Automation of Ground Station using Open-Source software

Automation of Ground Station using Open-Source software | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Automation of Ground Station using Open-Source software Gunesh Reddy S, Mohammad Zikriya B, R Vignesh Reddy, Chiranth CS, and 1 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8313259/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 27 Apr, 2026 Read the published version in ISSS Journal of Micro and Smart Systems → Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract This article presents an automated ground station built entirely with open-source software and lightweight hardware. A Python-based system integrates orbital propagation using the SKYFIELD model, antenna rotator control through real-time azimuth and elevation calculations, and reception/decoding of telemetry and weather images via SatDump. Two-Line Element (TLE) data from public sources are used to compute satellite passes, including Arrival of Signal (AoS), Loss of Signal (LoS), and Time of Closest Approach (TCA), with sub-second accuracy. These predictions directly drive antenna rotors while reception tasks are automated through external tools. To extend usability, the system integrates Internet of Things (IoT) functionality, enabling received data to be uploaded to the cloud for storage and analysis. A mobile-friendly control panel allows users to operate and monitor the ground station remotely, while received satellite data can also be accessed directly on mobile devices. Validated on Raspberry Pi, the system is low-cost, portable, and scalable, providing a practical approach to ground station automation for research, education, and small-scale satellite communication projects. Open-source IoT Mobile control Skyfield SatDump TLE Ground station automation AoS LoS TCA Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 9 I. Introduction Ground stations serve an essential function in satellite communications systems by enabling communication between people on Earth and satellites in orbit. They are responsible for interacting with satellites, obtaining data from them, and organizing the data [ 1 ]. This helps with satellite communication, weather monitoring, and research, among other things [ 2 ]. But traditional ground stations often require a lot of manual work, such as adjusting antennas, correcting for signal shifts, and decoding data, which can cause delays and sometimes result in lost data. To address these challenges, automation of ground stations using open-source software has emerged as a cost-effective and flexible solution. Open-source tools allow operators to automate key tasks such as (a) satellite tracking and prediction, (b) antenna control and positioning, (c) data reception, and (d) signal processing and analysis, (e) IoT-based cloud integration for remote access and monitoring. These new tools and cheaper equipment have made it easier to simplify and automate these tasks [ 3 – 5 ]. There are now software and hardware solutions that can predict satellite positions, control antennas, and process data in real time, allowing ground stations to work with very little human help. Also, connecting these systems with IoT platforms makes it possible to access them from far away, store data in the cloud, and use them with smartphones or other devices, making them much more useful [ 6 ]. This article describes the creation of a low-cost, fully automatic ground station using light-weight hardware and open source tools. The system uses Python-based models to track satellites, software to decode signals, and cloud services connected through IoT to enable remote monitoring. The result is a system that is light, easy to use, and adaptable enough for scientists, teachers, and small mobile teams. Moreover, with web based access and interface, it can be operated remotely with minimal human intervention at the ground station. II. Design Methodology The design methodology of automating a ground station using open-source software involves a systematic approach to integrate various components and tools. For our experiment, we decided to use open source python package Skyfield (MIT License) to predict the satellite position and passes, PySerial (BSD License) for interfacing with the antenna rotor controller, and finally SatDump CLI (GPL License) for radio interface and satellite signal processing including demodulation and decoding. This design incorporates modular architecture, allowing for flexibility and scalability. APIs and interfaces are used to connect different components, enabling seamless communication and data exchange. Testing and validation of the proposed methodology was carried out on a VHF/UHF satellite ground station at the Dhritvan Space Lab Ground Station (Sri Jagadguru Chandrashekaranatha Swamiji Institute of Technology (SJCIT)). By leveraging open-source software, the automation of the ground station has become cost-effective, with the added benefit of community-driven development and support. This methodology enables efficient and reliable operation of the ground station, supporting various satellite communication and data reception tasks. A cost effective IoT-based automated ground station design that combines signal reception, antenna rotor control, and pass prediction with an operator-friendly interface is shown in this work as given by Fig. 1 . a. Prediction of Passes via Skyfield and TLEs The prediction of passes via Skyfield and TLEs involves forecasting the position and visibility of satellites in Earth's orbit. TLEs provide standardized orbital parameters, while the Skyfield package uses these parameters to predict satellite positions, accounting for perturbations like atmospheric drag. The Skyfield library of python is used to process the TLEs using SGP4 (Simplified General Perturbations-4) algorithm to calculate important parameters including rise angle, set angle, culmination angle, Arrival of Signal (AoS) Time, and Loss of Signal (LoS) Time. By utilizing the AoS and LoS timings, the duration of each satellite pass is determined by Skyfield. The satellite passes are arranged chronologically by the system once the forecasts are generated. These predicted passes and their timings are used to control the further actions of ground station such as antenna pointing and enabling the radio to receive and decode the signals transmitted by the satellite during the pass. b. Antenna Rotor Control Once the pass prediction has scheduled the passes, dual stack yagi uda antenna shall be pointed in the direction of satellite arrival point 5 minutes prior to AOS, and subsequently it shall trace the path of satellite by keeping ground system antenna looking towards the satellite during the pass. The system then follows that path of the satellite. Within this interval, the azimuth and elevation angles are calculated and regularly updated. The controller used for antenna pointing is YAESU G5500, we have decided to keep update interval between 1 to 2 seconds for smooth tracking. This ensures accurate and continuous tracking of satellite with minimum pointing loss. This setup enables accurate and automated tracking of satellites, improving communication and signal reception. c. Signal reception via SatDump When the satellite pass begins, the rotor system automatically initiates satellite tracking, while SatDump is triggered to record the incoming signals. SatDump interfaces with SDR to receive the satellite signals, demodulate and decode then based on the selected pipelines. This software can be accessed via GUI or CLI. We are using this package in command line interface by sending the commands via python creating a sub-process. The required metadata—such as transmission frequency, modulation type, and mode of transmission—is provided in a Javascript Object Notation file (JSON). Using this metadata, SatDump is configured to capture signals from the RTL-SDR. During the pass, the rotor continues to track the satellite, while SatDump sub-process records the signals in live mode. If live recording is not feasible, the system defaults to recording raw signals at a specified frequency. These raw signals are saved in a .ziq file format, which can later be manually decoded using the SatDump tool. All successfully received data is systematically stored in the designated directory for further processing. d. User interface The Satellite Tracker application serves as a unified Mission Control Access Portal, enabling users to monitor, schedule, and review satellite observations within a streamlined interface. The journey begins at the Login Interface (Fig. 4), where users or administrators can authenticate their access, with an additional option for new user registration. Upon login, users are directed to the Satellite Explorer Dashboard (Fig. 5), which provides a consolidated view of tracked orbital objects such as the International Space Station (ISS) , Hubble Space Telescope , and Starlink-1 . Each satellite is represented by a status card that displays information about the next pass in UTC. From this high-level view, selecting a satellite—for instance, the ISS— opens the Detailed Satellite View (Fig. 6 ), which is organized into two sections: Upcoming Passes and Past Passes . The Upcoming Passes section lists precise pass predictions, including AOS time, LOS time, maximum elevation, and pass direction, while also providing a Schedule option for direct observation planning. The Past Passes section (Fig. 7 ) archives historical observation data using the same pass parameters and integrates a Download Image feature to retrieve stored imagery or ground-station data. When scheduling an observation, users are presented with the Schedule Observation Modal (Fig. 8 ), which consolidates key details such as the satellite’s NORAD ID, rise, culmination, and set angles, along with AOS and LOS times, before confirming the observation. By combining real-time tracking, scheduling, and archival access, the Satellite Tracker application delivers a comprehensive mission control solution that supports both operational awareness and actionable satellite observation management. III. Experimental Results This setup was able to track a pass and capture the signals from the satellite autonomously. The ground station’s coordinates and elevation was configured and a list of TLEs of satellites to be tracked was given in a .tle file with the corresponding metadata required by the Satdump cli in a .json file. The following Fig. 7 shows an example of the same, representing an image captured by meteor satellite and received by our ground station. IV. Conclusions and Future Works The proposed work has been successfully implemented at Dhritvan Space Lab SJCIT Chikkaballapur. We have tested this with several satellite passes and were able to successfully receive and decode as shown in the results section. This serves as proof that reasonable level of autonomy can be achieved in ground station operations. The web app has provided a decent level of remote control over the ground station in an intuitive and user-friendly manner. Many users have expressed positive feedback about the user interface so this can also bring down the barrier to entry for new ground station operators. Since satellite passes can occur anytime this eliminates the need for the ground station operator to sit and wait for the pass. At the same time being able to monitor the passes remotely is a very significant quality of life improvement for operators. In addition to remote satellite list management, several quality-of-life improvements can be incorporated into the platform to enhance usability and reliability. One such improvement is the implementation of a notification system that alerts operators in advance of upcoming satellite passes and automated alerts in the form of email in the event of a critical or a fatal failure, enabling rapid intervention and minimizing downtime. The platform can also be extended to support the interconnection of multiple geographically distributed ground stations, creating a collaborative network capable of coordinated satellite tracking. Data captured from these stations can be transmitted to a centralized cloud infrastructure, where it is securely stored, organized, and made accessible for further processing and analysis. Such enhancements will significantly improve system resilience, facilitate large-scale data collection, and lay the foundation for a salable and distributed ground station network. Declarations Data Availability Declaration “No datasets were generated or analysed during the current study.” Author Contribution Declaration Conceptualization and methodology: Gunesh Reddy S; Writing – original draft preparation: R Vignesh Reddy; Webpage creation and visualization: Chiranth C S; Analysis and investigation: Mohammad Zikriya B; Writing – revised draft preparation and supervision: Anitha C. Competing Interest Declaration The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose. References “Ground Station Operation” in Spacecraft Operations , Springer, 2022, pp. 197-211. A. Done, A.-M. Căilean, C.-E. Leșanu, M. Dimian, and A. Graur, “Design and implementation of a satellite communication ground station,” in Proceedings of the International Symposium on Signals, Circuits and Systems (ISSCS) , Iaşi, Romania, 2017, pp. 1-5, doi: 10.1109/ISSCS.2017.8034925. M. Ahmed, A. S. Zakaria and O. Hammi, "A Low-Cost Portable and Agile Amateur Satellites Ground-Station," 2023 IEEE 9th International Conference on Smart Instrumentation, Measurement and Applications (ICSIMA) , Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 2023, pp. 235-239, doi: 10.1109/ICSIMA59853.2023.10373492. T. Pany, “GNSS Software-Defined Radio: History, Current Developments, and Outlook” NAVIGATION: Journal of the Institute of Navigation , vol. 71, no. 1, pp. 125–140, Mar. 2024, doi: 10.33012/navi.622. Techavijit P, Sukchalerm P. “Cost-Effective Satellite Ground Stations in Real-World Development for Space Classrooms”, Aerospace . 2025; 12(2):105. https://doi.org/10.3390/aerospace12020105 J. Villanueva-Maldonado, J. L. Alvarez-Flores, M. Cardenas-Juarez, J. Flores-Troncoso, and J. Simon, “An IoT Ground Station: Mechanics, Control, Antenna, and Reception from a LoRa Satellite Network,” IEEE Latin America Transactions , vol. 21, no. 12, pp. 1166–1175, Dec. 2023, doi: 10.1109/TLA.2023.10393815 Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 27 Apr, 2026 Read the published version in ISSS Journal of Micro and Smart Systems → Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-8313259","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":569247951,"identity":"845c02a2-597c-49e6-9cc9-2bea531bbbcf","order_by":0,"name":"Gunesh Reddy 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5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":81357,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eExplore Page\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8313259/v1/495e37b92ad265c790a5fa3b.png"},{"id":99793509,"identity":"e4a21999-ec1e-46d3-8d86-e2b60bee4731","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-08 13:31:43","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":55488,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSatellite Page (Future passes)\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8313259/v1/0688d07332d17516cd0e6f7a.png"},{"id":99792707,"identity":"0f710373-7c04-4256-bce7-199820654bdd","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-08 13:25:06","extension":"png","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":50926,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSatellite Page (Past passes)\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8313259/v1/6b2e517dc3c6ead199b8276b.png"},{"id":99792973,"identity":"8bfed002-1ca4-42f1-ae46-74471ad15be7","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-08 13:30:45","extension":"png","order_by":8,"title":"Figure 8","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":53056,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSatellite Page (Scheduling passes)\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"8.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8313259/v1/c27b7e5739de2059397e46d6.png"},{"id":99794085,"identity":"3ed457f0-58be-4622-8dca-6ddf1f838aa8","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-08 13:33:56","extension":"png","order_by":9,"title":"Figure 9","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":945628,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eFig.7 Decoded images from Meteor M 2-x satellites\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"07.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8313259/v1/ac054e69c206d0bf2b5f1738.png"},{"id":108437546,"identity":"c4eebd4e-f4f5-43d3-812e-c09479dea2b9","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-05-04 15:58:59","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":2663714,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8313259/v1/6d1b3384-8cad-41a1-9c5f-29cfd9d562cc.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Automation of Ground Station using Open-Source software","fulltext":[{"header":"I. Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eGround stations serve an essential function in satellite communications systems by enabling communication between people on Earth and satellites in orbit. They are responsible for interacting with satellites, obtaining data from them, and organizing the data [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]. This helps with satellite communication, weather monitoring, and research, among other things [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]. But traditional ground stations often require a lot of manual work, such as adjusting antennas, correcting for signal shifts, and decoding data, which can cause delays and sometimes result in lost data.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo address these challenges, automation of ground stations using open-source software has emerged as a cost-effective and flexible solution. Open-source tools allow operators to automate key tasks such as (a) satellite tracking and prediction, (b) antenna control and positioning, (c) data reception, and (d) signal processing and analysis, (e) IoT-based cloud integration for remote access and monitoring. These new tools and cheaper equipment have made it easier to simplify and automate these tasks [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR4\" citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThere are now software and hardware solutions that can predict satellite positions, control antennas, and process data in real time, allowing ground stations to work with very little human help. Also, connecting these systems with IoT platforms makes it possible to access them from far away, store data in the cloud, and use them with smartphones or other devices, making them much more useful [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis article describes the creation of a low-cost, fully automatic ground station using light-weight hardware and open source tools. The system uses Python-based models to track satellites, software to decode signals, and cloud services connected through IoT to enable remote monitoring. The result is a system that is light, easy to use, and adaptable enough for scientists, teachers, and small mobile teams. Moreover, with web based access and interface, it can be operated remotely with minimal human intervention at the ground station.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"II. Design Methodology","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe design methodology of automating a ground station using open-source software involves a systematic approach to integrate various components and tools. For our experiment, we decided to use open source python package \u003cem\u003eSkyfield\u003c/em\u003e (MIT License) to predict the satellite position and passes, \u003cem\u003ePySerial\u003c/em\u003e(BSD License) for interfacing with the antenna rotor controller, and finally \u003cem\u003eSatDump CLI\u003c/em\u003e(GPL License) for radio interface and satellite signal processing including demodulation and decoding. This design incorporates modular architecture, allowing for flexibility and scalability. APIs and interfaces are used to connect different components, enabling seamless communication and data exchange. Testing and validation of the proposed methodology was carried out on a VHF/UHF satellite ground station at the Dhritvan Space Lab Ground Station (Sri Jagadguru Chandrashekaranatha Swamiji Institute of Technology (SJCIT)). By leveraging open-source software, the automation of the ground station has become cost-effective, with the added benefit of community-driven development and support. This methodology enables efficient and reliable operation of the ground station, supporting various satellite communication and data reception tasks. A cost effective IoT-based automated ground station design that combines signal reception, antenna rotor control, and pass prediction with an operator-friendly interface is shown in this work as given by Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003ea. Prediction of Passes via Skyfield and TLEs\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe prediction of passes via Skyfield and TLEs involves forecasting the position and visibility of satellites in Earth's orbit. TLEs provide standardized orbital parameters, while the Skyfield package uses these parameters to predict satellite positions, accounting for perturbations like atmospheric drag. The Skyfield library of python is used to process the TLEs using SGP4 (Simplified General Perturbations-4) algorithm to calculate important parameters including rise angle, set angle, culmination angle, Arrival of Signal (AoS) Time, and Loss of Signal (LoS) Time. By utilizing the AoS and LoS timings, the duration of each satellite pass is determined by Skyfield. The satellite passes are arranged chronologically by the system once the forecasts are generated. These predicted passes and their timings are used to control the further actions of ground station such as antenna pointing and enabling the radio to receive and decode the signals transmitted by the satellite during the pass.\u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eb. Antenna Rotor Control\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOnce the pass prediction has scheduled the passes, dual stack yagi uda antenna shall be pointed in the direction of satellite arrival point 5 minutes prior to AOS, and subsequently it shall trace the path of satellite by keeping ground system antenna looking towards the satellite during the pass.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe system then follows that path of the satellite. Within this interval, the azimuth and elevation angles are calculated and regularly updated. The controller used for antenna pointing is YAESU G5500, we have decided to keep update interval between 1 to 2 seconds for smooth tracking. This ensures accurate and continuous tracking of satellite with minimum pointing loss. This setup enables accurate and automated tracking of satellites, improving communication and signal reception.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003ec. Signal reception via SatDump\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhen the satellite pass begins, the rotor system automatically initiates satellite tracking, while SatDump is triggered to record the incoming signals. SatDump interfaces with SDR to receive the satellite signals, demodulate and decode then based on the selected pipelines. This software can be accessed via GUI or CLI. We are using this package in command line interface by sending the commands via python creating a sub-process.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe required metadata\u0026mdash;such as transmission frequency, modulation type, and mode of transmission\u0026mdash;is provided in a Javascript Object Notation file (JSON). Using this metadata, SatDump is configured to capture signals from the RTL-SDR.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDuring the pass, the rotor continues to track the satellite, while SatDump sub-process records the signals in live mode. If live recording is not feasible, the system defaults to recording raw signals at a specified frequency. These raw signals are saved in a .ziq file format, which can later be manually decoded using the SatDump tool. All successfully received data is systematically stored in the designated directory for further processing.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003ed. User interface\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Satellite Tracker application serves as a unified Mission Control Access Portal, enabling users to monitor, schedule, and review satellite observations within a streamlined interface. The journey begins at the Login Interface (Fig.\u0026nbsp;4), where users or administrators can authenticate their access, with an additional option for new user registration. Upon login, users are directed to the Satellite Explorer Dashboard (Fig.\u0026nbsp;5), which provides a consolidated view of tracked orbital objects such as the \u003cem\u003eInternational Space Station (ISS)\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eHubble Space Telescope\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eStarlink-1\u003c/em\u003e. Each satellite is represented by a status card that displays information about the next pass in UTC. From this high-level view, selecting a satellite\u0026mdash;for instance, the ISS\u0026mdash; opens the Detailed Satellite View (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e), which is organized into two sections: \u003cem\u003eUpcoming Passes\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003ePast Passes\u003c/em\u003e. The \u003cem\u003eUpcoming Passes\u003c/em\u003e section lists precise pass predictions, including AOS time, LOS time, maximum elevation, and pass direction, while also providing a Schedule option for direct observation planning. The \u003cem\u003ePast Passes\u003c/em\u003e section (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e) archives historical observation data using the same pass parameters and integrates a Download Image feature to retrieve stored imagery or ground-station data. When scheduling an observation, users are presented with the Schedule Observation Modal (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e), which consolidates key details such as the satellite\u0026rsquo;s NORAD ID, rise, culmination, and set angles, along with AOS and LOS times, before confirming the observation. By combining real-time tracking, scheduling, and archival access, the Satellite Tracker application delivers a comprehensive mission control solution that supports both operational awareness and actionable satellite observation management.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"III. Experimental Results","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis setup was able to track a pass and capture the signals from the satellite autonomously. The ground station\u0026rsquo;s coordinates and elevation was configured and a list of TLEs of satellites to be tracked was given in a .tle file with the corresponding metadata required by the Satdump cli in a .json file. The following Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e shows an example of the same, representing an image captured by meteor satellite and received by our ground station.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"IV. Conclusions and Future Works","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe proposed work has been successfully implemented at Dhritvan Space Lab SJCIT Chikkaballapur. We have tested this with several satellite passes and were able to successfully receive and decode as shown in the results section. This serves as proof that reasonable level of autonomy can be achieved in ground station operations. The web app has provided a decent level of remote control over the ground station in an intuitive and user-friendly manner. Many users have expressed positive feedback about the user interface so this can also bring down the barrier to entry for new ground station operators. Since satellite passes can occur anytime this eliminates the need for the ground station operator to sit and wait for the pass. At the same time being able to monitor the passes remotely is a very significant quality of life improvement for operators.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn addition to remote satellite list management, several quality-of-life improvements can be incorporated into the platform to enhance usability and reliability. One such improvement is the implementation of a notification system that alerts operators in advance of upcoming satellite passes and automated alerts in the form of email in the event of a critical or a fatal failure, enabling rapid intervention and minimizing downtime. The platform can also be extended to support the interconnection of multiple geographically distributed ground stations, creating a collaborative network capable of coordinated satellite tracking. Data captured from these stations can be transmitted to a centralized cloud infrastructure, where it is securely stored, organized, and made accessible for further processing and analysis. Such enhancements will significantly improve system resilience, facilitate large-scale data collection, and lay the foundation for a salable and distributed ground station network.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003eData Availability Declaration\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cem\u003e“No datasets were generated or analysed during the current study.”\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAuthor Contribution Declaration\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cem\u003eConceptualization and methodology: Gunesh Reddy S; Writing – original draft preparation: R Vignesh Reddy; Webpage creation and visualization: Chiranth C S; Analysis and investigation: Mohammad Zikriya B; Writing – revised draft preparation and supervision: Anitha C.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCompeting Interest Declaration\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eThe authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u0026ldquo;Ground Station Operation\u0026rdquo; in \u003cem\u003eSpacecraft Operations\u003c/em\u003e, Springer, 2022, pp. 197-211. \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eA. Done, A.-M. Căilean, C.-E. Leșanu, M. Dimian, and A. Graur, \u0026ldquo;Design and implementation of a satellite communication ground station,\u0026rdquo; in \u003cem\u003eProceedings of the International Symposium on Signals, Circuits and Systems (ISSCS)\u003c/em\u003e, Iaşi, Romania, 2017, pp. 1-5, doi: 10.1109/ISSCS.2017.8034925.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eM. Ahmed, A. S. Zakaria and O. Hammi, \u0026quot;A Low-Cost Portable and Agile Amateur Satellites Ground-Station,\u0026quot; 2023 \u003cem\u003eIEEE 9th International Conference on Smart Instrumentation, Measurement and Applications (ICSIMA)\u003c/em\u003e, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 2023, pp. 235-239, doi: 10.1109/ICSIMA59853.2023.10373492. \u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eT. Pany, \u0026ldquo;GNSS Software-Defined Radio: History, Current Developments, and Outlook\u0026rdquo; \u003cem\u003eNAVIGATION: Journal of the Institute of Navigation\u003c/em\u003e, vol. 71, no. 1, pp. 125\u0026ndash;140, Mar. 2024, doi: 10.33012/navi.622.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eTechavijit P, Sukchalerm P. \u0026ldquo;Cost-Effective Satellite Ground Stations in Real-World Development for Space Classrooms\u0026rdquo;, \u003cem\u003eAerospace\u003c/em\u003e. 2025; 12(2):105. https://doi.org/10.3390/aerospace12020105\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eJ. Villanueva-Maldonado, J. L. Alvarez-Flores, M. Cardenas-Juarez, J. Flores-Troncoso, and J. Simon, \u0026ldquo;An IoT Ground Station: Mechanics, Control, Antenna, and Reception from a LoRa Satellite Network,\u0026rdquo; \u003cem\u003eIEEE Latin America Transactions\u003c/em\u003e, vol. 21, no. 12, pp. 1166\u0026ndash;1175, Dec. 2023, doi: 10.1109/TLA.2023.10393815\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Open-source, IoT, Mobile control, Skyfield, SatDump, TLE, Ground station automation, AoS, LoS, TCA","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8313259/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8313259/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThis article presents an automated ground station built entirely with open-source software and lightweight hardware. A Python-based system integrates orbital propagation using the SKYFIELD model, antenna rotator control through real-time azimuth and elevation calculations, and reception/decoding of telemetry and weather images via SatDump. Two-Line Element (TLE) data from public sources are used to compute satellite passes, including Arrival of Signal (AoS), Loss of Signal (LoS), and Time of Closest Approach (TCA), with sub-second accuracy. These predictions directly drive antenna rotors while reception tasks are automated through external tools. To extend usability, the system integrates Internet of Things (IoT) functionality, enabling received data to be uploaded to the cloud for storage and analysis. A mobile-friendly control panel allows users to operate and monitor the ground station remotely, while received satellite data can also be accessed directly on mobile devices. Validated on Raspberry Pi, the system is low-cost, portable, and scalable, providing a practical approach to ground station automation for research, education, and small-scale satellite communication projects.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Automation of Ground Station using Open-Source software","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2026-01-06 10:56:36","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8313259/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"a570382d-3ca8-4fee-bc80-f65ff2017248","owner":[],"postedDate":"January 6th, 2026","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-05-04T15:58:43+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-8313259","link":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s41683-026-00152-6","journal":{"identity":"isss-journal-of-micro-and-smart-systems","isVorOnly":false,"title":"ISSS Journal of Micro and Smart Systems"},"publishedOn":"2026-04-27 15:56:50","publishedOnDateReadable":"April 27th, 2026"},"versionCreatedAt":"2026-01-06 10:56:36","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1007/s41683-026-00152-6","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s41683-026-00152-6","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-8313259","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-8313259","identity":"rs-8313259","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}