An Analysis of Electromyographical Recordings of Volleyball Players of Varied Playing Ability

An Analysis of Electromyographical Recordings of Volleyball Players of Varied Playing Ability | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article An Analysis of Electromyographical Recordings of Volleyball Players of Varied Playing Ability Yajuvendra Singh Rajpoot Rajpoot, Sameer Kumar Yadav Yadav, Mukesh Narwariya Narwariya, and 7 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-5871699/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The objective of the study was to determine the extent to which certain muscles contracted during the execution of the jump serve skill in volleyball, and the participants were divided into various different playing groups. Methods All participants in this study were right-handed college players. Their ages varied from 19 to 25. Eight high- and low-ability players were also present. Only the Rectus Femoris, Gastrocnemius, Anterior Deltoid, and Triceps Brachii were studied. All EMG methodology and testing protocols were applied in advance to ensure a successful test and data gathering. We used the eight-channel EMG Bio-feedback of Thought device to select muscles for data gathering. Before the test, participants were given a detailed presentation and explanation of its aims. After that, palpation marked and put the electrodes. Everyone then had to perform the job, and microvolts (v) signified muscle contraction. This study hypothesised that volleyball players with different muscle contraction skills would have different jump sets. Both sets of volleyball players performed jump serves, and an independent t-test determined if they contracted their muscles voluntarily. Level of significance was 0.05. Finding only Anterior Deltoid (Right) and Triceps Brachii (Right) revealed significant difference between high and low playing ability groups, as their calculated t values (9.174) and (4.351) were higher than the tabulated value (2.145) at 0.05. Conclusion During jump service execution, high and low volleyball players had substantial variations in anterior deltoid (right) and triceps brachii (right) muscle contraction. Electromyography Rectus Femoris Gastrocnemius Anterior Deltoid and Triceps Brachii Introduction Volleyball is a competitive sport played across a net, and the most precise movements demand both skill and swift movement. Volleyball is a sport that requires great levels of technique and quick reactions, and the stop-jump is one of the most regularly used techniques in matches. ( 1 ) Volleyball players routinely execute vertical jumps during sessions and matches for various defensive and offensive strategies. ( 2 ) A volleyball court is defined by a net that divides the playing surface into two halves. All players should be able to enjoy the game's versatility, thus it comes with multiple variations that can be played according to different conditions.( 3 ) Players should set themselves apart through the long-term process of training, talent identification, and selection not only by skill level but also by above-average physical height, upper and lower muscular power, speed, and agility.( 4 ) One goal of the game is to hit the ball over the net and onto the other team's court as quickly as possible while blocking your opponent from doing the same. Each member of the squad has three hits while blocking contact or when retrieving the ball. As soon as the server hits the ball over the net and into the other team's possession, the ball is considered served. The ball will be in play until it goes "out" or is fully down on the court, or until one of the teams tries and fails to return it correctly.( 3 ) Each volleyball game has a rally point system where the winning team receives one point for their victory. The winning side of a rally gets one point, gets to serve, and gets to rotate its players one position clockwise when it takes the ball (( 3 ). The spike, block, and serve all depend on the vertical leap. Because it shortens the ball's flight time, accelerates the attack, and makes it more difficult for the block, the first line of defence, to read through the attacking team's possibilities, jumping is also utilised during setting in high-level volleyball. Evaluation of vertical leap is an essential component of volleyball training and testing protocols.( 5 ) Technical and tactical skills like attacking, blocking, serving, and/or following by technical jumping should be developed by a volleyball player during a game or match.( 6 ). Developing novel treatment and rehabilitation strategies for orthopaedic illnesses begins with an understanding of how mechanical factors affect the human body.( 7 ) Kinesiological EMG is recognised as an assessment tool for applied research, physiotherapy/rehabilitation, sports training, and the human body's reactions to industrial products and work environments, in addition to fundamental physiological and biomechanical studies.( 8 ) The field of biomechanics examines how forces act on living systems, while the field of sport and exercise biomechanics focusses on how forces act on humans during physical activity and athletic competition. Those that work with human movement, such as exercise scientists, physical therapists, coaches, and physical educators, may find biomechanics to be an invaluable resource. The field of biomechanics has the potential to enhance performance or aid in the recovery from injuries through the development of more effective methods, tools, and education. The field of rigid-body mechanics is the main focus of sport and exercise biomechanics. Within rigid-body mechanics, two subfields are recognized: statics and dynamics. Additional subfields of dynamics include kinetics and kinematics. ( 9 ). Motion changes because of force, which is the basis of kinetic variables. Kinetic variables in biomechanics are often determined using electromyography (EMG), force platforms, strain gauges, and pressure-sensing devices. ( 9 ) The experimental method known as electromyography (EMG) is used to produce, record, and analyse myoelectric signals. Different physiological states of muscle fibre membranes result in the formation of myoelectric signals.( 8 ) EMG-driven or optimization-based models can be used to estimate the individual muscle forces throughout a joint. A lot of muscle force prediction models that are driven by EMGs depend on normalising EMG readings through maximal contractions. When elicited from maximal voluntary contractions, correct estimations of maximal EMG values are not always obtained. If they are not, imprecise muscle forces and joint moments may be predicted. ( 10 ) The amplitudes of the EMG signals will vary as the brain command necessitates augmented or diminished muscular exertion. However, comparing the absolute magnitude of an EMG signal from one muscle to another is challenging due to variations influenced by numerous factors, including amplifier gain, electrode types, electrode placement relative to muscle motor points, and the amount of tissue between the electrodes and the muscles.( 10 ) Monitoring athletic performance during training and competition has been transformed by recent technology breakthroughs, especially in the field of sports biomechanics. Coaching programs now require the ability to measure and analyse human movement during athletic activities in order to evaluate performance, improve technique, and avoid injuries. Advancements in artificial intelligence and smart mobile devices, along with developments in information technology like wireless EMG, high-precision cameras, software like Open Sim, and discoveries in textile sensors, have spurred new techniques in sports biomechanics in recent years.( 11 ). Electromyography has been employed to measure muscle activation patterns during shoulder rehabilitation treatments.( 12 ) Surface electromyography (EMG) and high-speed cameras are two examples of the technology that sports training has integrated to better understand the technical aspects and raise competitive levels.( 13 ). A thorough grasp of electromyography and its use in sports biomechanics requires knowledge of anatomy and neuromuscular physiology. Along with equipment, a variety of signal processing and recording elements must also be taken into account. ( 14 ). The electrodes are the initial link in the chain of electron microscopy (EMG) recording. The selection and placement of these individuals are of very significant value. Surface electrodes are the most common type of electrodes used in sports biomechanics. Surface electrodes can be passive, meaning they do not require an electrical power supply, or active, meaning they do require a power supply. ( 14 ). Electrical wires are required in order to establish a connection between the electromyography electrodes and the amplifier or preamplifier.( 15 ). With frequencies ranging from 0 to 10 Hz, these can result in issues that are referred to as cable or movement artefacts. Through the utilisation of high-pass filtering, the utilisation of high-quality electrically shielded cables, and the careful application of tape to limit cable movement, these can be minimised. via the utilisation of pre-amplifiers that are positioned on the skin in close proximity to the detection electrodes and via the implementation of effective experimental techniques, cable artefacts can be minimised. ( 14 ) The volleyball serve was insignificant during windup (7% MMT), but it grew dramatically during cocking to 44% MMT. The acceleration phase saw an even greater rise in muscle activity, reaching 54% MMT. Activity then decreased by 30% and 8% MMT, respectively, during the follow-through and deceleration phases. ( 16 ) These form the core of an EMG recording apparatus. They ought to offer linear amplification over the EMG signal's whole frequency and voltage range. It is imperative to reduce noise and eliminate any interference from the electrical mains supply, also known as mains hum. When using surface electrodes, the input signal will be approximately 5 mV (or 10 mV when using indwelling electrodes). ( 15 ) Obtaining a predictive relationship between muscle tension and the EMG could solve a major problem for quantitative sports bio mechanists. This problem arises because the equations of motion at a joint cannot be solved because the number of unknown muscle forces exceeds the number of equations available. The problem is often known as muscle redundancy or muscle indeterminacy. If a solution could be found to this problem, it would allow the calculation of forces in soft tissue structures and between bones. It is not surprising, therefore, that the relationship between the EMG signal and the tension developed by a muscle has attracted the attention of many researchers. The EMG provides a measure of the excitation of a muscle. Therefore, if the force in the muscle depends directly upon its excitation, a relationship should be expected between this muscle tension and suitably quantified EMG. A muscle’s tension is regulated by varying the number and the firing rate of the active fibres; the amplitude of the EMG signal depends on the same two factors. It is, therefore, natural to speculate that a relationship does exist between EMG and muscle tension. For the purpose of analyzing the features of muscle actions, electromyography (EMG) is a technology that is widely utilized and considered to be reliable. It has been utilized as a quantitative instrument for the purpose of analyzing muscle activity, activation onset time, and coordination during athletic activities in both healthy and injured shoulders ( 17 ). Electromyography (EMG) can assess the electrical activity in the muscles during movement. Researchers typically do this by either putting small wire electrodes into a particular muscle or affixing surface electrodes to the skin over muscles. These electrodes pick up electrical activity in the muscles, which a computer or polygraph recorder can subsequently capture. ( 18 ). Recording and processing muscle electrical signals is electromyography. Electrochemistry at the muscle fibre membrane causes twitching. Electric impulses travel across muscle fibres. The electrical potentials are monitored via fine intramuscular needle or skin electrodes. A motor unit's electrical potential, resulting from action potentials in its muscle fibres, ranges from 200 µv to 3 mV. Depending on muscle examination, potential lasts 2–15ms. When processing EMG, frequency and amplitude are frequently analysed. ( 7 ) The muscles play an important role in execution of sports techniques. The contribution of various muscles in generation of force during skill execution cannot be underestimated. Effective force generation is ultimately the result of muscle action, associated with movements of the body segment. The research scholar felt there is a gap in knowledge about the role of muscles in generation of force and their contribution in the performance of elite players. The study was conceptualized with a purpose to find out the muscular involvement in different body segments and force of muscular contraction during execution of the skills. Hence, keeping the above purpose of study in mind the present study was conceptualized to analyze the electromyographical recording of volleyball players among different playing ability group. It was hypothesized that there would be a significant difference among high and low playing ability groups of volleyball players. Methods All participants were purposively of this investigation, sixteen male volleyball players ranging in age from 19 to 25 were selected to take part as participants.( 19 ) The selection of all of the participants was accomplished by the utilization of purposive sampling. The participants were divided into high and low level of playing ability groups. Earlier than the actual test, they were provided with a comprehensive description of the testing procedure. The Rectus Femoris (RF), Gastrocnemius (GCM), Anterior Deltoid (AD), and Triceps Brachii (TB) muscles were selected for the aim of analyzing the electrical activity of the muscles after they had been trained to perform a certain task. In order to evaluate the muscle activity that occurred during the execution of a few different games, electromyography (EMG) was utilized, and the eight channels that Bio Tech Thought Technology offers were utilized.( 20 ) Surface EMG data were recorded at 1000 Hz, subjected to band-pass filtering (5 Hz low-frequency cutoff and 500 Hz high-frequency cutoff), and the processed signals were stored on a computer for subsequent offline analysis. ( 21 , 22 ). The data was stored in microvolt’s (v) throughout the process. All of the information pertaining to the selected muscles was gathered whenever volleyball jump serve techniques were utilized. Immediately following the demonstration and explanation, the anatomical landmarks of a few selected muscles were pointed out, and then electrode placements were designated and placed. In addition to receiving a comprehensive orientation of the testing procedures, the subjects were also provided with the EMG protocol in order to collect the data. For the purpose of determining whether or not there were any significant differences in muscular contraction between volleyball players of varying playing ability, an independent t-test was carried out. It was decided that a level of significance of 0.05 would be appropriate for testing the hypothesis. Results The finding of the muscular contraction of selected muscles during jump serve skill execution in volleyball among different playing groups was presented in table 1–4. Table − 1 EMG comparison of rectus femoris muscle among different playing ability volleyball players Variables Group N Mean Std. Dev df t-ratio Rectus Femoris Right High 8 235.39 11.16 14 1.472 Low 8 224.27 21.11 Rectus Femoris Left High 8 232.92 14.28 14 1.359 Low 8 225.36 14.89 * Significant at 0.05 level tab t 0.05 ( 14 ) = 2.145 Source: Authors’ own work Table 1 revealed that the computed values for the Rectus Femoris muscles in the right (1.472) and left (1.359) legs are lower than the calculated value for t (2.145). This was demonstrated by the fact that the values found in Table 1 were lower. According to the findings of the current study, volleyball players of varying playing abilities did not significantly differ in their ability to engage their Rectus Femoris muscles when they were doing jump serves. Table − 2 EMG Comparison of Gastrocnemius Muscle among different playing ability Volleyball Players Variables Group N Mean Std. Dev df t-ratio Gastrocnemius Right High 8 120.37 16.69 14 1.247 Low 8 104.53 25.47 Gastrocnemius Left High 8 113.15 17.21 14 1.695 Low 8 99.69 16.49 * Significant at 0.05 level tab t 0.05 ( 14 ) = 2.145 Source: Authors’ own work Since the calculated values of the Gastrocnemius muscles of the right (1.247) and left (1.695) legs were lower than the tabulated value of t (2.145) at the 0.05 level of significance, Table 2 demonstrated that there was no significant difference in the Gastrocnemius muscles of either leg among the playing abilities of the volleyball players while they were performing jump serves. This was the case because the tabulated value of t was 2.145. Table − 3 EMG comparison of anterior deltoid muscle among different playing ability volleyball players Variables Group N Mean Std. Dev df t-ratio Anterior Deltoid Right High 8 610.49 7.44 14 9.174* Low 8 506.63 29.31 Anterior Deltoid Left High 8 271.86 33.80 14 1.672 Low 8 243.83 36.73 * Significant at 0.05 level tab t 0.05 ( 14 ) = 2.145 Source: Authors’ own work Given that the computed value for the right hand (9.174) was greater than the tabulated value for the t (2.145) at the 0.05 level of significance, Table 3 demonstrated that there was a significant difference between the anterior deltoid of the right hand in both the high and poor playing ability groups. This was the case regardless of whether the groups were playing at a competitive or recreational level. On the other hand, there was no obvious difference in the anterior deltoid of the left hand between players with high and low playing competence. Table − 4 EMG comparison of triceps muscle among different playing ability volleyball players Variables Group N Mean Std. Dev df t-ratio Triceps Brachii Right High 8 557.55 18.95 14 4.351* Low 8 498.08 28.33 Triceps Brachii Left High 8 337.07 48.05 14 1.358 Low 8 308.37 42.58 * Significant at 0.05 level tab t 0.05 ( 14 ) = 2.145 Source: Authors’ own work The calculated value for the right Triceps Brachii (4.351) was higher than the tabulated value for the t statistic (2.145) at the 0.05 level of significance, Table 4 demonstrated that there was a significant difference in the right Triceps Brachii between the groups that had high playing abilities and those that had poor playing abilities. On the other hand, due to the fact that the computed value was shorter than the tabulated value, there was no noticeable difference between the left triceps brachii of players who had excellent playing talent and those who had bad playing skill. Discussion During the execution of a jump service in volleyball, the electrical activity of the anterior deltoid (right) and triceps brachii (right) muscles revealed a significant difference between the groups of players who possessed excellent playing abilities and those who possessed low playing abilities. As a result of the fact that all of the subjects who were selected were right-handed, the right hand is used as the striking arm during jump serves. Additionally, the abducted elbow posture of the hitting arm before to contacting the ball helps the players generate more force while they are performing jump serves. It is possible that this is due to the fact that players with higher playing abilities engage in more targeted and purposeful strength training than players with lesser playing abilities. Additionally, these players are highly knowledgeable and have mastered the technique that they have chosen to use. While the rest of the chosen muscles displayed less electrical activity due to the server's left arm being a non-striking arm and the lower limbs being more involved in balancing the body through counter movements for a safe landing after the execution of a skill that causes less electrical activity but may generate more force during takeoff, there was no discernible difference between the groups of players with high and low playing abilities during jump services. Conclusion Following an in-depth analysis of the statistical findings and an interpretation of the statistical findings of muscular contraction among players of different playing ability groups, it has been determined that the anterior deltoid (right) and triceps brachii (right) muscles exhibited a significant difference between high and low playing ability volleyball players. On the other hand, the rectus femoris (right and left), gastrocnemius (right and left), anterior deltoid (left), and triceps brachii (left) muscles revealed no significant difference between high and low playing ability groups of volleyball players during the execution of jump serves. The hypothesis that was expressed earlier, which claimed that there would be significant differences between the high and low playing skill groups of volleyball players, was partially accepted and partially rejected on the basis of the findings of the current study. Declarations Acknowledgement The authors express their gratitude to the participants for their ardent involvement in the research. Authors Contributions YSR and SKY conceptualised and designed the research. MN, GS, NRK, AD, RD, and BT performed experiments and analysed data. YSR, RD, NRK, SKY, and DSK authored the manuscript. VKB and MN, BT revised the manuscript. All writers have reviewed and approved the manuscript. Funding Not Applicable Data Availability The datasets created and analysed during the current investigation are not publically available due to participant confidentiality, but they are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. Declarations: Ethics approval and consent to participate We confirmed that the study procedure was authorised by the institutional review board at the Lakshmibai National Institute of Physical Education in Gwalior, and that each participant provided informed permission after the risks and benefits were described. Consent for publication Not Applicable Conflict of Interest No conflict of interest Authors details 1* Head of the Department, Sports Management & Coaching, Lakshmibai National Institute of Physical Education, Gwalior, 474002, (M.P.), India. Email [email protected] 2 Faculty Sports Management & Coaching, Lakshmibai National Institute of Physical Education, Gwalior, 474002, (M.P.), India. Email: [email protected] 3 Faculty Sports Management & Coaching, Lakshmibai National Institute of Physical Education, Gwalior, 474002, (M.P.), India. Email: [email protected] 4 Faculty Pedagogy Physical Education, Lakshmibai National Institute of Physical Education, Gwalior, 474002, (M.P.), India. Email: [email protected] 5 Head of the Department, Physical Education, KRPG, Collage, Mathura, 281001, (U.P.), India. Email: [email protected] 6 FacultyDepartmentof Physical Education, Smt Sharda Johani NPG Degree Collage, Kasganj, 207123, (U.P.), India. Email: [email protected] 7 Research Scholar, Department of Physical Education, Bundelkhand University, Jhansi, 284003, U.P., India Email: [email protected] 8 FacultyDepartmentof Physical Education, Government Girls Degree Collage, Sirsaganj, Firozabad, (U.P.), India. Email: [email protected] 9 Dean Students Welfare, Lakshmibai National Institute of Physical Education, Gwalior, 474002, (M.P.), India. 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Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3647241/ Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. 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Krishna Krishna","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Lakshmibai National Institute of Physical Education","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Nibu","middleName":"R. Krishna","lastName":"Krishna","suffix":""},{"id":449003995,"identity":"79909517-055f-4efd-b0ab-178b489db006","order_by":9,"name":"Amit Dixit Dixit","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Lakshmibai National Institute of Physical Education","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Amit","middleName":"Dixit","lastName":"Dixit","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-01-21 08:38:36","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5871699/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5871699/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":87821063,"identity":"99f22270-5e55-4114-8273-498c48a45d5b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-07-29 10:54:14","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":783070,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5871699/v1/38494756-51bb-4141-9502-eb82c9c33729.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"An Analysis of Electromyographical Recordings of Volleyball Players of Varied Playing Ability","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eVolleyball is a competitive sport played across a net, and the most precise movements demand both skill and swift movement. Volleyball is a sport that requires great levels of technique and quick reactions, and the stop-jump is one of the most regularly used techniques in matches. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e) Volleyball players routinely execute vertical jumps during sessions and matches for various defensive and offensive strategies. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e) A volleyball court is defined by a net that divides the playing surface into two halves. All players should be able to enjoy the game's versatility, thus it comes with multiple variations that can be played according to different conditions.(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e) Players should set themselves apart through the long-term process of training, talent identification, and selection not only by skill level but also by above-average physical height, upper and lower muscular power, speed, and agility.(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e) One goal of the game is to hit the ball over the net and onto the other team's court as quickly as possible while blocking your opponent from doing the same. Each member of the squad has three hits while blocking contact or when retrieving the ball. As soon as the server hits the ball over the net and into the other team's possession, the ball is considered served. The ball will be in play until it goes \"out\" or is fully down on the court, or until one of the teams tries and fails to return it correctly.(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e) Each volleyball game has a rally point system where the winning team receives one point for their victory. The winning side of a rally gets one point, gets to serve, and gets to rotate its players one position clockwise when it takes the ball ((\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). The spike, block, and serve all depend on the vertical leap. Because it shortens the ball's flight time, accelerates the attack, and makes it more difficult for the block, the first line of defence, to read through the attacking team's possibilities, jumping is also utilised during setting in high-level volleyball. Evaluation of vertical leap is an essential component of volleyball training and testing protocols.(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTechnical and tactical skills like attacking, blocking, serving, and/or following by technical jumping should be developed by a volleyball player during a game or match.(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e). Developing novel treatment and rehabilitation strategies for orthopaedic illnesses begins with an understanding of how mechanical factors affect the human body.(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eKinesiological EMG is recognised as an assessment tool for applied research, physiotherapy/rehabilitation, sports training, and the human body's reactions to industrial products and work environments, in addition to fundamental physiological and biomechanical studies.(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe field of biomechanics examines how forces act on living systems, while the field of sport and exercise biomechanics focusses on how forces act on humans during physical activity and athletic competition. Those that work with human movement, such as exercise scientists, physical therapists, coaches, and physical educators, may find biomechanics to be an invaluable resource. The field of biomechanics has the potential to enhance performance or aid in the recovery from injuries through the development of more effective methods, tools, and education. The field of rigid-body mechanics is the main focus of sport and exercise biomechanics. Within rigid-body mechanics, two subfields are recognized: statics and dynamics. Additional subfields of dynamics include kinetics and kinematics. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMotion changes because of force, which is the basis of kinetic variables. Kinetic variables in biomechanics are often determined using electromyography (EMG), force platforms, strain gauges, and pressure-sensing devices. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe experimental method known as electromyography (EMG) is used to produce, record, and analyse myoelectric signals. Different physiological states of muscle fibre membranes result in the formation of myoelectric signals.(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEMG-driven or optimization-based models can be used to estimate the individual muscle forces throughout a joint. A lot of muscle force prediction models that are driven by EMGs depend on normalising EMG readings through maximal contractions. When elicited from maximal voluntary contractions, correct estimations of maximal EMG values are not always obtained. If they are not, imprecise muscle forces and joint moments may be predicted. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe amplitudes of the EMG signals will vary as the brain command necessitates augmented or diminished muscular exertion. However, comparing the absolute magnitude of an EMG signal from one muscle to another is challenging due to variations influenced by numerous factors, including amplifier gain, electrode types, electrode placement relative to muscle motor points, and the amount of tissue between the electrodes and the muscles.(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMonitoring athletic performance during training and competition has been transformed by recent technology breakthroughs, especially in the field of sports biomechanics. Coaching programs now require the ability to measure and analyse human movement during athletic activities in order to evaluate performance, improve technique, and avoid injuries. Advancements in artificial intelligence and smart mobile devices, along with developments in information technology like wireless EMG, high-precision cameras, software like Open Sim, and discoveries in textile sensors, have spurred new techniques in sports biomechanics in recent years.(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eElectromyography has been employed to measure muscle activation patterns during shoulder rehabilitation treatments.(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e) Surface electromyography (EMG) and high-speed cameras are two examples of the technology that sports training has integrated to better understand the technical aspects and raise competitive levels.(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e). A thorough grasp of electromyography and its use in sports biomechanics requires knowledge of anatomy and neuromuscular physiology. Along with equipment, a variety of signal processing and recording elements must also be taken into account. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe electrodes are the initial link in the chain of electron microscopy (EMG) recording. The selection and placement of these individuals are of very significant value. Surface electrodes are the most common type of electrodes used in sports biomechanics. Surface electrodes can be passive, meaning they do not require an electrical power supply, or active, meaning they do require a power supply. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eElectrical wires are required in order to establish a connection between the electromyography electrodes and the amplifier or preamplifier.(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e). With frequencies ranging from 0 to 10 Hz, these can result in issues that are referred to as cable or movement artefacts. Through the utilisation of high-pass filtering, the utilisation of high-quality electrically shielded cables, and the careful application of tape to limit cable movement, these can be minimised. via the utilisation of pre-amplifiers that are positioned on the skin in close proximity to the detection electrodes and via the implementation of effective experimental techniques, cable artefacts can be minimised. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe volleyball serve was insignificant during windup (7% MMT), but it grew dramatically during cocking to 44% MMT. The acceleration phase saw an even greater rise in muscle activity, reaching 54% MMT. Activity then decreased by 30% and 8% MMT, respectively, during the follow-through and deceleration phases. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThese form the core of an EMG recording apparatus. They ought to offer linear amplification over the EMG signal's whole frequency and voltage range. It is imperative to reduce noise and eliminate any interference from the electrical mains supply, also known as mains hum. When using surface electrodes, the input signal will be approximately 5 mV (or 10 mV when using indwelling electrodes). (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eObtaining a predictive relationship between muscle tension and the EMG could solve a major problem for quantitative sports bio mechanists. This problem arises because the equations of motion at a joint cannot be solved because the number of unknown muscle forces exceeds the number of equations available. The problem is often known as muscle redundancy or muscle indeterminacy. If a solution could be found to this problem, it would allow the calculation of forces in soft tissue structures and between bones. It is not surprising, therefore, that the relationship between the EMG signal and the tension developed by a muscle has attracted the attention of many researchers. The EMG provides a measure of the excitation of a muscle. Therefore, if the force in the muscle depends directly upon its excitation, a relationship should be expected between this muscle tension and suitably quantified EMG. A muscle\u0026rsquo;s tension is regulated by varying the number and the firing rate of the active fibres; the amplitude of the EMG signal depends on the same two factors. It is, therefore, natural to speculate that a relationship does exist between EMG and muscle tension.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor the purpose of analyzing the features of muscle actions, electromyography (EMG) is a technology that is widely utilized and considered to be reliable. It has been utilized as a quantitative instrument for the purpose of analyzing muscle activity, activation onset time, and coordination during athletic activities in both healthy and injured shoulders (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eElectromyography (EMG) can assess the electrical activity in the muscles during movement. Researchers typically do this by either putting small wire electrodes into a particular muscle or affixing surface electrodes to the skin over muscles. These electrodes pick up electrical activity in the muscles, which a computer or polygraph recorder can subsequently capture. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRecording and processing muscle electrical signals is electromyography. Electrochemistry at the muscle fibre membrane causes twitching. Electric impulses travel across muscle fibres. The electrical potentials are monitored via fine intramuscular needle or skin electrodes. A motor unit's electrical potential, resulting from action potentials in its muscle fibres, ranges from 200 \u0026micro;v to 3 mV. Depending on muscle examination, potential lasts 2\u0026ndash;15ms. When processing EMG, frequency and amplitude are frequently analysed. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe muscles play an important role in execution of sports techniques. The contribution of various muscles in generation of force during skill execution cannot be underestimated. Effective force generation is ultimately the result of muscle action, associated with movements of the body segment. The research scholar felt there is a gap in knowledge about the role of muscles in generation of force and their contribution in the performance of elite players. The study was conceptualized with a purpose to find out the muscular involvement in different body segments and force of muscular contraction during execution of the skills. Hence, keeping the above purpose of study in mind the present study was conceptualized to analyze the electromyographical recording of volleyball players among different playing ability group.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIt was hypothesized that there would be a significant difference among high and low playing ability groups of volleyball players.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003eAll participants were purposively of this investigation, sixteen male volleyball players ranging in age from 19 to 25 were selected to take part as participants.(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e) The selection of all of the participants was accomplished by the utilization of purposive sampling. The participants were divided into high and low level of playing ability groups. Earlier than the actual test, they were provided with a comprehensive description of the testing procedure. The Rectus Femoris (RF), Gastrocnemius (GCM), Anterior Deltoid (AD), and Triceps Brachii (TB) muscles were selected for the aim of analyzing the electrical activity of the muscles after they had been trained to perform a certain task. In order to evaluate the muscle activity that occurred during the execution of a few different games, electromyography (EMG) was utilized, and the eight channels that Bio Tech Thought Technology offers were utilized.(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e) Surface EMG data were recorded at 1000 Hz, subjected to band-pass filtering (5 Hz low-frequency cutoff and 500 Hz high-frequency cutoff), and the processed signals were stored on a computer for subsequent offline analysis. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe data was stored in microvolt\u0026rsquo;s (v) throughout the process. All of the information pertaining to the selected muscles was gathered whenever volleyball jump serve techniques were utilized. Immediately following the demonstration and explanation, the anatomical landmarks of a few selected muscles were pointed out, and then electrode placements were designated and placed. In addition to receiving a comprehensive orientation of the testing procedures, the subjects were also provided with the EMG protocol in order to collect the data. For the purpose of determining whether or not there were any significant differences in muscular contraction between volleyball players of varying playing ability, an independent t-test was carried out. It was decided that a level of significance of 0.05 would be appropriate for testing the hypothesis.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe finding of the muscular contraction of selected muscles during jump serve skill execution in volleyball among different playing groups was presented in table 1\u0026ndash;4.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eTable \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eEMG comparison of rectus femoris muscle among different playing ability volleyball players\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"No\" id=\"Taba\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGroup\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStd. Dev\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003edf\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003et-ratio\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRectus Femoris\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRight\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHigh\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e235.39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.472\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLow\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e224.27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRectus Femoris\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLeft\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHigh\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e232.92\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.359\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLow\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e225.36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.89\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"7\"\u003e* Significant at 0.05 level tab t\u003csub\u003e0.05\u003c/sub\u003e (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2.145\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"7\"\u003eSource: Authors\u0026rsquo; own work\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;1 revealed that the computed values for the Rectus Femoris muscles in the right (1.472) and left (1.359) legs are lower than the calculated value for t (2.145). This was demonstrated by the fact that the values found in Table\u0026nbsp;1 were lower. According to the findings of the current study, volleyball players of varying playing abilities did not significantly differ in their ability to engage their Rectus Femoris muscles when they were doing jump serves.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eTable \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eEMG Comparison of Gastrocnemius Muscle among different playing ability Volleyball Players\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"No\" id=\"Tabb\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGroup\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStd. Dev\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003edf\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003et-ratio\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGastrocnemius Right\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHigh\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e120.37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.69\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.247\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLow\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e104.53\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGastrocnemius Left\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHigh\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e113.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.695\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLow\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e99.69\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"7\"\u003e* Significant at 0.05 level tab t\u003csub\u003e0.05\u003c/sub\u003e (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2.145\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"7\"\u003eSource: Authors\u0026rsquo; own work\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSince the calculated values of the Gastrocnemius muscles of the right (1.247) and left (1.695) legs were lower than the tabulated value of t (2.145) at the 0.05 level of significance, Table\u0026nbsp;2 demonstrated that there was no significant difference in the Gastrocnemius muscles of either leg among the playing abilities of the volleyball players while they were performing jump serves. This was the case because the tabulated value of t was 2.145.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eTable \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eEMG comparison of anterior deltoid muscle among different playing ability volleyball players\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"No\" id=\"Tabc\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGroup\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStd. Dev\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003edf\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003et-ratio\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnterior Deltoid Right\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHigh\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e610.49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.174*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLow\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e506.63\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnterior Deltoid Left\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHigh\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e271.86\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.672\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLow\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e243.83\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36.73\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"7\"\u003e* Significant at 0.05 level tab t\u003csub\u003e0.05\u003c/sub\u003e (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2.145\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"7\"\u003eSource: Authors\u0026rsquo; own work\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGiven that the computed value for the right hand (9.174) was greater than the tabulated value for the t (2.145) at the 0.05 level of significance, Table\u0026nbsp;3 demonstrated that there was a significant difference between the anterior deltoid of the right hand in both the high and poor playing ability groups. This was the case regardless of whether the groups were playing at a competitive or recreational level. On the other hand, there was no obvious difference in the anterior deltoid of the left hand between players with high and low playing competence.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eTable \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;4\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eEMG comparison of triceps muscle among different playing ability volleyball players\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"No\" id=\"Tabd\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGroup\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStd. Dev\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003edf\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003et-ratio\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTriceps Brachii Right\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHigh\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e557.55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.95\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.351*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLow\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e498.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTriceps Brachii\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLeft\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHigh\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e337.07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.358\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLow\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e308.37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42.58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"7\"\u003e* Significant at 0.05 level tab t\u003csub\u003e0.05\u003c/sub\u003e (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2.145\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"7\"\u003eSource: Authors\u0026rsquo; own work\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe calculated value for the right Triceps Brachii (4.351) was higher than the tabulated value for the t statistic (2.145) at the 0.05 level of significance, Table\u0026nbsp;4 demonstrated that there was a significant difference in the right Triceps Brachii between the groups that had high playing abilities and those that had poor playing abilities. On the other hand, due to the fact that the computed value was shorter than the tabulated value, there was no noticeable difference between the left triceps brachii of players who had excellent playing talent and those who had bad playing skill.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eDuring the execution of a jump service in volleyball, the electrical activity of the anterior deltoid (right) and triceps brachii (right) muscles revealed a significant difference between the groups of players who possessed excellent playing abilities and those who possessed low playing abilities. As a result of the fact that all of the subjects who were selected were right-handed, the right hand is used as the striking arm during jump serves. Additionally, the abducted elbow posture of the hitting arm before to contacting the ball helps the players generate more force while they are performing jump serves. It is possible that this is due to the fact that players with higher playing abilities engage in more targeted and purposeful strength training than players with lesser playing abilities. Additionally, these players are highly knowledgeable and have mastered the technique that they have chosen to use.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhile the rest of the chosen muscles displayed less electrical activity due to the server's left arm being a non-striking arm and the lower limbs being more involved in balancing the body through counter movements for a safe landing after the execution of a skill that causes less electrical activity but may generate more force during takeoff, there was no discernible difference between the groups of players with high and low playing abilities during jump services.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eFollowing an in-depth analysis of the statistical findings and an interpretation of the statistical findings of muscular contraction among players of different playing ability groups, it has been determined that the anterior deltoid (right) and triceps brachii (right) muscles exhibited a significant difference between high and low playing ability volleyball players. On the other hand, the rectus femoris (right and left), gastrocnemius (right and left), anterior deltoid (left), and triceps brachii (left) muscles revealed no significant difference between high and low playing ability groups of volleyball players during the execution of jump serves. The hypothesis that was expressed earlier, which claimed that there would be significant differences between the high and low playing skill groups of volleyball players, was partially accepted and partially rejected on the basis of the findings of the current study.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgement\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors express their gratitude to the participants for their ardent involvement in the research.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors Contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eYSR and SKY conceptualised and designed the research. MN, GS, NRK, AD, RD, and BT performed experiments and analysed data. YSR, RD, NRK, SKY, and DSK authored the manuscript. VKB and MN, BT revised the manuscript. All writers have reviewed and approved the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot Applicable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData Availability\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe datasets created and analysed during the current investigation are not publically available due to participant confidentiality, but they are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDeclarations:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe confirmed that the study procedure was authorised by the institutional review board at the Lakshmibai National Institute of Physical Education in Gwalior, and that each participant provided informed permission after the risks and benefits were described.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot Applicable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConflict of Interest\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo conflict of interest\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors details\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003csup\u003e1*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003eHead of the Department, Sports Management \u0026amp; Coaching, Lakshmibai National Institute of Physical Education, Gwalior, 474002, (M.P.), India. Email [email protected]\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003eFaculty Sports Management \u0026amp; Coaching, Lakshmibai National Institute of Physical Education, Gwalior, 474002, (M.P.), India. Email: [email protected]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003eFaculty Sports Management \u0026amp; Coaching, Lakshmibai National Institute of Physical Education, Gwalior, 474002, (M.P.), India. Email: [email protected]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003csup\u003e4\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003eFaculty Pedagogy Physical Education, Lakshmibai National Institute of Physical Education, Gwalior, 474002, (M.P.), India. Email: [email protected]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e5\u003c/sup\u003eHead of the Department, Physical Education, KRPG, Collage, Mathura, 281001, (U.P.), India. Email: [email protected]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e6\u003c/sup\u003eFacultyDepartmentof Physical Education, Smt Sharda Johani NPG Degree Collage, Kasganj, 207123, (U.P.), India. Email: [email protected]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e7\u003c/sup\u003eResearch Scholar, Department of Physical Education, Bundelkhand University, Jhansi, 284003, U.P., India Email: [email protected]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e8\u003c/sup\u003eFacultyDepartmentof Physical Education, Government Girls Degree Collage, Sirsaganj, Firozabad, (U.P.), India. Email: [email protected]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e9\u003c/sup\u003eDean Students Welfare, Lakshmibai National Institute of Physical Education, Gwalior, 474002, (M.P.), India. Email: [email protected]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003csup\u003e10\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003eFaculty Sports Management \u0026amp; Coaching, Lakshmibai National Institute of Physical Education, Gwalior, 474002, (M.P.), India. Email: [email protected]\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eZheng H, Cai Z, Department of Physical Education, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China, Li C. College of Physical Education and Health Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, China. Comparison of Electromyographic Characteristics of Volleyball Players in Stop-jumps: An Analysis at Different Speeds. Int J Bioautomation [Internet]. 2024 Jun [cited 2025 Jan 5];28(2):97\u0026ndash;106. 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Adalya J [Internet]. 2019 Jan 1 [cited 2025 Jan 5]; Available from: \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://www.academia.edu/41220623/Counter_Movement_Vertical_Jump_Ability_of_Volleyball_Players\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://www.academia.edu/41220623/Counter_Movement_Vertical_Jump_Ability_of_Volleyball_Players\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eFIVB-Volleyball_Rules_2021_2024_pe. pdf [Internet]. [cited 2025 Jan 5]. Available from: \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://www.fivb.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/FIVB-Volleyball_Rules_2021_2024_pe.pdf\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://www.fivb.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/FIVB-Volleyball_Rules_2021_2024_pe.pdf\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePocek S, Milosevic Z, Lakicevic N, Pantelic-Babic K, Imbronjev M, Thomas E et al. Anthropometric Characteristics and Vertical Jump Abilities by Player Position and Performance Level of Junior Female Volleyball Players. Int J Environ Res Public Health [Internet]. 2021 Aug 7 [cited 2025 Jan 5];18(16):8377. 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Available from: \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3647241/\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3647241/\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Electromyography, Rectus Femoris, Gastrocnemius, Anterior Deltoid, and Triceps Brachii","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5871699/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5871699/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003ch2\u003eThe objective\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eof the study was to determine the extent to which certain muscles contracted during the execution of the jump serve skill in volleyball, and the participants were divided into various different playing groups.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMethods\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAll participants in this study were right-handed college players. Their ages varied from 19 to 25. Eight high- and low-ability players were also present. Only the Rectus Femoris, Gastrocnemius, Anterior Deltoid, and Triceps Brachii were studied. All EMG methodology and testing protocols were applied in advance to ensure a successful test and data gathering. We used the eight-channel EMG Bio-feedback of Thought device to select muscles for data gathering. Before the test, participants were given a detailed presentation and explanation of its aims. After that, palpation marked and put the electrodes. Everyone then had to perform the job, and microvolts (v) signified muscle contraction. This study hypothesised that volleyball players with different muscle contraction skills would have different jump sets. Both sets of volleyball players performed jump serves, and an independent t-test determined if they contracted their muscles voluntarily. Level of significance was 0.05.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eFinding\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eonly Anterior Deltoid (Right) and Triceps Brachii (Right) revealed significant difference between high and low playing ability groups, as their calculated t values (9.174) and (4.351) were higher than the tabulated value (2.145) at 0.05.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eConclusion\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eDuring jump service execution, high and low volleyball players had substantial variations in anterior deltoid (right) and triceps brachii (right) muscle contraction.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"An Analysis of Electromyographical Recordings of Volleyball Players of Varied Playing Ability","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-04-29 18:35:16","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5871699/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"d92ac17a-2d5b-4b77-908e-35a4d489bab5","owner":[],"postedDate":"April 29th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-07-29T10:53:59+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-04-29 18:35:16","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-5871699","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-5871699","identity":"rs-5871699","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}