Antibacterial activity of ethanol plant extract combined with organic acid against pathogenic and spoilage bacteria at different pH conditions

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To address these concerns, combination of the natural preservative with potential organic acid is the superior solution because the use of synthetic preservatives alone are aware of health impacts to consumers. Therefore, this research aimed to identify the combined effect of these two substances against pathogenic and spoilage bacterial strains in different pH conditions (non-adjusted, mildly acidic, and neutral pH conditions). Eighteen ethanol plant extracts with five organic acids were used in this study to test for antibacterial activities through disk diffusion method to determine the zone of inhibition, and plate dilution with broth dilution method to determine the MIC and MBC respectively. The potential plant extract and organic acid that demonstrated stronger activity were selected for the combinatorial study. In all tested pH conditions, clove extract demonstrated high potency when lactic acid or acetic acid was incorporated. At mildly acidic conditions, combinations were more effective in reducing the MICs of clove extract combined with acetic acid against all tested strains. The combination resulted as a synergistic effect with the FIC index of 0.5 for the test on methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus 11D1677, Listeria monocytogenes 4b, and Salmonella Typhimurium 12529. Therefore, the amplified activity was established when clove extract combined with acetic acid. The obtained data was evaluated to have a combinatorial effect, which could be a potential object for controlling pathogenic and spoilage bacteria. Antibacterial activity Pathogenic bacteria Spoilage bacteria Ethanol plant extract Organic acid I. Introduction Foodborne illness has been defined as a disease of infectious or toxic nature caused by the consumption of food or water. It has emerged as a significant and growing public health and economic issue in various countries in the world [ 1 ]. The ingestion and colonization of pathogen microorganisms in the human gastrointestinal tract typically cause gastroenteritis, which is a condition indicated by diarrhea, nauseas, vomiting, and fever [ 2 ]. Furthermore, the damage from spoilage and contaminated food causes serious issues in the food industry such as economic loss, food loss, damage to reputation, and punishment according to local law, and as well as to consumers’ well-being [ 3 ]. Nowadays, consumers are progressively aware of the health impacts that are caused by consumption of food containing some synthetic preservatives. This causes consumers to demand safer food consumption. The herbs and spices are appealing to consumers because they have already been a part of human consumption since antiquity and are generally recognized as safe (GRAS) [ 4 ]. However, dietary herb and spice extracts exhibit antimicrobial activity at a concentration that might negatively impact the sensory properties of the food [ 5 ]. Based on this background, it is needed to find ways of reducing the concentrations of plant extracts (PE) in order to widen their application, specifically in the food industries. On the same point, according to the previous chapter, organic acids (OAs) were the significant effective antibacterial agents recognized as GRAS while the information about the combination of OAs and PE to study its activity in various pH conditions is little [ 6 , 7 ]. Indeed, research illustrated that these two components work differently. Therefore, it might be hypothesized that the combination of both groups of products could give an additive effect [ 8 ]. This study aimed to screen for potential ethanol plant extracts among 18 plant extracts and to combine the effect of plant extract with the potential organic acid for controlling the selected bacterial strains in different pH conditions. II. Materials and Methods 2.1 Bacterial Strains and Preparation The microorganisms invested in this study include both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. There are three Gram-positive bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus 209P, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus 11D1677 (MRSA), and Listeria monocytogenes 4b (AS-1). For Gram-negative, there are five strains such as Escherichia coli O157:H7 , Escherichia coli IFO 3301 , Pseudomonas aeruginosa 15442, Salmonella enterica serovars Enteritidis O9 (SE-1) , and Salmonella enterica serovars Typhimurium IFO 12529 . For pre-cultures, the cells of each bacterium were transferred from refrigerated stock cultures to Nutrient Agar (NA, Eiken Chemical Co., Ltd., Tochigi, Japan) plates, and incubated at 37℃ for 24 h. Then, the broth sub-cultures were prepared by inoculating a single colony from NA plate to Nutrient Broth (NB, Eiken Chemical Co., Ltd., Tochigi, Japan) tube and incubated at 37℃ for 24 h with shaking 80±10 rpm. The culture stock was regularly refreshed on the new slant agar tubes every 3 weeks. 2.2 Plant-Extract Preparation Eighteen of ethanol plant extracts including licorice, clove, lemon thyme, negro pepper, curry plant, rosemary, lemon eucalyptus, lemongrass, sage, laurel, parsley, cumin, turmeric, black pepper, nutmeg, coriander seed, pineapple sage and roselle have been selected in this study to test for antibacterial activities against the spoilage and pathogenic bacteria as mentioned above. All of these selected plants have been complied with the Specifications and Standards for Food by Japan External Trade Organization [9]. For the extraction, the process followed the extraction method from [10]. First, the plant and ethanol concentration 99.5% (Nacalai Tesque, Inc., Kyoto, Japan) were weighed and measured in the ratio of 1:9 (w/v), then placed in the shaking incubator at room temperature for 48 h. After that, the suspensions were filtered on Whatman filter papers (ADVANTEC® FILTER PAPER No. 2, Toyo Roshi Co., Ltd, Tokyo, Japan). The filtrate was centrifuged at 9500 rpm for 30 min at 4℃ (Compact High-Speed Cooling Centrifuge 6500, G70318-E000; Kubota Corp., Tokyo, Japan). The supernatants were used as 10% (w/v) extract and kept at 4℃. 2.3 Tested Organic Acids The organic acid used in this study are fumaric acid (Nacalai Tesque., Inc, Kyoto, Japan) and its sodium salts (monosodium fumaric acid and disodium fumaric acid Tesque., Inc, Kyoto, Japan), ascorbic acid (Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd, Japan), lactic acid (Kanto Chemical Co., Inc, Tokyo, Japan), acetic acid (Nacalai Tesque., Inc, Kyoto, Japan), and citric acid (Nacalai Tesque., Inc, Kyoto, Japan). 2.4 Screening of Plant Extracts for Antibacterial activity The potential antibacterial activities of plant extracts were identified by disk diffusion method. First, all of NA media were sterilized at 121℃ for 15 mn. After sterilization, 10 mL of NA was poured on the plate as the basal layer. Then, each culture was inoculated into another 5 mL of NA, mixed it well, and poured on the basal layer. After the agar solidified, 50 µ𝐿 of each plant extract was loaded on the paper disks (ADVANTEC® PAPER DISK, 8mm-diameter, 1-mm thickness, Toyo Roshi Co., Ltd, Tokyo, Japan) placed it on the surface of the agar using the flame sterilized forceps. The disk with 50 µ𝐿 of 99.5% ethanol was used as control. Next, all plates were kept at 10℃ for 2 h to allow the plant extracts diffused to the agar and to incubate at 37℃ for 24 h later. Antibacterial activity was determined by measuring the diameter as millimeters of the inhibition zone. All tests were done triplicated, and plant extracts that showed the bigger inhibition zone were selected for the further study in MIC and MBC. 2.5 MIC and MBC Determination of Plant Extracts The plate dilution method was used to determine MIC (MIC is defined as the lowest concentration of the antibacterial agent that demonstrates no visible growth after incubation). To begin this technique, the NA medium was prepared and distributed 20 mL into each 24 mm tube. Then, the sterilization was done at 121℃ for 15 mn. Each sterilized NA tube was poured on agar plates and was mixed well with each plant extract in different concentrations (0.003125, 0.00625, 0.0125, 0.025, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8% v/v), then the mixture plates were dried in the incubator for 1 h after agar was solidified. Next, one loopful of each cultured bacterium was streaked on the agars respectively. Four, six, and eight percent of 99.5% ethanol were used as controls. All plates were then brought for incubation at 37℃ for 24 h. In order to determine MBC, the broth dilution method was used in the laboratory. The NB medium was prepared and distributed 10 mL into each 18 mm tube. Then, the sterilization was done at 121℃ for 15 min. The 10 mL of sterilized NB was added by each ethanol plant extracts in different concentrations. Four, six, and eight percent of 99.5% ethanol were notified as controls. One loopful of each overnight bacterial culture was inoculated into each tube before the incubation at 37℃ for 24 h. Then, one loopful of incubated NB was streaked on NA plates and was incubated at 37℃ for 24 h again. The MBC was identified on the plate in the concentration that has shown no colonies after the incubation. All tests were done three times independently. 2.6 MIC and MBC Determination of Organic Acid To determine MIC, the plate medium was prepared separately by mixing NA with each organic separately in different concentrations and divided into 3 sets including non-adjusted pH, and adjusted to pH 5.5 and pH 7.0 by adding HCl or NaOH, then distributed 20 mL into each 24 mm tube. Each sterilized NA tube (treated with organic acid) was poured on agar plates, and then the agar plates were dried in the incubator for 1 h after agar was solidified. Next, one loopful of each cultured bacterium was streaked on the agars respectively. All plates were then brought for incubation at 37℃ for 24 h. The broth dilution method was following, same as the procedure of broth dilution method on the plant extracts. 2.7 Combined Effect of Potential Plant Extract with Organic Acid The MIC was established using the plate dilution technique. After preparing the non-adjusted pH medium and adjusting the pH to 7.0 and 5.5 separately by adding HCl or NaOH, 20 mL were divided into each 24 mm tube. Lactic acid and acetic acid were added to the NA medium separately in various amounts (half and two-thirds of the MIC). Each sterilized NA tube was placed on an agar plate, mixed with clove extract at various concentrations that were lower than its MIC, and allowed to dry in the incubator for an additional hour after the agar had set. After that, each cultured bacteria was streaked on the agars with one loopful. Then, all plates were brought for a 24-hour incubation period at 37 °C and three times of the experiment was run. 2.8 FIC Index analysis FIC index was evaluated based on [10], which the sum of FIC values was calculated as follows: FIC = FIC A + FIC B The combination activities were interpreted and classified according to the range of the calculated FIC index as below [11]: FIC ≤ 0.5 = ‘synergistic effects’ 0.5 < FIC 4.0 = ‘antagonistic effects’. The calculation of FIC index was done on the combinations of clove extract with lactic acid and with acetic acid. 2.9 Statistical Analysis All experiments were conducted in three independent replications. The three-trial results of DIZ of each plant extract were subjected to one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) using SPSS Statistics 26.0 software (IBM, New York, USA). Significant differences among the mean values of the treatments were determined by Tukey’s test and were set as p < 0.05. III. Results 3.1 Screening of plant extracts for potential antibacterial activity The DIZ (measured in millimeter) of plant extracts against selected bacterial strains was recorded in Table 1 . Between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, the Gram-positive bacteria exhibited more varying susceptibility to most plant extracts compared to the Gram-negative bacteria. Four of total tested plant extracts (clove, Negro pepper, turmeric, and Roselle) exhibited significant activity against Gram-negative bacterial strains, which indicated the stronger antibacterial properties, while licorice, lemon eucalyptus, parsley, cumin, and coriander seed demonstrated lower activity. In particular, the biggest inhibition zone against Gram-negative was observed in clove extract with diameter 12 mm on E. coli O157:H7, 9.6 mm on P. aeruginosa 15442 and on S. enterica Enteritidis O9 (SE-1). Gram-positive was observed to be more extremely sensitive with curry plant extract than any other plant extracts by demonstrating diameter 36 mm on S. aureus 209P, 28.1 mm on L. monocytogenes 1/2 c, and 29.9 mm on L. monocytogenes 4b; however, this plant extract had poor activity on tested Gram-negative strains . 3.2 The MIC and MBC of plant extracts against selective bacterial strains After screening for potential plant extracts, the plate dilution and broth dilution methods have been done to obtain concentrations of minimum inhibition and minimum bactericidal. The MIC and MBC values were presented in Table 2 . In this test, L. monocytogenes 1/2c was substituted by other three bacterial strains including MRSA 11D1677, E. coli IFO3301 and S. enterica Typhimurium IFO 12529 in order to compare to its species ( S. aureus 209P, E. coli O157:H7, and S. enterica Enteritidis O9 (SE-1) respectively). According to Table 2 , the MIC of tested curry plant extract demonstrated the strongest antibacterial activity to Gram-positive bacteria with the lowest MIC in the range of 0.00625% to 0.0125% and MBC in the range of 0.00625% to 0.025%, following by negro pepper extract which illustrated MIC in the range of 0.025% to 0.2% and MBC ranging from 0.05% to 0.4%. Particularly, Negro pepper and clove extracts exhibited the same MIC (0.2%) and MBC (0.4%) on L. monocytogenes 4b. For Gram-negative bacteria, only clove extract displayed the ability to suppress the growth of bacteria with MIC at 0.4% and MBC ranging from 0.4% to 0.6% except P. aeruginosa 15442 which demonstrated MIC and MBC > 0.6%. Most inhibitory levels demonstrated higher activity than the study by [12]. 3.3 The MIC and MBC of organic acids against pathogenic and spoilage bacterial strains The antibacterial activity of organic acids individually against selected bacterial strains in non-adjusted pH, mildly acidic, and neutral conditions are shown respectively in Table 3 , Table 4 , and Table 5 . Among all tested organic acids in these three conditions, lactic acid and acetic acid demonstrated the most significant activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria with the range of MIC from 0.07 to 0.2%. While, the ascorbic acid and citric acid could eliminate the bacteria in non-adjusted pH (acidic condition) and the inhibition activity almost could not have been detected when the pH was adjusted to pH 5.5 and pH 7.0. However, the fumaric acid and its monosodium salt only demonstrated inhibition in the non-adjusted pH condition which was strong acidic but did not show any activities when those acids were adjusted to pH 5.5 and pH 7.0. Furthermore, the disodium fumaric acid could not eliminate any strains in all conditions. In terms of pH conditions, the MIC of each organic acid was lower in mildly acidic and became higher in neutral conditions which MIC value even higher than 5%. Among the tested strains, both Gram-positive and Gram-negative were sensitive to organic acid, especially with lactic acid and acetic acid in an acidic environment. Table 1. DIZ of ethanol plant extract against selected bacterial strains using disk diffusion method. Plant Extract Diameter of Inhibition Zone (mm) Gram-positive Gram-negative S. aureus 209P L. monocytogenes 4b L. monocytogenes 1/2C E. coli O157:H7 P. aeruginosa 15442 S. enteritidis O9 Licorice 13.0±0.1 a 12.0±0.1 b 10.6±0.1 c 8.1±0.1 d 8.1±0. 8.1±0.2 d Clove 21.2±0.2 a 20.0±0.1 b 10.6±0.1 d 12.0±0.0 c 9.6±0. 9.6±0.1 e Lemon Thyme 16.0±0.1 a 10.1±0.1 b 8.5±0.1 c 8.6±0.1 c 8.6±0. 8.5±0.1 c Negro Pepper 21.0±0.1 a 16.1±0.1 b 10.1±0.1 c 9.1±0.1 d 9.0±0. 9.0±0.0 d Rosemary 18.0±0.1 a 12.0±0.1 b 9.5±0.1 c 8.6±0.1 d 8.6±0. 8.7±0.3 d Lemon Eucalyptus 13.2±0.3 a 14.1±0.1 b 13.0±0.0 b 8.5±0.1 c 8.1±0. 8.2±0.1 c Lemongrass 9.4±0.2 a 8.8±0.2 ab 8.8±0.3 ab 8.4±0.3 b 8.4±0. 8.5±0.2 b Curry Plant 36.0±0.0 a 28.1±0.2 c 29.9±0.3 b 8.4±0.3 d 8.4±0. 8.5±0.3 d Sage 16.0±0.1 a 12.1±0.2 c 13.1±0.3 b 8.0±0.3 e 9.1±0. 9.0±0.3 d Laurel 11.0±0.0 b 12.1±0.2 a 8.2±0.3 c 8.4±0.3 c 8.5±0. 8.6±0.2 c Parsley 8.5±0.1 a 8.6±0.2 a 8.5±0.1 a 8.5±0.1 a 8.1±0. 8.2±0.1 b Cumin 10.0±0.1 a 8.1±0.2 b 8.1±0.2 b 8.2±0.3 b 8.4±0. 8.5±0.3 b Turmeric 10.1±0.1 a 9.1±0.1 b 8.1±0.1 c 9.0±0.1 b 9.1±0. 9.1±0.1 b Black Pepper 13.8±0.2 a 8.6±0.2 c 8.0±0.1 d 8.2±0.2 d 9.1±0. 9.2±0.2 b Nutmeg 18.3±0.3 a 13.0±0.0 b 11.1±0.2 c 8.8±0.3 d 9.1±0. 8.9±0.4 d Coriander Seed 8.5±0.1 a 8.2±0.3 ab 8.0±0.1 b 8.4±0.3 ab 8.5±0. 8.2±0.0 ab Pineapple Sage 13.8±0.2 a 11.4±0.3 c 12.0±0.1 b 8.7±0.3 d 8.5±0. 8.5±0.1 d Roselle 12.3±0.0 b 14.2±0.3 a 10.5±0.5 c 9.1±0.2 d 9.5±0. 9.8±0.1 c Control 8.0±0.0 8.0±0.0 8.0±0.0 8.0±0.0 8.0±0. 8.0±0.0 Data are mean ± SD of triplicates and diameter of paper disk (8 mm) is included. Values in the same row with different superscripts are significantly different (p < 0.05). 3.4 Combination of the potential plant extract combined with potential organic acids against pathogenic and spoilage bacterial strains Selection of potential plant extract and organic acids for combinatorial study was based on data from Table 1 to Table 5 . The MIC data when clove extract was combined with lactic acid and acetic acid against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria were depicted respectively in Table 6 and Table 7 , at different pH conditions. At non-adjusted pH conditions, incorporation of lactic acid at level of 0.1% decreased MIC of clove extract from 0.2% to 0.1% against Gram-positive bacteria ( S. aureus 209P and MRSA. 11D1677) and from 0.8% to 0.4% against Gram-negative spoilage bacterial strains. Meanwhile, incorporation of acetic acid at level of 0.04% decreased MIC of clove extract from 0.2% to 0.03% and 0.05% against Gram-positive, from 0.4% to 0.2% against E. coli strains, and from 0.8% to 0.3% against P. aeruginosa 15422. Similarly, at mildly acidic conditions, the MIC of clove extract was lower to 0.05%, 0.1%, and 0.2% with lactic acid at 0.4%, and decreased to 0.03%, 0.05%, 0.1%, and 0.2% with acetic acid at 0.04%. In the same pattern, at neutral condition, the MIC of clove extract was also decreased with the level concentrations of the potential OAs, but with higher concentration if compared to the OAs concentration in non-adjusted pH and mildly acidic condition. Furthermore, the FIC index of the combination activities of clove extract with lactic acid and acetic acid were also calculated in order to evaluate their efficacy as illustrated in Table 8 . The calculated FIC index for the combination activities of clove extract with acetic acid illustrated in slightly different trends with lactic acid. The combination of clove extract with acetic acid indicated ‘synergistic effects’ against Gram-positive bacteria including S. aureus 209P at non-adjusted pH condition and MRSA. 11D1677 and L. monocytogenes 4b at mildly acidic conditions, and against Gram-negative bacteria which was S. enterica serovars Typhimurium IFO 12529 at mildly acidic condition. Table 2. MIC and MBC of each plant extract against selected bacterial strains. Plant Extract Gram-positive Gram-negative S. aureus 209P MRSA 11D1677 L. monocytogenes 4b E. coli IFO 3301 E. coli O157:H7 S. Enteritidis O9 S. Typhimurium IFO 12529 P. aeruginosa 15442 MIC MBC MIC MBC MIC MBC MIC MBC MIC MBC MIC MBC MIC MBC MIC MBC Clove (%) 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 >0.6 >0.6 Curry Plant (%) 0.00625 0.00625 0.0125 0.0125 0.0125 0.025 >0.6 >0.6 >0.6 >0.6 >0.6 >0.6 >0.6 >0.6 >0.6 >0.6 Turmeric (%) 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.4 0.4 >0.6 >0.6 >0.6 >0.6 >0.6 >0.6 >0.6 >0.6 >0.6 >0.6 Roselle (%) 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.6 0.6 >0.6 >0.6 >0.6 >0.6 >0.6 >0.6 >0.6 >0.6 >0.6 >0.6 Negro Pepper (%) 0.025 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.2 0.4 0.6 >0.6 0.6 >0.6 >0.6 >0.6 >0.6 >0.6 >0.6 >0.6 Control (%) 8 >8 8 >8 8 >8 8 >8 8 >8 8 >8 8 >8 8 >8 Table 3. MIC and MBC of each organic acid against pathogenic and spoilage bacteria at pH 7.0. Organic acid Gram-positive Gram-negative S. aureus 209P MRSA 11D1677 L. monocytogenes 4b E. coli IFO 3301 E. coli O157:H7 S. Enteritidis O9 S. Typhimurium IFO 12529 P. aeruginosa 15442 MIC MBC MIC MBC MIC MBC MIC MBC MIC MBC MIC MBC MIC MBC MIC MBC Ascorbic acid (%) 3 3 3 >5 >5 >5 >5 >5 >5 >5 >5 >5 >5 >5 >5 >5 Lactic acid (%) 2 2 2 2 2 3 2 2 2 2 >2 2.5 >2 2.5 2 2 Acetic acid (%) 3 5 3 >5 4 >5 4 >5 4 >5 4 >5 4 >5 3 >5 Citric acid (%) 3 3 3 3 >4 >5 4 >5 >4 >5 >4 >5 >4 >5 4 >5 Fumaric acid (%) >2 >5 >2 >5 >2 >5 >2 >5 >2 >5 >2 >5 >2 >5 >2 >5 Monosodium fumaric acid (%) >2 >5 >2 >5 >2 >5 >2 >5 >2 >5 >2 >5 >2 >5 >2 >5 Disodium fumaric acid (%) >4 >5 >4 >5 >4 >5 >4 >5 >4 >5 >4 >5 >4 >5 >4 >5 Table 4. MIC and MBC of each organic acid against pathogenic and spoilage bacteria at pH 5.5. Organic acid Gram-positive Gram-negative S. aureus 209P MRSA 11D1677 L. monocytogenes 4b E. coli IFO 3301 E. coli O157:H7 S. Enteritidis O9 S. Typhimurium IFO 12529 P. aeruginosa 15442 MIC MBC MIC MBC MIC MBC MIC MBC MIC MBC MIC MBC MIC MBC MIC MBC Ascorbic acid (%) 0.5 0.5 3 5 >5 >5 >5 >5 >5 >5 >5 >5 >5 >5 >5 >5 Lactic acid (%) 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 1.5 0.6 1 0.6 1 1 1.5 1 1.5 0.5 0.5 Acetic acid (%) 0.1 0.4 0.2 >5 0.2 >5 0.1 >5 0.1 >5 0.2 >5 0.2 >5 0.1 >5 Citric acid (%) 1 1 >2 2 1 >5 >2 >5 >2 >5 >2 >5 >2 >5 >2 >5 Fumaric acid (%) >2 >5 >2 >5 >2 >5 >2 >5 >2 >5 >2 >5 >2 >5 >2 >5 Monosodium fumaric acid (%) >2 >5 >2 >5 >2 >5 >2 >5 >2 >5 >2 >5 >2 >5 >2 >5 Disodium fumaric acid (%) >4 >5 >4 >5 >4 >5 >4 >5 >4 >5 >4 >5 >4 >5 >4 >5 Table 5. MIC and MBC of each organic acid against pathogenic and spoilage bacteria at pH 7.0. Organic acid Gram-positive Gram-negative S. aureus 209P MRSA 11D1677 L. monocytogenes 4b E. coli IFO 3301 E. coli O157:H7 S. Enteritidis O9 S. Typhimurium IFO 12529 P. aeruginosa 15442 MIC MBC MIC MBC MIC MBC MIC MBC MIC MBC MIC MBC MIC MBC MIC MBC Ascorbic acid (%) 3 3 3 >5 >5 >5 >5 >5 >5 >5 >5 >5 >5 >5 >5 >5 Lactic acid (%) 2 2 2 2 2 3 2 2 2 2 >2 2.5 >2 2.5 2 2 Acetic acid (%) 3 5 3 >5 4 >5 4 >5 4 >5 4 >5 4 >5 3 >5 Citric acid (%) 3 3 3 3 >4 >5 4 >5 >4 >5 >4 >5 >4 >5 4 >5 Fumaric acid (%) >2 >5 >2 >5 >2 >5 >2 >5 >2 >5 >2 >5 >2 >5 >2 >5 Monosodium fumaric acid (%) >2 >5 >2 >5 >2 >5 >2 >5 >2 >5 >2 >5 >2 >5 >2 >5 Disodium fumaric acid (%) >4 >5 >4 >5 >4 >5 >4 >5 >4 >5 >4 >5 >4 >5 >4 >5 Table 6. MIC of combined clove extract with organic acid in different pH conditions against Gram-positive strains. Bacterial Individual MIC of MIC of lactic acid when MIC of acetic acid when combined clove extract (%) combined with clove extract (%) with clove extract (%) strains Non-adjusted pH pH 5.5 pH 7.0 Non-adjusted pH pH 5.5 pH 7.0 Non-adjusted pH pH 5.5 pH 7.0 0.05 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.5 1 0.02 0.04 0.02 0.04 1 2 S. aureus 209P 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.05 0.2 0.1 0.05 0.03 0.05 0.03 0.2 0.05 MRSA 11D1677 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.05 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.05 0.1 0.05 0.2 0.05 L. monocytogenes 4b 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.05 0.1 0.05 0.2 0.1 Table 7. MIC of combined clove extract with organic acid in different pH conditions against Gram-negative strains. Bacterial strains Individual MIC of clove extract (%) MIC of lactic acid when combined with clove extract (%) MIC of acetic acid when combined with clove extract (%) Non- adjusted pH pH 5.5 pH 7.0 Non-adjusted pH pH 5.5 pH 7.0 Non-adjusted pH pH 5.5 pH 7.0 0.05 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.5 1 0.02 0.04 0.02 0.04 1 2 E. coli IFO 3301 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.1 0.4 0.2 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.1 E. coli O157:H7 0.4 0.2 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.4 0.1 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.1 S. Enteritidis O9 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.1 0.4 0.2 0.4 0.2 0.4 0.2 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.1 S. Typhimurium IFO 12529 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.2 0.4 0.2 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.1 P. aeruginosa 15442 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.05 0.6 0.2 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.1 Table 8. FIC index of combined clove extract with organic acid in different pH conditions against Gram-positive strains. Bacterial strains FIC index when combined with lactic acid FIC index combined with acetic acid Non-adjusted pH pH 5.5 pH 7.0 Non-adjusted pH pH 5.5 pH 7.0 Lactic acid (%) Acetic acid (%) 0.05 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.5 1 0.02 0.04 0.02 0.04 1 2 S. aureus 209P 1.3 1.0 1.4 1.1 1.3 1.0 0.5 0.7 0.5 0.6 1.3 0.9 MRSA 11D1677 1.3 1.0 1.4 1.1 1.3 1.0 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.5 1.3 0.9 L. monocytogenes 4b 1.3 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.3 1.0 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.5 1.3 1.2 IV. Discussion The natural antimicrobial compounds in plants are different depending on the forms of the plants (fresh, dried, powder, etc.), parts of the plants that have been tested (leaf, root, fruit, and seed), and the extracted form. Most plant extracts tested in this study showed a variety of strength of inhibition against the bacterial strains, but clove extract was the most effective as an antibacterial actor. This plant extract was also found to be the most effective extract that contains Eugenol compound against the E. coli O157:H7 [ 13 ]. In the qualitative paper disk diffusion method, the Gram-positive bacteria were observed to be the most sensitive to curry plant extract and the Gram-negative were resistant to this plant, which agrees with [ 14 ]. Various responses to ethanol plant extracts between Gram-negative and Gram-positive have been reported by other research articles as well [ 15 – 17 ]. This outcome was explained by [ 18 , 19 ], the Gram-negative are less susceptible to the antibacterial agents due to its outer lipopolysaccharide membrane that surrounds the peptidoglycan envelope of the cell, which restricts diffusion of phenolic substances in the plant extracts [ 20 ]. The plant extract screening test illustrated variation of activities against selected bacterial strains. Clove extract demonstrated comprehensive activity among all tested plant extracts, while curry plant extract demonstrated inhibition specifically only on Gram-positive strains. Frequently, the antibacterial activities of organic acids were identified with non-pH adjustment and its effect against foodborne pathogen and spoilage microorganisms were well recorded in acidic conditions. However, this study evaluated the antibacterial activity of common organic acids in both acidic and neutral environments, which demonstrated a variety of bacterial inhibition activities. As shown in the Table 3 to 5 , most of the organic acids tested in this study exhibited antibacterial activity in different minimum inhibitory concentrations, except fumaric acid and its sodium salts which only demonstrated elimination activity in acidic conditions. The link between pH and the antibacterial effect of weak organic acids was described as the part of OAs across the membrane in their dissociated condition, and ionized in the bacterial cytoplasm afterwards [ 20 , 21 ]. As the portion of OAs that is un-dissociated and able to penetrate to the cell, will increase as the pH drops. The screening test illustrated variation of activities of OAs against selected bacterial strains [ 22 ]. Among all tested OAs, acetic acid and lactic acid were the most effective weak acids, which demonstrated bacterial inhibition in all tested pH conditions. There have been very few studies that identified the effect of plant extract combined with organic acids at various pH conditions. To our knowledge, this is the first report focused on the combined effect of plant extract with lactic acid and acetic acid in acidic, mildly acidic, and neutral conditions. It might be explained by the antibacterial effect of lactic acid which is able to exert bacteriostatic effects by interfering with pathogen cell membrane functions, leading to membrane permeability, loss of cell contents, lysis, and death. It was described that acetic acid could kill the bacteria by chemically changing the proteins and fats that make up these microorganisms and destroy their cell structures [ 23 ]. Therefore, with the combination of clove extract with acetic acid, the various interactions including absent, additive, and synergistic effects were observed. The synergistic effect that was achieved indicates the positive impact in controlling microbial growth with slightly or even without sensory impact. Further research should be investigated on the sensory properties and nutritive value of the combination of clove extract with acetic acid in the food industry systems. V. Conclusion In this study, the antibacterial potentials of some selected herbs, spices, and organic acid were explored against prevalent foodborne pathogenic and spoilage bacteria and as well as the combinatorial study of these two agents at non-adjusted pH, mildly acidic, and neutral conditions. The antibacterial activity of 18 plant extracts against pathogenic and spoilage bacterial strains were tested. The results exhibited similarly in all three tested pH conditions. The clove extract illustrated the biggest DIZ ranging from 9.6 mm to 12 mm against Gram-negative, with concentrations of MIC from 0.2–0.6%. Meanwhile, curry plant demonstrated the biggest DIZ against Gram-positives with the DIZ values in the range of 28.1 mm to 36 mm, with a range of MIC from 0.00625–0.025%. In addition, the inhibition activity of five organic acids in controlling the same strains in the first study was detected in three different pH conditions. Among all tested organic acids, lactic acid and acetic acid showed the strongest activity against all studies strains with the range of MIC from 0.07 to 0.2%. Besides, the ascorbic acid and citric acid could inhibit the bacteria activity in non-adjusted pH, while the inhibition activity almost could not have been detected when the pH was adjusted to pH 5.5 and pH 7.0. Therefore, the organic acids are only able to eliminate the bacteria well under acidic conditions (their original pH). On top of that, the combination of potential clove extract with potential organic acids (acetic acid and lactic acid) was identified. At non-adjusted pH condition, the concentration of lactic acid at level of 0.1% lower MIC of clove extract from 0.2–0.1% against Gram-positive bacteria, from 0.4–0.1%-0.2% against Gram-negative pathogenic strains, and from 0.8–0.4% against Gram-negative spoilage bacterial strain. In addition, the concentration of acetic acid at level of 0.04% lower MIC of clove extract from 0.2–0.03%-0.05% against Gram-positive, from 0.4–0.2% against E. coli strains, and from 0.8–0.3% against P. aeruginosa 15422. Similarly, at mildly acidic conditions, the MIC of clove extract was decreased to 0.05%, 0.1%, and 0.2% with lactic acid at 0.4%, and decreased to 0.03%, 0.05%, 0.1%, and 0.2% with acetic acid at 0.04%. For neutral conditions, the MIC of clove extract was also decreased when combined with the potential OAs; however, the OAs’ concentrations were higher than the concentrations in non-adjusted pH and mildly acidic conditions. Declarations Funding Statement: not applicable. Clinical Trial Number: not applicable. Data Availability: “Data is provided within the manuscript”. Ethics statement: not applicable. Consent to Publish declaration: not applicable. Consent to Participate declaration: not applicable. Competing Interests: not applicable. Acknowledgment We would like to express our gratitude to the Japanese Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT), University of Phayao and Thailand Science Research and Innovation Fund (Fundamental Fund 2024) that offer financial support for this research study. Author Contribution H. S. conducted the experiment and wrote the main manuscript text.W. K. advised and discussed the experiment progressing and reviewed the manuscript.T. N. supervised and discussed the experiment. References WHO. World Health Organization 2000 Food Borne Disease. 2000. Flint JA, Van Duynhoven YT, Angulo FJ, DeLong SM, Braun P, Kirk M,. Estimating the burden of acute gastroenteritis, foodborne disease, and pathogens commonly transmitted by food: An international review. Clin Infect Dis. 2005; 41(5):698–704. https://doi.org/10.1086/432064 Akkerman R, Farahani P, Grunow M. Quality, safety and sustainability in food distribution: A review of quantitative operations management approaches and challenges. OR Spectr. 2010. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00291-010-0223-2 Teshome E, Forsido SF, Rupasinghe HPV, Olika Keyata E. Potentials of Natural Preservatives to Enhance Food Safety and Shelf Life: A Review. Sci World J. 2022. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/9901018 Feng W, Newbigging AM, Tao J, Cao Y, Peng H, Le C, et al. in Sc in Sc. Chem Sci. 2021; 12(13):4683–98. Dhiman R, Aggarwal N, Aneja KR, Kaur M. In Vitro Antimicrobial Activity of Spices and Medicinal Herbs against Selected Microbes Associated with Juices. Int J Microbiol. 2016. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/9015802 Ji QY, Wang W, Yan H, Qu H, Liu Y, Qian Y, et al. The Effect of Different Organic Acids and Their Combination on the Cell Barrier and Biofilm of Escherichia coli. Foods. 2023; 12(16). https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12163011 Vaou N, Stavropoulou E, Voidarou C, Tsakris Z, Rozos G, Tsigalou C, et al. Interactions between Medical Plant-Derived Bioactive Compounds: Focus on Antimicrobial Combination Effects. Antibiotics. 2022;11(8):1–23. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11081014 Jetro. Specifications and Standards for Foods, Food Additives, etc. Under the Food Sanitation Act (Abstract) 2010. Japan External Trade Organization. 2011. Available from: https://www.jetro.go.jp/ext_images/en/reports/regulations/pdf/foodext2010e.pdf Caigoy JC, Xedzro C, Kusalaruk W, Nakano H. Antibacterial, antibiofilm, and antimotility signatures of some natural antimicrobials against Vibrio cholerae. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 2022; 369(1). https://doi.org/10.1093/femsle/fnac076 Abdulabbas SS, Ibrahim ZK, Muhammed HA, AL-Khazali NAY, Ahmed ST, Ai- Tuma AF, et al. Determination of Fractional Inhibitory Concentration (FIC) Index as A Measure of Synergy of Antibiotics in E. coli O157:H7. Egypt J Hosp Med. 2022; 89(2):7571–5. https://doi.org/10.21608/ejhm.2022.276689 Karpiński TM, Ożarowski M. Plant Organic Acids as Natural Inhibitors of Foodborne Pathogens. Appl Sci. 2024; 14(14):1–13. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14146340 Kusalaruk W, Shimamoto T, Van Quan N, Nakano H, Caigoy JC. Inactivation of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in tomato juice by combined treatment of ethanolic clove extract and mild heat. Discov Food. 2024; 4(1). https://doi.org/10.1007/s44187-024-00211-7 Djihane B, Wafa N, Elkhamssa S, Pedro DHJ, Maria AE, Mohamed Mihoub Z. Chemical constituents of Helichrysum italicum (Roth) G. Don essential oil and their antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, filamentous fungi and Candida albicans. Saudi Pharm J. 2017; 25(5):780–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsps.2016.11.001 Chan C, Gan R, Shah NP, Corke H. Polyphenols from selected dietary spices and medicinal herbs differentially affect common food-borne pathogenic bacteria and lactic acid bacteria. Food Control. 2018; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2018.05.032 Mostafa AA, Al-Askar AA, Almaary KS, Dawoud TM, Sholkamy EN, Bakri MM. Antimicrobial activity of some plant extracts against bacterial strains causing food poisoning diseases. Saudi J Biol Sci. 2018; 25(2):361–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2017.02.004 Shan B, Cai YZ, Brooks JD, Corke H. The in vitro antibacterial activity of dietary spice and medicinal herb extracts. Int J Food Microbiol. 2007; 117(1):112–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2007.03.003 Martínez-Graciá C, González-Bermúdez CA, Cabellero-Valcárcel AM, Santaella-Pascual M, Frontela-Saseta C. Use of herbs and spices for food preservation: Advantages and limitations. Curr Opin Food Sci. 2015; 6:38–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cofs.2015.11.011 López P, Sánchez C, Batlle R, Nerín C. Solid- and vapor-phase antimicrobial activities of six essential oils: Susceptibility of selected foodborne bacterial and fungal strains. J Agric Food Chem. 2005; 53(17):6939–46. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf050709v Tajkarimi MM, Ibrahim SA, Cliver DO. Antimicrobial herb and spice compounds in food. Food Control. 2010; 21(9):1199–218. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2010.02.003 Eklund T. The antimicrobial effect of dissociated and undissociated sorbic acid at different pH levels. J Appl Bacteriol. 1983; 54(3):383–9. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2672.1983.tb02632.x Slonczewski JL, Fujisawa M, Dopson M, Krulwich TA. Cytoplasmic pH Measurement and Homeostasis in Bacteria and Archaea [Internet]. Adv. Microb. Physiol. Elsevier; 2009. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2911 (09)05501-5 Alakomi H, Skyttä E, Saarela M, Helander IM. Lactic Acid Permeabilizes Gram-Negative Bacteria by Disrupting the Outer Membrane Lactic Acid Permeabilizes Gram-Negative Bacteria by Disrupting the Outer Membrane. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2005; 66(5):2000–5. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.66.5.2001-2005. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-6358876","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":465079815,"identity":"f9e26e99-bc45-48be-bcd4-ef15e7680c71","order_by":0,"name":"Sreyly Heng","email":"data:image/png;base64,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","orcid":"","institution":"University of Puthisastra","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Sreyly","middleName":"","lastName":"Heng","suffix":""},{"id":465079816,"identity":"fd467e72-722e-46c7-a608-37c7ce9fde79","order_by":1,"name":"Tatsuya Nakayama","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Hiroshima","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Tatsuya","middleName":"","lastName":"Nakayama","suffix":""},{"id":465079817,"identity":"d8541714-79dc-404e-943e-48836d7ea8ec","order_by":2,"name":"Waraporn Kusalaruk","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Phayao","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Waraporn","middleName":"","lastName":"Kusalaruk","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-04-02 07:53:31","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6358876/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6358876/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":83828034,"identity":"a4d75c24-6cb1-425c-820b-9926889d5ae4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-06-03 10:49:16","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":2571966,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6358876/v1/b6109f4f-81f6-4786-8ad3-4ee79708d8b6.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Antibacterial activity of ethanol plant extract combined with organic acid against pathogenic and spoilage bacteria at different pH conditions","fulltext":[{"header":"I. Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eFoodborne illness has been defined as a disease of infectious or toxic nature caused by the consumption of food or water. It has emerged as a significant and growing public health and economic issue in various countries in the world [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]. The ingestion and colonization of pathogen microorganisms in the human gastrointestinal tract typically cause gastroenteritis, which is a condition indicated by diarrhea, nauseas, vomiting, and fever [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]. Furthermore, the damage from spoilage and contaminated food causes serious issues in the food industry such as economic loss, food loss, damage to reputation, and punishment according to local law, and as well as to consumers\u0026rsquo; well-being [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e]. Nowadays, consumers are progressively aware of the health impacts that are caused by consumption of food containing some synthetic preservatives. This causes consumers to demand safer food consumption. The herbs and spices are appealing to consumers because they have already been a part of human consumption since antiquity and are generally recognized as safe (GRAS) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e]. However, dietary herb and spice extracts exhibit antimicrobial activity at a concentration that might negatively impact the sensory properties of the food [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e]. Based on this background, it is needed to find ways of reducing the concentrations of plant extracts (PE) in order to widen their application, specifically in the food industries. On the same point, according to the previous chapter, organic acids (OAs) were the significant effective antibacterial agents recognized as GRAS while the information about the combination of OAs and PE to study its activity in various pH conditions is little [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e]. Indeed, research illustrated that these two components work differently. Therefore, it might be hypothesized that the combination of both groups of products could give an additive effect [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e]. This study aimed to screen for potential ethanol plant extracts among 18 plant extracts and to combine the effect of plant extract with the potential organic acid for controlling the selected bacterial strains in different pH conditions.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"II. Materials and Methods","content":"\u003ch2\u003e2.1\u0026nbsp;Bacterial Strains and Preparation\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe microorganisms invested in this study include both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. There are three Gram-positive bacteria such as \u003cem\u003eStaphylococcus aureus\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e209P, methicillin-resistant \u003cem\u003eStaphylococcus aureus\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e11D1677 (MRSA), and \u003cem\u003eListeria monocytogenes\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e4b (AS-1). For Gram-negative, there are five strains such as \u003cem\u003eEscherichia coli\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eO157:H7\u003cem\u003e, Escherichia coli\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eIFO 3301\u003cem\u003e, Pseudomonas aeruginosa\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e15442, \u003cem\u003eSalmonella enterica\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eserovars Enteritidis O9 (SE-1)\u003cem\u003e,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eand \u003cem\u003eSalmonella enterica\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eserovars Typhimurium IFO 12529\u003cem\u003e.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFor pre-cultures, the cells of each bacterium were transferred from refrigerated stock cultures to Nutrient Agar (NA, Eiken Chemical Co., Ltd., Tochigi, Japan) plates, and incubated at 37℃\u0026nbsp;for 24 h. Then, the broth sub-cultures were prepared by inoculating a single colony from NA plate to Nutrient Broth (NB, Eiken Chemical Co., Ltd., Tochigi, Japan) tube and incubated at 37℃\u0026nbsp;for 24 h with shaking 80\u0026plusmn;10 rpm. The culture stock was regularly refreshed on the new slant agar tubes every 3 weeks.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e2.2\u0026nbsp;Plant-Extract Preparation\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEighteen of ethanol plant extracts including licorice, clove, lemon thyme, negro pepper, curry plant, rosemary, lemon eucalyptus, lemongrass, sage, laurel, parsley, cumin, turmeric, black pepper, nutmeg, coriander seed, pineapple sage and roselle have been selected in this study to test for antibacterial activities against the spoilage and pathogenic bacteria as mentioned above. All of these selected plants have been complied with the Specifications and Standards for Food by Japan External Trade Organization\u0026nbsp;[9].\u0026nbsp;For the extraction, the process followed the extraction method from [10]. First, the plant and ethanol concentration 99.5% (Nacalai Tesque, Inc., Kyoto, Japan) were weighed and measured in the ratio of 1:9 (w/v), then placed in the shaking incubator at room temperature for 48 h. After that, the suspensions were filtered on Whatman filter papers (ADVANTEC\u0026reg; FILTER PAPER No. 2, Toyo Roshi Co., Ltd, Tokyo, Japan). The filtrate was centrifuged at 9500 rpm for 30 min at 4℃\u0026nbsp;(Compact High-Speed Cooling Centrifuge 6500, G70318-E000; Kubota Corp., Tokyo, Japan). The supernatants were used as 10% (w/v) extract and kept at 4℃.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e2.3\u0026nbsp;Tested Organic Acids\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe organic acid used in this study are fumaric acid (Nacalai Tesque., Inc, Kyoto, Japan) and its sodium salts (monosodium fumaric acid and disodium fumaric acid Tesque., Inc, Kyoto, Japan), ascorbic acid (Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd, Japan), lactic acid (Kanto Chemical Co., Inc, Tokyo, Japan), acetic acid (Nacalai Tesque., Inc, Kyoto, Japan), and citric acid (Nacalai Tesque., Inc, Kyoto, Japan).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e2.4\u0026nbsp;Screening of Plant Extracts for Antibacterial activity\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe potential antibacterial activities of plant extracts were identified by disk diffusion method. First, all of NA media were sterilized at 121℃\u0026nbsp;for 15 mn. After sterilization,\u0026nbsp;10 mL of NA was poured on the plate as the basal layer. Then, each culture was inoculated into another 5 mL of NA, mixed it well, and poured on the basal layer. After the agar solidified, 50 \u0026micro;𝐿\u0026nbsp;of each plant extract was loaded on the paper disks (ADVANTEC\u0026reg; PAPER DISK, 8mm-diameter, 1-mm thickness, Toyo Roshi Co., Ltd, Tokyo, Japan) placed it on the surface of the agar using the flame sterilized forceps. The disk with 50 \u0026micro;𝐿\u0026nbsp;of 99.5% ethanol was used as control. Next, all plates were kept at 10℃\u0026nbsp;for 2 h to allow the plant extracts diffused to the agar\u0026nbsp;and to incubate at 37℃\u0026nbsp;for 24 h later. Antibacterial activity was determined by measuring the diameter as millimeters of the inhibition zone. All tests were done triplicated, and plant extracts that showed the bigger inhibition zone were selected for the further study in MIC and MBC.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e2.5\u0026nbsp;MIC and MBC Determination of Plant Extracts\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe plate dilution method was used to determine MIC\u0026nbsp;(MIC is defined as the lowest concentration of the antibacterial agent that demonstrates no visible growth after incubation). To begin this technique, the NA medium was prepared and distributed 20 mL into each 24 mm tube. Then, the sterilization was done at 121℃\u0026nbsp;for 15 mn. Each sterilized NA tube was poured on agar plates and was mixed well with each plant extract in different concentrations (0.003125, 0.00625, 0.0125, 0.025, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8% v/v), then the mixture plates were dried in the incubator for 1 h after agar was solidified. Next, one loopful of each cultured bacterium was streaked on the agars respectively. Four, six, and eight percent of 99.5% ethanol were used as controls. All plates were then brought for incubation at 37℃\u0026nbsp;for 24 h.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn order to determine MBC, the broth dilution method was used in the laboratory. The NB medium was prepared and distributed 10 mL into each 18 mm tube. Then, the sterilization was done at 121℃\u0026nbsp;for 15 min. The 10 mL of sterilized NB was added by each ethanol plant extracts in different concentrations. Four, six, and eight percent of 99.5% ethanol were notified as controls. One loopful of each overnight bacterial culture was inoculated into each tube before the incubation at 37℃\u0026nbsp;for 24 h. Then, one loopful of incubated NB was streaked on NA plates and was incubated at 37℃\u0026nbsp;for 24 h again. The MBC was identified on the plate in the concentration that has shown no colonies after the incubation. All tests were done three times independently.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e2.6\u0026nbsp;MIC and MBC Determination of Organic Acid\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTo determine MIC, the plate medium was prepared separately by mixing NA with each organic separately in different concentrations and divided into 3 sets including non-adjusted pH, and adjusted to pH 5.5 and pH 7.0 by adding HCl or NaOH, then distributed 20 mL into each 24 mm tube. Each sterilized NA tube (treated with organic acid) was poured on agar plates, and then the agar plates were dried in the incubator for 1 h after agar was solidified. Next, one loopful of each cultured bacterium was streaked on the agars respectively. All plates were then brought for incubation at 37℃\u0026nbsp;for 24 h. The broth dilution method was following, same as the procedure of broth dilution method on the plant extracts.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e2.7\u0026nbsp;Combined Effect of Potential Plant Extract with Organic Acid\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe MIC was established using the plate dilution technique. After preparing the non-adjusted pH medium and adjusting the pH to 7.0 and 5.5 separately by adding HCl or NaOH, 20 mL were divided into each 24 mm tube. Lactic acid and acetic acid were added to the NA medium separately in various amounts (half and two-thirds of the MIC). Each sterilized NA tube was placed on an agar plate, mixed with clove extract at various concentrations that were lower than its MIC, and allowed to dry in the incubator for an additional hour after the agar had set. After that, each cultured bacteria was streaked on the agars with one loopful. Then, all plates were brought for a 24-hour incubation period at 37 \u0026deg;C and three times of the experiment was run.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e2.8\u0026nbsp;FIC Index analysis\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFIC index was evaluated based on [10], which the sum of FIC values was calculated as follows:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFIC = FIC\u003csub\u003eA\u003c/sub\u003e+ FIC\u003csub\u003eB\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg 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9JJs6271gbJyAauHyoI87tq1K7gDstmE9CKfpNdonptG0Qg6BXxxvqwHxI+RGFv81fvewhft2TTaZGRmi4V0+Jq+YFTIF/HLUFzkKB/66j7gxjlp6Uv/HOOGXPzJJzqlwgr00tf7FZb4nMdf6o/DSh/kkjf8kY+fZJAPRqiMciWL8JyDlUk4/EScns2n0rM6SGasj5UJCotcwsi+oPxjd8KxxTatJx8kEz90x5bExZ14FnRRPrQnHPYgrOoCcnAnDHKtTPaAu+qW1U369FQuVg/lD3C3swxk4qZjawvccauX52biI78Ivr2r3oYeTL0n8PFsmDBhQrZy5cpw3Fd++umn7OWXX87u3r2bHTp0KFxfzBvCwjfLTp8+nc2ePTscoxejwrFjx4bzFHmF6dZbcvziiy8WZ1l29erVMIq8efNm9vTTTwc30v3yyy9DOjNnzswmTZoUdEqFFUePHg16Enbw4MHZ0KFDg14PHjwIowPiC/KgsPfv3w97IN3169dnw4cPz+7cuZM9+eSTNRn5nynIuXbtWnCHy5cvh4/Dg02fcHakHqcn3b/99ttaehpJW5mxPpSzhTSOHTsW5JLGs88+W/hkWf7nDWkOGTIkhEvZtJ58wI6AjEuXLgU9ZS/iWbZt25Zt2LAhHBNOoyfsQVjqCtiyxB5r1qypydT+1KlT2ebNm4P90U1In57KhZmI9CBd6YmtZs2aFY7B2tqWBTaT3erluZl44xdBITN0Z6i+dOnS0JgICpwKS2OQ95KFa99QRaOSLV++PPxB7HTowIED2dy5c4uzrvBUcKZWZRei161bly1YsCAcM42msgJx8t42HJ84cSIbOXJk+MOcO3cuTKGPHDkSKiGUhRX37t0Le3T58MMPs1dffTWcU8FVcQUVGpC5du3a2g0k0gWmY2z8uZBnZZw9eza4w/Hjx7MRI0YEObpMQPj4bnycHo0zx9KfPemBlRnrQznHkB7xuSzx/PPPh3jS/fDhw9n27dtDuJRN68lHFvVK08nz58+H+kZ61A/8LfloLOwJzyY7AdPQVLnT2dIAkQ/QFJW0sBNy0JmGKNanrFy4TASkCQp/5syZsNe5tfXt27eDG3nbtGlTrZGsl+emUowAWwbDWZKJN4a0DImtmx0ig/VjY1jen6Az+cl7+KYMx2UbTTGAc9IB3O05MEWQPWJ7ATJ1E4R4mtaApitAHjTtYKqBPM4VHhmSY8MKpkGUB/HQSRDWpgmayjA1Qo5QuuiFrpo6WRmKB1YP0scPHeL05Ec88hvnk7SUl5QdYn0syCU8tuGYtAlPPM5VJimb1pNPOPmD6nvsLlQXrP2Ri5vNoy1L9AHZSDIVz9ozTresXEifc+qrlUlayCMtiG1NWBse6uW5mbTlmh9GUaYAY2BsHZNJGQjUKFg3sDLaDQWmwkY/22A55WAn/Tmp8Cp3x+lv+mXay9SSKUIKhrurV68OQ3rCWbhu0V/s2bMnXENhusKUj2mBUx+mObrjx1Qx7zgKH8fpXwbRAhbHLYM5/7Jly0LjxTHXOnQ9gsYuH9HVGjtuMHChtKxxdBzHaQZtG/nRuNH7z5gxo3BJw02FeMRnobFEjrbURX/rr80+XyRS4Vq52TvHjuP0L21r/BjdMcg8efJk4ZJmzJgx4W5TGTSMTJ2QQ4NK+BjSibfUSDIVrpUbDzRbUg2kb7751n1rFW2/5se1Mk15U3AbnkaNa2s9wQiSBpWRYkzKgKmRX6tgap/SIR75pRpI33zzrfvWKjruOT8aR0Z2ixcv/lcDaF8nYuSHYZgGx8TGY2vnNUTykNIhHvk5jtOP5H/KlqLHVrTlo7rCp+u5M+tnn+khnPVj41GX2D31LJbjOE49Wt74dTJ6kJIGWvAcmp5L49k+/Hk4U+jBUjY98Ol0vVuqB2gHItSBZj9Qm5LJc4/UHTsIaCak+V+eh+UhY/uQdJWodOMHFLxGj1RM+0Q+0BiqolKx7FPtnYz+ZHZkTCOOm1AjLsgffwbc9EZAo2AzH4U3Risf9KbDtp11PSjnVr5F0cl03DW/djN69OjadUNe7ob43VQ9emNfJN+4cWPYdyq6dqq88Q4niyfkjXY4B/zzih+Oe1oqSzdw9J6lbh6x102cW7duhT3XZe3NJeLgRnx0QNawYV3LK8VhBTrjbm8Safkj5LFHDhBW72Lba8JKl7C6wZZa2gnYE1/EOltSciGOUyaTeDHkAT+9o8zjW8ofuiKHDRlyQw6bylduqaWygHd5ZVPspXd7eUdaCyz0ZPfYZpDSYyBR6caPyjRq1KjQuFHZ5syZ020VCfzV8OHPCh2tXGWimahyA8cskAB2kQQaO71Q/umnn4Y3Mcgfq4CsWLEiuAMNKbbhRXb+2HrTZt68ebWFH1hMgJfdWe1EabPnbR0eXaLRvXHjRm1VEVbKtmEt/Pl5KD4fxYT4QDlNmzYtrKzDS/HoBIR95513QliBzPnz52d79+7NduzYEZ4KAMlgoYb9+/fXFmfQmopg49Ix8LK/KJObilMmk3is8mLBrqyoIrCj8sdCCfnMI8tHaCEc9RD9WUyAvMhNK4/no+/ayimWJUuW1GwKqscstqDOvie7xzZL6THQqHTj9/PPP2fTp08PvRZvnVCAdpki/LUcFCtapJ4pBCqCtk6BhkV/AlZ2YcTKKhv6U/GHBP4EHPPqXk8Pl+sPSyPHKEXoj8NbOTSe/Dm0sCY60FhNmTIlrEbDSjM0rKmwgrJAH0ZV6IZeoGWZ7B1zwiksskgHSDef+gXd7JJWdmknylvudHLKX2+WykrFsTLjeBMnTgzuAnfsymo3KhfB6Jy4fVkqK7ZTbHOoZ/fYZik9BhqVbvz27dsXCpqlc+i9mPZq+SHAn6WcAHf1eizdYxs6lnSiYlKxNXXpbxjpoRMVkz8bf0DyKPjDLly4sDhrbKmsLVu2hAaVRpLpj12rjT8I7jSw/BGQwx+aER8jEjoObF0WVtgRRNmyTOLKlSthj97orOle2ZJWVoZdpotODhtRpr1ZKisVx8qM40E8TaRD4D1o1omkQSEs00rs0delsmI7URbqrKkfpNWI3a3NUnoMOIprf5VDNwTYC87zqUo4lj83AYALyXklCG7x3bS8Zw57Lh6zckl/E+sO5As3wbE95waO3FIXwJGpfCLX3hDhhpDshjs3TbgBgjvHbLIL7tZeCmuRruyxOxDWpgnIpywoF262qCyVLm7oij9yrAx0sO6xzsiN9SqTm4qTkhnHs6APYbCTyoCNY9xVJvJHhtKycbAZ6cQQno2w0otN8aCe3a3NUnoMNNqysMGjDL0gvSk9KG+bMD1w2gPTN66PUQaMlhjdanTpOPWo/N3evvLbb7+Fi8Rci4qnMk5roaHjzmQ++giXHrzhc/4LPvLrI1wbYQl3XQ+0d0kdx+lcvPFzHKeS+LTXcZxK4o2f4ziVxBs/x3EqiTd+juNUEm/8HMepIFn2PyttO6oW5AdEAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC\" width=\"319\" height=\"95\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe combination activities were interpreted and classified according to the range of the calculated FIC index as below [11]:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFIC \u0026le; 0.5 = \u0026lsquo;synergistic effects\u0026rsquo;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.5 \u0026lt; FIC \u0026lt; 1.0 = \u0026lsquo;additive effects\u0026rsquo;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.0 \u0026le; FIC \u0026le; 4.0 = \u0026lsquo;no interactive effects\u0026rsquo;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFIC \u0026gt; 4.0 = \u0026lsquo;antagonistic effects\u0026rsquo;.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe calculation of FIC index was done on the combinations of clove extract with lactic acid and with acetic acid.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e2.9\u0026nbsp;Statistical Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll experiments were conducted in three independent replications. The three-trial results of DIZ of each plant extract were subjected to one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) using SPSS Statistics 26.0 software (IBM, New York, USA). Significant differences among the mean values of the treatments were determined by Tukey\u0026rsquo;s test and were set as \u003cem\u003ep\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u0026lt; 0.05.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"III. Results","content":"\u003ch2\u003e3.1\u0026nbsp;Screening of plant extracts for potential antibacterial activity\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe DIZ (measured in millimeter) of plant extracts against selected bacterial strains was recorded in \u003cstrong\u003eTable 1\u003c/strong\u003e. Between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, the Gram-positive bacteria exhibited more varying\u0026nbsp;susceptibility to most plant extracts compared to the Gram-negative bacteria. Four of total tested plant extracts (clove, Negro pepper, turmeric, and Roselle) exhibited significant activity against Gram-negative bacterial strains, which indicated the stronger antibacterial properties, while licorice, lemon eucalyptus, parsley, cumin, and coriander seed demonstrated lower activity. In particular, the biggest inhibition zone against Gram-negative was observed in clove extract with diameter 12 mm on \u003cem\u003eE. coli\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eO157:H7, 9.6 mm on \u003cem\u003eP. aeruginosa\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e15442 and on \u003cem\u003eS. enterica\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eEnteritidis O9 (SE-1).\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eGram-positive was observed to be more extremely sensitive with curry plant extract than any other plant extracts by demonstrating diameter 36 mm on \u003cem\u003eS. aureus\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e209P, 28.1 mm on \u003cem\u003eL. monocytogenes\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e1/2 c, and 29.9 mm on \u003cem\u003eL. monocytogenes\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e4b; however, this plant extract had poor activity on tested Gram-negative strains\u003cem\u003e.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e3.2\u0026nbsp;The MIC and MBC of plant extracts against selective bacterial strains\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAfter screening for potential plant extracts, the plate dilution and broth dilution methods have been done to obtain concentrations of minimum inhibition and minimum bactericidal. The MIC and MBC values were presented in \u003cstrong\u003eTable 2\u003c/strong\u003e. In this test, \u003cem\u003eL. monocytogenes\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e1/2c was substituted by other three bacterial strains including MRSA 11D1677, \u003cem\u003eE. coli\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eIFO3301 and \u003cem\u003eS. enterica\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eTyphimurium IFO 12529 in order to compare to its species (\u003cem\u003eS. aureus\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e209P, \u003cem\u003eE. coli\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eO157:H7, and \u003cem\u003eS. enterica\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eEnteritidis O9\u0026nbsp;\u003cem\u003e(SE-1)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003erespectively).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAccording to \u003cstrong\u003eTable 2\u003c/strong\u003e, the MIC of tested curry plant extract demonstrated the strongest antibacterial activity to Gram-positive bacteria with the lowest MIC in the range of 0.00625% to 0.0125% and MBC in the range of 0.00625% to 0.025%, following by negro pepper extract which illustrated MIC in the range of 0.025% to 0.2% and MBC ranging from 0.05% to 0.4%. Particularly, Negro pepper and clove extracts exhibited the same MIC (0.2%) and MBC (0.4%) on \u003cem\u003eL. monocytogenes\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e4b. For Gram-negative bacteria, only clove extract displayed the ability to suppress the growth of bacteria with MIC at 0.4% and MBC ranging from 0.4% to 0.6% except \u003cem\u003eP. aeruginosa\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e15442 which demonstrated MIC and MBC \u0026gt; 0.6%. Most inhibitory levels demonstrated higher activity than the study by [12].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e3.3\u0026nbsp;The MIC and MBC of organic acids against pathogenic and spoilage bacterial strains\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe antibacterial activity of organic acids individually against selected bacterial strains in non-adjusted pH, mildly acidic, and neutral conditions are shown respectively in \u003cstrong\u003eTable 3\u003c/strong\u003e, \u003cstrong\u003eTable 4\u003c/strong\u003e, and \u003cstrong\u003eTable 5\u003c/strong\u003e. Among all tested organic acids in these three conditions, lactic acid and acetic acid demonstrated the most significant activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria with the range of MIC from 0.07 to 0.2%. While, the ascorbic acid and citric acid could eliminate the bacteria in non-adjusted pH (acidic condition) and the inhibition activity almost could not have been detected when the pH was adjusted to pH 5.5 and pH 7.0. However, the fumaric acid and its monosodium salt only demonstrated inhibition in the non-adjusted pH condition which was strong acidic but did not show any activities when those acids were adjusted to pH 5.5 and pH 7.0. Furthermore, the disodium fumaric acid could not eliminate any strains in all conditions. In terms of pH conditions, the MIC of each organic acid was lower in mildly acidic and became higher in neutral conditions which MIC value even higher than 5%. Among the tested strains, both Gram-positive and Gram-negative were sensitive to organic acid, especially with lactic acid and acetic acid in an acidic environment.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 1.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eDIZ of ethanol plant extract against selected bacterial strains using disk diffusion method.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"731\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 159px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePlant Extract\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"8\" style=\"width: 572px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDiameter of Inhibition Zone (mm)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" style=\"width: 294px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGram-positive\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" style=\"width: 278px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGram-negative\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eS. aureus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e209P\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eL. monocytogenes\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e4b\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eL. monocytogenes\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1/2C\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eE. coli\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eO157:H7\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eP. aeruginosa 15442\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 87px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eS. \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eenteritidis O9\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 159px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLicorice\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.0\u0026plusmn;0.1\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.0\u0026plusmn;0.1\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 112px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.6\u0026plusmn;0.1\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.1\u0026plusmn;0.1\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.1\u0026plusmn;0.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 108px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.1\u0026plusmn;0.2\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 159px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eClove\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.2\u0026plusmn;0.2\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.0\u0026plusmn;0.1\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 112px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.6\u0026plusmn;0.1\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.0\u0026plusmn;0.0\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.6\u0026plusmn;0.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 108px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.6\u0026plusmn;0.1\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 159px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLemon Thyme\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.0\u0026plusmn;0.1\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.1\u0026plusmn;0.1\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 112px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.5\u0026plusmn;0.1\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.6\u0026plusmn;0.1\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.6\u0026plusmn;0.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 108px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.5\u0026plusmn;0.1\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 159px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNegro Pepper\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.0\u0026plusmn;0.1\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.1\u0026plusmn;0.1\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 112px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.1\u0026plusmn;0.1\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.1\u0026plusmn;0.1\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.0\u0026plusmn;0.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 108px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.0\u0026plusmn;0.0\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 159px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRosemary\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.0\u0026plusmn;0.1\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.0\u0026plusmn;0.1\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 112px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.5\u0026plusmn;0.1\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.6\u0026plusmn;0.1\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.6\u0026plusmn;0.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 108px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.7\u0026plusmn;0.3\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 159px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLemon Eucalyptus\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.2\u0026plusmn;0.3\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.1\u0026plusmn;0.1\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 112px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.0\u0026plusmn;0.0\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.5\u0026plusmn;0.1\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.1\u0026plusmn;0.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 108px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.2\u0026plusmn;0.1\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 159px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLemongrass\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.4\u0026plusmn;0.2\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.8\u0026plusmn;0.2\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 112px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.8\u0026plusmn;0.3\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.4\u0026plusmn;0.3\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.4\u0026plusmn;0.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 108px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.5\u0026plusmn;0.2\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 159px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCurry Plant\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36.0\u0026plusmn;0.0\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28.1\u0026plusmn;0.2\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 112px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29.9\u0026plusmn;0.3\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.4\u0026plusmn;0.3\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.4\u0026plusmn;0.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 108px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.5\u0026plusmn;0.3\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 159px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSage\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.0\u0026plusmn;0.1\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.1\u0026plusmn;0.2\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 112px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.1\u0026plusmn;0.3\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.0\u0026plusmn;0.3\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.1\u0026plusmn;0.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 108px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.0\u0026plusmn;0.3\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 159px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLaurel\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.0\u0026plusmn;0.0\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.1\u0026plusmn;0.2\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 112px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.2\u0026plusmn;0.3\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.4\u0026plusmn;0.3\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.5\u0026plusmn;0.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 108px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.6\u0026plusmn;0.2\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 159px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eParsley\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.5\u0026plusmn;0.1\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.6\u0026plusmn;0.2\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 112px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.5\u0026plusmn;0.1\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.5\u0026plusmn;0.1\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.1\u0026plusmn;0.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 108px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.2\u0026plusmn;0.1\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 159px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCumin\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.0\u0026plusmn;0.1\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.1\u0026plusmn;0.2\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 112px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.1\u0026plusmn;0.2\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.2\u0026plusmn;0.3\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.4\u0026plusmn;0.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 108px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.5\u0026plusmn;0.3\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 159px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTurmeric\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.1\u0026plusmn;0.1\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.1\u0026plusmn;0.1\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 112px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.1\u0026plusmn;0.1\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.0\u0026plusmn;0.1\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.1\u0026plusmn;0.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 108px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.1\u0026plusmn;0.1\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 159px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBlack Pepper\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.8\u0026plusmn;0.2\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.6\u0026plusmn;0.2\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 112px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.0\u0026plusmn;0.1\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.2\u0026plusmn;0.2\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.1\u0026plusmn;0.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 108px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.2\u0026plusmn;0.2\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 159px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNutmeg\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.3\u0026plusmn;0.3\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.0\u0026plusmn;0.0\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 112px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.1\u0026plusmn;0.2\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.8\u0026plusmn;0.3\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.1\u0026plusmn;0.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 108px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.9\u0026plusmn;0.4\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 159px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCoriander Seed\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.5\u0026plusmn;0.1\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.2\u0026plusmn;0.3\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 112px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.0\u0026plusmn;0.1\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.4\u0026plusmn;0.3\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.5\u0026plusmn;0.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 108px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.2\u0026plusmn;0.0\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 159px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePineapple Sage\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.8\u0026plusmn;0.2\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.4\u0026plusmn;0.3\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 112px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.0\u0026plusmn;0.1\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.7\u0026plusmn;0.3\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.5\u0026plusmn;0.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 108px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.5\u0026plusmn;0.1\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 159px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRoselle\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.3\u0026plusmn;0.0\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.2\u0026plusmn;0.3\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 112px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.5\u0026plusmn;0.5\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.1\u0026plusmn;0.2\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.5\u0026plusmn;0.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 108px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.8\u0026plusmn;0.1\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 159px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eControl\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.0\u0026plusmn;0.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.0\u0026plusmn;0.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 112px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.0\u0026plusmn;0.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.0\u0026plusmn;0.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.0\u0026plusmn;0.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 108px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.0\u0026plusmn;0.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eData are mean \u0026plusmn; SD of triplicates and diameter of paper disk (8 mm) is included. Values in the same row with different superscripts are significantly different (p \u0026lt; 0.05).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e3.4\u0026nbsp;Combination of the potential plant extract combined with potential organic acids against pathogenic and spoilage bacterial strains\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSelection of potential plant extract and organic acids for combinatorial study was based on data from \u003cstrong\u003eTable 1\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eto \u003cstrong\u003eTable 5\u003c/strong\u003e. The MIC data when clove extract was combined with lactic acid and acetic acid against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria were depicted respectively in \u003cstrong\u003eTable 6\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eand \u003cstrong\u003eTable 7\u003c/strong\u003e, at different pH conditions. At non-adjusted pH conditions, incorporation of lactic acid at level of 0.1% decreased MIC of clove extract from 0.2% to 0.1% against Gram-positive bacteria (\u003cem\u003eS. aureus\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e209P and MRSA. 11D1677) and from 0.8% to 0.4% against Gram-negative spoilage bacterial strains. Meanwhile, incorporation of acetic acid at level of 0.04% decreased MIC of clove extract from 0.2% to 0.03% and 0.05% against Gram-positive, from 0.4% to 0.2% against \u003cem\u003eE. coli\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003estrains, and from 0.8% to 0.3% against \u003cem\u003eP. aeruginosa\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e15422. Similarly, at mildly acidic conditions, the MIC of clove extract was lower to 0.05%, 0.1%, and 0.2% with lactic acid at 0.4%, and decreased to 0.03%, 0.05%, 0.1%, and 0.2% with acetic acid at 0.04%. In the same pattern, at neutral condition, the MIC of clove extract was also decreased with the level concentrations of the potential OAs, but with higher concentration if compared to the OAs concentration in non-adjusted pH and mildly acidic condition. Furthermore, the FIC index of the combination activities of clove extract with lactic acid and acetic acid were also calculated in order to evaluate their efficacy as illustrated in \u003cstrong\u003eTable 8\u003c/strong\u003e. The calculated FIC index for the combination activities of clove extract with acetic acid illustrated in slightly different trends with lactic acid. The combination of clove extract with acetic acid indicated \u0026lsquo;synergistic effects\u0026rsquo; against Gram-positive bacteria including \u003cem\u003eS. aureus\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e209P at non-adjusted pH condition and MRSA. 11D1677 and \u003cem\u003eL. monocytogenes\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e4b at mildly acidic conditions, and against Gram-negative bacteria which was \u003cem\u003eS. enterica\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eserovars Typhimurium IFO 12529 at mildly acidic condition.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 2.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eMIC and MBC of each plant extract against selected bacterial strains.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv align=\"center\"\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"948\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePlant Extract\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" style=\"width: 336px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGram-positive\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"12\" style=\"width: 492px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGram-negative\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eS. aureus\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e209P\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 108px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMRSA 11D1677\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 108px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eL. monocytogenes\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e4b\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eE. coli\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;IFO 3301\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eE. coli\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;O157:H7\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 90px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eS.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;Enteritidis O9\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 108px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eS.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;Typhimurium IFO 12529\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eP. aeruginosa\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;15442\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMIC\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMBC\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMIC\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMBC\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMIC\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMBC\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMIC\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMBC\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMIC\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMBC\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMIC\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMBC\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.5006%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMIC\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7.0407%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMBC\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMIC\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMBC\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eClove\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e(%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.2\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.4\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.4\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.4\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.4\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.4\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.6\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.6\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.5006%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.6\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7.0407%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.6\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;0.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;0.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCurry Plant\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e(%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.00625\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.00625\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; 0.0125\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; 0.0125\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; 0.0125\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.025\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;0.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;0.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;0.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;0.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;0.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;0.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.5006%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;0.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7.0407%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;0.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;0.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;0.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTurmeric\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e(%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;0.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;0.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;0.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;0.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;0.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;0.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.5006%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;0.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7.0407%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;0.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;0.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;0.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRoselle\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e(%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;0.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;0.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;0.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;0.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;0.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;0.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.5006%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;0.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7.0407%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;0.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;0.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;0.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNegro Pepper\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e(%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.025\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.05\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.05\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.05\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.2\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.4\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;0.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;0.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;0.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;0.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.5006%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;0.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7.0407%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;0.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;0.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;0.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 120px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eControl\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e(%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 45px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 5.5006%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7.0407%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 3.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eMIC and MBC of each organic acid against pathogenic and spoilage bacteria at pH 7.0.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"1025\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOrganic acid\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" style=\"width: 323px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGram-positive\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"16\" style=\"width: 541px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGram-negative\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eS. aureus\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e209P\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMRSA 11D1677\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eL. monocytogenes\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e4b\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 114px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eE. coli\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;IFO 3301\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 114px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eE. coli\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;O157:H7\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 114px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eS.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;Enteritidis O9\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 108px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eS.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;Typhimurium IFO 12529\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 91px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eP. aeruginosa\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;15442\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMIC\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMBC\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMIC\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMBC\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMIC\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMBC\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMIC\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMBC\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMIC\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMBC\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMIC\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMBC\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMIC\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6.3134%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMBC\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7.1026%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMIC\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMBC\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAscorbic acid\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e(%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6.3134%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 7.1026%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLactic acid\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e(%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6.3134%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 7.1026%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcetic acid\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e(%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6.3134%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 7.1026%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCitric acid\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e(%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6.3134%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 7.1026%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFumaric acid\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e(%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6.3134%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 7.1026%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMonosodium fumaric acid\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e(%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6.3134%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 7.1026%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDisodium fumaric acid\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e(%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6.3134%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 7.1026%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 4.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eMIC and MBC of each organic acid against pathogenic and spoilage bacteria at pH 5.5.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv align=\"center\"\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"996\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOrganic acid\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"7\" style=\"width: 324px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGram-positive\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"14\" style=\"width: 540px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGram-negative\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eS. aureus\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e209P\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMRSA 11D1677\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 97px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eL. monocytogenes\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e4b\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 119px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eE. coli\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;IFO 3301\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" style=\"width: 97px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eE. coli\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;O157:H7\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 108px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eS.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;Enteritidis O9\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 108px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eS.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;Typhimurium IFO 12529\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 108px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eP. aeruginosa\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;15442\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMIC\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMBC\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMIC\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMBC\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMIC\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMBC\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMIC\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMBC\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMIC\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMBC\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMIC\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMBC\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMIC\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMBC\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMIC\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMBC\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAscorbic acid\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e(%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLactic acid\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e(%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 115px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.6 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; 1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" style=\"width: 105px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.6 \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcetic acid\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e(%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCitric acid\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e(%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFumaric acid\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e(%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMonosodium fumaric acid\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e(%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDisodium fumaric acid\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e(%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 5.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eMIC and MBC of each organic acid against pathogenic and spoilage bacteria at pH 7.0.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"1003\" class=\"fr-table-selection-hover\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 139px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOrganic acid\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" style=\"width: 324px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGram-positive\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"13\" style=\"width: 540px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGram-negative\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eS. aureus\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e209P\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 108px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMRSA 11D1677\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 103px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eL. monocytogenes\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e4b\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 119px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eE. coli\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;IFO 3301\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 97px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eE. coli\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;O157:H7\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 107px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eS.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;Enteritidis O9\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eS.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;Typhimurium IFO 12529\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 108px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eP. aeruginosa\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;15442\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMIC\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMBC\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; MIC\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;MBC\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMIC\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMBC\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMIC\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; MBC\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMIC\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMBC\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMIC\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMBC\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMIC\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; MBC\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMIC\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMBC\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 139px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAscorbic acid\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e(%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 139px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLactic acid\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e(%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 139px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcetic acid\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e(%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 139px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCitric acid\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e(%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 139px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFumaric acid\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e(%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 139px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMonosodium fumaric acid\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e(%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 139px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDisodium fumaric acid\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e(%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 60px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 6.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eMIC of combined clove extract with organic acid in different pH conditions against Gram-positive strains.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"966\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 162px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBacterial\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"19\" style=\"width: 804px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIndividual MIC of \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;MIC of lactic acid when \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; MIC of acetic acid when combined\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eclove extract (%) \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; combined with clove extract (%) \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;with clove extract (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 162px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003estrains\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNon-adjusted pH\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003epH 5.5\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003epH 7.0\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNon-adjusted pH\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003epH 5.5\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003epH 7.0\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNon-adjusted pH\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003epH 5.5\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003epH 7.0\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.05\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.2\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.4\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.5\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.02\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.04\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.02\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.04\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 162px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eS. aureus\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e209P\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 162px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMRSA 11D1677\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 162px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eL. monocytogenes\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e4b\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;0.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 7.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eMIC of combined clove extract with organic acid in different pH conditions against Gram-negative strains.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"1007\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 171px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBacterial strains\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 200px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIndividual MIC of clove extract (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" style=\"width: 304px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMIC of lactic acid when combined with clove extract (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" style=\"width: 332px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMIC of acetic acid when combined with clove extract (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNon- adjusted pH\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003epH 5.5\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003epH 7.0\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNon-adjusted pH\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 107px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003epH 5.5\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003epH 7.0\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 117px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNon-adjusted pH\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 114px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003epH 5.5\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003epH 7.0\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 44px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.05\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.2\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.4\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.5\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.02\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.04\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.02\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.04\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 171px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eE. coli\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIFO 3301\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 44px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 171px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eE. coli\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eO157:H7\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 44px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 171px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eS.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEnteritidis O9\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 44px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 171px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eS.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTyphimurium\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIFO 12529\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 44px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 171px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eP. aeruginosa\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e15442\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 72px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 44px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 8.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eFIC index of combined clove extract with organic acid in different pH conditions against Gram-positive strains.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"786\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 172px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBacterial strains\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" style=\"width: 301px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFIC index when combined with lactic acid\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" style=\"width: 313px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFIC index combined with acetic acid\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 109px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNon-adjusted pH\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003epH 5.5\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003epH 7.0\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 105px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNon-adjusted pH\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003epH 5.5\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003epH 7.0\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 301px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLactic acid (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 313px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcetic acid (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.05\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.2\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.4\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.5\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.02\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.04\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.02\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.04\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 172px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eS. aureus\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e209P\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 172px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMRSA 11D1677\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 172px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eL. monocytogenes\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e4b\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 48px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e"},{"header":"IV. Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe natural antimicrobial compounds in plants are different depending on the forms of the plants (fresh, dried, powder, etc.), parts of the plants that have been tested (leaf, root, fruit, and seed), and the extracted form. Most plant extracts tested in this study showed a variety of strength of inhibition against the bacterial strains, but clove extract was the most effective as an antibacterial actor. This plant extract was also found to be the most effective extract that contains Eugenol compound against the \u003cem\u003eE. coli\u003c/em\u003e O157:H7 [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e]. In the qualitative paper disk diffusion method, the Gram-positive bacteria were observed to be the most sensitive to curry plant extract and the Gram-negative were resistant to this plant, which agrees with [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e]. Various responses to ethanol plant extracts between Gram-negative and Gram-positive have been reported by other research articles as well [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR16\" citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e]. This outcome was explained by [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e], the Gram-negative are less susceptible to the antibacterial agents due to its outer lipopolysaccharide membrane that surrounds the peptidoglycan envelope of the cell, which restricts diffusion of phenolic substances in the plant extracts [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e]. The plant extract screening test illustrated variation of activities against selected bacterial strains. Clove extract demonstrated comprehensive activity among all tested plant extracts, while curry plant extract demonstrated inhibition specifically only on Gram-positive strains.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrequently, the antibacterial activities of organic acids were identified with non-pH adjustment and its effect against foodborne pathogen and spoilage microorganisms were well recorded in acidic conditions. However, this study evaluated the antibacterial activity of common organic acids in both acidic and neutral environments, which demonstrated a variety of bacterial inhibition activities. As shown in the Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e to \u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e, most of the organic acids tested in this study exhibited antibacterial activity in different minimum inhibitory concentrations, except fumaric acid and its sodium salts which only demonstrated elimination activity in acidic conditions. The link between pH and the antibacterial effect of weak organic acids was described as the part of OAs across the membrane in their dissociated condition, and ionized in the bacterial cytoplasm afterwards [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e]. As the portion of OAs that is un-dissociated and able to penetrate to the cell, will increase as the pH drops. The screening test illustrated variation of activities of OAs against selected bacterial strains [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e]. Among all tested OAs, acetic acid and lactic acid were the most effective weak acids, which demonstrated bacterial inhibition in all tested pH conditions.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThere have been very few studies that identified the effect of plant extract combined with organic acids at various pH conditions. To our knowledge, this is the first report focused on the combined effect of plant extract with lactic acid and acetic acid in acidic, mildly acidic, and neutral conditions. It might be explained by the antibacterial effect of lactic acid which is able to exert bacteriostatic effects by interfering with pathogen cell membrane functions, leading to membrane permeability, loss of cell contents, lysis, and death. It was described that acetic acid could kill the bacteria by chemically changing the proteins and fats that make up these microorganisms and destroy their cell structures [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e]. Therefore, with the combination of clove extract with acetic acid, the various interactions including absent, additive, and synergistic effects were observed. The synergistic effect that was achieved indicates the positive impact in controlling microbial growth with slightly or even without sensory impact. Further research should be investigated on the sensory properties and nutritive value of the combination of clove extract with acetic acid in the food industry systems.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"V. Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn this study, the antibacterial potentials of some selected herbs, spices, and organic acid were explored against prevalent foodborne pathogenic and spoilage bacteria and as well as the combinatorial study of these two agents at non-adjusted pH, mildly acidic, and neutral conditions. The antibacterial activity of 18 plant extracts against pathogenic and spoilage bacterial strains were tested. The results exhibited similarly in all three tested pH conditions. The clove extract illustrated the biggest DIZ ranging from 9.6 mm to 12 mm against Gram-negative, with concentrations of MIC from 0.2\u0026ndash;0.6%. Meanwhile, curry plant demonstrated the biggest DIZ against Gram-positives with the DIZ values in the range of 28.1 mm to 36 mm, with a range of MIC from 0.00625\u0026ndash;0.025%. In addition, the inhibition activity of five organic acids in controlling the same strains in the first study was detected in three different pH conditions. Among all tested organic acids, lactic acid and acetic acid showed the strongest activity against all studies strains with the range of MIC from 0.07 to 0.2%. Besides, the ascorbic acid and citric acid could inhibit the bacteria activity in non-adjusted pH, while the inhibition activity almost could not have been detected when the pH was adjusted to pH 5.5 and pH 7.0. Therefore, the organic acids are only able to eliminate the bacteria well under acidic conditions (their original pH). On top of that, the combination of potential clove extract with potential organic acids (acetic acid and lactic acid) was identified. At non-adjusted pH condition, the concentration of lactic acid at level of 0.1% lower MIC of clove extract from 0.2\u0026ndash;0.1% against Gram-positive bacteria, from 0.4\u0026ndash;0.1%-0.2% against Gram-negative pathogenic strains, and from 0.8\u0026ndash;0.4% against Gram-negative spoilage bacterial strain. In addition, the concentration of acetic acid at level of 0.04% lower MIC of clove extract from 0.2\u0026ndash;0.03%-0.05% against Gram-positive, from 0.4\u0026ndash;0.2% against \u003cem\u003eE. coli\u003c/em\u003e strains, and from 0.8\u0026ndash;0.3% against \u003cem\u003eP. aeruginosa\u003c/em\u003e 15422. Similarly, at mildly acidic conditions, the MIC of clove extract was decreased to 0.05%, 0.1%, and 0.2% with lactic acid at 0.4%, and decreased to 0.03%, 0.05%, 0.1%, and 0.2% with acetic acid at 0.04%. For neutral conditions, the MIC of clove extract was also decreased when combined with the potential OAs; however, the OAs\u0026rsquo; concentrations were higher than the concentrations in non-adjusted pH and mildly acidic conditions.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003eFunding Statement: not applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eClinical Trial Number:\u0026nbsp;not applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eData Availability:\u0026nbsp;\u0026ldquo;Data is provided within the manuscript\u0026rdquo;.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics statement:\u003c/strong\u003e not applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent to Publish declaration:\u003c/strong\u003e not applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent to Participate declaration:\u003c/strong\u003e not applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting Interests:\u003c/strong\u003e not applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAcknowledgment\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe would like to express our gratitude to the Japanese Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT), University of Phayao and Thailand Science Research and Innovation Fund (Fundamental Fund 2024) that offer financial support for this research study.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eH. S. conducted the experiment and wrote the main manuscript text.W. K. advised and discussed the experiment progressing and reviewed the manuscript.T. N. supervised and discussed the experiment.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWHO. World Health Organization 2000 Food Borne Disease. 2000. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFlint JA, Van Duynhoven YT, Angulo FJ, DeLong SM, Braun P, Kirk M,. Estimating the burden of acute gastroenteritis, foodborne disease, and pathogens commonly transmitted by food: An international review. Clin Infect Dis. 2005; 41(5):698\u0026ndash;704. https://doi.org/10.1086/432064\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAkkerman R, Farahani P, Grunow M. Quality, safety and sustainability in food distribution: A review of quantitative operations management approaches and challenges. OR Spectr. 2010. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00291-010-0223-2\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTeshome E, Forsido SF, Rupasinghe HPV, Olika Keyata E. 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Int J Food Microbiol. 2007; 117(1):112\u0026ndash;9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2007.03.003\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMart\u0026iacute;nez-Graci\u0026aacute; C, Gonz\u0026aacute;lez-Berm\u0026uacute;dez CA, Cabellero-Valc\u0026aacute;rcel AM, Santaella-Pascual M, Frontela-Saseta C. Use of herbs and spices for food preservation: Advantages and limitations. Curr Opin Food Sci. 2015; 6:38\u0026ndash;43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cofs.2015.11.011\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eL\u0026oacute;pez P, S\u0026aacute;nchez C, Batlle R, Ner\u0026iacute;n C. Solid- and vapor-phase antimicrobial activities of six essential oils: Susceptibility of selected foodborne bacterial and fungal strains. J Agric Food Chem. 2005; 53(17):6939\u0026ndash;46. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf050709v\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTajkarimi MM, Ibrahim SA, Cliver DO. Antimicrobial herb and spice compounds in food. Food Control. 2010; 21(9):1199\u0026ndash;218. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2010.02.003\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eEklund T. The antimicrobial effect of dissociated and undissociated sorbic acid at different pH levels. J Appl Bacteriol. 1983; 54(3):383\u0026ndash;9. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2672.1983.tb02632.x\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSlonczewski JL, Fujisawa M, Dopson M, Krulwich TA. Cytoplasmic pH Measurement and Homeostasis in Bacteria and Archaea [Internet]. Adv. Microb. Physiol. Elsevier; 2009. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2911 (09)05501-5\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAlakomi H, Skytt\u0026auml; E, Saarela M, Helander IM. Lactic Acid Permeabilizes Gram-Negative Bacteria by Disrupting the Outer Membrane Lactic Acid Permeabilizes Gram-Negative Bacteria by Disrupting the Outer Membrane. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2005; 66(5):2000\u0026ndash;5. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.66.5.2001-2005.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"discover-food","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"discoverfood","sideBox":"Learn more about [Discover Food](https://www.springer.com/44187)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Discover Food","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Discover Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Antibacterial activity, Pathogenic bacteria, Spoilage bacteria, Ethanol plant extract, Organic acid","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6358876/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6358876/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThe major foodborne pathogens have caused significant foodborne illness and even death, while spoilage microorganisms lead to remarkable public health issues worldwide. To address these concerns, combination of the natural preservative with potential organic acid is the superior solution because the use of synthetic preservatives alone are aware of health impacts to consumers. Therefore, this research aimed to identify the combined effect of these two substances against pathogenic and spoilage bacterial strains in different pH conditions (non-adjusted, mildly acidic, and neutral pH conditions). Eighteen ethanol plant extracts with five organic acids were used in this study to test for antibacterial activities through disk diffusion method to determine the zone of inhibition, and plate dilution with broth dilution method to determine the MIC and MBC respectively. The potential plant extract and organic acid that demonstrated stronger activity were selected for the combinatorial study. In all tested pH conditions, clove extract demonstrated high potency when lactic acid or acetic acid was incorporated. At mildly acidic conditions, combinations were more effective in reducing the MICs of clove extract combined with acetic acid against all tested strains. The combination resulted as a synergistic effect with the FIC index of 0.5 for the test on methicillin-resistant \u003cem\u003eStaphylococcus aureus\u003c/em\u003e 11D1677, \u003cem\u003eListeria monocytogenes\u003c/em\u003e 4b, and \u003cem\u003eSalmonella\u003c/em\u003e Typhimurium 12529. Therefore, the amplified activity was established when clove extract combined with acetic acid. The obtained data was evaluated to have a combinatorial effect, which could be a potential object for controlling pathogenic and spoilage bacteria.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Antibacterial activity of ethanol plant extract combined with organic acid against pathogenic and spoilage bacteria at different pH conditions","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-06-03 10:41:06","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6358876/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2025-06-22T08:35:22+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-06-16T13:40:15+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-06-03T17:57:13+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"329597686886120875979718474741648400004","date":"2025-06-02T07:40:41+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"262698030639943383036191844955985518200","date":"2025-06-02T06:08:28+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"111981640438357046337135616877300849999","date":"2025-06-01T16:13:07+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-05-30T13:54:55+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-05-25T14:37:32+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-05-15T13:46:52+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Discover Food","date":"2025-05-15T13:45:43+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"discover-food","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"discoverfood","sideBox":"Learn more about [Discover Food](https://www.springer.com/44187)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Discover Food","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Discover Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"718a39ee-5e1d-4689-a9ea-758a5f767437","owner":[],"postedDate":"June 3rd, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-08-26T09:23:59+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-06-03 10:41:06","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-6358876","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-6358876","identity":"rs-6358876","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}