Electromagnetic Waveform Processing Through Time-Modulated Thin Sheets

Electromagnetic Waveform Processing Through Time-Modulated Thin Sheets | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article Electromagnetic Waveform Processing Through Time-Modulated Thin Sheets Petr Kadlec, Vojtěch Bednarský, Giulio Antonini, Miroslav Joler, and 1 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8945692/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 17 Apr, 2026 Read the published version in Scientific Reports → Version 1 posted 11 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract This paper explores advanced methods of electromagnetic (EM) waveform manipulation through temporally-modulated thin sheets. Two configurations are analyzed — a layer with time-varying (TV) conductivity and one with TV permittivity — to determine how temporal modulation of these parameters affects the transmission of incident EM pulses. Analytical and numerical approaches are formulated to solve the corresponding inverse problems, providing the required temporal profiles of material parameters for achieving user-defined transmitted waveforms. Several application examples are presented, including frequency mixing, time-domain (TD) pulse shaping, and spectral shaping, which demonstrate how dynamic control of a layer’s conductance or capacitance can tailor the time-domain profile and spectral content of EM pulses. The results were validated using a commercial FEM code and show that a properly designed time variation of the layer's conductance or capacitance enables functions such as pulse compression, spectral reweighting, and generation of new frequency components, making such structures promising for advanced reconfigurable EM systems. Physical sciences/Engineering Physical sciences/Materials science Physical sciences/Mathematics and computing Physical sciences/Physics Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 17 Apr, 2026 Read the published version in Scientific Reports → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 24 Mar, 2026 Reviews received at journal 24 Mar, 2026 Reviews received at journal 24 Mar, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 03 Mar, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 28 Feb, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 28 Feb, 2026 Reviewers invited by journal 26 Feb, 2026 Editor assigned by journal 26 Feb, 2026 Editor invited by journal 26 Feb, 2026 Submission checks completed at journal 25 Feb, 2026 First submitted to journal 25 Feb, 2026 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-8945692","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":598673543,"identity":"e2b76730-7f40-4274-b7ae-ebb3c0eace2f","order_by":0,"name":"Petr Kadlec","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAs0lEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBACCQYGwwNAWo4kLQYgLcYMDMwkaklsIFqLZPvhDQc+1NxJ33Aj/wDDjz9EaJHmSSs4OOPYs9wNN5IZGHt4iNAix5BjcJi34XDuzBnJQKdJEKOF/43B4b8Nh9MlwVoMiHGYBNAWxobDCfwSIC0JRGiRnPGs4GDPsWeG/TyPDQ72HCBCi8T55I0PftTckWdjT3z4gKgQg4IDSCRJWkbBKBgFo2AUYAUAe9M5EfB8Sh0AAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"Brno University of Technology","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Petr","middleName":"","lastName":"Kadlec","suffix":""},{"id":598673544,"identity":"ad3a3476-e28d-4d76-ab8d-bbee234f7271","order_by":1,"name":"Vojtěch Bednarský","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Brno University of Technology","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Vojtěch","middleName":"","lastName":"Bednarský","suffix":""},{"id":598673545,"identity":"70f43b4f-fcae-4b47-98d9-b38c3bbef9c8","order_by":2,"name":"Giulio Antonini","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of L'Aquila","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Giulio","middleName":"","lastName":"Antonini","suffix":""},{"id":598673546,"identity":"f20bffe8-bbe9-481d-ae83-f04de3cb1f10","order_by":3,"name":"Miroslav Joler","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Rijeka","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Miroslav","middleName":"","lastName":"Joler","suffix":""},{"id":598673547,"identity":"8f9f71c9-7975-4ff3-abe0-dc60615fd16f","order_by":4,"name":"Martin Štumpf","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Brno University of Technology","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Martin","middleName":"","lastName":"Štumpf","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2026-02-23 10:08:13","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8945692/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8945692/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-48960-y","type":"published","date":"2026-04-17T15:57:13+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":107350729,"identity":"b82ac2ab-afd8-44cf-8766-b1b503f92e6e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-04-20 16:01:47","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1494905,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuupload.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8945692/v1_covered_5f139dda-4c9e-4e48-a716-9efb2e00b9b2.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Electromagnetic Waveform Processing Through Time-Modulated Thin Sheets","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"scientific-reports","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"scirep","sideBox":"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Scientific Reports","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Scientific Reports","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8945692/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8945692/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"This paper explores advanced methods of electromagnetic (EM) waveform manipulation through temporally-modulated thin sheets. Two configurations are analyzed — a layer with time-varying (TV) conductivity and one with TV permittivity — to determine how temporal modulation of these parameters affects the transmission of incident EM pulses. Analytical and numerical approaches are formulated to solve the corresponding inverse problems, providing the required temporal profiles of material parameters for achieving user-defined transmitted waveforms. Several application examples are presented, including frequency mixing, time-domain (TD) pulse shaping, and spectral shaping, which demonstrate how dynamic control of a layer’s conductance or capacitance can tailor the time-domain profile and spectral content of EM pulses. The results were validated using a commercial FEM code and show that a properly designed time variation of the layer's conductance or capacitance enables functions such as pulse compression, spectral reweighting, and generation of new frequency components, making such structures promising for advanced reconfigurable EM systems.","manuscriptTitle":"Electromagnetic Waveform Processing Through Time-Modulated Thin Sheets","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2026-03-03 10:17:02","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8945692/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2026-03-24T13:46:25+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-03-24T09:39:12+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-03-24T07:58:52+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"219011914374607658867292857984861074366","date":"2026-03-03T12:50:20+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"242847950292363157500625320574233703783","date":"2026-03-01T00:57:18+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"41375544782723779344369622131305389102","date":"2026-02-28T17:47:40+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2026-02-26T12:10:24+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2026-02-26T11:43:14+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2026-02-26T11:25:10+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2026-02-25T08:32:22+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Scientific Reports","date":"2026-02-25T08:29:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"scientific-reports","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"scirep","sideBox":"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Scientific Reports","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Scientific Reports","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"8adb3c1b-f1ad-422b-a76c-31f9bb052496","owner":[],"postedDate":"March 3rd, 2026","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[{"id":63709664,"name":"Physical sciences/Engineering"},{"id":63709665,"name":"Physical sciences/Materials science"},{"id":63709666,"name":"Physical sciences/Mathematics and computing"},{"id":63709667,"name":"Physical sciences/Physics"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-04-20T16:00:38+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-8945692","link":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-48960-y","journal":{"identity":"scientific-reports","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Scientific Reports"},"publishedOn":"2026-04-17 15:57:13","publishedOnDateReadable":"April 17th, 2026"},"versionCreatedAt":"2026-03-03 10:17:02","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1038/s41598-026-48960-y","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-48960-y","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-8945692","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-8945692","identity":"rs-8945692","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}