Detoxification of lead (pb²⁺) from simulated and real apple juice using chitosan/bacterial cellulose/MIL-100(Fe) aerogel microbeads

Detoxification of lead (pb²⁺) from simulated and real apple juice using chitosan/bacterial cellulose/MIL-100(Fe) aerogel microbeads | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article Detoxification of lead (pb²⁺) from simulated and real apple juice using chitosan/bacterial cellulose/MIL-100(Fe) aerogel microbeads Zahra Moradi, Milad Rouhi, Mehdi Farhoodi, Fahimeh Ebrahimi This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7930075/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 14 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract In this study, several types of aerogel beads were prepared using different ratios of chitosan (CS), bacterial cellulose nanofibers (BCN), and the MIL-100(Fe) metal-organic framework. The prepared beads were then compared in terms of their mechanical stability in water (percentage of retained weight) and lead removal efficiency from simulated apple juice to select the most effective adsorbent for further investigation. The aerogel bead CS–BCN (90:10)–MIL-100(50%) was identified as the most effective adsorbent and was used to remove Pb²⁺ ions from both simulated and real apple juice. The effects of contact time, lead concentration, and adsorbent content on Pb²⁺ adsorption were assessed. The effect of integrating MIL-100(Fe) on the surface area, average pore width, and total pore volume of the beads was revealed by the BET (Brunauer, Emmett, and Teller) analysis. Lead adsorption on the beads was confirmed by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). The results showed that 95.6% of Pb²⁺ (10 mg/L) was adsorbed after 24 hours using 2.5 mg of CS/BCN/MIL beads in an apple juice simulant. Lead adsorption behavior on the beads was well-characterized by the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and the Langmuir isotherm model. Recyclability studies demonstrated that CS–BCN (90:10)–MIL-100(50%) beads maintained their high lead removal efficiency even after three cycles. Physical sciences/Chemistry Earth and environmental sciences/Environmental sciences Physical sciences/Materials science Physical sciences/Nanoscience and technology Adsorption Isotherm Kinetics MOF Nanocomposite Apple juice Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 9 Figure 10 Figure 11 Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 12 Nov, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 12 Nov, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 12 Nov, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 12 Nov, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 02 Nov, 2025 Reviews received at journal 01 Nov, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 31 Oct, 2025 Reviews received at journal 29 Oct, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 29 Oct, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 29 Oct, 2025 Editor invited by journal 27 Oct, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 24 Oct, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 24 Oct, 2025 First submitted to journal 23 Oct, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7930075","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":541889871,"identity":"26a7230e-e321-467a-9ae3-787414ed9afa","order_by":0,"name":"Zahra Moradi","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Zahra","middleName":"","lastName":"Moradi","suffix":""},{"id":541889872,"identity":"439e3928-919b-4d4d-852e-874b1742e59c","order_by":1,"name":"Milad Rouhi","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Kermanshah University of Medical 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3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":202022,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eFTIR spectra of (D) CS/BCN/MIL-100(Fe) after adsorptionof Pb(II); (C) CS/CE/MIL-100(Fe); (B) CS/BCN (90:10); (A) MIL-100(Fe)\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7930075/v1/4d39a4af3083f5c39e477d7c.png"},{"id":95697383,"identity":"bc038434-babf-49f1-b7a3-6f666ea77fb8","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-12 03:54:29","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":5713,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eFESEM images of (a) MIL-100(Fe), (b) BCN/CS (90:10), (c) BCN/CS-MIL composite; (d) EDX of BCN/CS-MIL composite (before adsorption); (e) EDX of BCN/CS-MIL composite (after adsorption); (f) elemental mapping EDX (before adsorption); (g) elemental mapping EDX (after adsorption)\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"placeholderimage.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7930075/v1/1ee90e6221e41bc40949e92f.png"},{"id":95697389,"identity":"328ca039-de5e-4afd-b536-f8c90d00279d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-12 03:54:29","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":144445,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eN\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e adsorption-desorption isotherms.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7930075/v1/d5ac8805aef64f9a1cab91fb.png"},{"id":95697386,"identity":"155f3c25-1759-40e2-8e76-c622cceb80f4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-12 03:54:29","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":23332,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eEffect of contact time on Pb²⁺ adsorption by CS/BCN/MIL 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10","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":27438,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eEffect of adsorbent amount on Pb\u003csup\u003e2+\u003c/sup\u003e removal efficiency (mean ± 95% CI).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"10.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7930075/v1/71f62ea01ae6264772c469c7.png"},{"id":95800043,"identity":"5d019599-33d3-470f-8cbc-64998a1141f5","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-13 08:21:26","extension":"png","order_by":11,"title":"Figure 11","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":23549,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eRecyclability of CS/BCN/MIL beads for Pb(II) adsorption (mean ± 95% CI).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"11.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7930075/v1/f913bd826d4737ee0b16d643.png"},{"id":95805031,"identity":"205d6d8e-b168-49ee-a099-ed63f4b0e84f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-13 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microbeads","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"scientific-reports","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"scirep","sideBox":"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Scientific Reports","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Scientific Reports","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Adsorption, Isotherm, Kinetics, MOF, Nanocomposite, Apple juice","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7930075/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7930075/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"In this study, several types of aerogel beads were prepared using different ratios of chitosan (CS), bacterial cellulose nanofibers (BCN), and the MIL-100(Fe) metal-organic framework. The prepared beads were then compared in terms of their mechanical stability in water (percentage of retained weight) and lead removal efficiency from simulated apple juice to select the most effective adsorbent for further investigation. The aerogel bead CS–BCN (90:10)–MIL-100(50%) was identified as the most effective adsorbent and was used to remove Pb²⁺ ions from both simulated and real apple juice. The effects of contact time, lead concentration, and adsorbent content on Pb²⁺ adsorption were assessed. The effect of integrating MIL-100(Fe) on the surface area, average pore width, and total pore volume of the beads was revealed by the BET (Brunauer, Emmett, and Teller) analysis. Lead adsorption on the beads was confirmed by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). The results showed that 95.6% of Pb²⁺ (10 mg/L) was adsorbed after 24 hours using 2.5 mg of CS/BCN/MIL beads in an apple juice simulant. Lead adsorption behavior on the beads was well-characterized by the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and the Langmuir isotherm model. 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