Multilevel modelling, prevalence, and predictors of hypertension in Ghana: Evidence from Wave 2 of the World Health Organization’s Study on Global AGEing and adult health

Multilevel modelling, prevalence, and predictors of hypertension in Ghana: Evidence from Wave 2 of the World Health Organization’s Study on Global AGEing and adult health | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research article Multilevel modelling, prevalence, and predictors of hypertension in Ghana: Evidence from Wave 2 of the World Health Organization’s Study on Global AGEing and adult health Justice Moses Kwaku Aheto, Getachew A. Dagne This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-70813/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background Hypertension is a major public health issue, a critical risk factor for cardiovascular diseases and stroke, especially in developing countries where the rates remain unacceptably high. In Africa, hypertension is the leading driver of cardiovascular disease and stroke deaths. Identification of critical risk factors of hypertension can help formulate targeted public health programmes and policies aimed at reducing the prevalence and its associated morbidity, disability, and mortality. This study attempts to develop multilevel binary logistic regression model, an in-depth statistical model to identify critical risk factors of hypertension to inform interventions aimed at improving cardiovascular health outcomes among adults. Methods This study used data on 4667 individuals aged ≥ 18 years from the nationally representative World Health Organization Study on global AGEing and adult health (SAGE) Ghana Wave 2 conducted in 2014/2015. Multilevel regression modelling was applied on final sample of 4381 individuals residing in 3790 households to identify critical risk factors for hypertension based on systolic blood pressure (SBP) (i.e. SBP > 140 mmHg). Results A total of 1273(27.3%) were hypertensive. Critical risk factors for hypertension identified were aged ≥ 50 years (OR = 5.4, 95% CI: 4.11–7.09), obese (OR = 1.51, 95% CI: 1.19–1.91), currently married (OR = 0.75, 95% CI: 0.64–0.89), individuals in moderate (OR = 1.38, 95% CI: 1.15–1.65) or bad/very bad health state (OR = 1.35, 95% CI: 1.0-1.83) and moderate difficulty with self-care (OR = 1.64, 95% CI: 1.1–2.44). Strong unobserved household-level residual variations were found. The results from the variation analyses showed that over 12% of variance in hypertension could be attributable to residual household-level variations. Conclusion Hypertension remains high in Ghana. Addressing the problem of obesity, targeting specific interventions to those aged over 50 years, and improvement in the general health of Ghanaians are paramount to reducing the prevalence and its associated morbidity, disability, and mortality. Lifestyle modification in the form of dietary intake, knowledge provision supported with strong public health message and political will could be beneficial to the management and prevention of hypertension. Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems Multilevel modelling Binary logistic regression Hypertension Risk factors Hypertension determinants Developing countries Sub-Saharan Africa Ghana Full Text Tables Table 1: Summary of selected background characteristics of respondents Variables n (%) Variables n (%) Hypertensive Ever use alcohol No 3394 (72.72) No 3298 (70.91) Yes 1273 (27.28) Yes 1353 (29.09) Age Health status today <50 1140 (24.43) Good/very good 3178 (68.23) ≥50 3527 (75.57) Moderate 1100 (23.62) Sex Bad/very bad 380 (8.16) Male 1928 (41.31) High salt diet can cause health problems Female 2739 (58.69) Yes 2897 (67.37) Ethnicity No 1403 (32.63) Akan 2264 (48.51) Problem with self-care Ewe 272 (5.83) None 3730 (80.03) Ga-Adangbe 581 (12.45) Mild 675 (14.48) Guan 192 (4.11) Moderate 200 (4.29) Northern dialect 1358 (29.10) Severe/extreme 56 (1.20) Marital status Wall Currently not married 2069 (44.33) Durable materials 2911 (62.74) Currently married 2598 (55.67) Non-durable materials 1729 (37.26) Father’s education Drinking water No formal education 3453 (73.99) Piped source 2335 (50.31) Primary or less 574 (12.30) Non-piped source 2306 (49.69) Secondary or higher 640 (13.71) Toilets Obese Flush toilets 719 (15.52) No 3913 (87.52) Non-flush toilets 3913 (84.48) Yes 558 (12.48) Cooking fuel Vigorous activity Gas/electric 551 (11.94) None 2037 (43.77) Coal/charcoal/kerosene 1593 (34.51) Mild 713 (15.32) Wood 2472 (53.55) Moderate 890 (19.12) Shared toilets Severe 453 (9.73) No 919 (23.45) Extreme 561 (12.05) Yes 3000 (76.55) Use tobacco Floor Yes 281 (6.04) Hard floor 4000 (86.34) No 4370 (93.96) Earth floor 633 (13.66) n: Frequency. %: Percentage Table 2: Risk factors for hypertension from single-level logistic regression models Single-level univariable logistic Single-level multivariable logistic Variables UOR (95% CI) P-value AOR (95% CI) P-value Age <0.001*** <50 years ref ref 50 or more 5.12 (4.13-6.35) <0.001*** 4.85 (3.85-6.11) <0.001*** Obesity <0.001*** No ref ref Yes 1.51 (1.25-1.83) <0.001*** 1.47 (1.19-1.83) <0.001*** Sex <0.001*** Male ref ref Female 1.28 (1.12-1.46) <0.001*** 1.11 (0.94-1.31) 0.209 Marital status <0.001*** Not currently married ref ref Currently married 0.72 (0.63-0.82) <0.001*** 0.76 (0.66-0.89) <0.001*** Toilet facility <0.001*** Flush toilets ref ref Non-flush toilets 0.74 (0.62-0.88) 0.001** 0.79 (0.63-0.99) 0.039* Health state <0.001*** Good/ very good ref ref Moderate 1.91 (1.65-2.22) <0.001*** 1.34 (1.14-1.58) <0.001*** Bad/very bad 2.08 (1.66-2.6) <0.001*** 1.32 (1-1.73) 0.047* Difficulty with self-care <0.001*** Good/ very good ref ref Mild 1.18 (0.98-1.41) 0.076 1.05 (0.86-1.28) 0.646 Moderate 2.13 (1.59-2.85) <0.001*** 1.57 (1.09-2.25) 0.015* Severe/extreme 3.32 (1.96-5.65) <0.001*** 1.78 (0.77-4.13) 0.177 Alcohol 0.605 No ref ref Yes 1.04 (0.9-1.2) 0.605 1.09 (0.92-1.28) 0.317 Cooking fuel 0.368 Gas/ electric ref ref Coal/charcoal/kerosene 0.96 (0.77-1.18) 0.681 0.97 (0.75-1.26) 0.816 Wood 0.88 (0.72-1.09) 0.24 0.87 (0.66-1.13) 0.296 Walls 0.005** - Durable materials ref Non-durable material 0.82 (0.72-0.94) 0.005** Floor 0.026* - Hard floor ref Earth floor 0.8 (0.66-0.97) 0.026* Ethnicity <0.001*** - Akan ref Ewe 1.33 (1.01-1.74) 0.04* Ga-Adangbe 1.31 (1.08-1.6) 0.007** Guan 0.8 (0.56-1.13) 0.203 Northern dialect 0.87 (0.75-1.02) 0.08 UOR: unadjusted odds ratio. AOR: adjusted odds ratio. CI: confidence interval. ref: reference category. *: P-value <0.05. **: P-value<0.01. ***: P-value <0.001 Table 3: Risk factors for hypertension from multilevel (mixed effect) logistic regression models Mixed effect logistic Variables AOR (95% CI) P-value Parameter (95% CI) Age <50 years ref 50 or more 5.40 (4.11-7.09) <0.001*** Obesity No ref Yes 1.51 (1.19-1.91) 0.001** Sex Male ref Female 1.11 (0.94-1.33) 0.225 Marital status Not currently married ref Currently married 0.75 (0.64-0.89) 0.001** Toilet facility Flush toilets ref Non-flush toilets 0.79 (0.62-1.01) 0.06 Health state Good/ very good ref Moderate 1.38 (1.15-1.65) <0.001*** Bad/very bad 1.35 (1-1.83) 0.047* Difficulty with self-care None ref Mild 1.06 (0.85-1.32) 0.62 Moderate 1.64 (1.1-2.44) 0.016* Severe/extreme 1.88 (0.74-4.73) 0.182 Alcohol No ref Yes 1.1 (0.92-1.31) 0.282 Cooking fuel Gas/ electric ref Coal/charcoal/kerosene 0.96 (0.73-1.28) 0.799 Wood 0.84 (0.63-1.14) 0.266 Individual-level variance 3.29 Household-level variance 0.022 0.46 (0.15 – 1.48) AOR: adjusted odds ratio. CI: confidence interval. ref: reference category. *: P-value <0.05. **: P-value<0.01. ***: P-value <0.001 Supplementary Files Additionalfile1.pdf Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-70813","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":2690224,"identity":"9ed8744c-8975-41c2-8fed-621e4de7d85d","order_by":0,"name":"Justice Moses Kwaku Aheto","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA7klEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBACxgYgkQDEBiDeBwiboBbGBogWZgbGGcRogVkE1sLMQ4wW5hnpzx88qLGRN2fvP/jYts0uj5+9gfHDxxw8VszIMWxIOJZmuLPnMLNxbltysWTPAWbJmdvwamFsSGw4zLjhRjKbdG4bc+KGGwlszLx4taQ/BGr5b7/h/mM2acu2emK0JBgCtRwAqmRmk2ZsO0yElp43hjMSjiUnbziTbGzYc+544syeg814/WLYnv7g448aO9sNxw8+fPCjrDqxn7354IeP+LQ0oNjJBiYbsKmEA3lU7h+8ikfBKBgFo2CEAgCGa1irS6Hi1QAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1384-2461","institution":"University of Ghana","correspondingAuthor":true,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Justice","middleName":"Moses Kwaku","lastName":"Aheto","suffix":""},{"id":2690225,"identity":"d9666681-027c-4364-b389-aee972bd6886","order_by":1,"name":"Getachew A. Dagne","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of South Florida","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Getachew","middleName":"A.","lastName":"Dagne","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2020-09-02 11:24:30","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-70813/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-70813/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":13535932,"identity":"d9c6835a-7e6e-412e-bd60-495e9b6f4f9b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-09-17 01:30:27","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":395553,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"AhetoHypertension20.09.2020Clean.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-70813/v1_covered.pdf"},{"id":2661321,"identity":"31e8607b-f071-45fe-981b-f8d2500135ab","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2020-09-28 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width=\"36%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVariables\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"11%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003en (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"3%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"37%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVariables\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"11%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003en (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"36%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHypertensive\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"11%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"3%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"37%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEver use alcohol\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"11%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"36%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"11%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3394 (72.72)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"3%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"37%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"11%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3298 (70.91)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"36%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"11%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1273 (27.28)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"3%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"37%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"11%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1353 (29.09)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"36%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAge\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"11%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"3%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"37%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHealth status today\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"11%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"36%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;50\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"11%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1140 (24.43)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"3%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"37%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGood/very good\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"11%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3178 (68.23)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"36%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;50\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"11%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3527 (75.57)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"3%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"37%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eModerate\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"11%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1100 (23.62)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"36%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSex\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"11%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"3%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"37%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBad/very bad\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"11%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e380 (8.16)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"36%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"11%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1928 (41.31)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"3%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"37%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHigh salt diet can cause health problems\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"11%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"36%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"11%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2739 (58.69)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"3%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"37%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"11%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2897 (67.37)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"36%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthnicity\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"11%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"3%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"37%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"11%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1403 (32.63)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"36%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAkan\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"11%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2264 (48.51)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"3%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"37%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eProblem with self-care\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"11%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"36%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEwe\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"11%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e272 (5.83)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"3%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"37%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNone\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"11%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3730 (80.03)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"36%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGa-Adangbe\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"11%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e581 (12.45)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"3%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"37%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMild\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"11%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e675 (14.48)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"36%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGuan\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"11%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e192 (4.11)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"3%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"37%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eModerate\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"11%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e200 (4.29)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"36%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNorthern dialect\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"11%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1358 (29.10)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"3%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"37%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSevere/extreme\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"11%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e56 (1.20)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"36%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMarital status\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"11%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"3%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"37%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWall\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"11%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"36%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCurrently not married\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"11%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2069 (44.33)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"3%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"37%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDurable materials\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"11%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp; 2911 (62.74)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"36%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCurrently married\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"11%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2598 (55.67)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"3%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"37%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNon-durable materials\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"11%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1729 (37.26)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"36%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFather\u0026rsquo;s education\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"11%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"3%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"37%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDrinking water\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"11%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"36%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo formal education\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"11%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3453 (73.99)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"3%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"37%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePiped source\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"11%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2335 (50.31)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"36%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePrimary or less\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"11%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e574 (12.30)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"3%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"37%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNon-piped source\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"11%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2306 (49.69)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"36%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSecondary or higher\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"11%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e640 (13.71)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"3%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"37%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eToilets\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"11%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"36%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eObese\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"11%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"3%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"37%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFlush toilets\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"11%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e719 (15.52)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"36%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"11%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3913 (87.52)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"3%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"37%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNon-flush toilets\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"11%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp; 3913 (84.48)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"36%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"11%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e558 (12.48)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"3%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"37%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCooking fuel\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"11%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"36%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVigorous activity\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"11%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"3%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"37%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGas/electric\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"11%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp; 551 (11.94)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"36%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNone\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"11%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2037 (43.77)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"3%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"37%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCoal/charcoal/kerosene\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"11%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1593 (34.51)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"36%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMild\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"11%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e713 (15.32)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"3%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"37%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWood\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"11%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2472 (53.55)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"36%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eModerate\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"11%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e890 (19.12)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"3%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"37%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eShared toilets\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"11%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"36%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSevere\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"11%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e453 (9.73)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"3%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"37%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"11%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e919 (23.45)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"36%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eExtreme\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"11%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e561 (12.05)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"3%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"37%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"11%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3000 (76.55)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"36%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eUse tobacco\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"11%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"3%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"37%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFloor\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"11%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"36%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"11%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e281 (6.04)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"3%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"37%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHard floor\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"11%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4000 (86.34)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"36%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"11%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4370 (93.96)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"3%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"37%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEarth floor\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"11%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; 633 (13.66)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003en: Frequency. %: Percentage\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 2: Risk factors for hypertension from single-level logistic regression models\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" width=\"104%\"\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"26%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" width=\"33%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSingle-level univariable logistic\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"3%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" width=\"33%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSingle-level multivariable logistic\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"3%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"26%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVariables\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"19%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eUOR (95% CI)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"13%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eP-value\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"3%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"19%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAOR (95% CI)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"13%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eP-value\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"3%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"26%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAge\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"19%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"13%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001***\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"3%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"19%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"13%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"3%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"26%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;50 years\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"19%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eref\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"13%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"3%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"19%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eref\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"13%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"3%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"26%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e50 or more\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"19%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5.12 (4.13-6.35)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"13%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001***\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"3%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"19%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4.85 (3.85-6.11)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"13%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001***\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"3%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"26%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eObesity\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"19%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"13%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001***\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"3%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"19%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"13%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"3%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"26%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"19%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eref\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"13%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"3%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"19%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eref\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"13%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"3%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"26%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"19%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.51 (1.25-1.83)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"13%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001***\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"3%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"19%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.47 (1.19-1.83)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"13%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001***\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"3%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"26%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSex\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"19%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"13%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001***\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"3%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"19%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"13%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"3%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"26%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"19%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eref\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"13%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"3%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"19%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eref\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"13%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"3%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"26%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"19%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.28 (1.12-1.46)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"13%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001***\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"3%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"19%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.11 (0.94-1.31)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"13%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.209\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"3%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"26%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMarital status\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"19%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"13%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001***\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"3%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"19%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"13%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"3%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"26%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot currently married\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"19%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eref\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"13%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"3%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"19%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eref\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"13%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"3%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"26%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCurrently married\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"19%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.72 (0.63-0.82)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"13%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001***\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"3%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"19%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.76 (0.66-0.89)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"13%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001***\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"3%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"26%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eToilet facility\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"19%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"13%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001***\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"3%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"19%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"13%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"3%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"26%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFlush toilets\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"19%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eref\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"13%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"3%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"19%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eref\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"13%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"3%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"26%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNon-flush toilets\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"19%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.74 (0.62-0.88)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"13%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.001**\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"3%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"19%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.79 (0.63-0.99)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"13%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.039*\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"3%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"26%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHealth state\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"19%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"13%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001***\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"3%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"19%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"13%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"3%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"26%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGood/ very good\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"19%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eref\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"13%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"3%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"19%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eref\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"13%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"3%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"26%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eModerate\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"19%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.91 (1.65-2.22)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"13%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001***\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"3%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"19%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.34 (1.14-1.58)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"13%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001***\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"3%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"26%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBad/very bad\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"19%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.08 (1.66-2.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"13%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001***\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"3%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"19%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.32 (1-1.73)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"13%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.047*\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"3%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"26%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDifficulty with self-care\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"19%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"13%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001***\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"3%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"19%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"13%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"3%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"26%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGood/ very good\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"19%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eref\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"13%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"3%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"19%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eref\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"13%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"3%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"26%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMild\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"19%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.18 (0.98-1.41)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"13%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.076\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"3%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"19%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.05 (0.86-1.28)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"13%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.646\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"3%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"26%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eModerate\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"19%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.13 (1.59-2.85)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"13%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001***\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"3%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"19%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.57 (1.09-2.25)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"13%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.015*\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"3%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"26%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSevere/extreme\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"19%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.32 (1.96-5.65)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"13%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001***\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"3%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"19%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.78 (0.77-4.13)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"13%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.177\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"3%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"26%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAlcohol\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"19%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"13%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.605\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"3%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"19%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"13%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"3%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"26%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"19%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eref\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"13%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"3%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"19%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eref\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"13%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"3%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"26%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"19%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.04 (0.9-1.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"13%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.605\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"3%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"19%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.09 (0.92-1.28)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"13%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.317\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"3%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"26%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCooking fuel\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"19%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"13%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.368\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"3%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"19%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"13%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"3%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"26%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGas/ electric\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"19%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eref\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"13%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"3%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"19%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eref\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"13%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"3%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"26%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCoal/charcoal/kerosene\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"19%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.96 (0.77-1.18)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"13%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.681\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"3%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"19%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.97 (0.75-1.26)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"13%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.816\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"3%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"26%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWood\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"19%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.88 (0.72-1.09)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"13%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.24\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"3%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"19%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.87 (0.66-1.13)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"13%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.296\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"3%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"26%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWalls\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"19%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"13%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.005**\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"3%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"19%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"13%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"3%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"26%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDurable materials\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"19%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eref\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"13%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"3%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"19%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"13%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"3%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"26%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNon-durable material\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"19%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.82 (0.72-0.94)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"13%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.005**\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"3%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"19%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"13%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"3%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"26%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFloor \u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"19%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"13%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.026*\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"3%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"19%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"13%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"3%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"26%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHard floor\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"19%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eref\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"13%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"3%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"19%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"13%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"3%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"26%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEarth floor\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"19%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.8 (0.66-0.97)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"13%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.026*\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"3%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"19%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"13%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"3%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"26%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthnicity\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"19%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"13%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001***\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"3%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"19%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"13%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"3%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"26%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAkan\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"19%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eref\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"13%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"3%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"19%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"13%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"3%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"26%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEwe\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"19%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.33 (1.01-1.74)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"13%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.04*\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"3%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"19%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"13%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"3%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"26%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGa-Adangbe\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"19%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.31 (1.08-1.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"13%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.007**\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"3%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"19%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"13%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"3%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"26%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGuan\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"19%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.8 (0.56-1.13)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"13%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.203\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"3%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"19%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"13%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"3%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"26%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNorthern dialect\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"19%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.87 (0.75-1.02)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"13%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"3%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"19%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"13%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"3%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eUOR: unadjusted odds ratio. AOR: adjusted odds ratio. CI: confidence interval. ref: reference category. *: P-value \u0026lt;0.05. **: P-value\u0026lt;0.01. ***: P-value \u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 3: Risk factors for hypertension from multilevel (mixed effect) logistic regression models\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" width=\"100%\"\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"36%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"2\" width=\"42%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMixed effect logistic\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"21%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"36%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVariables\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"24%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAOR (95% CI)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"17%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eP-value\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"21%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eParameter (95% CI)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"36%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAge\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"24%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"17%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"21%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"36%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;50 years\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"24%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eref\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"17%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"21%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"36%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e50 or more\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"24%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5.40 (4.11-7.09)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"17%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001***\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"21%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"36%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eObesity\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"24%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"17%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"21%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"36%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"24%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eref\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"17%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"21%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"36%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"24%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.51 (1.19-1.91)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"17%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.001**\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"21%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"36%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSex\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"24%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"17%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"21%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"36%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"24%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eref\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"17%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"21%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"36%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"24%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.11 (0.94-1.33)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"17%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.225\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"21%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"36%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMarital status\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"24%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"17%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"21%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"36%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot currently married\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"24%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eref\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"17%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"21%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"36%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCurrently married\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"24%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.75 (0.64-0.89)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"17%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.001**\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"21%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"36%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eToilet facility\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"24%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"17%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"21%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"36%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFlush toilets\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"24%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eref\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"17%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"21%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"36%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNon-flush toilets\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"24%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.79 (0.62-1.01)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"17%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"21%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"36%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHealth state\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"24%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"17%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"21%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"36%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGood/ very good\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"24%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eref\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"17%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"21%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"36%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eModerate\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"24%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.38 (1.15-1.65)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"17%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001***\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"21%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"36%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBad/very bad\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"24%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.35 (1-1.83)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"17%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.047*\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"21%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"36%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDifficulty with self-care\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"24%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"17%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"21%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"36%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNone\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"24%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eref\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"17%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"21%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"36%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMild\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"24%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.06 (0.85-1.32)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"17%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.62\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"21%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"36%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eModerate\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"24%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.64 (1.1-2.44)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"17%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.016*\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"21%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"36%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSevere/extreme\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"24%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.88 (0.74-4.73)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"17%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.182\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"21%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"36%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAlcohol\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"24%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"17%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"21%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"36%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"24%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eref\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"17%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"21%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"36%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"24%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.1 (0.92-1.31)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"17%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.282\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"21%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"36%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCooking fuel\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"24%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"17%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"21%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"36%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGas/ electric\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"24%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eref\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"17%\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"21%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"36%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCoal/charcoal/kerosene\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"24%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.96 (0.73-1.28)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"17%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.799\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"21%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"36%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWood\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"24%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.84 (0.63-1.14)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"17%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.266\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"21%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"36%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIndividual-level variance \u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"24%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"17%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"21%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.29\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"36%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHousehold-level variance \u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"24%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"17%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.022\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"21%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.46 (0.15 \u0026ndash; 1.48)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAOR: adjusted odds ratio. CI: confidence interval. ref: reference category. *: P-value \u0026lt;0.05. **: P-value\u0026lt;0.01. ***: P-value \u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e "}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Multilevel modelling, Binary logistic regression, Hypertension, Risk factors, Hypertension determinants, Developing countries, Sub-Saharan Africa, Ghana","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-70813/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-70813/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003ch2\u003eBackground\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eHypertension is a major public health issue, a critical risk factor for cardiovascular diseases and stroke, especially in developing countries where the rates remain unacceptably high. In Africa, hypertension is the leading driver of cardiovascular disease and stroke deaths. Identification of critical risk factors of hypertension can help formulate targeted public health programmes and policies aimed at reducing the prevalence and its associated morbidity, disability, and mortality. This study attempts to develop multilevel binary logistic regression model, an in-depth statistical model to identify critical risk factors of hypertension to inform interventions aimed at improving cardiovascular health outcomes among adults.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMethods\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study used data on 4667 individuals aged\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;18\u0026nbsp;years from the nationally representative World Health Organization Study on global AGEing and adult health (SAGE) Ghana Wave 2 conducted in 2014/2015. Multilevel regression modelling was applied on final sample of 4381 individuals residing in 3790 households to identify critical risk factors for hypertension based on systolic blood pressure (SBP) (i.e. SBP\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;140\u0026nbsp;mmHg).\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResults\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eA total of 1273(27.3%) were hypertensive. Critical risk factors for hypertension identified were aged\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;50\u0026nbsp;years (OR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;5.4, 95% CI: 4.11\u0026ndash;7.09), obese (OR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.51, 95% CI: 1.19\u0026ndash;1.91), currently married (OR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.75, 95% CI: 0.64\u0026ndash;0.89), individuals in moderate (OR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.38, 95% CI: 1.15\u0026ndash;1.65) or bad/very bad health state (OR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.35, 95% CI: 1.0-1.83) and moderate difficulty with self-care (OR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.64, 95% CI: 1.1\u0026ndash;2.44). Strong unobserved household-level residual variations were found. The results from the variation analyses showed that over 12% of variance in hypertension could be attributable to residual household-level variations.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eConclusion\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eHypertension remains high in Ghana. Addressing the problem of obesity, targeting specific interventions to those aged over 50 years, and improvement in the general health of Ghanaians are paramount to reducing the prevalence and its associated morbidity, disability, and mortality. Lifestyle modification in the form of dietary intake, knowledge provision supported with strong public health message and political will could be beneficial to the management and prevention of hypertension.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Multilevel modelling, prevalence, and predictors of hypertension in Ghana: Evidence from Wave 2 of the World Health Organization’s Study on Global AGEing and adult health","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2020-09-28 17:37:12","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-70813/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"192e8231-651f-4f9d-9974-4229afbd9220","owner":[],"postedDate":"September 28th, 2020","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[{"id":613560,"name":"Cardiac \u0026 Cardiovascular Systems"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2020-09-28T17:39:53+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2020-09-28 17:37:12","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-70813","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-70813","identity":"rs-70813","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"7rjqhiLT3MXkJMwkYKINL","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}