Association Between Area-Level Deprivation and Hospital Dental Admissions in Children Under Five

Association Between Area-Level Deprivation and Hospital Dental Admissions in Children Under Five | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Association Between Area-Level Deprivation and Hospital Dental Admissions in Children Under Five Hugh Devlin, Raman Bedi This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8563536/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 9 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Objectives To quantify the association between socioeconomic deprivation and hospital admissions for dental caries among children aged under five years in England, and to assess the robustness of this association using both descriptive and regression-based IMD decile analyses. Methods An ecological study was undertaken using publicly available data. Socioeconomic deprivation was measured using the Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD) 2019, defined at Lower-layer Super Output Area (LSOA) level and aggregated to local authority level by calculating the mean LSOA-level IMD rank within each authority. Hospital admissions for dental caries among children aged 0–5 years were obtained from the Office for Health Improvement and Disparities Fingertips platform for the most recent complete year available (2021). Admissions were summarised across rounded IMD decile groups for all local authorities with available data (n = 600). Linear regression analyses were conducted to examine associations between admissions and (i) rounded IMD decile and (ii) mean aggregated IMD rank, restricted to local authorities with complete data (n = 238). Results A pronounced deprivation gradient was observed, with substantially higher hospital admissions in more deprived local authorities. Mean admissions decreased progressively across rounded IMD decile groups. In regression analyses, each one-decile increase in IMD decile, indicating lower deprivation, was associated with approximately 43 fewer hospital admissions for dental caries among children aged under five years (95% CI −51.8 to −35.1; p < 0.001). Regression using mean aggregated LSOA-level IMD rank also showed a consistent inverse association, with higher mean rank (lower deprivation) associated with fewer admissions (β = −0.0139 per rank point; 95% CI −0.0178 to −0.0099; p < 0.001). Conclusions This study demonstrates persistent and substantial oral health inequalities in young children across England. The steep increase in hospital admissions for dental caries related to deprivation, highlights the urgent need for proportionate universalism in preventive strategies. This study quantifies the magnitude of the deprivation gradient at national scale and demonstrates its robustness across both descriptive and regression-based IMD decile analyses. Health sciences/Health care/Dentistry/Dental public health/Dental epidemiology Dental caries Health inequalities Deprivation Child oral health Hospital admissions Figures Figure 1 Introduction An ecological, cross-sectional analysis was undertaken to examine the association between area-level deprivation and severe dental disease in young children. The unit of analysis was the English local authority (LA). As an ecological study, the analysis assesses population-level associations and does not attempt to infer individual-level causality. Socioeconomic inequalities in oral health are well documented, with children from disadvantaged backgrounds experiencing disproportionately higher rates of dental disease. Area-level deprivation has been consistently associated with increased caries prevalence and severity, reduced access to preventive dental care, and poorer oral health outcomes. However, national analysis of the magnitude and pattern of these inequalities across different geographic areas can inform the targeting and intensity of preventive interventions. These hospital admissions reflect advanced disease, pain, and functional impairment for children and represent a substantial burden on families and health services. Methods This study examines the association between area-level socioeconomic deprivation and hospital admissions for dental caries in children aged under five years across English local authorities. Deprivation measure Area-level deprivation was measured using the Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD) 2019. IMD data were obtained at Lower-layer Super Output Area (LSOA) level and aggregated to the local authority level. IMD data is not produced annually and the latest figures available were used. Deprivation levels are known to be stable over short term periods. The IMD dataset used in this analysis contained, for each LSOA: an LSOA identifier, a local authority district (LAD) code and name, an IMD rank, and an IMD decile. This allows LSOAs to be grouped within their corresponding local authority. For each LA, mean IMD rank was calculated as the mean of IMD ranks across all constituent LSOAs (lower values indicating greater deprivation). Dental hospital admissions Data on hospital admissions for dental caries in children aged 0–5 years were obtained from the Office for Health Improvement and Disparities (OHID) Fingertips public health data platform, using indicator 93479: “Hospital admissions for dental caries (0–5 years)”. This indicator is derived from Hospital Episode Statistics (HES) and captures admissions where dental caries was recorded as the primary diagnosis. The most recent year of available data (2021) was used in the analysis. Although the indicator does not directly specify treatment modality, admissions in this age group commonly involve dental extractions under general anaesthesia and are widely used as a marker of severe early childhood caries. Data inclusion Local authorities with complete data for both IMD measures and the dental admissions indicator were included. Rounded IMD decile analyses included 600 local authorities with available hospital admissions data for the study year, whereas the regression analysis was necessarily restricted to 238 authorities with complete data. Statistical analysis Associations between deprivation and dental admissions were assessed using two complementary approaches. All analyses were conducted in R. Firstly, for regression analyses, LSOA-level IMD ranks were aggregated to local authority level by calculating the mean IMD rank across all constituent LSOAs within each authority. Linear regression was then performed at local authority level, using this aggregated LSOA-derived measure of deprivation as the exposure and hospital admissions for dental caries in children aged 0–5 years as the outcome. The deprivation exposure was derived from LSOA-level IMD ranks aggregated within each authority. Regression coefficients were used to quantify the direction and magnitude of association. Statistical significance was assessed using two-sided p-values, with p < 0.05 considered evidence of association. Secondly, to facilitate grouping and further interpretation, local authorities were assigned to discrete deprivation categories by rounding the mean IMD decile to the nearest whole number. This produced a rounded average IMD decile. Although deprivation categories were derived from LSOA-level IMD data, all grouping, graphical, and regression analyses were conducted at local authority level, with each authority contributing a single observation. Because relatively few local authorities fell into the most extreme rounded decile, adjacent categories were combined at the extremes to improve estimate stability. Final deprivation groups were defined as ≤3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and ≥8, where ≤3 represents the most deprived and ≥8 the least deprived local authorities. This grouping reduces the influence of individual local authorities, especially as the number of LA’s in the extreme IMD deciles was small, and better reflects more accurately systematic deprivation effects. Graphical analysis was performed to visualise the relationship between deprivation and admissions. Scatter plots displayed individual local authorities, grouped by deprivation category, with horizontal jitter applied to reduce over-plotting. Group means and 95% CIs were overlaid to summarise central tendency and uncertainty. A linear regression line was fitted across ordered deprivation groups to illustrate the overall trend. Ethical considerations All data used in this study were fully anonymised, aggregated, and obtained from publicly available sources. No individual-level or identifiable information was accessed; therefore, formal ethical approval was not required. Results Table 1 For 600 local authorities, the mean hospital admissions for dental caries in children (0–5 years) decreases steadily with decreasing deprivation (Table 1). There is a nearly threefold difference (361/128 =2.81) in the disparity between the more deprived groups (IMD ≤3) and the least deprived groups (IMD>8). 1. Regression analyses (mean IMD rank across all LSOAs within each LA.) v hospital admissions The regression analysis included 238 local authorities with complete data available for both IMD 2019 and hospital admissions for dental caries in children aged 0–5 years. All analyses were conducted at local authority level, with deprivation measured using LSOA-level IMD ranks aggregated within each authority. A clear social gradient was observed between deprivation and hospital admissions for dental caries in children aged under five years. Linear regression demonstrated a strong inverse association between mean IMD rank and hospital admissions for dental caries in children aged under five years. Each increase in mean IMD rank, indicating lower deprivation, was associated with a reduction in admissions (β = −0.0139; 95% CI −0.0178 to −0.0099; p = 4.39 × 10⁻¹¹). Across the deprivation gradient, differences between the most and least deprived local authorities correspond to approximately one fewer hospital admission per year per authority, with substantially larger impacts when considered across England as a whole (The 95% CI on β allows a range of roughly 0.6 to 1.1 admissions avoided per year for this deprivation contrast). 2. Rounded mean IMD decile v hospital admissions IMD rank was calculated by averaging LSOA-level IMD ranks within each authority. Therefore, the regression coefficients relate to changes in the mean LSOA-level IMD rank aggregated within local authorities, not to changes in local authority rank itself. Each one-point increase in the mean of LSOA-level IMD ranks aggregated within a local authority, indicating marginally lower overall deprivation, was associated with a small reduction in hospital admissions. However, meaningful differences between local authorities correspond to differences of several thousand points in this aggregated mean, reflecting widespread deprivation differences across many constituent neighbourhoods rather than isolated local changes. In Fig. 1 hospital admissions for dental caries (0–5 years), the black points represent the mean hospital admissions for dental caries (ages <5 years) across all local authorities within each rounded IMD decile group. Local authorities were grouped by rounded average IMD decile, with adjacent categories combined at the extremes (≤3 and ≥8). In Fig.1, each red point represents a local authority. Local authorities were grouped according to a rounded mean Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD) 2019 decile, derived by aggregating Lower-layer Super Output Area (LSOA) IMD deciles within each local authority and rounding the resulting mean. The fitted line represents the linear association across ordered IMD deprivation groups with 95% confidence intervals. For each one-decile increase in IMD decile (i.e. moving from more deprived to less deprived local authorities), the expected number of hospital admissions for dental caries in children aged under five decreases by approximately 43 admissions per local authority (β = −43.4 admissions per IMD decile, 95% CI: −51.8 to −35.1, p < 2 × 10⁻¹⁶). In this model, R² = 0.15 indicating that the IMD decile explains ~15% of between-authority variation. Regression coefficients differed substantially between models because deprivation was expressed on different scales. When deprivation was modelled using the mean of LSOA-level IMD ranks, coefficients reflected the effect of a one-point change in a very fine-grained rank scale, resulting in small numerical values. In contrast, modelling deprivation using rounded IMD deciles captured much larger, policy-relevant shifts in deprivation, producing correspondingly larger coefficients. When scaled to comparable deprivation differences, effect estimates from both approaches were consistent. Discussion This ecological analysis demonstrates a strong and graded association between area-level deprivation and hospital admissions for dental caries among children aged under five years. Admission rates were almost threefold higher in the most deprived local authorities compared with the least deprived, with a consistent stepwise reduction across intermediate deprivation categories. The persistence of this gradient after combining adjacent deprivation groups at the extremes indicates that the association is robust and not driven by a small number of highly deprived areas. Hospital admissions for dental caries in early childhood commonly reflect advanced disease requiring dental extractions under general anaesthesia and therefore represent a marker of severe and largely preventable oral disease. The observed deprivation gradient is consistent with established evidence linking socioeconomic disadvantage to higher caries prevalence, reduced access to preventive dental care, and broader social determinants of health, including diet, health literacy, and service utilisation. These findings reinforce concerns about persistent oral health inequalities in young children and highlight the need for proportionate universalism in preventive strategies. Interventions such as targeted early-years prevention programmes, community water fluoridation, and improved access to dental services in deprived areas are likely to be necessary to reduce the burden of severe dental disease and avoidable hospital admissions. This study has limitations. The analysis was conducted at local authority level and therefore reflects area-level rather than individual-level associations. As such, causal inferences cannot be drawn, and within-authority heterogeneity in deprivation and disease burden may be obscured. In addition, hospital admissions for dental caries were used as a proxy for severe disease and do not capture the full spectrum of unmet dental need. Nonetheless, the large population coverage and consistency of the observed gradient support the relevance of these findings for public health planning. Our study used all available data from English local authorities on admission of children aged 0-5 years for dental caries and related this to a deprivation index (IMD). Booth et al 1 showed that IMD decile significantly predicted the likelihood of dental general anaesthesia in Plymouth, but used children aged 0-16 years. Our findings complement these by extending the analysis to a national scale and a younger age group. We studied general anaesthesia admission in young children for caries because it represents a failure of early prevention and access to routine dental care and will likely have a considerable life course impact on their future. Our data was not diluted by extractions in older age groups due to orthodontics, elective adolescent extractions and trauma. Deprivation-related oral health inequalities exist at the earliest ages. Severe dental caries is preventable, but the frequency of fluoride varnish and fissure sealant applications is low in children attending their NHS general dental practices. 2 Even amongst the least deprived IMD decile groups in our study, the rate of general anaesthesia admission was high. Application of fissure sealants to this vulnerable group aged 5-15 years has been shown to be effective in preventing caries at 2 years. 3 In studies that have followed up children after general anaesthetic extractions, many report large numbers receive repeat general anaesthesia. Kakaounaki et al 4 reported a 10.7% rate of repeat GA’s over a follow up period of 6 years, with 84% being due to caries. Others report higher repeat GA rates (11.9% over 2.3 years by Albadri et al 5 ) but the rate will be influenced by many factors such as the medical history of the children, dietary habits and oral hygiene. Although the association between socioeconomic deprivation and childhood dental caries is well established, there is limited national-level quantification of the magnitude of this gradient in relation to hospital admissions in very young children. We have demonstrated a robust effect size (~43 fewer admissions per deprivation decile). A small improvement in one or two LSOAs would have a negligible effect on the local authority’s mean rank. Consequently, the regression estimates describe associations with broad, authority-wide socioeconomic conditions and is not driven by local pockets of deprivation. The findings have important implications for both clinical dental practice and public health policy. Primary care dental services in high-deprivation areas may benefit from enhanced prevention-focused commissioning arrangements, including supervised toothbrushing programmes in early years settings and more accessible pathways for preventive care. Furthermore, integration of oral health promotion within wider early years services, such as health visiting and children’s centres, could help to normalise preventive behaviours and reduce barriers to dental attendance in disadvantaged communities. Addressing the social gradient in severe childhood caries requires coordinated action across health, education, and local authority sectors to tackle the underlying determinants of poor oral health. Limitations This study is ecological in nature and analyses associations at local authority level; individual-level risk or causation cannot be inferred. Hospital admissions capture severe dental disease and do not represent the full burden of dental caries in the community. Nevertheless, admissions for dental caries in young children are a well-recognised and policy-relevant marker of preventable oral health inequality. References Booth, J., Paisi, M., Witton, R. et al. Deprivation and family-level determinants for paediatric dental extractions under general anaesthetic: an ecological study. Br Dent J (2025). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41415-025-8336-9. Lucas, P., Patsios, D., Walls, K. et al. Neighbourhood incidence rate of paediatric dental extractions under general anaesthetic in South West England. Br Dent J 224 , 169–176 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.bdj.2018.77 Raja, A., White, D., Kerr, S. et al. Providing sealants at the general anaesthetic assessment visit for children requiring caries-related dental extractions under general anaesthetic: a pilot randomised controlled trial. Br Dent J (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41415-021-3220-8 Kakaounaki E, Tahmassebi J F, Fayle S A. Further dental treatment needs of children receiving exodontia under general anaesthesia at a teaching hospital in the UK. Int J Paediatr Dent 2006; 16: 263-269. Albadri SS, Jarad FD, Lee GT, Mackie IC. The frequency of repeat general anaesthesia for teeth extractions in children. Int J Paediatr Dent. 2006 Jan;16(1):45-8. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-263X.2006.00679.x. PMID: 16364092. Additional Declarations There is no duality of interest Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Editorial decision: revise 24 Feb, 2026 Review # 2 received at journal 20 Feb, 2026 Review # 1 received at journal 16 Feb, 2026 Reviewer # 2 agreed at journal 27 Jan, 2026 Reviewer # 1 agreed at journal 12 Jan, 2026 Reviewers invited by journal 12 Jan, 2026 Editor assigned by journal 12 Jan, 2026 Submission checks completed at journal 12 Jan, 2026 First submitted to journal 09 Jan, 2026 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. 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undertaken to examine the association between area-level deprivation and severe dental disease in young children. The unit of analysis was the English local authority (LA). As an ecological study, the analysis assesses population-level associations and does not attempt to infer individual-level causality. \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSocioeconomic inequalities in oral health are well documented, with children from disadvantaged backgrounds experiencing disproportionately higher rates of dental disease. Area-level deprivation has been consistently associated with increased caries prevalence and severity, reduced access to preventive dental care, and poorer oral health outcomes. However, national analysis of the magnitude and pattern of these inequalities across different geographic areas can inform the targeting and intensity of preventive interventions. \u0026nbsp;These hospital admissions reflect advanced disease, pain, and functional impairment for children and represent a substantial burden on families and health services.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study examines the association between area-level socioeconomic deprivation and hospital admissions for dental caries in children aged under five years across English local authorities.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDeprivation measure\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Area-level deprivation was measured using the Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD) 2019. IMD data were obtained at Lower-layer Super Output Area (LSOA) level and aggregated to the local authority level. \u0026nbsp;IMD data is not produced annually and the latest figures available were used. Deprivation levels are known to be stable over short term periods.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe IMD dataset used in this analysis contained, for each LSOA:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul type=\"disc\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003ean LSOA identifier,\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003ea local authority district (LAD) code and name,\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003ean IMD rank, and\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003ean IMD decile.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis allows LSOAs to be grouped within their corresponding local authority.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFor each LA, mean IMD rank was calculated as the mean of IMD ranks across all constituent LSOAs (lower values indicating greater deprivation).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDental hospital admissions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eData on hospital admissions for dental caries in children aged 0\u0026ndash;5 years were obtained from the Office for Health Improvement and Disparities (OHID) Fingertips public health data platform, using indicator 93479: \u0026ldquo;Hospital admissions for dental caries (0\u0026ndash;5 years)\u0026rdquo;. This indicator is derived from Hospital Episode Statistics (HES) and captures admissions where dental caries was recorded as the primary diagnosis. The most recent year of available data (2021) was used in the analysis. Although the indicator does not directly specify treatment modality, admissions in this age group commonly involve dental extractions under general anaesthesia and are widely used as a marker of severe early childhood caries.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData inclusion\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003c/strong\u003eLocal authorities with complete data for both IMD measures and the dental admissions indicator were included. Rounded IMD decile analyses included 600 local authorities with available hospital admissions data for the study year, whereas the regression analysis was necessarily restricted to 238 authorities with complete data.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStatistical analysis\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAssociations between deprivation and dental admissions were assessed using two complementary approaches. All analyses were conducted in R.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFirstly, for regression analyses, LSOA-level IMD ranks were aggregated to local authority level by calculating the mean IMD rank across all constituent LSOAs within each authority. Linear regression was then performed at local authority level, using this aggregated LSOA-derived measure of deprivation as the exposure and hospital admissions for dental caries in children aged 0\u0026ndash;5 years as the outcome. The deprivation exposure was derived from LSOA-level IMD ranks aggregated within each authority. Regression coefficients were used to quantify the direction and magnitude of association. Statistical significance was assessed using two-sided p-values, with p \u0026lt; 0.05 considered evidence of association.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSecondly, to facilitate grouping and further interpretation, local authorities were assigned to discrete deprivation categories by rounding the mean IMD decile to the nearest whole number. \u0026nbsp;This produced a rounded average IMD decile. Although deprivation categories were derived from LSOA-level IMD data, all grouping, graphical, and regression analyses were conducted at local authority level, with each authority contributing a single observation.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBecause relatively few local authorities fell into the most extreme rounded decile, adjacent categories were combined at the extremes to improve estimate stability. Final deprivation groups were defined as \u0026le;3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and \u0026ge;8, where \u0026le;3 represents the most deprived and \u0026ge;8 the least deprived local authorities. This grouping reduces the\u0026nbsp;influence of individual local authorities, especially as the number of LA\u0026rsquo;s in the extreme IMD deciles was small, and better reflects more accurately systematic deprivation effects. \u0026nbsp;Graphical analysis was performed to visualise the relationship between deprivation and admissions. Scatter plots displayed individual local authorities, grouped by deprivation category, with horizontal jitter applied to reduce over-plotting. Group means and 95% CIs were overlaid to summarise central tendency and uncertainty. A linear regression line was fitted across ordered deprivation groups to illustrate the overall trend.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEthical considerations\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;All data used in this study were fully anonymised, aggregated, and obtained from publicly available sources. No individual-level or identifiable information was accessed; therefore, formal ethical approval was not required.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003eTable 1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg 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\" width=\"675\" height=\"454\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFor 600 local authorities, the mean hospital admissions for dental caries in children (0–5 years) decreases steadily with decreasing deprivation (Table 1). \u0026nbsp;There is a nearly threefold difference (361/128 =2.81) in the disparity between the more deprived groups (IMD ≤3) and the least deprived groups (IMD\u0026gt;8). \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.\u0026nbsp;\u003cem\u003eRegression analyses (mean IMD rank across all LSOAs within each LA.) v hospital admissions\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe regression analysis included 238 local authorities with complete data available for both IMD 2019 and hospital admissions for dental caries in children aged 0–5 years. \u0026nbsp;All analyses were conducted at local authority level, with deprivation measured using LSOA-level IMD ranks aggregated within each authority. \u0026nbsp;A clear social gradient was observed between deprivation and hospital admissions for dental caries in children aged under five years. Linear regression demonstrated a strong inverse association between mean IMD rank and hospital admissions for dental caries in children aged under five years. Each increase in mean IMD rank, indicating lower deprivation, was associated with a reduction in admissions (β = −0.0139; 95% CI −0.0178 to −0.0099; p = 4.39 × 10⁻¹¹). \u0026nbsp;Across the deprivation gradient, differences between the most and least deprived local authorities correspond to approximately one fewer hospital admission per year per authority, with substantially larger impacts when considered across England as a whole (The 95% CI on β allows a range of roughly 0.6 to 1.1 admissions avoided per year for this deprivation contrast).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e2. Rounded mean IMD decile v hospital admissions\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIMD rank was calculated by averaging LSOA-level IMD ranks within each authority. \u0026nbsp;Therefore, the regression coefficients relate to changes in the mean LSOA-level IMD rank aggregated within local authorities, not to changes in local authority rank itself. \u0026nbsp; Each one-point increase in the mean of LSOA-level IMD ranks aggregated within a local authority, indicating marginally lower overall deprivation, was associated with a small reduction in hospital admissions. However, meaningful differences between local authorities correspond to differences of several thousand points in this aggregated mean, reflecting widespread deprivation differences across many constituent neighbourhoods rather than isolated local changes. \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn Fig. 1 hospital admissions for dental caries (0–5 years), the black points represent the mean hospital admissions for dental caries (ages \u0026lt;5 years) across all local authorities within each rounded IMD decile group. \u0026nbsp;Local authorities were grouped by rounded average IMD decile, with adjacent categories combined at the extremes (≤3 and ≥8).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn Fig.1, each red point represents a local authority. \u0026nbsp;Local authorities were grouped according to a rounded mean Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD) 2019 decile, derived by aggregating Lower-layer Super Output Area (LSOA) IMD deciles within each local authority and rounding the resulting mean. \u0026nbsp; The fitted line represents the linear association across ordered IMD deprivation groups with 95% confidence intervals. For each one-decile increase in IMD decile (i.e. moving from more deprived to less deprived local authorities), the expected number of hospital admissions for dental caries in children aged under five decreases by approximately 43 admissions per local authority (β = −43.4 admissions per IMD decile, 95% CI: −51.8 to −35.1, p \u0026lt; 2 × 10⁻¹⁶). \u0026nbsp; In this model, R² = 0.15 indicating that the IMD decile explains \u0026nbsp;~15% of between-authority variation. \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRegression coefficients differed substantially between models because deprivation was expressed on different scales. When deprivation was modelled using the mean of LSOA-level IMD ranks, coefficients reflected the effect of a one-point change in a very fine-grained rank scale, resulting in small numerical values. In contrast, modelling deprivation using rounded IMD deciles captured much larger, policy-relevant shifts in deprivation, producing correspondingly larger coefficients. When scaled to comparable deprivation differences, effect estimates from both approaches were consistent. \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis ecological analysis demonstrates a strong and graded association between area-level deprivation and hospital admissions for dental caries among children aged under five years. Admission rates were almost threefold higher in the most deprived local authorities compared with the least deprived, with a consistent stepwise reduction across intermediate deprivation categories. The persistence of this gradient after combining adjacent deprivation groups at the extremes indicates that the association is robust and not driven by a small number of highly deprived areas.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHospital admissions for dental caries in early childhood commonly reflect advanced disease requiring dental extractions under general anaesthesia and therefore represent a marker of severe and largely preventable oral disease. The observed deprivation gradient is consistent with established evidence linking socioeconomic disadvantage to higher caries prevalence, reduced access to preventive dental care, and broader social determinants of health, including diet, health literacy, and service utilisation.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThese findings reinforce concerns about persistent oral health inequalities in young children and highlight the need for proportionate universalism in preventive strategies. Interventions such as targeted early-years prevention programmes, community water fluoridation, and improved access to dental services in deprived areas are likely to be necessary to reduce the burden of severe dental disease and avoidable hospital admissions.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study has limitations. The analysis was conducted at local authority level and therefore reflects area-level rather than individual-level associations. As such, causal inferences cannot be drawn, and within-authority heterogeneity in deprivation and disease burden may be obscured. In addition, hospital admissions for dental caries were used as a proxy for severe disease and do not capture the full spectrum of unmet dental need. Nonetheless, the large population coverage and consistency of the observed gradient support the relevance of these findings for public health planning.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOur study used all available data from English local authorities on admission of children aged 0-5 years for dental caries and related this to a deprivation index (IMD). \u0026nbsp;Booth et al\u0026nbsp;\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003e showed that IMD decile significantly predicted the likelihood of dental general anaesthesia in Plymouth, but used children aged 0-16 years. \u0026nbsp;Our findings complement these by extending the analysis to a national scale and a younger age group. We studied general anaesthesia admission in young children for \u0026nbsp;caries because it represents a failure of early prevention and access to routine dental care and will likely have a considerable life course impact on their future.\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;Our data was not diluted by extractions in older age groups due to orthodontics, elective adolescent extractions and trauma. Deprivation-related oral health inequalities exist at the earliest ages. \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSevere dental caries is preventable, but the frequency of fluoride varnish and fissure sealant applications is low in children attending their NHS general dental practices.\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026nbsp; Even amongst the least deprived IMD decile groups in our study, the rate of general anaesthesia admission was high. \u0026nbsp;Application of fissure sealants to this vulnerable group aged 5-15 years has been shown to be effective in preventing caries at 2 years.\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026nbsp; In studies that have followed up children after general anaesthetic extractions, many report large numbers receive repeat general anaesthesia. \u0026nbsp;Kakaounaki et al\u0026nbsp;\u003csup\u003e4\u003c/sup\u003e reported a 10.7% rate of repeat GA’s over a follow up period of 6 years, with 84% being due to caries. \u0026nbsp;Others report higher repeat GA rates (11.9% over 2.3 years by Albadri et al\u0026nbsp;\u003csup\u003e5\u003c/sup\u003e) but the rate will be influenced by many factors such as the medical history of the children, dietary habits and oral hygiene. \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAlthough the association between socioeconomic deprivation and childhood dental caries is well established, there is limited national-level quantification of the magnitude of this gradient in relation to hospital admissions in very young children. \u0026nbsp;We have demonstrated a robust effect size (~43 fewer admissions per deprivation decile). \u0026nbsp;A small improvement in one or two LSOAs would have a negligible effect on the local authority’s mean rank. \u0026nbsp;Consequently, the regression estimates describe associations with broad, authority-wide socioeconomic conditions and is not driven by local pockets of deprivation.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe findings have important implications for both clinical dental practice and public health policy. Primary care dental services in high-deprivation areas may benefit from enhanced prevention-focused commissioning arrangements, including supervised toothbrushing programmes in early years settings and more accessible pathways for preventive care. Furthermore, integration of oral health promotion within wider early years services, such as health visiting and children’s centres, could help to normalise preventive behaviours and reduce barriers to dental attendance in disadvantaged communities. Addressing the social gradient in severe childhood caries requires coordinated action across health, education, and local authority sectors to tackle the underlying determinants of poor oral health.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eLimitations\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study is ecological in nature and analyses associations at local authority level; individual-level risk or causation cannot be inferred. Hospital admissions capture severe dental disease and do not represent the full burden of dental caries in the community. Nevertheless, admissions for dental caries in young children are a well-recognised and policy-relevant marker of preventable oral health inequality.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBooth, J., Paisi, M., Witton, R. \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e Deprivation and family-level determinants for paediatric dental extractions under general anaesthetic: an ecological study. \u003cem\u003eBr Dent J\u003c/em\u003e (2025). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41415-025-8336-9.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLucas, P., Patsios, D., Walls, K. \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e Neighbourhood incidence rate of paediatric dental extractions under general anaesthetic in South West England. \u003cem\u003eBr Dent J\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e224\u003c/strong\u003e, 169\u0026ndash;176 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.bdj.2018.77\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRaja, A., White, D., Kerr, S. \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e Providing sealants at the general anaesthetic assessment visit for children requiring caries-related dental extractions under general anaesthetic: a pilot randomised controlled trial. \u003cem\u003eBr Dent J\u003c/em\u003e (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41415-021-3220-8\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKakaounaki E, Tahmassebi J F, Fayle S A. Further dental treatment needs of children receiving exodontia under general anaesthesia at a teaching hospital in the UK. Int J Paediatr Dent 2006; 16: 263-269.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAlbadri SS, Jarad FD, Lee GT, Mackie IC. The frequency of repeat general anaesthesia for teeth extractions in children. Int J Paediatr Dent. 2006 Jan;16(1):45-8. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-263X.2006.00679.x. PMID: 16364092.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"british-dental-journal","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":false,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"bdj","sideBox":"Learn more about [British Dental Journal](http://www.nature.com/bdj/)","snPcode":"41415","submissionUrl":"https://mts-bdj.nature.com/cgi-bin/main.plex","title":"British Dental Journal","twitterHandle":"@the_bdj","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"ejp","reportingPortfolio":"Nature AJ","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"Dental caries, Health inequalities, Deprivation, Child oral health, Hospital admissions","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8563536/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8563536/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eObjectives\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTo quantify the association between socioeconomic deprivation and hospital admissions for dental caries among children aged under five years in England, and to assess the robustness of this association using both descriptive and regression-based IMD decile analyses.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMethods\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAn ecological study was undertaken using publicly available data. Socioeconomic deprivation was measured using the Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD) 2019, defined at Lower-layer Super Output Area (LSOA) level and aggregated to local authority level by calculating the mean LSOA-level IMD rank within each authority. Hospital admissions for dental caries among children aged 0–5 years were obtained from the Office for Health Improvement and Disparities Fingertips platform for the most recent complete year available (2021). Admissions were summarised across rounded IMD decile groups for all local authorities with available data (n = 600). Linear regression analyses were conducted to examine associations between admissions and (i) rounded IMD decile and (ii) mean aggregated IMD rank, restricted to local authorities with complete data (n = 238).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResults\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA pronounced deprivation gradient was observed, with substantially higher hospital admissions in more deprived local authorities. Mean admissions decreased progressively across rounded IMD decile groups. In regression analyses, each one-decile increase in IMD decile, indicating lower deprivation, was associated with approximately 43 fewer hospital admissions for dental caries among children aged under five years (95% CI −51.8 to −35.1; p \u0026lt; 0.001). Regression using mean aggregated LSOA-level IMD rank also showed a consistent inverse association, with higher mean rank (lower deprivation) associated with fewer admissions (β = −0.0139 per rank point; 95% CI −0.0178 to −0.0099; p \u0026lt; 0.001).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConclusions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study demonstrates persistent and substantial oral health inequalities in young children across England. The steep increase in hospital admissions for dental caries related to deprivation, highlights the urgent need for proportionate universalism in preventive strategies. This study quantifies the magnitude of the deprivation gradient at national scale and demonstrates its robustness across both descriptive and regression-based IMD decile analyses.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Association Between Area-Level Deprivation and Hospital Dental Admissions in Children Under Five","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2026-01-16 10:43:07","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8563536/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"revise","date":"2026-02-24T16:57:58+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"This content is not available.","date":"2026-02-20T21:25:01+00:00","index":2,"fulltext":"This content is not available."},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"This content is not available.","date":"2026-02-17T01:08:41+00:00","index":1,"fulltext":"This content is not available."},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"This content is not available.","date":"2026-01-27T17:57:23+00:00","index":2,"fulltext":"This content is not available."},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"This content is not available.","date":"2026-01-12T22:42:07+00:00","index":1,"fulltext":"This content is not available."},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2026-01-12T19:08:52+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2026-01-12T08:04:33+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2026-01-12T08:04:27+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"British Dental Journal","date":"2026-01-09T18:10:42+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"british-dental-journal","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":false,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"bdj","sideBox":"Learn more about [British Dental Journal](http://www.nature.com/bdj/)","snPcode":"41415","submissionUrl":"https://mts-bdj.nature.com/cgi-bin/main.plex","title":"British Dental Journal","twitterHandle":"@the_bdj","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"ejp","reportingPortfolio":"Nature AJ","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"9a6fa7f7-fb4d-4952-9840-c74fda129d5a","owner":[],"postedDate":"January 16th, 2026","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[{"id":61020432,"name":"Health sciences/Health care/Dentistry/Dental public health/Dental epidemiology"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-03-13T12:35:38+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2026-01-16 10:43:07","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-8563536","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-8563536","identity":"rs-8563536","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}