showing the major ion sources of Satopanth Tal","description":"","filename":"Fig7.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-283156/v1/d20f65951e84c75e5d87ba30.jpg"},{"id":6908506,"identity":"86d38732-cb61-4872-b5b3-6db08edb34cf","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-03-12 23:55:52","extension":"jpg","order_by":8,"title":"Figure 8","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":47958,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"(a) Distribution of the values of δ18O and δ2H plotted on the global meteorological water line (GMWL), and (b) d-excess vs. δ18O of lake water showing the precipitation dominant","description":"","filename":"Fig8.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-283156/v1/78e27a9ed7ad3d255e22f471.jpg"},{"id":13606821,"identity":"f0e5a323-a615-4a49-af1a-ba640d7d16e0","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-09-17 06:09:38","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":11185509,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"HydroprocessesSathopanthTal.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-283156/v1_covered.pdf"},{"id":11985503,"identity":"a425b243-9e70-407d-a78b-e8225617f653","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-07-31 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Hydrogeochemical processes, Himalayan Lake, Carbonate Weathering, Stable Isotope","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-283156/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-283156/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eTo grasp meltwater chemistry and geochemical processes influencing hydrogeochemistry, major ion chemistry of the glacial lake Satopanth Tal was carried out to provide relevant details on the dissolved ions sources, weathering, and hydrogeochemical processes as well as anthropogenic activities taking place throughout the lake setting. Twenty-one surficial water samples were collected and 12 different physicochemical parameters were analyzed to understand the hydrogeochemistry of the study area. The mean pH value was estimated to be 6.9 in the lake water, which indicates a marginally acidic. The ionic contribution through the organic matter decomposition has been indicated by the observation of dominancy of the total anions over the total cations. The most abundant anion was Cl− in Satopanth Tal, while Ca2+ and Mg2+ were significant cations in the water. The high ratios of (Ca2+ + Mg2+)/TZ+, (Ca2+ + Mg2+)/(Na+ + K+), HCO3̶/(Ca2+ + Mg2+), and the higher Ca+/ Na+, Mg+/ Na+ and HCO3̶/ Na+ ratio indicate the supremacy of the weathering of carbonate as a significant source of dissolved ions in the study area's lake water. The lower equivalent ratios of Na+/Cl− and K+/Cl− are measured and substantially comparable results are observed that have been expected from the Gibbs plot and the stable isotope analysis suggests a reasonably significant contribution to the chemical composition of the Satopanth Tal water by these ions from atmospheric precipitation. The correlation and factor analysis show that water chemistry at Satopanth Tal is primarily influenced by weathering processes such as weathering of carbonate and silicate, pyrite oxidation.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Evaluation of Hydrogeochemical Processes and Dissolve Ion Chemistry in Satopanth Tal, Garhwal Himalaya, India","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2021-03-12 23:52:50","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-283156/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"397a7438-9800-4649-ae51-9eaec7070aef","owner":[],"postedDate":"March 12th, 2021","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[{"id":2931683,"name":"Environmental Engineering"},{"id":2931684,"name":"Environmental Policy"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2021-07-31T08:15:18+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2021-03-12 23:52:50","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-283156","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-283156","identity":"rs-283156","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"_2-kVJe1T_tPrBINL-cwx","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}