Ocean-Atmosphere Interrelation of Bjerknes Feedback Loop Associated with Indian Ocean Dipole Retrieved from Altimeter Radar and Microwave Radiometer of Satellite Altimetry

Ocean-Atmosphere Interrelation of Bjerknes Feedback Loop Associated with Indian Ocean Dipole Retrieved from Altimeter Radar and Microwave Radiometer of Satellite Altimetry | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Ocean-Atmosphere Interrelation of Bjerknes Feedback Loop Associated with Indian Ocean Dipole Retrieved from Altimeter Radar and Microwave Radiometer of Satellite Altimetry Noor Nabilah Abdullah, Dudy D. Wijaya, Irwan Meilano, Wedyanto Kuntjoro, and 3 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4130714/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract In the past few decades, satellite altimetry has surpassed tremendous achievements in examining the mesoscale of ocean dynamics. Recently, new potential of the satellite in observing the variability of climate phenomena through atmospheric medium been unlocked. As it has been ascertained that satellite altimetry not only outstanding in monitoring ocean dynamic, but also in observing atmospheric variability, we intuitively propose a hypothesis that satellite altimetry is reliable in monitoring Bjerknes feedback; a feedback loop involving interaction between atmosphere and oceans. Thus, the aim of this study is to determine the capability of satellite altimetry in observing Bjerknes feedback through Precipitable Water Vapour (PWV) and Sea Level Anomaly (SLA) during the anomalous climate mode of Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD). The results signify the convincing arguments as both PWV and SLA indexes have high correlation with Dipole Mode Index (DMI), particularly in the west region of Indian Ocean; 0.67 and 0.62, respectively. The correlation of PWV and SLA indexes are also significantly high; 0.73 and 0.69 in west and east region, respectively. The Principal Component Analysis (PCA) results are also convincing as the spatial pattern of primary (PC1) and secondary (PC2) components of both PWV and SLA are associated with positive and negative IOD, respectively. The temporal pattern of PC1 for PWV and SLA have relatively high correlation with positive IOD. The substantially high temporal correlation (0.81) between PWV and SLA PC1 has reinforce the confidence in the capability of satellite altimetry in observing the Bjerknes feedback. Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 9 Figure 10 Figure 11 Figure 12 Figure 13 Figure 14 Figure 15 Figure 16 Figure 17 Full Text Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4130714","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":283366312,"identity":"c1a1ae3d-6064-4928-8d8c-775963cc5bfa","order_by":0,"name":"Noor Nabilah Abdullah","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Bandung Institute of Technology: Institut Teknologi Bandung","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Noor","middleName":"Nabilah","lastName":"Abdullah","suffix":""},{"id":283366313,"identity":"232ac7cc-c19d-4ca7-8c04-8fd45534c4c4","order_by":1,"name":"Dudy D. Wijaya","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA70lEQVRIiWNgGAWjYDCCAwwGQFKCGUgwPkgAcsGCPERqYTZISCBeCxiwSTBAtTDg08J3I3mbBGObBTv/jORnFQ9/3GHgbz/AeOANHi2SN9LKgFokmCVupJndSEh4xiBxJoHh4Bw8Wgxu5JhJMG4D+uVGAkjLYQaGGwwMh/E5DK5F/kb6twKQFnmitYAYDCAtBoS0SJ55VmyR+E+C2fDMm2KJhLRnPIZnEhvw+oXvePLGGx/O1CXLHU/f+PGHzR05ueOHD3/AF2JAwCKRwMCQzCCQAOYBncTYgF8DMNI/AAk7Bv4DhBSOglEwCkbBSAUAr+hT/XQpCykAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-5944-0643","institution":"Institut Teknologi Bandung","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Dudy","middleName":"D.","lastName":"Wijaya","suffix":""},{"id":283366314,"identity":"54f169fd-e635-4a78-bce1-322be1a016ce","order_by":2,"name":"Irwan Meilano","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Bandung Institute of Technology: Institut Teknologi Bandung","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Irwan","middleName":"","lastName":"Meilano","suffix":""},{"id":283366315,"identity":"89535836-8f59-49e7-b0b3-733bc99832bd","order_by":3,"name":"Wedyanto Kuntjoro","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Bandung Institute of Technology: Institut Teknologi Bandung","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Wedyanto","middleName":"","lastName":"Kuntjoro","suffix":""},{"id":283366317,"identity":"ae3bdcba-a822-4ac9-a0ef-a197fbaff81d","order_by":4,"name":"Zamzam Akhmad Jamaluddin Tanuwijaya","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Bandung Institute of Technology: Institut Teknologi Bandung","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Zamzam","middleName":"Akhmad Jamaluddin","lastName":"Tanuwijaya","suffix":""},{"id":283366319,"identity":"72558c0d-172e-4fa5-9fc1-2b49acb8ed7b","order_by":5,"name":"Muhammad Rais Abdillah","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Bandung Institute of Technology: Institut Teknologi Bandung","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Muhammad","middleName":"Rais","lastName":"Abdillah","suffix":""},{"id":283366321,"identity":"b41f847e-2487-4b37-a94c-74b1d977789c","order_by":6,"name":"Fathin Nurzaman","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Muroran Kogyo Daigaku","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Fathin","middleName":"","lastName":"Nurzaman","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-03-19 13:31:20","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4130714/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4130714/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":53524141,"identity":"5a2c733d-2c8b-4b59-b2b0-b71a6e2278c1","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-27 04:35:39","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":140806,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThe timeline of satellite altimetry used in the study\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Fig1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4130714/v1/ed5d5d53badfd268a8ef4aa1.png"},{"id":53524163,"identity":"39718837-b6ef-416c-a8b1-6ad5ce87f6c8","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-27 04:36:05","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":236030,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThe region of study area. The blue boxes indicate the IOD west and east regions where DMIs are computed. Blue lines indicate the ascending passes and red lines indicate the descending passes\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Fig2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4130714/v1/9a5765c4330598e33cf51a99.png"},{"id":53524154,"identity":"b2d7621f-de74-40d5-96b8-1e93ae366f49","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-27 04:36:01","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":314240,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThe principal of satellite Altimetry observation and ocean-atmosphere interrelation\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Fig3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4130714/v1/b88df18ba0769c333a8b1681.png"},{"id":53524140,"identity":"04109bc1-1d50-4150-938e-f64534f69518","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-27 04:35:37","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":301953,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eExample of the time series of raw data overlapped with the estimated climatology components and anomaly (raw data minus climatology) for SLA (a) and PWV (b) at an arbitrarily selected point located at west IOD region\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Fig4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4130714/v1/f06e6e48a418e59a77fb1acd.png"},{"id":53524151,"identity":"1fca526f-5c59-467e-ac7a-4094e269ee2d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-27 04:35:56","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":124222,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003ePWVI (top) and SLAI (bottom) overlapped with DMI computed in the west IOD region\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Fig5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4130714/v1/c8bbd3657dc28975d2537756.png"},{"id":53524167,"identity":"eafdfae0-c97b-439a-a4d3-9b413e37168c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-27 04:36:05","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":129797,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003ePWVI (top) and SLAI (bottom) overlapped with DMI computed in the east IOD region\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Fig6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4130714/v1/04af68d906c4fbed6ea4164f.png"},{"id":53524153,"identity":"ab3625a1-f946-42da-b820-599d15a02a14","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-27 04:35:56","extension":"png","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":134438,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003ePWVI overlapped with SLAI computed in the west (top) and east (bottom) IOD region\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Fig7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4130714/v1/633fe1b0f747ab7987b19eda.png"},{"id":53524144,"identity":"45052afe-6708-4863-8d83-be9c5b07590b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-27 04:35:43","extension":"png","order_by":8,"title":"Figure 8","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":281696,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e(a) Cross correlation between DMI and PWVI in the east IOD region. PWVI overlapped with DMI (b) before shifted and (c) after shifted -1 month\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"fig8.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4130714/v1/43d326da549852b37743a235.png"},{"id":53524145,"identity":"aee44df9-c90a-4e9b-887b-12cccb64a074","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-27 04:35:43","extension":"png","order_by":9,"title":"Figure 9","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":295402,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e(a) Cross correlation between DMI and SLAI in the east IOD region. SLAI overlapped with DMI (b) before shifted, and (c) after shifted -3 month\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"fig9.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4130714/v1/1fe40b911bf2e1e3d8c4f3cb.png"},{"id":53524150,"identity":"5454f83a-af37-44de-9b51-472ca200bb28","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-27 04:35:54","extension":"png","order_by":10,"title":"Figure 10","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":306424,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e(a) Cross correlation between PWVI and SLAI in the east IOD region. PWVI overlapped with SLAI (b) before shifted, and (c) after shifted -1 month\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Fig10.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4130714/v1/83074241409e04abb22fa2d3.png"},{"id":53524142,"identity":"95656983-840a-4bab-b64e-a9a892a26976","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-27 04:35:42","extension":"png","order_by":11,"title":"Figure 11","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":352462,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eComposite map based on the different between PWVI and SLAI in west and east IOD region (a) higher than 0.4, and (b) lower than -0.4\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Fig11.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4130714/v1/c57d099a134cf58433e88551.png"},{"id":53524143,"identity":"885d6fdb-7df4-4a8a-8b97-30e8f2ba130c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-27 04:35:43","extension":"png","order_by":12,"title":"Figure 12","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":446012,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003ePrincipal loading map of primary principal component from EOF analysis on the Altimetry-derived PWV (top) and SLA (bottom) for along track data over Indian Ocean\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Fig12.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4130714/v1/19b53d6a54d2228ce2547d6f.png"},{"id":53524158,"identity":"66465e9b-f31f-4fb9-8f44-3897b8f882cd","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-27 04:36:04","extension":"png","order_by":13,"title":"Figure 13","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":164689,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eTime series of primary principal component for Altimetry-derived along track PWV (top) and SLA (bottom) overlapped with the west DMI over Indian Ocean\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Fig13.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4130714/v1/e80c1a5175e99258594a7e75.png"},{"id":53524156,"identity":"ab341af9-ba98-47b9-a473-6399e5442783","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-27 04:36:01","extension":"png","order_by":14,"title":"Figure 14","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":477606,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003ePrincipal loading map of secondary principal component from EOF analysis on the Altimetry-derived PWV (top) and SLA (bottom) for along track data over Indian Ocean\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Fig14.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4130714/v1/0e948d4af9c158bccb8d734e.png"},{"id":53524147,"identity":"7173bb5a-5593-4529-a0d7-51008b501161","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-27 04:35:46","extension":"png","order_by":15,"title":"Figure 15","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":161413,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eTime series of secondary principal component for Altimetry-derived along track PWV (top) and SLA (bottom) overlapped with the east DMI over Indian Ocean\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Fig15.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4130714/v1/cd31d140e6e0c5c971d6d859.png"},{"id":53524146,"identity":"23b6f359-92de-4a70-ad90-42fd3d5fab65","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-27 04:35:46","extension":"png","order_by":16,"title":"Figure 16","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":173318,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eTime series of primary (top) and secondary (bottom) principal component for Altimetry-derived along track PWV and SLA with correlation coefficient values\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Fig16.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4130714/v1/774d5da4c53c55180694c481.png"},{"id":53524149,"identity":"be6374d4-3bf2-41c4-9e5b-fb9a0d5fdf7d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-27 04:35:51","extension":"png","order_by":17,"title":"Figure 17","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":324629,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e(a) Cross correlation between PWV and SLA PC2. PWV PC2 overlapped with SLA PC2 (b) before shifted, and (c) after shifted -1 month\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"fig17.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4130714/v1/2059db246455a775a328cc7b.png"},{"id":56832096,"identity":"b878ce83-91a2-4ec3-bd86-35262741b2ca","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-05-21 04:51:52","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":2203822,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Manuscript2.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4130714/v1_covered_c997f5a0-8bf7-4b2f-b289-904b82726c92.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"","formattedTitle":"Ocean-Atmosphere Interrelation of Bjerknes Feedback Loop Associated with Indian Ocean Dipole Retrieved from Altimeter Radar and Microwave Radiometer of Satellite Altimetry","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4130714/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4130714/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eIn the past few decades, satellite altimetry has surpassed tremendous achievements in examining the mesoscale of ocean dynamics. Recently, new potential of the satellite in observing the variability of climate phenomena through atmospheric medium been unlocked. As it has been ascertained that satellite altimetry not only outstanding in monitoring ocean dynamic, but also in observing atmospheric variability, we intuitively propose a hypothesis that satellite altimetry is reliable in monitoring Bjerknes feedback; a feedback loop involving interaction between atmosphere and oceans. Thus, the aim of this study is to determine the capability of satellite altimetry in observing Bjerknes feedback through Precipitable Water Vapour (PWV) and Sea Level Anomaly (SLA) during the anomalous climate mode of Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD). The results signify the convincing arguments as both PWV and SLA indexes have high correlation with Dipole Mode Index (DMI), particularly in the west region of Indian Ocean; 0.67 and 0.62, respectively. The correlation of PWV and SLA indexes are also significantly high; 0.73 and 0.69 in west and east region, respectively. The Principal Component Analysis (PCA) results are also convincing as the spatial pattern of primary (PC1) and secondary (PC2) components of both PWV and SLA are associated with positive and negative IOD, respectively. The temporal pattern of PC1 for PWV and SLA have relatively high correlation with positive IOD. The substantially high temporal correlation (0.81) between PWV and SLA PC1 has reinforce the confidence in the capability of satellite altimetry in observing the Bjerknes feedback.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Ocean-Atmosphere Interrelation of Bjerknes Feedback Loop Associated with Indian Ocean Dipole Retrieved from Altimeter Radar and Microwave Radiometer of Satellite Altimetry","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-03-27 04:35:27","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4130714/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"1c069f63-20ff-4b67-b9de-145d1debe5f9","owner":[],"postedDate":"March 27th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-05-21T04:43:40+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-03-27 04:35:27","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4130714","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4130714","identity":"rs-4130714","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}