Human Foot Microclimate and Thermophysiological Responses During Indoor Office Work: A Pilot Study

Human Foot Microclimate and Thermophysiological Responses During Indoor Office Work: A Pilot Study | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Human Foot Microclimate and Thermophysiological Responses During Indoor Office Work: A Pilot Study FATIH YALÇIN This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8616074/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Localized thermal exposure and moisture accumulation at the foot level represent an important yet underexplored component of human biometeorology, particularly under indoor occupational conditions. This pilot study investigates posture-dependent foot microclimate dynamics by examining regional temperature and relative humidity responses during typical office work activities. Multi-site measurements were conducted using six digital temperature–humidity sensors positioned at anatomically distinct regions of the right foot inside safety footwear, alongside an ambient sensor, during sitting and standing tasks performed over five consecutive days. The results demonstrated clear regional and temporal variability in foot microclimate behavior. Transitioning from sitting to standing led to a measurable increase in overall foot temperature (+ 1.32%) and relative humidity (+ 10.03%), with the plantar regions exhibiting consistently higher thermal and moisture loads compared to dorsal regions. While temperature distributions remained relatively homogeneous across dorsal areas, humidity showed pronounced accumulation in the metatarsal and forefoot regions. Time-series analysis revealed that both temperature and humidity increased progressively during activity, with stabilization trends observed following postural changes. Beyond its methodological contribution, this study provides a rare human-based, time-resolved dataset capturing regional foot temperature and humidity distributions under controlled indoor conditions—an area where empirical data from human subjects remain limited, particularly with respect to moisture dynamics. The dataset may support future biometeorological modeling, indoor climate assessment, localized thermal exposure studies, and data-driven or artificial intelligence–based approaches requiring reliable peripheral microclimate data. Overall, the findings highlight the importance of considering regional and posture-dependent thermophysiological responses at the foot level in studies of indoor human–environment interactions and occupational microclimates. Foot microclimate Foot thermophysiological response Foot comfort Occupational environment dataset Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 1. Introduction From a human biometeorology perspective, environmental conditions play a critical role in shaping localized thermophysiological responses, particularly in peripheral body regions where micro-scale heat and moisture exchange occurs. Additionally, individual comfort levels and overall quality of life are directly influenced by environmental temperature and humidity through their effects on human thermophysiological regulation. The skin, which is the body's largest organ, functions through an intricate thermoregulation system designed to sustain a metabolism that demands a stable temperature. (Liu et al. 2013, Franco et al. 2025). This system is dynamically regulated depending on environmental conditions, exposure time, body regions, and postural changes; changes in blood flow and hemodynamic mechanisms are balanced through homeostatic circulation. (Namkoong et al. 2015, Franco et al. 2025). In this process, maintaining a constant body temperature depends not only on environmental conditions but also on behavioral thermoregulation and the individual's physiological responses. Indeed, Filingeri et al. stated that behavioral thermoregulation comes into play during heat and moisture transfer between the environment and the skin, and that this process is balanced by stress responses and adaptation mechanisms(Filingeri and Koch). Therefore, before determining the optimum temperature and humidity values ​​for a given environment, knowing individuals' tolerance levels to these parameters is considered the first step in evaluating thermophysiological comfort. Clothing creates a barrier between the skin and the environment, regulating heat and moisture transfer; therefore, the thermal and moisture management properties of clothing that comes into direct contact with the skin play a critical role in maintaining user comfort and performance(Li et al. 2019, West et al. 2019, Filingeri and Koch 2025). The foot is a complex biomechanical structure that supports body weight and determines movement performance, and shoes support these functions while acting as a protective barrier against environmental factors. The microclimate inside shoes changes rapidly with wear time; heat and moisture accumulation becomes particularly noticeable in multi layered shoes such as safety, outdoor, military and casual shoes. Therefore, after fitting, comfort becomes the second most important criterion when choosing shoes(Kuklane 1999, Li et al. 2019). Heat transfer between the foot and the shoe during different activities occurs through conduction, convection, and radiation mechanisms(Li et al. 2019). Increased temperature and humidity levels in the microclimatized environment inside shoes can lead to physiological discomfort in the feet, decreased performance of shoe materials, physical changes in socks, and psychological discomfort through factors such as noise and odor(Li et al. 2019, Sánchez et al. 2026). These discomforts are fundamentally caused by the physical and chemical changes that temperature and humidity cause in the foot-shoe microclimate(Bianca et al. 2024, Bianca et al. 2025, Lee et al. 2025). Comfort is defined as a state in which the brain receives neither positive nor negative stimulation, and the temperature and moisture levels inside the feet play a decisive role in this perception. When these parameters exceed certain thresholds, it leads to stimulation of mechanoreceptors in the foot and impairs the perception of comfort. Body posture directly affects thermoregulation by altering blood flow and skin temperature balance; different postures, such as sitting and standing, lead to significant differences in heat dissipation and sweating rates(Tikuisis and Ducharme 1996, Namkoong et al. 2015). These physiological variables become more pronounced, especially in peripheral regions such as the feet, and hemodynamic balance is maintained through homeostatic circulation. It is reported that with a 0.5°C increase in internal body temperature, a resting individual can produce at least 27 mL/hour of sweat from each foot(Bianca et al. 2025). As sweat evaporates from the skin's surface and travels towards the cooler inner surfaces of the shoe, the fact that water has 23 times higher conductivity than air in moisture transfer between layers increases heat transfer inside the shoe. This situation becomes particularly critical for multi-layered or highly insulated footwear, such as safety shoes, that are worn for extended periods(Irzmańska and Dutkiewicz 2015, Zhang et al. 2023). In work environments where safety shoes are used, individuals often remain in static or semi-static postures for extended periods, making the foot-shoe microclimate even more critical(Namkoong et al. 2015) (Irzmańska and Dutkiewicz 2015, Engür and Chaush-ogly 2019). Staying active and relaxed while working improves job performance, and reducing physical stress indirectly reduces workplace accidents(Irzmańska 2014, Engür and Chaush-ogly 2019). However, the effects of posture positions on thermoregulation in the microclimatized environment inside shoes are often not given sufficient consideration in the literature(Tikuisis and Ducharme 1996). Therefore, multi-layered and long-wearing footwear such as work safety shoes must be designed to reduce physical stress on users in addition to their protective features(Irzmańska and Dutkiewicz 2015). Studies on internal foot microenvironment temperature and humidity values ​​have mostly focused on variables such as the thermal insulation properties of shoes (Kuklane 1999, West et al. 2019, Lee et al. 2025); blood flow (Schlee et al. 2009, Veselá et al. 2019), metabolic heat production, and general skin temperature (West et al. 2019). Although AI-assisted thermal models such as Fiala, ThermoSEM, Berkeley Comfort Model, and Tanabe model have been developed in recent years da (Veselá et al. 2019), most of these models do not specifically address the lower extremity of the foot; critical parameters such as the regional distribution of internal gap temperature and humidity values, the effect of postural changes, time-dependent microclimate evolution, and environment-foot interaction are not adequately represented in existing datasets. The limited availability of comprehensive datasets in the current literature that address the internal gap microclimate in multi-zone, time-series, and posture-based approaches significantly restricts design and modelling studies reflecting real-world usage conditions, particularly in human biometeorology, where human-subject data on regional foot humidity distribution under indoor conditions remain scarce. Furthermore, while shoe design, material selection, and production processes focus on regional protection, the regional behavior of the foot regarding temperature and moisture transfer is overlooked. This stands out as a fundamental methodological deficiency. This study aims to fill a significant data gap in literature by measuring multi-zone temperature and humidity distribution within the foot, providing a human-based dataset relevant to biometeorological assessment of localized thermal exposure under indoor conditions. Following previous shoe microclimate studies using an artificial foot model, this single-subject experimental design (SCED) with multiple measurements taken over five days serves as a methodological transition to human testing and serves as a hypothesis-generating pilot study. The findings reveal temperature and humidity differences between foot zones, along with the effects of postural changes and environmental conditions, providing a viable dataset that can be used in various disciplines such as ergonomics, biometeorology, and footwear design. Accordingly, the aim of this study was to measure the temperature and humidity parameters that occur at the foot-shoe interface during shoe wear and are critically important for foot health and comfort, using a method that closely resembles real-world usage conditions. The following research questions were addressed within the scope of this study: How consistent are foot temperature and humidity measurements over time? (i) Do activities like sitting and standing affect temperature and humidity? (ii) What is the temperature and moisture distribution between the different areas of the feet? (iii) Do changes in ambient temperature affect foot temperature and humidity levels? (iv) How does temperature and humidity change over time during the activity? (v) The data obtained was evaluated to describe the regional, temporal, and posture-based characteristics of the internal gap microclimate and provide a dataset that serves as a methodological reference for future studies with larger sample sizes. 2. Material Methods Ethics: The study was discussed and approved by the "Non-Interventional Clinical Research Ethics Committee" by the Uşak University Non-invasive Clinical Research Ethics Committee on April 29, 2025 (Approval No: 644-644-13). The experimental procedure was explained to the participant in accordance with the ethics committee framework, and informed consent was obtained from the subject. All methods were carried out in accordance with the methods and regulations approved by the ethics committee. Participant: A single participant (37 y, 173 cm, 72 kg, shoe size 42, physically active, >10 years weekly work experience) with no lower extremity injuries was included. This single-case experimental design was intentionally adopted as an intermediate step to extend previous mannequin-based measurements to human trials, allowing the assessment of sensor stability, inter-regional variability, and postural effects before larger-scale human studies (Yalçın and Karavana, 2025) . Due to individual variability in foot temperature and responses, this study was designed as a hypothesis-generating pilot investigation bridging previous artificial foot model experiments with human-based measurements (Harry et al. 2020, Nikles et al. 2022). This study examined changes across days and foot regions and attempted to observe changes in temperature and humidity distribution across the foot regions (Miao et al. 2021). Experiment Instrument: This study was conducted to evaluate changes in temperature and humidity in different areas of the foot-footwear interaction in sitting and standing positions. For this purpose, a size 42 safety footwear with a textile upper (Figure 1-(a)), class S1 according to TS EN ISO 20344, and daily socks made of 100% cotton fibers were used, as shown in Figure 1 (Institute 2021). Measurements were made with a total of seven sensors: six regional sensors positioned inside the safety shoe worn on the right foot (Figure 1-(c)) and one sensor placed in the environment (West et al. 2019, Li et al. 2022). The participant wore the same shoe and socks throughout the experiment (Figure 1-(d)). In this study, SHT41 digital temperature and humidity sensors (Figure 1-(b)) from Sensirion (Sensiron, Switzerland) were used for temperature and humidity measurements. These sensors are highly sensitive, measuring temperature with an accuracy of ±0.1 °C and relative humidity with an accuracy of ±1.8 %RH in the 0–100 %RH range. Data obtained from the sensors were collected on a master card connected to seven SHT41 sensors and transferred to an Excel-based data system via a GSM module (Figure 1-(c)). Measurements were recorded at 3-minute intervals. Sensor calibration was performed similarly to the previous study, using three single-point measurements over a 6-hour period (Yalçın and Karavana 2025). The multi-site sensor configuration enabled simultaneous, time-resolved measurement of regional temperature and humidity distribution across anatomically distinct foot zones, addressing a recognized gap in human-subject data for localized moisture dynamics in indoor biometeorological studies. Experiment Procedure: This study was designed as a controlled indoor human biometeorology experiment to characterize localized foot-level microclimate responses under typical office work conditions. The experiment was designed to test a single subject over five days, considering their weekly work schedule between July 16-25, 2025. According to Vesela, foot temperature can increase by ±4°C during the day (Veselá et al. 2019). For this reason, the study was carried out at the same time on one subject with the same routine as literature (Tikuisis and Ducharme 1996, Veselá et al. 2019). Study measurements were conducted on the first three days, and by the end of the third day, the subject's ergonomic fit with the socks and shoes and their adaptation to activities in both sitting and standing positions were assessed. The subject was asked whether the sensor system caused any discomfort, but no adverse effects were observed due to the sensors internal foot microenvironment. Following the adaptation period, a five-day testing protocol was initiated. All tests were repeated at the same time of day (Figure 2). During the sitting phase, the subject sat at a desk with a 90° knee and hip angle and continued working on a computer for 30 minutes. Following this, during the standing phase, the subject stood with equal weight on both feet and performed light office tasks (Liu et al. 2013) for 30 minutes without any walking movements (Namkoong et al. 2015). Because asymmetric weight distribution in the standing position puts an irregular load on the right and left trunk muscles and the hip sacrum joint. (Namkoong et al. 2015). This protocol established a repeatable activity cycle based on daily office work conditions. The sensor boards were carefully taped onto the sock at the base, away from the sensors, to prevent shifting sensor positions and minimizing humidity and temperature fluctuations that could be caused by external interference (Figure 1-(d)) (West et al. 2019). After the subject put on the sensor-equipped sock, the shoelaces were untied to ensure proper placement on the foot. The laces were then tied to a normal tightness (Sánchez-Jiménez et al. 2026). Experiment Conditions: The experimental environment is the subject's own work environment, a climate-controlled environment with limited freedom and no exposure to direct sunlight. This attempts to provide a controlled environment that allows for normal physiological processes, defined as normal functions, and normal daily life, including work. (Filingeri and Koch 2025). The average ambient temperature was 26.6°C ± 1.4, and the relative humidity was 40 ± 7% (Tikuisis and Ducharme 1996, Veselá et al. 2019, West et al. 2019). Although higher than expected variability in temperature and humidity was observed, measurements were conducted in the subject's own office to simulate a realistic office environment and to ensure ecological validity and comfort of the subject. Experiment Data Analysis: Daily, 308 measurements were collected (6 foot regions + environment × 2 activities × 11 readings), total 1,540 measurements over five days. Data were analyzed in SPSS. Linear Mixed Models assessed measurement consistency and environmental effects (i, iv). ANOVA GLM Repeated Measures evaluated activity effects (ii), regional temperature and humidity differences (iii), and temporal changes (v), with Greenhouse-Geisser corrections. Significance was set at p<0.05. 3. Results and Discussion The results are presented to illustrate regional and posture-dependent variations in foot-level temperature and relative humidity under controlled indoor conditions, with emphasis on time-resolved microclimate behavior relevant to human biometeorology. Repeated measurements from the same sensors over five days showed high consistency in temperature (p<0.03), and a correlation of 88–95% was found between different regional sensors. Humidity measurements were within an acceptable range of variation with p<0.54; the wide humidity variation in the 3 rd metatarsal region limited the overall consistency, and when this sensor was removed, the overall consistency coefficient of the system was calculated as 0.719. These findings demonstrate that the system used in foot-shoe microclimate measurements exhibits reliable performance, consistent with similar studies reported in the literature (i) (West et al. 2019). Changes in posture affect the degree of gravity constantly acting on the body. Consequently, the cardiovascular and cardiopulmonary systems are affected, and the distribution of blood circulation, which plays a fundamental role in heat transfer, changes(Jones and Dean 2004). From a physiological perspective, the fluctuations shown in Figure 3 are thought to be related to the more variable blood flow due to peripheral vasodilation while sitting. Standing up increases metabolic heat production, vasoconstriction reduces the diameter of distal vessels, and blood flow to the foot becomes more stable (Tikuisis and Ducharme 1996, Oğulata 2007, Namkoong et al. 2015). This hemodynamic balance helps reduce temperature fluctuations and creates a more stable thermal profile. Posture-related differences in temperature and humidity distributions were observed in terms of both temperature and humidity (p<0.05). Similar to the literature, an increase in temperature and humidity was observed in all regions during both sitting and standing phases, depending on posture(ii) (Oğulata 2007, Li et al. 2022). Overall foot temperature while sitting increased by 1.32% to 33.07 °C upon standing (Tablo 1). The findings, consistent with the literature, reveal an increase in temperature and humidity throughout the foot areas in both postures (ii) (Oğulata 2007, Li et al. 2022). This finding is consistent with Franco's study, which reported a 1.31% increase in temperature when rising from a sitting to a standing position (Franco et al. 2025). However, this result differs from some studies that have reported a decrease in skin temperature after standing up (Tikuisis and Ducharme 1996, Namkoong et al. 2015, Liu et al. 2021). West et al. (West et al. 2019), reported that foot temperature initially increased during rest and then decreased by approximately 2°C during the recovery phase (West et al. 2019). In this study, the temperature increase detected in the sole region (+1.35%) was higher compared to the dorsal region (+1.27%), and it was determined that the increase was particularly concentrated in the forefoot region. West et al. suggest that the high temperature at the base may be particularly related to the high insulation capacity midsole and insole layers used in protective footwear (West et al. 2019). Kuklane stated that the toecap in protective footwear reduces heat insulation by 1–3%, while Irmanzka noted that moisture can be trapped in this area; studies with different types of footwear have also reported that the sole and toe areas show higher temperature values compared to other areas (Kuklane 1999, Irzmańska 2014, West et al. 2019). Therefore, it is recommended that the thermal effects of the toecap region in different postures and activities be investigated in detail in the future. Figure 3 shows that temperature fluctuations in the foot areas become more stable after standing up. Literature reports general foot temperature variations of 0.96 °C while sitting and 0.77 °C when standing (Namkoong et al. 2015). In this study, however, a wider variation was observed in different regions of the foot. However, compared to the study in which Li reported an increase in skin temperature of +4°C and Veselá et al. reported an increase of up to +6°C for the foot due to increased blood flow during the transition from sitting to walking, the obtained temperature change range appears to be narrower (Li et al. 2019, Veselá et al. 2019) (Table 1). A statistically significant increase in relative humidity levels inside the shoe occurred upon standing up (p < 0.05). The average increase in humidity across all regions was 10.03%, showing a higher increase compared to the change in temperature (Tablo 1). This situation supports increased moisture due to increased sweating resulting from increased metabolic rate with activity (Oğulata 2007). As the thermal load increases, homeostatic mechanisms come into play and the sweating mechanism is activated. However, although an increase in humidity was recorded in all regions, an average decrease of 3.21% was observed in the sensor in the lateral region. While there is an increase in moisture throughout the foot, this reversed trend in the lateral segment has been correlated with regional air circulation and in-shoe microclimate dynamics and evaluated via Figure 5. It has been reported that temperature variations of 32–36 °C and relative humidity levels of 60–65% are physiologically acceptable during daily activities; however, feelings of thermal discomfort generally occur at temperatures above 34 °C and relative humidity levels exceeding 80% (Liu et al. 2013, Irzmańska, Dutkiewicz et al. 2014, Veselá et al. 2019, Yalçın an Karavana 2025). This study showed that these threshold values were stayed below during sitting and standing postures simulating daily office activities. It is known that approximately 70% of sweat on the feet is produced in the dorsal region and 30% in the plantar region; in addition to the eccrine glands in the plantar region, apoeccrine glands also contribute to psychological sweating(Smith et al. 2013, Li et al. 2019, Bianca et al. 2024, Bianca et al. 2025). Irmanzka (Irzmańska 2014) reported that sweating, which is 2.5-3.0 g/h during rest, increases to 7.2 g/h during walking (Irzmańska 2014). Although the amount of transpiration was not directly measured in this study, it is thought that the plantar region, being the load-bearing surface in contact with the ground, is likely to show higher moisture values compared to the dorsal region (West et al. 2019, Li et al. 2022). Data obtained from temperature sensors placed on different areas of the foot showed statistically significant temperature differences between the areas (p < 0.05). When the average temperature values were examined, an average of 32.53 °C was measured in the lateral, 1 st and 3 rd metatarsal and medial sensors in the dorsal region, while this value reached 33.65 °C in the plantar region. This finding is consistent with the literature reporting that the plantar region exhibits higher temperatures than the dorsal region (West et al. 2019, Sánchez et al. 2026). The fact that the 1 st and 3 rd metatarsal sensors located in the anterior part of the foot in the dorsal region show higher temperature values compared to the lateral and medial regions indicates that the distal foot segments are more sensitive to thermal loading (Li et al. 2022). Similarly, the fact that the anterior plantar sensor shows a higher temperature in the plantar region compared to the posterior plantar sensor near the heel supports the idea that the distal end of the foot is more sensitive to thermal stress. Based on these findings, it was concluded that the front part of the foot generates higher temperatures compared to other areas, and that the medial region is warmer than the lateral region. (Sánchez et al. 2026). Data obtained from humidity sensors also showed statistically significant differences between sensor regions(iii) (p<0.05). The uneven distribution of sweat glands in the feet is considered one of the main physiological reasons for regional moisture differences (Irzmańska 2014, West et al. 2019). Moisture distribution generally exhibited a pattern similar to temperature distribution; higher moisture values were recorded in the 1 st and 3 rd metatarsal areas in the dorsal region, and in the anterior sole sensor in the plantar region (Figure 4) (Li et al. 2022). Li et al. reported that the time-dependent increase in moisture during shoe wearing was 7.2% in the dorsal region and 8.4% in the plantar region; and that this increase reached 5% in the dorsal region and 13.3% in the plantar region during activity(Li et al. 2019). In this context, the temperature and humidity increase patterns obtained in the study are generally consistent with literature. Maintaining a balanced temperature and effectively removing moisture in the microclimatized environment of the footbed is critical for thermal comfort (Irzmańska and Dutkiewicz 2015, Bianca et al. 2024). It was determined that the highest temperature and humidity values were concentrated in the soles, toes, and lateral-medial regions, respectively, in both sitting and standing postures. The humidity distribution presented in Figure 4 largely coincides with the regional humidity pattern reported in the literature (Irzmańska 2014). However, significant differences were observed between the lateral and medial regions. Higher temperature values were detected particularly in the lateral region, and a more pronounced temperature increase was observed during changes in posture; conversely, a tendency for humidity levels to decrease was recorded after standing up (Figure 3-4). This reverse humidity change observed in the lateral region contradicts general trends reported in the literature and results from other sensor regions (West et al. 2019). However, as shown in Figures 5 and 6, the high correlation between the lateral sensor and ambient temperature and humidity levels suggests that this anomaly may be related to the lateral region being more affected by the external microclimate due to its proximity to the shoe body. The foot was grouped into dorsal and plantar regions; the percentage contributions of temperature and humidity data obtained from six sensor regions to the dorsal, plantar, and general foot microclimate are presented in Table 2 and Table 3. It was determined that the sensors in the dorsal and plantar regions generally showed a homogeneous effect in terms of temperature, but areas closer to the toe region had relatively higher temperature values. In terms of moisture, the effect of the sensor region was found to be significant (0.76 η²), and the highest contribution to overall foot moisture was observed to come from the plantar region with 62.32%. In the dorsal region, the front part of the foot showed higher moisture values compared to the lateral and medial regions (Li et al. 2019). Similarly, in the plantar region, the forefoot area near the toes exhibited a more humid environment than the hindfoot area near the heel. When the overall foot microclimate was evaluated, it was determined that the sole region was the most humid area, while the outer (lateral) part of the foot remained below average foot moisture levels. The average ambient temperature at which the test was conducted was recorded as 27±1°C, and the ambient humidity as 37.53±1%. Figures 5 and 6 show the percentage temperature and humidity change trends over time for each sensor compared to the initial measurement. Lee et al. (Lee et al.) reported that when military boots were examined as a whole, similar thicknesses exhibited similar thermal insulation properties. Accordingly, it was assumed that the thermal conductivity properties of the footwear models used in this study were comparable due to the similarity of regional thickness and layer structure (Lee et al. 2025). In terms of temperature change, unlike previous studies (Li et al. 2019) it was observed that the rate of temperature increase slowed significantly from the second half of the 30-minute walking period onwards. Similarly, West reported that in closed shoes, the plantar region produces higher temperature and humidity than the toe region; the slight temperature increase observed during rest increases with activity, but the acceleration of this increase slows down after about 20 minutes (West et al. 2019). n this study, as shown in Figure 5, the temperature increase peaked at approximately 2.5% at the 33 rd minute, when the postural change occurred, and then entered a thermal equilibrium regime with a steady increase of 2% compared to the baseline. This finding indicates that the foot-shoe microclimate reaches a homeostatic equilibrium state after a certain period. An important finding was that the lateral region temperature change showed a significant parallelism with the ambient temperature (Figure 5), and that the lateral region humidity followed a similar trend to the ambient humidity, unlike other sensors, under conditions where the ambient humidity exhibited negative acceleration (Figure 6) (Jakobsen et al. 2023, Sánchez et al. 2026). Although it is known that convective and radiative heat transfer is inevitable due to the foot surface temperature being higher than the ambient temperature (Li et al. 2019, West et al. 2019); it is considered that this exceptional behavior observed in the lateral region may be due to the sensor being more sensitive to the external microclimate because of its positioning close to the side surface of the shoe. This mechanism needs to be examined in more detail in future studies. When the average increase values of the sensor areas were examined, it was observed that the temperature increased by approximately 3.5% and the humidity by 20% in the sitting position. Li et al. (Li et al. 2022) The study reported a temperature increase of 3.5 °C and a humidity increase of 13.2% during sitting, indicating high agreement between the current study and the literature (Li et al.2019). Time-series analysis revealed that temperature and humidity values in the regions generally showed a linear increase trend over time. However, it was determined that the rate of increase decreased significantly upon standing; temperature reached a maximum of 4% and humidity a 35% percentage change, transitioning to a shallower increase regime. This situation can be attributed to the differentiation of metabolic load due to postural changes, the redistribution of peripheral blood flow, and changes in sweating-diffusion mechanisms (Li et al. 2022). When the time-dependent temperature change is descriptively examined in Table 3, it was determined that the two sensors in the plantar region produced higher increase values compared to all other regions in the time-dependent change of the temperature difference between the first and last measurement during the sitting position, while the lateral sensors showed the lowest temperature change rates. When the time-dependent temperature change rates (∆°C/min) according to position are evaluated, it was observed that the acceleration of temperature increase slowed down significantly or stopped completely with standing up(Li et al. 2019). The decrease in the rate of temperature change from 0.089 °C/h during sitting to 0.068 °C/h after standing, as reported in Tikuisis and Ducharme's study, is lower than the values obtained in Table 3 in the present study, but shows high consistency in terms of the decreasing trend in the rate of temperature increase with the transition from sitting to standing (Tikuisis and Ducharme 1996). This similarity supports the physiological mechanism associated with how postural changes alter blood flow distribution and vasomotor responses. Table 4 shows that, similar to temperature, the rate of increase in humidity is significantly higher, particularly in the plantar region compared to other areas. However, a noticeable decrease in the rate of humidity increase occurred in all sensor regions after standing up. This indicates the effect of posture change on both sweat diffusion and airflow dynamics inside the shoe (Oğulata 2007, Li et al. 2019). In the microchemical environment of the shoe, temperature and humidity increased over time compared to the starting point, and the rate of increase varied depending on the shoe, activity level, etc. (Grabowska-Polanowskań et al. 2020). 4. Conclusion This study investigated the effects of sitting and standing postures on internal gap temperature and moisture distribution, aiming to identify the dominant regions of the microclimate affected by posture changes, the rates of temperature and moisture increase, and stabilization processes. The findings are presented below with summary results that correspond to our hypotheses: Switching from sitting to standing increased overall foot temperature by 1.32% to 33.07°C, while relative humidity increased by an average of 10.03% in all regions (ii). The plantar region stood out as the dominant area of ​​the internal gap microclimate with a temperature of 33.46°C and a relative humidity of 62.32%; while the temperature was more homogeneous in the dorsal regions (24.40–25.34%), the humidity was concentrated in the anterior metatarsal areas, constituting 15.97–18.75% of the overall foot humidity (iii). The rate of temperature increase after postural change was found to be highest in plantar sensors and lowest in lateral sensors; the rates of temperature and humidity increase slowed significantly in all regions after standing up (iv). While lateral regions were more sensitive to the external microclimate than other regions, changes in other sensor regions were limited depending on the shoe microclimate (v). Relative humidity exhibited greater spatial variability than temperature, highlighting the importance of moisture dynamics in peripheral microclimate assessments, an aspect that remains underrepresented in human-subject biometeorological datasets. The findings show that significant differences in temperature and humidity occur in areas of the foot with structurally different characteristics during shoe use, and that these differences vary with posture and activity. Although the observed changes were statistically significant, temperature and humidity did not reach discomfort levels. It is predicted that higher temperature and humidity variations and discomfort values ​​may be observed in some areas where the environmental conditions, duration, and activity variables in the study are varied. In this context, the pilot study serves as a basis for more comprehensive foot-shoe research focusing on foot discomfort sensations in future studies. Considering the temperature and humidity values ​​of the foot in different postures and over time, attention should be paid to the internal gap between the foot and the shoe, particularly in the toe box and sole areas, for temperature and humidity transfer during office activities. Users who stand for long periods daily show more stable temperature and humidity compared to those who sit. In this context, a hybrid lining approach rather than a single lining type and proper footbed top material can be an alternative for increasing thermophysiological comfort. Based on the findings, ergonomic design strategies prioritizing regional ventilation and moisture management are recommended for footwear used in office and low-activity conditions. Considering the dominant role of the plantar surface in the microclimate, the high thermal and moisture load on both the dorsal and plantar surfaces of the forefoot, and the sensitivity of the lateral regions to external environmental conditions, it is important to optimize design and material selection. Overall, the findings emphasize the relevance of localized foot microclimate assessment in understanding human–environment interactions within office occupational settings. Declarations All authors certify that they have no affiliations with or involvement in any organization or entity with any financial interest or non-financial interest in the subject matter or materials discussed in this manuscript. Compliance with Ethical Standards The study was conducted in accordance with the principles of the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the Non-Interventional Clinical Research Ethics Committee of the Uşak University Faculty of Medicine (Approval No: 644-644-13; April 29, 2025). Written informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to participation in the study. Conflict of interest The authors declare no conflict of interest. Funding No funding was received for conducting this study. Author Contributions The author solely made substantial contributions to the conception and design of the study, data acquisition, analysis and interpretation of the results. The author drafted the manuscript and critically revised it for important intellectual content, and approved the final version of the manuscript for publication. Data availability Data presented in this study are available on reasonable request from the corresponding author. References Bianca E, Dotti F, Ferri A and Havenith G (2025) Heat and Mass Transfer in Footwear: Exploring The Moisture Evaporation and Condensation Cycle. Journal of Industrial Textiles 55. https://doi.org/10.1177/15280837251325783. Bianca E, Dotti F, Orrico F and Ferri A (2024) Thermoregulation of feet in cold environments: A study on Alpinism. Applied Ergonomics 116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2023.104205. Engür M and Chaush-ogly K (2019). Türkiye İş Sağliği ve Güvenliği Mevzuatinda Ergonominin Yeri Üzerine Bir Çalişma. Ergonomi 2 (2), 69–77. https://doi.org/10.33439/ergonomi.480559 Filingeri D and Koch Esteves N (2025) How Hot is Too Hot for People? A Review of Empirical Models of Perceptual, Physiological and Functional Limits of Human Heat Tolerance. Experimental Physiology https://doi.org/10.1113/EP092242. Franco VHP, Vasquez-Bonilla AA and Sillero-Quintana M (2025) Influence of Body Position On Skin Temperature, Heart Rate, And Blood Pressure In Active Men. Journal of Thermal Biology 127, 104009. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtherbio.2024.104009. Grabowska-Polanowska B, Kwiecień J and Gajewski R (2020) Measurement of the Inside Microclimate of Footwear Constructed from Different Material Sets. Fibres & Textiles in Eastern Europe 28(6),144. DOI:10.5604/01.3001.0014.3801. Harry JR, Eggleston JD, Dufek JS and James C (2020) Single-Subject Analyses Reveal Altered Performance and Muscle Activation During Vertical Jumping. Biomechanics 1(1), 15–28. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomechanics1010002. Institute, TS (2021) 20344 - Personal Protective Equipment - Test Methods for Footwear: 1–92. Irzmańska E (2014) Case Study of the Impact of Toecap Type on the Microclimate in Protective Footwear. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics 44(5), 706–714. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ergon.2014.07.006. Irzmańska E and Dutkiewicz J (2015) Preliminary Evaluation of Airlaid Nonwovens With Superabsorbent for Use in Protective Footwear: Tests Involving a Thermal Foot Model and Climatic Chamber. Fibres & Textiles in Eastern Europe 23(6), 114. https://doi.org/10.5604/12303666.1167432. Irzmańska E, Dutkiewicz JK and Irzmański R (2014) New Approach to Assessing Comfort of Use of Protective Footwear With a Textile Liner and its Impact on Foot Physiology. Textile Research Journal 84(7), 728–738. DOI: 10.1177/0040517513507362. Jakobsen L, Lysdal FG, Bagehorn T, Kersting UG and Sivebaek IM (2023) The Effect of Footwear Outsole Material on Slip Resistance on Dry and Contaminated Surfaces with Geometrically Controlled Outsoles. Ergonomics 66(3), 322–329. DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2022.2081364. Jones AY and Dean E (2004) Body Position Change and Its Effect on Hemodynamic And Metabolic Status. Heart & Lung 33(5), 281–290. DOI: 10.1016/j.hrtlng.2004.04.004. Kuklane K (1999) Footwear For Cold Environments: Thermal Properties, Performance And Testing, Phd Thesis. Department Of Human Work Sciences. Division of Industrial Production Environment, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå . Lee M, Stenkina M, Yeo Y and Lee JY (2025) Thermal Insulation of Military Boots Using a Thermal Foot Manikin in Cold Environments. Fashion and Textiles 12(1), 2. DOI: 10.1186/s40691-024-00407-6. Li PL, Yick KL, Yip J and. Ng SP (2019) Thermal Equations for Predicting Foot Skin Temperature. Asia Pacific Journal of Health Management 14(1), 31–35. DOI: 10.24083/apjhm.v14i1.201. Li, PL, Yick KL, Yip J and Ng SP (2022) Influence of Upper Footwear Material Properties on Foot Skin Temperature, Humidity and Perceived Comfort Of Older Individuals. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(17), 10861. DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191710861. Liu G, Liang S and Hu S (2021) Calculation Method Of Mean Skin Temperature Weighted By Temperature Sensitivity Of Various Parts Of Human Body. Journal of Thermal Biology 100, 102995. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtherbio.2021.102995. Liu Y, Wang L, Di Y, Liu J and Zhou H (2013) The Effects Of Clothing Thermal Resistance and Operative Temperature on Human Skin Temperature. Journal of Thermal Biology 38(5), 233–239. DOI:10.1016/j.jtherbio.2013.03.001. Miao T, Wang P, Zhang N and Li Y (2021) Footwear Microclimate and its Effects on the Microbial Community of the Plantar Skin. Scientific Reports 11, 20356. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-99865-x. Namkoong S, Shim J, Kim S and Shim J (2015) Effects Of Different Sitting Positions on Skin Temperature of the Lower Extremity. Journal Of Physical Therapy Science 27(8), 2637–2640. DOI:10.1589/jpts.27.2637. Nikles J, Evans K, Hams A and Sterling M (2022) A Systematic Review Of N-Of-1 Trials and Single Case Experimental Designs in Physiotherapy for Musculoskeletal Conditions. Musculoskeletal Science and Practice 62: 102639: DOI: 0.1016/j.msksp.2022.102639. Oğulata RT (2007). The effect of thermal insulation of clothing on human thermal comfort. Fibres & Textiles in Eastern Europe 15(2), 61. Sánchez-Jiménez JL, Sánchez-Ribes E, Priego-Quesada JI, Encarnación-Martínez A, Sanchís-Sanchís R and Pérez-Soriano P (2026). Sex Differences In Young Adults On Comfort And Foot Skin Temperature Using Different Running Shoes Lacing. Applied Ergonomics 130, 104660. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2025.104660. Schlee G, Sterzing T and Milani TL (2009) Foot Sole Skin Temperature Affects Plantar Foot Sensitivity. Clinical Neurophysiology 120(8), 1548–1551. DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2009.06.010. Smith CJ, Machado-Moreira CA, Plant G, Hodder S, Havenith G and Taylor NA (2013) Design Data for Footwear: Sweating Distribution On The Human Foot. International Journal of Clothing Science and Technology 25(1), 43–58. DOI: 10.1108/09556221311292200. Tikuisis P and Ducharme MB (1996) The Effect of Postural Changes on Body Temperatures and Heat Balance. European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology 72(5). 451–459: DOI: 10.1007/BF00242275. Veselá S, Kingma BR, Frijns AJ and van Marken Lichtenbelt WD (2019) Effect Of Local Skin Blood Flow During Light And Medium Activities On Local Skin Temperature Predictions. Journal of Thermal Biology 84, 439–450. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtherbio.2019.07.033. West A, Schönfisch D, Picard A, Tarrier J, Hodder S and Havenith G (2019) Shoe Microclimate: An Objective Characterisation And Subjective Evaluation. Applied Ergonomics 78: 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2019.01.010. Yalçın F and Karavana HA (2025) Footwear Breathability Test Machine: A New Method and System Design for Testing Footwear Breathability and its Thermal Comfort, Case Study on Leather Boot. Journal of Industrial Textiles 55. https://doi.org/10.1177/152808372513467. Zhang W, Su Y and Li J (2023). Developing a Test Device to Analyze Heat Transfer Combined With Radiant Exposure and Continuous Liquid Sweating Through Thermal Protective Clothing. Journal of Industrial Textiles 53. https://doi.org/10.1177/15280837231177870. Tables Table 1 . Average sitting and standing temperatures and percentage increases Temperature (°C) Humidity (%) Region Sensor Sitting Standing Increase (%) Sitting Standing Increase (%) Dorsal Lateral 32.39 32.76 +1.13 36.76 35.58 -3.21 3 rd Metatarsal 32.68 33.04 +1.10 55.95 64.18 +14.72 1 st Metatarsal 32.79 33.20 +1.27 48.35 53.95 +11.58 Medial 31.49 32.05 +1.27 46.38 50.22 +8.27 Plantar Plantar front 33.54 34.06 +1.55 60.22 67.20 +11.59 Plantar back 32.94 33.32 +1.15 57.38 64.49 +12.39 Foot 32.64 33.07 +1.32 50.84 55.94 +10.03 *Note: Each sensor has n = 110 measurements/sensor. Tablo 2 . Distribution of temperature and humidity values in foot regions relative to the average. Region Average (°C) Foot region temperature (°C) Dorsal foot distribution (%) Plantar foot distribution (%) Foot distribution (%) Temperature Dorsal Lateral 33.57 32.55 25.02 - 16.52 3 rd metatarsal 32.86 25.24 16.67 1 st metatarsal 33.00 25.34 16.74 Medial 31.77 24.40 16.12 Plantar Plantar front 33.80 33.46 - 50.50 17.14 Plantar back 33.13 49.50 16.81 Average (%) Foot region humidity (%) Dorsal foot distribution (%) Plantar foot distribution (%) Foot distribution (%) Humidity Dorsal Lateral 36.17 48.92 18.49 - 11.29 3 rd Metatarsal 60.06 30.69 18.75 1 st Metatarsal 51.15 26.14 15.97 Medial 48.30 26.68 15.08 Plantar Plantar front 63.71 62.32 - 51.11 19.89 Plantar back 60.94 48.89 19.02 Table 3 . Temperature changes over time Sitting Posture Temperature (°C) Standing Posture Temperature (°C) Sensor 0 min. 30 min. ∆ ∆/dk 33 min. 63 min. ∆ ∆/dk Lateral 31.98 32.56 0.58 0.02 32.64 32.84 0.20 0.01 3 rd metatarsal 31.92 33.08 1.16 0.04 33.14 33.10 -0.04 0.00 1 st metatarsal 31.98 33.16 1.18 0.04 33.24 33.24 0.00 0.00 Medial 30.88 31.82 0.94 0.03 31.92 32.18 0.26 0.01 Plantar front 32.80 33.92 1.12 0.04 34.00 34.16 0.16 0.01 Plantar back 32.20 33.30 1.10 0.04 33.36 33.44 0.08 0.00 Dorsal foot 31.69 32.66 0.96 0.03 32.74 32.84 0.10 0.00 Plantar foot 32.50 33.61 1.11 0.04 33.68 33.80 0.12 0.00 Foot 31.96 32.97 1.01 0.03 33.05 33.16 0.11 0.00 Table 4 . Humidity changes over time Sitting Posture Humidity (%) Standing Posture Humidity (%) Sensor 0 min. 30 min. ∆ ∆/dk 33 min. 63 min. ∆ ∆/dk Lateral 37.80 36.00 -1.80 -0.06 36.20 35.20 -1.00 -0.03 3 rd metatarsal 48.60 59.00 10.40 0.35 59.60 67.40 7.80 0.26 1 st metatarsal 45.00 49.80 4.80 0.16 50.20 56.00 5.80 0.19 Medial 42.60 48.60 6.00 0.20 49.00 51.60 2.60 0.09 Plantar front 52.80 64.60 11.80 0.39 65.20 69.40 4.20 0.14 Plantar back 50.00 61.60 11.60 0.39 62.20 67.00 4.80 0.16 Dorsal foot 43.50 48.35 4.85 0.16 48.75 52.55 3.80 0.13 Plantar foot 51.40 63.10 11.70 0.39 63.70 68.20 4.50 0.15 Foot 46.13 53.27 7.13 0.24 53.73 57.77 4.03 0.13 Supplementary Files Appendix1EngVersion.docx Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. 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YALÇIN","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAABAElEQVRIie3RMUvDQBTA8XccXJaHXVMK9itcCRRCCfksIYNT0Uk6hUDgdSm4Rir9LC1v6NaugpMEnBwEQRwcPC+CLpc4Frw/HFzgfuRdAuDznWBBCcBfmzMQJbyYTfi9nOFWtkQZIuofojuJbAmAxD+R4LjjK+CxCpiahIrxsJS7B4SPSyfBHLgGnhBmy2hOPFmDymcIOi4dJAVDEFhQKGg0p63YAE5Hhjgnw0FjSWpJTEW6gcFbNwnbt2SWCJLZGlD1kEYz6ovc3IWGqwPnt5WK4jsddQyWNa+4mCU3wf4pfL8uknpfPd4/L87dX9mmq18P9jf1AFPRe8Ln8/n+cZ9xK0dVeDkMmAAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8182-9483","institution":"Uşak Üniversitesi: Usak Universitesi","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"FATIH","middleName":"","lastName":"YALÇIN","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2026-01-16 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18:25:00","extension":"docx","order_by":2,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":435493,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Appendix1EngVersion.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8616074/v1/33839b7aab2ef03127f84f38.docx"}],"financialInterests":"","formattedTitle":"Human Foot Microclimate and Thermophysiological Responses During Indoor Office Work: A Pilot Study","fulltext":[{"header":"1. Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eFrom a human biometeorology perspective, environmental conditions play a critical role in shaping localized thermophysiological responses, particularly in peripheral body regions where micro-scale heat and moisture exchange occurs. Additionally, individual comfort levels and overall quality of life are directly influenced by environmental temperature and humidity through their effects on human thermophysiological regulation. The skin, which is the body's largest organ, functions through an intricate thermoregulation system designed to sustain a metabolism that demands a stable temperature. (Liu et al. 2013, Franco et al. 2025). This system is dynamically regulated depending on environmental conditions, exposure time, body regions, and postural changes; changes in blood flow and hemodynamic mechanisms are balanced through homeostatic circulation. (Namkoong et al. 2015, Franco et al. 2025). In this process, maintaining a constant body temperature depends not only on environmental conditions but also on behavioral thermoregulation and the individual's physiological responses. Indeed, Filingeri et al. stated that behavioral thermoregulation comes into play during heat and moisture transfer between the environment and the skin, and that this process is balanced by stress responses and adaptation mechanisms(Filingeri and Koch). Therefore, before determining the optimum temperature and humidity values ​​for a given environment, knowing individuals' tolerance levels to these parameters is considered the first step in evaluating thermophysiological comfort.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eClothing creates a barrier between the skin and the environment, regulating heat and moisture transfer; therefore, the thermal and moisture management properties of clothing that comes into direct contact with the skin play a critical role in maintaining user comfort and performance(Li et al. 2019, West et al. 2019, Filingeri and Koch 2025). The foot is a complex biomechanical structure that supports body weight and determines movement performance, and shoes support these functions while acting as a protective barrier against environmental factors. The microclimate inside shoes changes rapidly with wear time; heat and moisture accumulation becomes particularly noticeable in multi layered shoes such as safety, outdoor, military and casual shoes. Therefore, after fitting, comfort becomes the second most important criterion when choosing shoes(Kuklane 1999, Li et al. 2019).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHeat transfer between the foot and the shoe during different activities occurs through conduction, convection, and radiation mechanisms(Li et al. 2019). Increased temperature and humidity levels in the microclimatized environment inside shoes can lead to physiological discomfort in the feet, decreased performance of shoe materials, physical changes in socks, and psychological discomfort through factors such as noise and odor(Li et al. 2019, S\u0026aacute;nchez et al. 2026). These discomforts are fundamentally caused by the physical and chemical changes that temperature and humidity cause in the foot-shoe microclimate(Bianca et al. 2024, Bianca et al. 2025, Lee et al. 2025).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eComfort is defined as a state in which the brain receives neither positive nor negative stimulation, and the temperature and moisture levels inside the feet play a decisive role in this perception. When these parameters exceed certain thresholds, it leads to stimulation of mechanoreceptors in the foot and impairs the perception of comfort. Body posture directly affects thermoregulation by altering blood flow and skin temperature balance; different postures, such as sitting and standing, lead to significant differences in heat dissipation and sweating rates(Tikuisis and Ducharme 1996, Namkoong et al. 2015). These physiological variables become more pronounced, especially in peripheral regions such as the feet, and hemodynamic balance is maintained through homeostatic circulation.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIt is reported that with a 0.5\u0026deg;C increase in internal body temperature, a resting individual can produce at least 27 mL/hour of sweat from each foot(Bianca et al. 2025). As sweat evaporates from the skin's surface and travels towards the cooler inner surfaces of the shoe, the fact that water has 23 times higher conductivity than air in moisture transfer between layers increases heat transfer inside the shoe. This situation becomes particularly critical for multi-layered or highly insulated footwear, such as safety shoes, that are worn for extended periods(Irzmańska and Dutkiewicz 2015, Zhang et al. 2023).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn work environments where safety shoes are used, individuals often remain in static or semi-static postures for extended periods, making the foot-shoe microclimate even more critical(Namkoong et al. 2015) (Irzmańska and Dutkiewicz 2015, Eng\u0026uuml;r and Chaush-ogly 2019). Staying active and relaxed while working improves job performance, and reducing physical stress indirectly reduces workplace accidents(Irzmańska 2014, Eng\u0026uuml;r and Chaush-ogly 2019). However, the effects of posture positions on thermoregulation in the microclimatized environment inside shoes are often not given sufficient consideration in the literature(Tikuisis and Ducharme 1996). Therefore, multi-layered and long-wearing footwear such as work safety shoes must be designed to reduce physical stress on users in addition to their protective features(Irzmańska and Dutkiewicz 2015).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStudies on internal foot microenvironment temperature and humidity values ​​have mostly focused on variables such as the thermal insulation properties of shoes (Kuklane 1999, West et al. 2019, Lee et al. 2025); blood flow (Schlee et al. 2009, Vesel\u0026aacute; et al. 2019), metabolic heat production, and general skin temperature (West et al. 2019). Although AI-assisted thermal models such as Fiala, ThermoSEM, Berkeley Comfort Model, and Tanabe model have been developed in recent years da (Vesel\u0026aacute; et al. 2019), most of these models do not specifically address the lower extremity of the foot; critical parameters such as the regional distribution of internal gap temperature and humidity values, the effect of postural changes, time-dependent microclimate evolution, and environment-foot interaction are not adequately represented in existing datasets.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe limited availability of comprehensive datasets in the current literature that address the internal gap microclimate in multi-zone, time-series, and posture-based approaches significantly restricts design and modelling studies reflecting real-world usage conditions, particularly in human biometeorology, where human-subject data on regional foot humidity distribution under indoor conditions remain scarce. Furthermore, while shoe design, material selection, and production processes focus on regional protection, the regional behavior of the foot regarding temperature and moisture transfer is overlooked. This stands out as a fundamental methodological deficiency.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study aims to fill a significant data gap in literature by measuring multi-zone temperature and humidity distribution within the foot, providing a human-based dataset relevant to biometeorological assessment of localized thermal exposure under indoor conditions. Following previous shoe microclimate studies using an artificial foot model, this single-subject experimental design (SCED) with multiple measurements taken over five days serves as a methodological transition to human testing and serves as a hypothesis-generating pilot study. The findings reveal temperature and humidity differences between foot zones, along with the effects of postural changes and environmental conditions, providing a viable dataset that can be used in various disciplines such as ergonomics, biometeorology, and footwear design.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAccordingly, the aim of this study was to measure the temperature and humidity parameters that occur at the foot-shoe interface during shoe wear and are critically important for foot health and comfort, using a method that closely resembles real-world usage conditions. The following research questions were addressed within the scope of this study:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eHow consistent are foot temperature and humidity measurements over time? (i)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eDo activities like sitting and standing affect temperature and humidity? (ii)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhat is the temperature and moisture distribution between the different areas of the feet? (iii)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eDo changes in ambient temperature affect foot temperature and humidity levels? (iv)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eHow does temperature and humidity change over time during the activity? (v)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/ul\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe data obtained was evaluated to describe the regional, temporal, and posture-based characteristics of the internal gap microclimate and provide a dataset that serves as a methodological reference for future studies with larger sample sizes.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. Material Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics:\u003c/strong\u003e The study was discussed and approved by the \u0026quot;Non-Interventional Clinical Research Ethics Committee\u0026quot; by the Uşak University Non-invasive Clinical Research Ethics Committee on April 29, 2025 (Approval No: 644-644-13). The experimental procedure was explained to the participant in accordance with the ethics committee framework, and informed consent was obtained from the subject. All methods were carried out in accordance with the methods and regulations approved by the ethics committee.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eParticipant:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eA single participant (37 y, 173 cm, 72 kg, shoe size 42, physically active, \u0026gt;10 years weekly work experience) with no lower extremity injuries was included. This single-case experimental design was intentionally adopted as an intermediate step to extend previous mannequin-based measurements to human trials, allowing the assessment of sensor stability, inter-regional variability, and postural effects before larger-scale human studies (Yal\u0026ccedil;ın and Karavana, 2025) . Due to individual variability in foot temperature and responses, this study was designed as a hypothesis-generating pilot investigation bridging previous artificial foot model experiments with human-based measurements (Harry et al. 2020, Nikles et al. 2022). This study examined changes across days and foot regions and attempted to observe changes in temperature and humidity distribution across the foot regions (Miao et al. 2021).\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eExperiment Instrument:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eThis study was conducted to evaluate changes in temperature and humidity in different areas of the foot-footwear interaction in sitting and standing positions. For this purpose, a size 42 safety footwear with a textile upper (Figure 1-(a)), class S1 according to TS EN ISO 20344, and daily socks made of 100% cotton fibers were used, as shown in Figure 1 (Institute 2021). Measurements were made with a total of seven sensors: six regional sensors positioned inside the safety shoe worn on the right foot (Figure 1-(c)) and one sensor placed in the environment (West et al. 2019, Li et al. 2022). The participant wore the same shoe and socks throughout the experiment (Figure 1-(d)).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn this study, SHT41 digital temperature and humidity sensors (Figure 1-(b)) from Sensirion (Sensiron, Switzerland) were used for temperature and humidity measurements. These sensors are highly sensitive, measuring temperature with an accuracy of \u0026plusmn;0.1 \u0026deg;C and relative humidity with an accuracy of \u0026plusmn;1.8 %RH in the 0\u0026ndash;100 %RH range. Data obtained from the sensors were collected on a master card connected to seven SHT41 sensors and transferred to an Excel-based data system via a GSM module (Figure 1-(c)). Measurements were recorded at 3-minute intervals. Sensor calibration was performed similarly to the previous study, using three single-point measurements over a 6-hour period (Yal\u0026ccedil;ın and Karavana 2025). The multi-site sensor configuration enabled simultaneous, time-resolved measurement of regional temperature and humidity distribution across anatomically distinct foot zones, addressing a recognized gap in human-subject data for localized moisture dynamics in indoor biometeorological studies.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eExperiment Procedure:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eThis study was designed as a controlled indoor human biometeorology experiment to characterize localized foot-level microclimate responses under typical office work conditions.\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eThe experiment was designed to test a single subject over five days, considering their weekly work schedule between July 16-25, 2025. According to Vesela, foot temperature can increase by \u0026plusmn;4\u0026deg;C during the day (Vesel\u0026aacute; et al. 2019). For this reason, the study was carried out at the same time on one subject with the same routine as literature (Tikuisis and Ducharme 1996, Vesel\u0026aacute; et al. 2019). Study measurements were conducted on the first three days, and by the end of the third day, the subject\u0026apos;s ergonomic fit with the socks and shoes and their adaptation to activities in both sitting and standing positions were assessed. The subject was asked whether the sensor system caused any discomfort, but no adverse effects were observed due to the sensors internal foot microenvironment. Following the adaptation period, a five-day testing protocol was initiated. All tests were repeated at the same time of day (Figure 2).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDuring the sitting phase, the subject sat at a desk with a 90\u0026deg; knee and hip angle and continued working on a computer for 30 minutes. Following this, during the standing phase, the subject stood with equal weight on both feet and performed light office tasks (Liu et al. 2013) for 30 minutes without any walking movements (Namkoong et al. 2015). Because asymmetric weight distribution in the standing position puts an irregular load on the right and left trunk muscles and the hip sacrum joint. (Namkoong et al. 2015). This protocol established a repeatable activity cycle based on daily office work conditions.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe sensor boards were carefully taped onto the sock at the base, away from the sensors, to prevent shifting sensor positions and minimizing humidity and temperature fluctuations that could be caused by external interference (Figure 1-(d)) (West et al. 2019). After the subject put on the sensor-equipped sock, the shoelaces were untied to ensure proper placement on the foot. The laces were then tied to a normal tightness (S\u0026aacute;nchez-Jim\u0026eacute;nez et al. 2026).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eExperiment Conditions:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eThe experimental environment is the subject\u0026apos;s own work environment, a climate-controlled environment with limited freedom and no exposure to direct sunlight. This attempts to provide a controlled environment that allows for normal physiological processes, defined as normal functions, and normal daily life, including work. (Filingeri and Koch 2025). \u0026nbsp;The average ambient temperature was 26.6\u0026deg;C \u0026plusmn; 1.4, and the relative humidity was 40 \u0026plusmn; 7% (Tikuisis and Ducharme 1996, Vesel\u0026aacute; et al. 2019, West et al. 2019). Although higher than expected variability in temperature and humidity was observed, measurements were conducted in the subject\u0026apos;s own office to simulate a realistic office environment and to ensure ecological validity and comfort of the subject.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eExperiment Data Analysis:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eDaily, 308 measurements were collected (6 foot regions + environment \u0026times; 2 activities \u0026times; 11 readings), total 1,540 measurements over five days. Data were analyzed in SPSS. Linear Mixed Models assessed measurement consistency and environmental effects (i, iv). ANOVA GLM Repeated Measures evaluated activity effects (ii), regional temperature and humidity differences (iii), and temporal changes (v), with Greenhouse-Geisser corrections. Significance was set at p\u0026lt;0.05.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"3. Results and Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe results are presented to illustrate regional and posture-dependent variations in foot-level temperature and relative humidity under controlled indoor conditions, with emphasis on time-resolved microclimate behavior relevant to human biometeorology. Repeated measurements from the same sensors over five days showed high consistency in temperature (p\u0026lt;0.03), and a correlation of 88\u0026ndash;95% was found between different regional sensors. Humidity measurements were within an acceptable range of variation with p\u0026lt;0.54; the wide humidity variation in the 3\u003csup\u003erd\u003c/sup\u003e metatarsal region limited the overall consistency, and when this sensor was removed, the overall consistency coefficient of the system was calculated as 0.719. These findings demonstrate that the system used in foot-shoe microclimate measurements exhibits reliable performance, consistent with similar studies reported in the literature (i) (West et al. 2019).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eChanges in posture affect the degree of gravity constantly acting on the body. Consequently, the cardiovascular and cardiopulmonary systems are affected, and the distribution of blood circulation, which plays a fundamental role in heat transfer, changes(Jones and Dean 2004). From a physiological perspective, the fluctuations shown in Figure 3 are thought to be related to the more variable blood flow due to peripheral vasodilation while sitting. Standing up increases metabolic heat production, vasoconstriction reduces the diameter of distal vessels, and blood flow to the foot becomes more stable (Tikuisis and Ducharme 1996, Oğulata 2007, Namkoong et al. 2015). This hemodynamic balance helps reduce temperature fluctuations and creates a more stable thermal profile.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePosture-related differences in temperature and humidity distributions were observed in terms of both temperature and humidity (p\u0026lt;0.05). Similar to the literature, an increase in temperature and humidity was observed in all regions during both sitting and standing phases, depending on posture(ii) (Oğulata 2007, Li et al. 2022). Overall foot temperature while sitting increased by 1.32% to 33.07 \u0026deg;C upon standing (Tablo 1). The findings, consistent with the literature, reveal an increase in temperature and humidity throughout the foot areas in both postures (ii) (Oğulata 2007, Li et al. 2022). This finding is consistent with Franco\u0026apos;s study, which reported a 1.31% increase in temperature when rising from a sitting to a standing position (Franco et al. 2025). \u0026nbsp;However, this result differs from some studies that have reported a decrease in skin temperature after standing up (Tikuisis and Ducharme 1996, Namkoong et al. 2015, Liu et al. 2021). West et al. (West et al. 2019), reported that foot temperature initially increased during rest and then decreased by approximately 2\u0026deg;C during the recovery phase (West et al. 2019).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn this study, the temperature increase detected in the sole region (+1.35%) was higher compared to the dorsal region (+1.27%), and it was determined that the increase was particularly concentrated in the forefoot region. West et al. suggest that the high temperature at the base may be particularly related to the high insulation capacity midsole and insole layers used in protective footwear (West et al. 2019). Kuklane stated that the toecap in protective footwear reduces heat insulation by 1\u0026ndash;3%, while Irmanzka noted that moisture can be trapped in this area; studies with different types of footwear have also reported that the sole and toe areas show higher temperature values compared to other areas (Kuklane 1999, Irzmańska 2014, West et al. 2019). Therefore, it is recommended that the thermal effects of the toecap region in different postures and activities be investigated in detail in the future.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFigure 3 shows that temperature fluctuations in the foot areas become more stable after standing up. Literature reports general foot temperature variations of 0.96 \u0026deg;C while sitting and 0.77 \u0026deg;C when standing (Namkoong et al. 2015). In this study, however, a wider variation was observed in different regions of the foot. However, compared to the study in which Li reported an increase in skin temperature of +4\u0026deg;C and Vesel\u0026aacute; et al. reported an increase of up to +6\u0026deg;C for the foot due to increased blood flow during the transition from sitting to walking, the obtained temperature change range appears to be narrower (Li et al. 2019, Vesel\u0026aacute; et al. 2019) (Table 1).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA statistically significant increase in relative humidity levels inside the shoe occurred upon standing up (p \u0026lt; 0.05). The average increase in humidity across all regions was 10.03%, showing a higher increase compared to the change in temperature (Tablo 1). This situation supports increased moisture due to increased sweating resulting from increased metabolic rate with activity (Oğulata 2007). As the thermal load increases, homeostatic mechanisms come into play and the sweating mechanism is activated. However, although an increase in humidity was recorded in all regions, an average decrease of 3.21% was observed in the sensor in the lateral region. While there is an increase in moisture throughout the foot, this reversed trend in the lateral segment has been correlated with regional air circulation and in-shoe microclimate dynamics and evaluated via Figure 5.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIt has been reported that temperature variations of 32\u0026ndash;36 \u0026deg;C and relative humidity levels of 60\u0026ndash;65% are physiologically acceptable during daily activities; however, feelings of thermal discomfort generally occur at temperatures above 34 \u0026deg;C and relative humidity levels exceeding 80% (Liu et al. 2013, Irzmańska, Dutkiewicz et al. 2014, Vesel\u0026aacute; et al. 2019, Yal\u0026ccedil;ın an Karavana 2025). This study showed that these threshold values were stayed below during sitting and standing postures simulating daily office activities.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIt is known that approximately 70% of sweat on the feet is produced in the dorsal region and 30% in the plantar region; in addition to the eccrine glands in the plantar region, apoeccrine glands also contribute to psychological sweating(Smith et al. 2013, Li et al. 2019, Bianca et al. 2024, Bianca et al. 2025). Irmanzka (Irzmańska 2014) reported that sweating, which is 2.5-3.0 g/h during rest, increases to 7.2 g/h during walking (Irzmańska 2014). \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAlthough the amount of transpiration was not directly measured in this study, it is thought that the plantar region, being the load-bearing surface in contact with the ground, is likely to show higher moisture values compared to the dorsal region (West et al. 2019, Li et al. 2022).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eData obtained from temperature sensors placed on different areas of the foot showed statistically significant temperature differences between the areas (p \u0026lt; 0.05). When the average temperature values were examined, an average of 32.53 \u0026deg;C was measured in the lateral, 1\u003csup\u003est\u003c/sup\u003e and 3\u003csup\u003erd\u003c/sup\u003e metatarsal and medial sensors in the dorsal region, while this value reached 33.65 \u0026deg;C in the plantar region. This finding is consistent with the literature reporting that the plantar region exhibits higher temperatures than the dorsal region (West et al. 2019, S\u0026aacute;nchez et al. 2026).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe fact that the 1\u003csup\u003est\u003c/sup\u003e and 3\u003csup\u003erd\u003c/sup\u003e metatarsal sensors located in the anterior part of the foot in the dorsal region show higher temperature values compared to the lateral and medial regions indicates that the distal foot segments are more sensitive to thermal loading (Li et al. 2022). Similarly, the fact that the anterior plantar sensor shows a higher temperature in the plantar region compared to the posterior plantar sensor near the heel supports the idea that the distal end of the foot is more sensitive to thermal stress. Based on these findings, it was concluded that the front part of the foot generates higher temperatures compared to other areas, and that the medial region is warmer than the lateral region. (S\u0026aacute;nchez et al. 2026).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eData obtained from humidity sensors also showed statistically significant differences between sensor regions(iii) (p\u0026lt;0.05). The uneven distribution of sweat glands in the feet is considered one of the main physiological reasons for regional moisture differences (Irzmańska 2014, West et al. 2019). Moisture distribution generally exhibited a pattern similar to temperature distribution; higher moisture values were recorded in the 1\u003csup\u003est\u003c/sup\u003e and 3\u003csup\u003erd\u003c/sup\u003e metatarsal areas in the dorsal region, and in the anterior sole sensor in the plantar region (Figure 4) (Li et al. 2022). Li et al. reported that the time-dependent increase in moisture during shoe wearing was 7.2% in the dorsal region and 8.4% in the plantar region; and that this increase reached 5% in the dorsal region and 13.3% in the plantar region during activity(Li et al. 2019). In this context, the temperature and humidity increase patterns obtained in the study are generally consistent with literature.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMaintaining a balanced temperature and effectively removing moisture in the microclimatized environment of the footbed is critical for thermal comfort (Irzmańska and Dutkiewicz 2015, Bianca et al. 2024). It was determined that the highest temperature and humidity values were concentrated in the soles, toes, and lateral-medial regions, respectively, in both sitting and standing postures. The humidity distribution presented in Figure 4 largely coincides with the regional humidity pattern reported in the literature (Irzmańska 2014).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHowever, significant differences were observed between the lateral and medial regions. Higher temperature values were detected particularly in the lateral region, and a more pronounced temperature increase was observed during changes in posture; conversely, a tendency for humidity levels to decrease was recorded after standing up (Figure 3-4). This reverse humidity change observed in the lateral region contradicts general trends reported in the literature and results from other sensor regions (West et al. 2019). However, as shown in Figures 5 and 6, the high correlation between the lateral sensor and ambient temperature and humidity levels suggests that this anomaly may be related to the lateral region being more affected by the external microclimate due to its proximity to the shoe body.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe foot was grouped into dorsal and plantar regions; the percentage contributions of temperature and humidity data obtained from six sensor regions to the dorsal, plantar, and general foot microclimate are presented in Table 2 and Table 3. It was determined that the sensors in the dorsal and plantar regions generally showed a homogeneous effect in terms of temperature, but areas closer to the toe region had relatively higher temperature values.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn terms of moisture, the effect of the sensor region was found to be significant (0.76 \u0026eta;\u0026sup2;), and the highest contribution to overall foot moisture was observed to come from the plantar region with 62.32%. In the dorsal region, the front part of the foot showed higher moisture values compared to the lateral and medial regions (Li et al. 2019). Similarly, in the plantar region, the forefoot area near the toes exhibited a more humid environment than the hindfoot area near the heel. When the overall foot microclimate was evaluated, it was determined that the sole region was the most humid area, while the outer (lateral) part of the foot remained below average foot moisture levels.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe average ambient temperature at which the test was conducted was recorded as 27\u0026plusmn;1\u0026deg;C, and the ambient humidity as 37.53\u0026plusmn;1%. Figures 5 and 6 show the percentage temperature and humidity change trends over time for each sensor compared to the initial measurement. Lee et al. (Lee et al.) reported that when military boots were examined as a whole, similar thicknesses exhibited similar thermal insulation properties. Accordingly, it was assumed that the thermal conductivity properties of the footwear models used in this study were comparable due to the similarity of regional thickness and layer structure (Lee et al. 2025).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn terms of temperature change, unlike previous studies (Li et al. 2019) it was observed that the rate of temperature increase slowed significantly from the second half of the 30-minute walking period onwards. Similarly, West reported that in closed shoes, the plantar region produces higher temperature and humidity than the toe region; the slight temperature increase observed during rest increases with activity, but the acceleration of this increase slows down after about 20 minutes (West et al. 2019). n this study, as shown in Figure 5, the temperature increase peaked at approximately 2.5% at the 33\u003csup\u003erd\u003c/sup\u003e minute, when the postural change occurred, and then entered a thermal equilibrium regime with a steady increase of 2% compared to the baseline. This finding indicates that the foot-shoe microclimate reaches a homeostatic equilibrium state after a certain period.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAn important finding was that the lateral region temperature change showed a significant parallelism with the ambient temperature (Figure 5), and that the lateral region humidity followed a similar trend to the ambient humidity, unlike other sensors, under conditions where the ambient humidity exhibited negative acceleration (Figure 6) (Jakobsen et al. 2023, S\u0026aacute;nchez et al. 2026). Although it is known that convective and radiative heat transfer is inevitable due to the foot surface temperature being higher than the ambient temperature (Li et al. 2019, West et al. 2019); it is considered that this exceptional behavior observed in the lateral region may be due to the sensor being more sensitive to the external microclimate because of its positioning close to the side surface of the shoe. This mechanism needs to be examined in more detail in future studies.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWhen the average increase values of the sensor areas were examined, it was observed that the temperature increased by approximately 3.5% and the humidity by 20% in the sitting position. Li et al. (Li et al. 2022) The study reported a temperature increase of 3.5 \u0026deg;C and a humidity increase of 13.2% during sitting, indicating high agreement between the current study and the literature (Li et al.2019). Time-series analysis revealed that temperature and humidity values in the regions generally showed a linear increase trend over time. However, it was determined that the rate of increase decreased significantly upon standing; temperature reached a maximum of 4% and humidity a 35% percentage change, transitioning to a shallower increase regime. This situation can be attributed to the differentiation of metabolic load due to postural changes, the redistribution of peripheral blood flow, and changes in sweating-diffusion mechanisms (Li et al. 2022).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWhen the time-dependent temperature change is descriptively examined in Table 3, it was determined that the two sensors in the plantar region produced higher increase values compared to all other regions in the time-dependent change of the temperature difference between the first and last measurement during the sitting position, while the lateral sensors showed the lowest temperature change rates. When the time-dependent temperature change rates (∆\u0026deg;C/min) according to position are evaluated, it was observed that the acceleration of temperature increase slowed down significantly or stopped completely with standing up(Li et al. 2019). The decrease in the rate of temperature change from 0.089 \u0026deg;C/h during sitting to 0.068 \u0026deg;C/h after standing, as reported in Tikuisis and Ducharme\u0026apos;s study, is lower than the values obtained in Table 3 in the present study, but shows high consistency in terms of the decreasing trend in the rate of temperature increase with the transition from sitting to standing (Tikuisis and Ducharme 1996). This similarity supports the physiological mechanism associated with how postural changes alter blood flow distribution and vasomotor responses.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 4 shows that, similar to temperature, the rate of increase in humidity is significantly higher, particularly in the plantar region compared to other areas. However, a noticeable decrease in the rate of humidity increase occurred in all sensor regions after standing up. This indicates the effect of posture change on both sweat diffusion and airflow dynamics inside the shoe (Oğulata 2007, Li et al. 2019). In the microchemical environment of the shoe, temperature and humidity increased over time compared to the starting point, and the rate of increase varied depending on the shoe, activity level, etc. (Grabowska-Polanowskań et al. 2020).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"4. Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study investigated the effects of sitting and standing postures on internal gap temperature and moisture distribution, aiming to identify the dominant regions of the microclimate affected by posture changes, the rates of temperature and moisture increase, and stabilization processes. The findings are presented below with summary results that correspond to our hypotheses:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eSwitching from sitting to standing increased overall foot temperature by 1.32% to 33.07\u0026deg;C, while relative humidity increased by an average of 10.03% in all regions (ii).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe plantar region stood out as the dominant area of ​​the internal gap microclimate with a temperature of 33.46\u0026deg;C and a relative humidity of 62.32%; while the temperature was more homogeneous in the dorsal regions (24.40\u0026ndash;25.34%), the humidity was concentrated in the anterior metatarsal areas, constituting 15.97\u0026ndash;18.75% of the overall foot humidity (iii).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe rate of temperature increase after postural change was found to be highest in plantar sensors and lowest in lateral sensors; the rates of temperature and humidity increase slowed significantly in all regions after standing up (iv).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhile lateral regions were more sensitive to the external microclimate than other regions, changes in other sensor regions were limited depending on the shoe microclimate (v).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eRelative humidity exhibited greater spatial variability than temperature, highlighting the importance of moisture dynamics in peripheral microclimate assessments, an aspect that remains underrepresented in human-subject biometeorological datasets.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/ul\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe findings show that significant differences in temperature and humidity occur in areas of the foot with structurally different characteristics during shoe use, and that these differences vary with posture and activity. Although the observed changes were statistically significant, temperature and humidity did not reach discomfort levels. It is predicted that higher temperature and humidity variations and discomfort values ​​may be observed in some areas where the environmental conditions, duration, and activity variables in the study are varied. In this context, the pilot study serves as a basis for more comprehensive foot-shoe research focusing on foot discomfort sensations in future studies.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConsidering the temperature and humidity values ​​of the foot in different postures and over time, attention should be paid to the internal gap between the foot and the shoe, particularly in the toe box and sole areas, for temperature and humidity transfer during office activities. Users who stand for long periods daily show more stable temperature and humidity compared to those who sit. In this context, a hybrid lining approach rather than a single lining type and proper footbed top material can be an alternative for increasing thermophysiological comfort.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBased on the findings, ergonomic design strategies prioritizing regional ventilation and moisture management are recommended for footwear used in office and low-activity conditions. Considering the dominant role of the plantar surface in the microclimate, the high thermal and moisture load on both the dorsal and plantar surfaces of the forefoot, and the sensitivity of the lateral regions to external environmental conditions, it is important to optimize design and material selection. Overall, the findings emphasize the relevance of localized foot microclimate assessment in understanding human\u0026ndash;environment interactions within office occupational settings.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":" \u003cp\u003eAll authors certify that they have no affiliations with or involvement in any organization or entity with any financial interest or non-financial interest in the subject matter or materials discussed in this manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eCompliance with Ethical Standards\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003e The study was conducted in accordance with the principles of the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the Non-Interventional Clinical Research Ethics Committee of the Uşak University Faculty of Medicine (Approval No: 644-644-13; April 29, 2025). Written informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to participation in the study.\u003c/p\u003e \u003ch2\u003eConflict of interest\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe authors declare no conflict of interest.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eFunding\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo funding was received for conducting this study.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contributions\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe author solely made substantial contributions to the conception and design of the study, data acquisition, analysis and interpretation of the results. The author drafted the manuscript and critically revised it for important intellectual content, and approved the final version of the manuscript for publication.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eData availability\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eData presented in this study are available on reasonable request from the corresponding author.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBianca E, Dotti F, Ferri A and Havenith G (2025) Heat and Mass Transfer in Footwear: Exploring The Moisture Evaporation and Condensation Cycle. Journal of Industrial Textiles 55. https://doi.org/10.1177/15280837251325783.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBianca E, Dotti F, Orrico F and Ferri A (2024) Thermoregulation of feet in cold environments: A study on Alpinism. Applied Ergonomics 116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2023.104205.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eEng\u0026uuml;r M and Chaush-ogly K (2019). T\u0026uuml;rkiye İş Sağliği ve G\u0026uuml;venliği Mevzuatinda Ergonominin Yeri \u0026Uuml;zerine Bir \u0026Ccedil;alişma. Ergonomi \u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e(2), 69\u0026ndash;77. https://doi.org/10.33439/ergonomi.480559\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eFilingeri D and Koch Esteves N (2025) How Hot is Too Hot for People? A Review of Empirical Models of Perceptual, Physiological and Functional Limits of Human Heat Tolerance. Experimental Physiology https://doi.org/10.1113/EP092242.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eFranco VHP, Vasquez-Bonilla AA and Sillero-Quintana M (2025) Influence of Body Position On Skin Temperature, Heart Rate, And Blood Pressure In Active Men. Journal of Thermal Biology 127, 104009. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtherbio.2024.104009.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eGrabowska-Polanowska B, Kwiecień J and Gajewski R (2020) Measurement of the Inside Microclimate of Footwear Constructed from Different Material Sets. Fibres \u0026amp; Textiles in Eastern Europe 28(6),144. DOI:10.5604/01.3001.0014.3801.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eHarry JR, Eggleston JD, Dufek JS and James C (2020) Single-Subject Analyses Reveal Altered Performance and Muscle Activation During Vertical Jumping. Biomechanics 1(1), 15\u0026ndash;28. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomechanics1010002.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eInstitute, TS (2021) 20344 - Personal Protective Equipment - Test Methods for Footwear: 1\u0026ndash;92.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eIrzmańska E (2014) Case Study of the Impact of Toecap Type on the Microclimate in Protective Footwear. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics 44(5), 706\u0026ndash;714. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ergon.2014.07.006.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eIrzmańska E and Dutkiewicz J (2015) Preliminary Evaluation of Airlaid Nonwovens With Superabsorbent for Use in Protective Footwear: Tests Involving a Thermal Foot Model and Climatic Chamber. Fibres \u0026amp; Textiles in Eastern Europe 23(6), 114. https://doi.org/10.5604/12303666.1167432.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eIrzmańska E, Dutkiewicz JK and Irzmański R (2014) New Approach to Assessing Comfort of Use of Protective Footwear With a Textile Liner and its Impact on Foot Physiology. Textile Research Journal 84(7), 728\u0026ndash;738. DOI: 10.1177/0040517513507362.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eJakobsen L, Lysdal FG, Bagehorn T, Kersting UG and Sivebaek IM (2023) The Effect of Footwear Outsole Material on Slip Resistance on Dry and Contaminated Surfaces with Geometrically Controlled Outsoles. Ergonomics 66(3), 322\u0026ndash;329. DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2022.2081364.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eJones AY and Dean E (2004) Body Position Change and Its Effect on Hemodynamic And Metabolic Status. Heart \u0026amp; Lung 33(5), 281\u0026ndash;290. DOI: 10.1016/j.hrtlng.2004.04.004.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKuklane K (1999) Footwear For Cold Environments: Thermal Properties, Performance And Testing, Phd Thesis. Department Of Human Work Sciences. \u003cem\u003eDivision of Industrial Production Environment, Lule\u0026aring; University of Technology, Lule\u0026aring;\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eLee M, Stenkina M, Yeo Y and Lee JY (2025) Thermal Insulation of Military Boots Using a Thermal Foot Manikin in Cold Environments. Fashion and Textiles 12(1), 2. DOI: 10.1186/s40691-024-00407-6.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eLi PL, Yick KL, Yip J and. Ng SP (2019) Thermal Equations for Predicting Foot Skin Temperature. Asia Pacific Journal of Health Management 14(1), 31\u0026ndash;35. DOI: 10.24083/apjhm.v14i1.201.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eLi, PL, Yick KL, Yip J and Ng SP (2022) Influence of Upper Footwear Material Properties on Foot Skin Temperature, Humidity and Perceived Comfort Of Older Individuals. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19(17), 10861. DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191710861.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eLiu G, Liang S and Hu S (2021) Calculation Method Of Mean Skin Temperature Weighted By Temperature Sensitivity Of Various Parts Of Human Body. Journal of Thermal Biology 100, 102995. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtherbio.2021.102995.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eLiu Y, Wang L, Di Y, Liu J and Zhou H (2013) The Effects Of Clothing Thermal Resistance and Operative Temperature on Human Skin Temperature. Journal of Thermal Biology 38(5), 233\u0026ndash;239. DOI:10.1016/j.jtherbio.2013.03.001.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMiao T, Wang P, Zhang N and Li Y (2021) Footwear Microclimate and its Effects on the Microbial Community of the Plantar Skin. Scientific Reports 11, 20356. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-99865-x.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eNamkoong S, Shim J, Kim S and Shim J (2015) Effects Of Different Sitting Positions on Skin Temperature of the Lower Extremity. Journal Of Physical Therapy Science 27(8), 2637\u0026ndash;2640. DOI:10.1589/jpts.27.2637.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eNikles J, Evans K, Hams A and Sterling M (2022) A Systematic Review Of N-Of-1 Trials and Single Case Experimental Designs in Physiotherapy for Musculoskeletal Conditions. Musculoskeletal Science and Practice 62: 102639: DOI: 0.1016/j.msksp.2022.102639.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eOğulata RT (2007). The effect of thermal insulation of clothing on human thermal comfort. Fibres \u0026amp; Textiles in Eastern Europe 15(2), 61.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eS\u0026aacute;nchez-Jim\u0026eacute;nez JL, S\u0026aacute;nchez-Ribes E, Priego-Quesada JI, Encarnaci\u0026oacute;n-Mart\u0026iacute;nez A, Sanch\u0026iacute;s-Sanch\u0026iacute;s R and P\u0026eacute;rez-Soriano P (2026). Sex Differences In Young Adults On Comfort And Foot Skin Temperature Using Different Running Shoes Lacing. Applied Ergonomics 130, 104660. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2025.104660.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSchlee G, Sterzing T and Milani TL (2009) Foot Sole Skin Temperature Affects Plantar Foot Sensitivity. Clinical Neurophysiology 120(8), 1548\u0026ndash;1551. DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2009.06.010.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSmith CJ, Machado-Moreira CA, Plant G, Hodder S, Havenith G and Taylor NA (2013) Design Data for Footwear: Sweating Distribution On The Human Foot. International Journal of Clothing Science and Technology 25(1), 43\u0026ndash;58. DOI: 10.1108/09556221311292200.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eTikuisis P and Ducharme MB (1996) The Effect of Postural Changes on Body Temperatures and Heat Balance. European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology 72(5). 451\u0026ndash;459: DOI: 10.1007/BF00242275.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eVesel\u0026aacute; S, Kingma BR, Frijns AJ and van Marken Lichtenbelt WD (2019) Effect Of Local Skin Blood Flow During Light And Medium Activities On Local Skin Temperature Predictions. Journal of Thermal Biology 84, 439\u0026ndash;450. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtherbio.2019.07.033.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eWest A, Sch\u0026ouml;nfisch D, Picard A, Tarrier J, Hodder S and Havenith G (2019) Shoe Microclimate: An Objective Characterisation And Subjective Evaluation. Applied Ergonomics 78: 1\u0026ndash;12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2019.01.010.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eYal\u0026ccedil;ın F and Karavana HA (2025) Footwear Breathability Test Machine: A New Method and System Design for Testing Footwear Breathability and its Thermal Comfort, Case Study on Leather Boot. Journal of Industrial Textiles 55. https://doi.org/10.1177/152808372513467.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eZhang W, Su Y and Li J (2023). Developing a Test Device to Analyze Heat Transfer Combined With Radiant Exposure and Continuous Liquid Sweating Through Thermal Protective Clothing. Journal of Industrial Textiles 53. https://doi.org/10.1177/15280837231177870.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"Tables","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e.\u003c/strong\u003e Average sitting and standing temperatures and percentage increases\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTemperature (\u0026deg;C)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHumidity (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRegion\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSensor\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSitting\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStanding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIncrease (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSitting\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStanding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIncrease (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDorsal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLateral\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32.39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32.76\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+1.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36.76\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35.58\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-3.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003csup\u003erd\u003c/sup\u003e Metatarsal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32.68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+1.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55.95\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e64.18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+14.72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003csup\u003est\u003c/sup\u003e Metatarsal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32.79\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+1.27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48.35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e53.95\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+11.58\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMedial\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31.49\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+1.27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46.38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+8.27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePlantar\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePlantar front\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.54\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+1.55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e67.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+11.59\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePlantar back\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32.94\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+1.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e57.38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e64.49\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+12.39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFoot\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32.64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+1.32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50.84\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55.94\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e+10.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e*Note: Each sensor has n = 110 measurements/sensor.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTablo\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eDistribution of temperature and humidity values in foot regions relative to the average.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"99%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRegion\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAverage (\u0026deg;C)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFoot region temperature (\u0026deg;C)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDorsal foot distribution (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePlantar foot distribution (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFoot distribution (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTemperature\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDorsal\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLateral\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.57\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32.55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3\u003csup\u003erd\u003c/sup\u003emetatarsal\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32.86\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1\u003csup\u003est\u003c/sup\u003e metatarsal\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.74\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMedial\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31.77\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePlantar\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePlantar front\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePlantar back\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e49.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.81\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"8\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAverage (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFoot region humidity (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDorsal foot distribution (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePlantar foot distribution (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFoot distribution (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 4px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHumidity\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDorsal\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLateral\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48.92\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.49\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3\u003csup\u003erd\u003c/sup\u003e Metatarsal\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30.69\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1\u003csup\u003est\u003c/sup\u003e Metatarsal\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.97\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMedial\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48.30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26.68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePlantar\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePlantar front\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e63.71\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62.32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePlantar back\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 11px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60.94\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48.89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e.\u003c/strong\u003e Temperature changes over time\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" style=\"width: 196px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSitting Posture Temperature (\u0026deg;C)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" style=\"width: 203px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStanding Posture Temperature (\u0026deg;C)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSensor\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0 min.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e30 min.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e∆\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e∆/dk\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e33 min.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e63 min.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e∆\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e∆/dk\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLateral\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31.98\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32.56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.58\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32.64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32.84\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3\u003csup\u003erd\u003c/sup\u003emetatarsal\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31.92\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1\u003csup\u003est\u003c/sup\u003e metatarsal\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31.98\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMedial\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30.88\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31.82\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.94\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31.92\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32.18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePlantar front\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32.80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.92\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePlantar back\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"9\" valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 493px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDorsal foot\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31.69\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32.66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.96\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32.74\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32.84\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePlantar foot\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.61\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFoot\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31.96\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32.97\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 41px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e4\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e.\u003c/strong\u003e Humidity changes over time\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" style=\"width: 201px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSitting Posture Humidity (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" style=\"width: 205px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStanding Posture Humidity (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSensor\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0 min.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e30 min.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e∆\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e∆/dk\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e33 min.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e63 min.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e∆\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e∆/dk\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLateral\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37.80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-1.80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-1.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3\u003csup\u003erd\u003c/sup\u003emetatarsal\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48.60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59.60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e67.40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1\u003csup\u003est\u003c/sup\u003e metatarsal\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e49.80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e56.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 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style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.85\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52.55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePlantar foot\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51.40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n 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\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e53.27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e53.73\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e57.77\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Foot microclimate, Foot thermophysiological response, Foot comfort, Occupational environment dataset","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8616074/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8616074/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eLocalized thermal exposure and moisture accumulation at the foot level represent an important yet underexplored component of human biometeorology, particularly under indoor occupational conditions. This pilot study investigates posture-dependent foot microclimate dynamics by examining regional temperature and relative humidity responses during typical office work activities. Multi-site measurements were conducted using six digital temperature\u0026ndash;humidity sensors positioned at anatomically distinct regions of the right foot inside safety footwear, alongside an ambient sensor, during sitting and standing tasks performed over five consecutive days.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe results demonstrated clear regional and temporal variability in foot microclimate behavior. Transitioning from sitting to standing led to a measurable increase in overall foot temperature (+\u0026thinsp;1.32%) and relative humidity (+\u0026thinsp;10.03%), with the plantar regions exhibiting consistently higher thermal and moisture loads compared to dorsal regions. While temperature distributions remained relatively homogeneous across dorsal areas, humidity showed pronounced accumulation in the metatarsal and forefoot regions. Time-series analysis revealed that both temperature and humidity increased progressively during activity, with stabilization trends observed following postural changes.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e Beyond its methodological contribution, this study provides a rare human-based, time-resolved dataset capturing regional foot temperature and humidity distributions under controlled indoor conditions\u0026mdash;an area where empirical data from human subjects remain limited, particularly with respect to moisture dynamics. The dataset may support future biometeorological modeling, indoor climate assessment, localized thermal exposure studies, and data-driven or artificial intelligence\u0026ndash;based approaches requiring reliable peripheral microclimate data.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOverall, the findings highlight the importance of considering regional and posture-dependent thermophysiological responses at the foot level in studies of indoor human\u0026ndash;environment interactions and occupational microclimates.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Human Foot Microclimate and Thermophysiological Responses During Indoor Office Work: A Pilot Study","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2026-02-18 18:24:27","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8616074/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"28dbeda3-d98d-41dd-81e6-7a6bc3c3dc0a","owner":[],"postedDate":"February 18th, 2026","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-04-01T21:34:33+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2026-02-18 18:24:27","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-8616074","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-8616074","identity":"rs-8616074","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}