Awareness of Female genital mutilation (FGM) and its determinants among women of reproductive age in Tanzania: Implications for public health Intervention

Awareness of Female genital mutilation (FGM) and its determinants among women of reproductive age in Tanzania: Implications for public health Intervention | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Awareness of Female genital mutilation (FGM) and its determinants among women of reproductive age in Tanzania: Implications for public health Intervention Jackson Micheal Asingwire, Isaac isiko, Kuli Faith Rombe, Emmanuel Asher Ikwara, and 5 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-5388242/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background Female genital mutilation is a cultural practice carried out in African communities such as Uganda, Kenya and Tanzania. It involves the partial or complete removal of external female genitalia or damage to the female genital organs for purposes other than medical ones. This study aimed at assessing determinants for female genital mutilation awareness among females of reproductive age in Tanzania Methods This was a complex cross-sectional survey that was conducted in Tanzania in 2022. The study population consists of women aged 15–49 and data was collected from February to July 2022. Descriptive, bivariate and multivariate analyses were performed using STATA software version 17. The significance level of p-value < 0.05 was set at 95% CI and the determinant variables were identified. Results The study contained 2531 women of the reproductive. The women with a primary level of education and secondary education had heard of female circumcision with [AOR: 2.62, CI:1.61–4.27]and [AOR: 4.69, CI: 2.40–9.19] odds respectively were higher than women with no education. In addition, the odds of women aged 35–39 having heard of female circumcision were [AOR: 1.75, CI:1.01–3.06] significantly lower than the odds of women between the ages of 15–19. Also, the odds of women who are occupationally employed [AOR: 0.47, CI:0.23–0.97] knew about female circumcision were lower than those employed all year. The odds of women who earn in kind only and have heard of female circumcision [AOR: 0.15, CI: 0.04–0.53] were significantly lower than those. In comparison to reading magazines for at least a week, the odds of having heard of the female is [AOR: 0.43, CI:0.23–0.82] significantly lower than those that did not read magazines, the odds of women watching TV less than once a week and have heard of female circumcision were [AOR:1.99, CI: 1.28–3.10] significantly higher than those that do not watch tv Also, the odds of women watching TV at least a week and having heard of female circumcision were [AOR: 2.11, CI:1.29–3.45] significantly higher than those that do not watch TV Conclusion The study shows that the age of women, educational level, type of employment and earnings, literacy level and media exposure as the predictors for female genital mutilation. For policymakers, the study suggests that female circumcision awareness should be incorporated into broader educational and healthcare programs. Improving media literacy and ensuring equitable access to information, especially in rural areas with limited media access, are crucial steps. Female circumcision Female genital mutilation women’s health reproductive health culture Kenya Introduction Female genital mutilation, also known as female circumcision or FGM is a deeply ingrained cultural practice that has been carried out for a variety of reasons, including the conviction that it is required of females for religious or cultural reasons. The UN General Assembly defines FGM as any of several practices that involve the partial or complete removal of external female genitalia or damage to the female genital organs for purposes other than medical ones. [ 1 ] According to the degree of the process, the World Health Organization (WHO) divides FGM into four categories. Type I, the removal of the prepuce and clitoris, is also referred to as clitoridectomy; Excision, or type II, can involve removing the labia majora or just the clitoris, either completely or partially; Known by another name, infibulation, type III narrows the vaginal orifice by repositioning and cutting the labia majora and minora, with or without clitoris excision, creating a covering seal, and leaving a tiny hole to facilitate menstruation and bladder voiding. Any more genital procedures, to varied degrees, fall under Type IV [ 2 ][ 3 ][ 4 ] FGM remains a significant public health issue with both long short and long-term implications among women of reproductive age, with awareness and associated factors varying across regions. [ 4 ][ 5 ] It is estimated that the repercussions of female genital mutilation (FGM) affect over 200 million girls and women globally. 44 million of them are under the age of 15. Furthermore, according to UNFPA data, population growth will cause this figure to rise to 4.6 million girls by 2030.[ 6 ] Thirty(30) African nations practice female genital mutilation (FGM), with an estimated three million (3M) girls at risk of it annually because of the restrictive customs and culture that hinder women's rights to equal access to healthcare, education, and knowledge about sexual and reproductive health, as well as the autonomy to determine their own body-related decisions[ 7 ] In Nigeria, FGM awareness among women fluctuated, with only 31.9% aware in 2021, despite a rising prevalence from 46.6% in 2011 to 69.5% in 2021[ 8 ] [ 6 ]. In Ethiopia, rural residence and religious affiliation are significant predictors of FGM practices while in Tanzania, the prevalence is reported at 12.1%, with a significant portion of women lacking knowledge about FGM [ 6 ]. Marital status, wealth index, and geographic location are factors that affect FGM. For example, in Tanzania, married women are more likely to be subjected to FGM. [ 9 ] Education is important; lower rates of FGM are connected with higher educational attainment [ 8 ]. Even though FGM is widely accepted in Tanzania and there is still a lack of awareness about it, many women are still prepared to carry on the practice[ 7 ]. Tanzania's national trend in female genital mutilation (FGM) continues to be a health and social concern. The most prevalent tribes in the nation the Gogo, Sandawe, Maassai, Iraq, Chagga, Pare, and Nyaturu tribes are located primarily in the middle and northern regions of Tanzania's mainland and are the sites of the majority of FGM procedures [ 10 ]. The prevalence of FGM varies by region, with the highest rates found in Manyara (57.7%), Dodoma (46.7%), Arusha (41%), Mare (32%), and Singida (30.9%). The prevalence in other regions is below 15%, and 5.3% of FGM cases in Tanzania are committed by urban residents against their rural counterparts despite legal restrictions on FGM, it’s still being practised in Tanzania [ 7 ]. However, literature raises several unresolved problems about whether even with continuous awareness campaigns, the incidence of FGM remains, which emphasizes the need for focused educational programs that tackle socio-cultural attitudes and give women agency, especially in areas where the practice is common. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to assess the level of awareness and related factors among Tanzanian women of reproductive age, as well as the deliberate practice of female genital mutilation among these women. Intervention initiatives or legislative modifications targeted at stopping FGM in the country will be guided by the outcome of this study. Methods and materials Study setting It was conducted in Tanzania which is located in East Africa. Tanzania is bordered by Kenya and Uganda to the North, Rwanda and Burundi to the West, D.R.C to the South West, Mozambique, Malawi and Zambia to the South. In this study, data from the 2022 Tanzania Demographic and Health Survey and Malaria Indicator Survey (TDHS-MIS), provide detailed data on various health indicators across regions in Tanzania. The Tanzanian Health system is divided into, primary health care (health centres and dispensaries), secondary care (district hospitals) and tertiary care (regional and referral hospitals) [ 12 ]. Study design and study population The study uses a cross-sectional design based on data from the 2022 TDHS-MIS, which represents a national survey designed to assess health indicators across Tanzania. It involves a stratified sampling process divided into two stages to ensure representation of the population at the national, regional, and zonal levels, hence this design facilitates the analysis of factors associated with female circumcision awareness among the population in Tanzania. This study applies weights to adjust for the complex sampling design and non-response in the survey data. The weights ensure that the sample is representative of the national population in terms of all variables used in the analysis [ 12 ]. The study population consists of women aged 15–49, who were residents or visitors in the selected households during the 2022 TDHS-MIS. This survey gathered data on female circumcision awareness from this reproductive age women and men aged 15–49 were included in the study to provide additional insights regarding perception and awareness. Data collection The 2022 TDHS-MIS data collection took place from February to July 2022 where trained field staff used structured questionnaires to obtain data face-to-face in selected households, of which data was gathered on various demographic and health indicators including female circumcision awareness. The household questionnaire was used to collect household data from February to June 2022, Men’s questionnaire was to collect data from March to June 2022, and the children’s questionnaire was used to collect data from April to July 2022 [ 12 ] A sub-sample of households contained additional health measurements like height and weight for children and anaemia testing. This survey was supported by different partners like ICF, and USAID, among others. The 2022 TDHS-MIS used several types of questionnaires for the collection of data, namely; an Individual questionnaire was used on women aged 15–49, collecting information on reproductive health which also included awareness and attitude towards female circumcision. The household questionnaire was used to collect demographic and health-related information from households including data on female circumcision awareness. It gathered data from women aged 15–49. Men’s questionnaire was used to collect data from men aged 15–49 years to assess their perceptions and knowledge related to female circumcision. And the children’s questionnaire collected data on child health indicators. Variable definitions Dependent variable The dependent variable in this analysis was derived from the question “Ever heard of female circumcision?” from the women's questionnaire which was dichotomous and was coded as 1 = yes,0 = No Independent Variables Independent variables were (age, highest education level, employment status, Employment all year/seasonal, Type of earnings, Marital Status, Type of place of residence, Frequency of reading Newspaper or magazines, Frequency of listening to radio, Frequency of watching television, Use of the Internet, Frequency of using internet last month, Female circumcision required by religion, Literacy, Visited health facility last 12 months, Person who performed circumcision, Respondent circumcised, Number of daughters circumcised, Female circumcision: continue or be stopped) and were categorized as follows Age(15–19,20–24,25–29,30–34,35–39,40–44,45–49),Highest educational level(No education, Primary, Secondary, Higher),Employment all year/seasonal(All year, Seasonal, Occasional),Type of earnings( Not paid, Cash only, Cash and in-kind, In-kind only),Marital Status(Married, Living with partner),Type of place of residence(Urban, Rural),Frequency of reading Newspaper or magazine(Not at all, Less than once a week, At least once a week),Frequency of listening to radio(Not at all, less than once a week, At least once a week),Frequency of watching television(Not at all, Less than once a week, At least once a week),Frequency of using internet last month(Not at all, Less than once a week, At least once a week, Almost every day),Female circumcision required by religion(No, Yes, No religion, Don’t know),Highest educational level(No education, Primary, Secondary, Higher), Literacy(Cannot read at all, Able to read only parts of sentence, Able to read whole sentence, No card with required language, Blind/visually impaired), Visited health facility last 12 months(No, Yes),Person who performed circumcision(Traditional "circumciser”, Traditional birth attendant, Other traditional, Don’t know) Data analysis and management The weights were used and were provided by [v005/1,000,000] and are designed to correct for differential probabilities of selection and to adjust for non-response. The weight variables were calculated based on the inverse of the probability of selection and further adjusted using post-stratification methods to align the sample distributions with population benchmarks. Weighted analysis produced more accurate estimates of the population parameters. For instance, the odds of having heard of female circumcision increased from 3.2 (unweighted) to 3.5 (weighted) after adjusting for the sampling design. This demonstrates the importance of weighting in producing valid and reliable results. Descriptive analysis particularly frequency tables was generated to find out the distribution of different independent variables across the study population and were presented as whole numbers with respective percentages. Bivariate analysis was conducted using chi-square to determine the statistical significance of the relationship/association between the outcome variable and independent variables. The logistic regression analysis to examine the association of independent variables (socio-demographic factors, Social and Cultural Attitudes, Health-Related Variables) with one dichotomous dependent variable, ever heard of female circumcision is binary. All analyses were conducted using STATA’s Svy commands to apply the weights and adjust for the stratified cluster sampling design. The logistic regression models incorporate the weight variable to produce population-representative estimates. Standard errors were adjusted using the Taylor series linearization method. All the data cleaning was done using Microsoft Excel and data analysis was done using STATA software version 17. The significance level of p-value < 0.05 was set at 95% CI and the determinant variables were identified. Results In Table 1 , a total of 2531 women were recruited for this study. About 621(24.4%) women between the age of 25–29 participated, 1,519(59.7%) had primary education, 826(49.2%) were seasonally employed, 714(42.5%) only had cash, 1,861(73.2%) were married, 1,824(71.8%) resided in the rural area, 2,060(81.0%)had not read newspaper or magazine, 1,515(59.6%) had not watched television, 2,286(89.9%) never used the internet, 2,336 (91.9%) had not used internet last month, 2,129(96.9%) no female circumcision required by religion, 1,519(59.7%)had primary level of education,1,716(67.5%) were able to read the whole sentence, 1,572(61.9%) had visited the facility in the last 12 months, 129(55.5%) of circumcision was performed by traditional bed attendant, 1,964(89.4%) were not circumcised, 2,194(99.8%) had no daughter circumcised and 2,147(97.7%) female circumcision stopped. Table 1 Descriptive analysis of women by their background characteristics Women’s characteristics Frequency (N = 2531) Percentage (100%) Age 15–19 187 7.3 20–24 519 20.4 25–29 621 24.4 30–34 487 19.1 35–39 406 16.0 40–44 252 9.9 45–49 73 2.9 Highest educational level No education 496 19.5 Primary 1,519 59.7 Secondary 504 19.8 Higher 24 0.9 Employment all year/seasonal All year 765 45.6 Seasonal 826 49.2 Occasional 88 5.3 Type of earnings Not paid 672 40.0 Cash only 714 42.5 Cash and in-kind 279 16.6 In-kind only 15 0.9 Marital Status Married 1,861 73.2 Living with partner 682 26.8 Type of place of residence Urban 718 28.2 Rural 1,824 71.8 Frequency of reading Newspapers or magazine Not at all 2,060 81.0 Less than once a week 343 13.5 At least once a week 139 5.5 Frequency of listening to radio Not at all 1,102 43.4 Less than once a week 615 24.2 At least once a week 826 32.5 Frequency of watching television Not at all 1,515 59.6 Less than once a week 420 16.5 At least once a week 607 23.9 Frequency of using internet last month Not at all 2,336 91.9 Less than once a week 27 1.1 At least once a week 73 2.9 Almost every day 106 4.2 Female circumcision required by religion No 2,129 96.9 Yes 34 1.6 No religion 20 0.9 Don't know 14 0.6 Highest educational level No education 496 19.5 Primary 1,519 59.7 Secondary 504 19.8 Higher 24 0.9 Literacy Cannot read at all 616 24.2 Able to read only parts of a sentence 209 8.2 Able to read the whole sentence 1,716 67.5 Visited health facility last 12 months No 970 38.2 Yes 1,572 61.9 A person who performed circumcision Traditional "circumciser" 60 25.7 Traditional birth attendant 129 55.5 Other traditional 6 2.7 Don't know 38 16.1 Cross-tabulation of women's characteristics and Awareness of Female genital mutilation. The results in Table 2 of the bivariate analysis are detailed in Table 2 with factors individually associated with ever heard of female circumcision. The characteristics such as highest level of education, age, respondents' employment, type of earning, type of place or residence, frequency of reading Newspapers or magazines, frequency of listening to radio, frequency of watching television, frequency of using the Internet last month, frequency of using the Internet last month, Literacy level and visited health facility last 12 months were significant at bivariate analysis and were fed into the multivariate logistic model to assess the determinants of female genital awareness predictors. Table 2 Bivariate analysis of determinants of female genital mutilation in Kenya. Women’s characteristics Ever heard of female circumcision? (%) Chi-square (χ²) P-value Yes No Highest educational level No education 6.69 12.83 166.8939 0.0000 agPrimary 8.44 51.3 Secondary 1.14 18.66 Higher 1.50E-02 0.92 Age in 5-year groups 15–19 1.81 5.53 20.4051 0.0291 20–24 3.9 16.5 25–29 3.42 21 30–34 3.3 15.84 35–39 2.29 13.66 40–44 1.3 8.59 45–49 0.27 2.58 Respondent employed all year/seasonal All year 4.93 40.64 15.9525 0.0113 Seasonal 8.42 40.75 Occasion 1.09 4.17 Type of earnings Not paid 7.97 32.03 45.1149 0.0000 Cash only 3.92 38.58 Cash and in-kind 2.15 14.47 In-kind only 0.41 0.48 Marital status Married 11.45 61.74 2.0933 0.2588 Living with partner 4.84 21.97 Type of place of residence Urban 2.23 26.01 51.4679 0.0000 Rural 14.06 57.7 Frequency of reading Newspapers or magazine Not at all 14.02 66.99 13.7350 0.0122 Less than once a week 1.27 12.22 At least once a week 0.99 4.49 Frequency of listening to radio Not at all 9.91 33.43 61.8021 0.0000 Less than once a week 2.57 21.61 At least once a week 3.8 28.67 Frequency of watching television Not at all 13.31 46.27 100.4775 0.0000 Less than once a week 1.37 15.16 At least once a week 1.61 22.28 Frequency of using the Internet last month Not at all 16.19 75.71 36.9567 0.0000 Less than once a week 0.031 1.02 At least once a week 0.042 2.83 Almost every day 0.031 4.15 Female circumcision required by religion No 3.06 93.87 3.3832 0.6147 Yes 0 1.55 No religion 0.075 0.81 Don't know 0 0.63 Literacy level I cannot read at all 7.2 17.01 116.2486 0.0000 Able to read only parts of the sentence 1.57 6.66 Able to read the whole sentence 7.51 60 Visited health facility last 12 months No 9.02 29.13 61.9012 0.0000 Yes 7.27 54.58 The person who performed the circumcision Traditional "circumciser" 0 25.7 0.7426 0.863 Traditional birth attendant 1.28 54.21 Other traditional 0 2.7 Don't know 0 16.11 Determinants of female genital mutilation awareness among women of reproductive age in Kenya. The multivariate analysis result in Table 3 showed that: the odds of women with a primary level of education having heard of female circumcision was 2.65 significantly higher than the odds of women with no education [AOR: 2.62, CI:1.61–4.27], the odds of women with secondary education having heard of female was 4.69 times significantly higher than those with no education [AOR: 4.69, CI: 2.40–9.19]. in addition, the odd of women aged 35–39 having heard of female circumcision were 1.75 times significantly lower than the odd of women between the age 15–19 [AOR: 1.75, CI:1.01–3.06]. Also, the odds of women who are occupationally employed and having knowledge of female circumcision were 0.47 times significantly lower than those employed all year [AOR: 0.47, CI:0.23–0.97]. the odds of women who earn in kind only and have heard of female circumcision were 0.15 times significantly lower than those [AOR: 0.15, CI: 0.04–0.53]. In comparison to reading magazines for At least a week, the odds of having heard of the female is 0.43 significantly lower than those that did not read magazine [AOR: 0.43, CI:0.23–0.82], the odds of women watching TV less than once a week and have heard of female circumcision were 1.99 times significantly higher than those that do not watch tv [AOR:1.99, CI: 1.28–3.10]. also, the odds of women watching TV at least a week and having heard of female circumcision were 2.11 times significantly higher than those that do not watch TV [ AOR: 2.11, CI:1.29–3.45] Table 3 Multivariate analysis of determinants of female genital mutilation awareness among women in Kenya. Women’s characteristics AOR P > value [95% Conf.Interval] Education No education 1 Primary 2.62 0.000 1.61 4.27 Secondary 4.69 0.000 2.40 9.19 Higher 7.10 0.164 0.45 112.97 Type of place of residence Urban 1 Rural 0.75 0.246 0.46 1.22 Age 15–19 1 20–24 1.04 0.88 0.61 1.76 25–29 1.30 0.342 0.76 2.23 30–34 1.20 0.555 0.66 2.17 35–39 1.75 0.048 1.01 3.06 40–44 1.84 0.066 0.96 3.53 45–49 3.33 0.014 1.27 8.75 Employment all year/seasonal All year 1 Seasonal 0.91 0.663 0.61 1.37 Occasional 0.47 0.041 0.23 0.97 Type of earnings Not paid 1 Cash only 1.50 0.06 0.98 2.29 Cash and in-kind 1.41 0.19 0.84 2.36 In-kind only 0.15 0.003 0.04 0.53 Frequency of reading Newspapers or magazine Not at all 1 Less than once a week 1.07 0.792 0.65 1.76 At least a week 0.43 0.011 0.23 0.82 Frequency of listening to radio Not at all Less than once a week 1.31 0.199 0.87 1.99 At least a week 1.18 0.348 0.83 1.68 Frequency of watching television Not at all 1 Less than once a week 1.99 0.002 1.28 3.10 At least a week 2.11 0.003 1.29 3.45 Frequency of using the Internet last month Not at all 1 Less than once a week 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.00 At least once a week 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.00 Almost every day 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.00 Literacy level I cannot read at all 1 Able to read only parts of a sentence 0.93 0.816 0.51 1.71 Able to read the whole sentence 1.03 0.903 0.62 1.73 Visited health facility last 12 months Yes 2.08 0.000 1.53 2.81 No 1 Discussion This study determined the factors influencing awareness of female circumcision among women of reproductive age in Tanzania, drawing on data from the 2022 Tanzania Demographic and Health Survey (TDHS). Our analysis revealed that educational attainment is a significant predictor of awareness, with women who have completed secondary education demonstrating markedly higher compared to those with no education. This finding aligns with existing literature, which consistently demonstrates the role of education in enhancing health knowledge [ 13 ]. For instance, [ 14 ] similarly found that higher educational levels correlate with increased health awareness, including knowledge about practices like female circumcision. The association between age and awareness further supports this view, as older individuals are more likely to have accumulated experiences and been exposed to discussions about such practices over time [ 15 – 19 ] Employment status and income type also significantly impact awareness levels. Our study found that seasonal and occasional employment are linked to lower awareness, while in-kind earnings are negatively associated with awareness. This observation mirrors findings from studies such as those by[ 20 ], which indicate that economic instability can limit access to educational resources and information. This suggests that economic conditions and job stability may affect an individual's ability to stay informed about health issues [ 21 ]. Media consumption patterns are another critical factor influencing awareness. Our results show a positive correlation between media use, particularly television and newspapers, and awareness of female circumcision. This is consistent with the work of [ 22 ] who found that media exposure plays a crucial role in disseminating health information and shaping public perceptions. Our findings emphasize the importance of education in increasing awareness of female circumcision, suggesting that public health strategies should prioritize educational interventions. Targeted campaigns that enhance access to secondary education and utilize media platforms effectively could significantly improve awareness [ 23 , 24 ]. This is in line with recommendations from the World Health Organization (WHO) and other public health bodies advocating for integrated educational approaches to address health issues [ 25 – 27 ]. Public Health Implications The strong association between higher levels of education and awareness suggests that education is a critical driver in spreading knowledge about female circumcision. Individuals with primary and secondary education are significantly more likely to be aware than those with no education. Implement educational campaigns in schools, especially targeting regions with lower educational attainment. Incorporating information on female circumcision into school curricula can help raise awareness from a young age. For communities with low levels of formal education, adult education programs that include information on female circumcision could be particularly effective. Awareness is significantly higher among older individuals, particularly those aged 35–49. This suggests that age and experience contribute to greater exposure and understanding of the issue. Develop programs that encourage older individuals to share their knowledge and experiences with younger generations, fostering community-wide awareness. Focus on age-specific outreach efforts, particularly for younger individuals who may be less aware, to bridge the generational knowledge gap. Individuals with stable, year-round employment and those who receive cash earnings are more likely to be aware of female circumcision. In contrast, those with occasional employment or in-kind earnings are less aware. Introduce awareness programs in workplaces, particularly targeting sectors where employment is less stable or where in-kind payments are common. Economic empowerment programs that transition individuals from in-kind earnings to cash-based income could indirectly improve awareness by increasing their access to information and resources. Regular television watching is strongly associated with higher awareness, while newspaper and magazine reading appears to have a less significant impact. Utilize television as a primary medium for awareness campaigns, leveraging its broad reach and influence on public knowledge. Expand awareness efforts to digital platforms, especially for internet users who may not regularly consume traditional media. Visiting a health facility in the last 12 months significantly increases the likelihood of being aware of female circumcision. Health facilities are thus effective channels for disseminating information. Train healthcare providers to discuss female circumcision with patients, particularly during routine visits, to ensure the information is shared widely. Develop community health initiatives that include education on female circumcision, especially in rural areas where health facilities may serve as critical information hubs. Conclusion and recommendations The study demonstrates the importance of education in enhancing awareness of female circumcision, with significant implications for public health strategies. The findings suggest that improving educational opportunities and media access could play a crucial role in increasing awareness and addressing misconceptions. This approach aligns with the broader public health goals of increasing health knowledge and reducing disparities. Future research should explore the reasons behind the data anomaly related to internet use and assess the quality of data reporting. Additionally, qualitative studies could provide deeper insights into how economic factors and media consumption influence awareness. Investigating the impact of specific educational interventions on awareness levels could also be beneficial. Strengths and Limitations Strengths of this study include its large sample size and the use of a nationally representative dataset, which enhances the generalizability of the findings. However, the study is limited by its reliance on secondary data, which may contain reporting biases or inaccuracies. The anomaly in internet use data further highlights potential issues in data quality that should be addressed in future analyses. The analysis does not account for cultural and regional differences that might influence awareness of female circumcision yet these factors could play a significant role, and future studies should explore these dimensions to provide a more nuanced understanding. Although weighting helps in making the sample representative, it may introduce variability in estimates, particularly if certain subgroups are underrepresented. A sensitivity analysis comparing weighted and unweighted results shows consistent trends, suggesting the robustness of our findings. Declarations Ethical approval and considerations Data from the Tanzania Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) for 2022 were used in this study and after permission, the dataset was obtained via the DHS program website for the secondary data analysis. The DHS program makes sure that all surveys follow strict ethical guidelines to safeguard participants' rights and welfare. The Institutional Review Board (IRB) of the Tanzania National Institute for Medical Research (NIMR) and the ICF International IRB examined and approved the survey protocol. Consent for publication Not applicable Availability of data and materials The Tanzania DHS 2022 secondary dataset used for this study can be accessed from the DHS website upon request https://dhsprogram.com/data/dataset_admin/index.cfm,specifically Competing interest Authors declare no competing interests Funding No funding for this study Authors contribution JMA and II conceptualized and drafted the manuscript, KFR, JMA and II performed the analyses, MJPI interpreted the results, HO wrote the introduction, JMA and II wrote the methodology sections, and EAI wrote the discussion section and conclusion of the manuscript. OCE , AK and NSB reviewed the first manuscript draft and II compiled the final draft of the manuscript. All authors reviewed and approved the final draft of the manuscript Acknowledgement The authors acknowledge and thank the National Bureau of Statistics (NBS), Ministry of Health (MOH)-Tanzania mainland, the Ministry of Health (MoH)-Zanzibar and the office of the Chief Government Statistician (OCGS) for implementing the 2022 Tanzania Demographic and Health Survey (2022 TDHS). The authors extend great thanks to the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of the Tanzania National Institute for Medical Research (NIMR) and the ICF International IRB who examined and approved the survey protocol before the commencement of data collection. The authors also the United States Agency for International Development for Funding the 7 th TDHS of 2022 and the DHS program for granting us access to the data. References Farouki L, El-Dirani Z, Abdulrahim S, Akl C, Akik C, McCall SJ. 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Socio-economic and demographic determinants of female genital mutilation in sub-Saharan Africa: analysis of data from demographic and health surveys. Reprod Health. 2020. Ministry of Health (MoH) [Tanzania Mainland], Ministry of Health (MoH) [Zanzibar], National Bureau of Statistics (NBS), Office of the Chief Government Statistician (OCGS), and ICF. 2022. Tanzania Demographic and Health Survey and Malaria Indicator Survey 2022 Final Report. Dodoma, Tanzania, and Rockville,Maryland, USA: MoH, NBS, OCGS, and ICF. Mwanja CH, Herman PZ, Millanzi WC. Prevalence, knowledge, attitude, motivators and intentional practice of female genital mutilation among women of reproductive age: a community-based analytical cross-sectional study in Tanzania. BMC Womens Health. 2023;23(1):226. Galukande M, Kamara J, Ndabwire V, Leistey E, Valla C, Luboga S. Eradicating female genital mutilation and cutting in Tanzania: an observational study. BMC Public Health. 2015;15:1–0. Moshi FV. The Magnitude of Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting and the Associated Factors among women of reproductive age in Tanzania; Analysis of the 2015–2016 Tanzania Demographic and Health Survey Data. Adam J, Charles P. Female genital mutilation and its associated factors among adolescent girls and young women in Tanzania: analysis of the 2022 Tanzania Demographic and Health Survey and Malaria Indicator Survey (2022 TDHS-MIS). BMC Public Health. 2024;24(1):2009. Mkuwa S, Sempeho J, Kimbute O, Mushy SE, Ndjovu A, Mfaume J, Ngalesoni F. The role of communities and leadership in ending female genital mutilation in Tanzania: an exploratory cross-sectional qualitative study in Tanga. BMC Public Health. 2023;23(1):163. MERONDO B. Analyzing the Effects of Female Genital Mutilationpractices on Gender Equality (Doctoral dissertation, IAA). Pesambili JC, Mkumbo KA. Implications of female genital mutilation on girls’ education and psychological wellbeing in Tarime, Tanzania. Journal of Youth Studies., Ahinkorah BO, Hagan JE, Ameyaw EK, Seidu AA, Budu E, Sambah F, Yaya S, Torgbenu E, Schack T. Socio-economic and demographic determinants of female genital mutilation in sub-Saharan Africa: analysis of data from demographic and health surveys. Reproductive health. 2020;17:1–4. Matanda DJ, Van Eekert N, Croce-Galis M, Gay J, Middelburg MJ, Hardee K. What interventions are effective to prevent or respond to female genital mutilation? A review of existing evidence from 2008–2020. PLOS Global Public Health. 2023;3(5):e0001855. Shabani J, Todd G. Female Genital Mutilation in Tanzania: Re-examining Women’s Position in Society. Fe Dergi. 2018;10(1):119–38. Mwakawanga DL, Massae AF, Kohli N, Lukumay GG, Rohloff CT, Mushy SE, Mgopa LR, Mkoka DA, Mkonyi E, Trent M, Ross MW. The need for and acceptability of a curriculum to train nursing and medical students in the sexual healthcare of clients with female genital mutilation/cutting in Tanzania. BMC Womens Health. 2024;24(1):198. Kimani S, Muteshi-Strachan J, Njue C. Health impacts of female genital mutilation/cutting: A synthesis of the evidence. Matanda D, Croce-Galis M, Gay J, Hardee K. Effectiveness of interventions designed to prevent or respond to female genital mutilation: a review of evidence. Muhula S, Mveyange A, Oti SO, Bande M, Kayiaa H, Leshore C, Kawai D, Opanga Y, Marita E, Karanja S, Smet E. The impact of community led alternative rite of passage on eradication of female genital mutilation/cutting in Kajiado County, Kenya: A quasi-experimental study. PLoS ONE. 2021;16(4):e0249662. Njue C, Karumbi J, Esho T, Varol N, Dawson A. Preventing female genital mutilation in high income countries: a systematic review of the evidence. Reproductive health. 2019;16:1–20. Elmusharaf S. Female genital mutilation: Determinants and consequences among girls and women in Sudan. Karolinska Institutet (Sweden); 2013. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-5388242","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":378357024,"identity":"38d053d2-fd2f-40a9-a1b0-9af3165b5bf1","order_by":0,"name":"Jackson Micheal Asingwire","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Marwadi University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Jackson","middleName":"Micheal","lastName":"Asingwire","suffix":""},{"id":378357026,"identity":"dec256d4-cd01-4490-a5d5-a14ec89c4f71","order_by":1,"name":"Isaac isiko","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA70lEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBACNjBpwMAjwcDY+OADSISdeC3MzYYzQCLMxFonwcDeJs0DYhHSwsd/+OGHHwV1MpLtjQ3SNr+2yfMxMzB++JiDx2ESacaSPQaHeaR5DjYY5/bdNmxjZmCWnLkNnxYGA2kGgwM8chKJDcm5PbcZgVrYmHnxaeE//vk3g0EdWMthy57b9oS1MOSYAW1h5pGWSGxsZvhxO5GwFomcMkuQXyR7DjYz9jbcTm5jZmzG6xf5/uObb/z4U2cvcbz9+Y8ff27bzm9vPvjhIx4tqICxDUw2EKseBP6QongUjIJRMApGCgAAnbJJOO7foVUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"Makerere University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Isaac","middleName":"","lastName":"isiko","suffix":""},{"id":378357027,"identity":"57506925-4069-4323-9b32-eb66d8deec42","order_by":2,"name":"Kuli Faith Rombe","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Makerere University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Kuli","middleName":"Faith","lastName":"Rombe","suffix":""},{"id":378357028,"identity":"dace98cf-dd35-4b46-9d49-f86b18fa79ed","order_by":3,"name":"Emmanuel Asher Ikwara","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Makerere University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Emmanuel","middleName":"Asher","lastName":"Ikwara","suffix":""},{"id":378357029,"identity":"3b9e01b5-a223-4023-808e-45069765d3df","order_by":4,"name":"Haron Olot","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Kampala International University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Haron","middleName":"","lastName":"Olot","suffix":""},{"id":378357030,"identity":"83f37812-6b93-49a0-a2e1-f0f6d58b8f89","order_by":5,"name":"Manankong Jane Precious Izunwanne","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Buea","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Manankong","middleName":"Jane Precious","lastName":"Izunwanne","suffix":""},{"id":378357031,"identity":"7d262c7a-6a07-44d1-a6dd-26dbf39f9ae4","order_by":6,"name":"Ogidi Chinaza Emmanuel","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Marwadi University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ogidi","middleName":"Chinaza","lastName":"Emmanuel","suffix":""},{"id":378357032,"identity":"4918ae5d-34aa-434a-aa33-cced4c93e309","order_by":7,"name":"AshishKumar Kyada","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Marwadi University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"AshishKumar","middleName":"","lastName":"Kyada","suffix":""},{"id":378357033,"identity":"27933199-681d-4c34-9a73-ae7118c349e8","order_by":8,"name":"Nerat Stephanie Benjamin","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Marwadi University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Nerat","middleName":"Stephanie","lastName":"Benjamin","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-11-04 12:53:25","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5388242/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5388242/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":93356006,"identity":"d6ea7e8a-ebf9-49a3-9470-21e58e132571","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-13 01:16:43","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1876583,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5388242/v1/ade4889e-5d7c-45d9-ae92-92eba16166ee.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Awareness of Female genital mutilation (FGM) and its determinants among women of reproductive age in Tanzania: Implications for public health Intervention","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eFemale genital mutilation, also known as female circumcision or FGM is a deeply ingrained cultural practice that has been carried out for a variety of reasons, including the conviction that it is required of females for religious or cultural reasons. The UN General Assembly defines FGM as any of several practices that involve the partial or complete removal of external female genitalia or damage to the female genital organs for purposes other than medical ones. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e] According to the degree of the process, the World Health Organization (WHO) divides FGM into four categories. Type I, the removal of the prepuce and clitoris, is also referred to as clitoridectomy; Excision, or type II, can involve removing the labia majora or just the clitoris, either completely or partially; Known by another name, infibulation, type III narrows the vaginal orifice by repositioning and cutting the labia majora and minora, with or without clitoris excision, creating a covering seal, and leaving a tiny hole to facilitate menstruation and bladder voiding. Any more genital procedures, to varied degrees, fall under Type IV [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e] FGM remains a significant public health issue with both long short and long-term implications among women of reproductive age, with awareness and associated factors varying across regions. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e][\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e] It is estimated that the repercussions of female genital mutilation (FGM) affect over 200\u0026nbsp;million girls and women globally. 44\u0026nbsp;million of them are under the age of 15. Furthermore, according to UNFPA data, population growth will cause this figure to rise to 4.6\u0026nbsp;million girls by 2030.[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e] Thirty(30) African nations practice female genital mutilation (FGM), with an estimated three million (3M) girls at risk of it annually because of the restrictive customs and culture that hinder women's rights to equal access to healthcare, education, and knowledge about sexual and reproductive health, as well as the autonomy to determine their own body-related decisions[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e] In Nigeria, FGM awareness among women fluctuated, with only 31.9% aware in 2021, despite a rising prevalence from 46.6% in 2011 to 69.5% in 2021[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e] [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e]. In Ethiopia, rural residence and religious affiliation are significant predictors of FGM practices while in Tanzania, the prevalence is reported at 12.1%, with a significant portion of women lacking knowledge about FGM [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e]. Marital status, wealth index, and geographic location are factors that affect FGM. For example, in Tanzania, married women are more likely to be subjected to FGM. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e] Education is important; lower rates of FGM are connected with higher educational attainment [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e]. Even though FGM is widely accepted in Tanzania and there is still a lack of awareness about it, many women are still prepared to carry on the practice[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e]. Tanzania's national trend in female genital mutilation (FGM) continues to be a health and social concern. The most prevalent tribes in the nation the Gogo, Sandawe, Maassai, Iraq, Chagga, Pare, and Nyaturu tribes are located primarily in the middle and northern regions of Tanzania's mainland and are the sites of the majority of FGM procedures [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e]. The prevalence of FGM varies by region, with the highest rates found in Manyara (57.7%), Dodoma (46.7%), Arusha (41%), Mare (32%), and Singida (30.9%). The prevalence in other regions is below 15%, and 5.3% of FGM cases in Tanzania are committed by urban residents against their rural counterparts despite legal restrictions on FGM, it\u0026rsquo;s still being practised in Tanzania [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e]. However, literature raises several unresolved problems about whether even with continuous awareness campaigns, the incidence of FGM remains, which emphasizes the need for focused educational programs that tackle socio-cultural attitudes and give women agency, especially in areas where the practice is common. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to assess the level of awareness and related factors among Tanzanian women of reproductive age, as well as the deliberate practice of female genital mutilation among these women. Intervention initiatives or legislative modifications targeted at stopping FGM in the country will be guided by the outcome of this study.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methods and materials","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eStudy setting\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eIt was conducted in Tanzania which is located in East Africa. Tanzania is bordered by Kenya and Uganda to the North, Rwanda and Burundi to the West, D.R.C to the South West, Mozambique, Malawi and Zambia to the South.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn this study, data from the 2022 Tanzania Demographic and Health Survey and Malaria Indicator Survey (TDHS-MIS), provide detailed data on various health indicators across regions in Tanzania. The Tanzanian Health system is divided into, primary health care (health centres and dispensaries), secondary care (district hospitals) and tertiary care (regional and referral hospitals) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eStudy design and study population\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study uses a cross-sectional design based on data from the 2022 TDHS-MIS, which represents a national survey designed to assess health indicators across Tanzania. It involves a stratified sampling process divided into two stages to ensure representation of the population at the national, regional, and zonal levels, hence this design facilitates the analysis of factors associated with female circumcision awareness among the population in Tanzania. This study applies weights to adjust for the complex sampling design and non-response in the survey data. The weights ensure that the sample is representative of the national population in terms of all variables used in the analysis [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe study population consists of women aged 15\u0026ndash;49, who were residents or visitors in the selected households during the 2022 TDHS-MIS. This survey gathered data on female circumcision awareness from this reproductive age women and men aged 15\u0026ndash;49 were included in the study to provide additional insights regarding perception and awareness.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eData collection\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe 2022 TDHS-MIS data collection took place from February to July 2022 where trained field staff used structured questionnaires to obtain data face-to-face in selected households, of which data was gathered on various demographic and health indicators including female circumcision awareness. The household questionnaire was used to collect household data from February to June 2022, Men\u0026rsquo;s questionnaire was to collect data from March to June 2022, and the children\u0026rsquo;s questionnaire was used to collect data from April to July 2022 [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA sub-sample of households contained additional health measurements like height and weight for children and anaemia testing. This survey was supported by different partners like ICF, and USAID, among others. The 2022 TDHS-MIS used several types of questionnaires for the collection of data, namely; an Individual questionnaire was used on women aged 15\u0026ndash;49, collecting information on reproductive health which also included awareness and attitude towards female circumcision. The household questionnaire was used to collect demographic and health-related information from households including data on female circumcision awareness. It gathered data from women aged 15\u0026ndash;49. Men\u0026rsquo;s questionnaire was used to collect data from men aged 15\u0026ndash;49 years to assess their perceptions and knowledge related to female circumcision. And the children\u0026rsquo;s questionnaire collected data on child health indicators.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eVariable definitions\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eDependent variable\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe dependent variable in this analysis was derived from the question \u0026ldquo;Ever heard of female circumcision?\u0026rdquo; from the women's questionnaire which was dichotomous and was coded as 1\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;yes,0\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;No\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eIndependent Variables\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndependent variables were (age, highest education level, employment status, Employment all year/seasonal, Type of earnings, Marital Status, Type of place of residence, Frequency of reading Newspaper or magazines, Frequency of listening to radio, Frequency of watching television, Use of the Internet, Frequency of using internet last month, Female circumcision required by religion, Literacy, Visited health facility last 12 months, Person who performed circumcision, Respondent circumcised, Number of daughters circumcised, Female circumcision: continue or be stopped) and were categorized as follows\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAge(15\u0026ndash;19,20\u0026ndash;24,25\u0026ndash;29,30\u0026ndash;34,35\u0026ndash;39,40\u0026ndash;44,45\u0026ndash;49),Highest educational level(No education, Primary, Secondary, Higher),Employment all year/seasonal(All year, Seasonal, Occasional),Type of earnings( Not paid, Cash only, Cash and in-kind, In-kind only),Marital Status(Married, Living with partner),Type of place of residence(Urban, Rural),Frequency of reading Newspaper or magazine(Not at all, Less than once a week, At least once a week),Frequency of listening to radio(Not at all, less than once a week, At least once a week),Frequency of watching television(Not at all, Less than once a week, At least once a week),Frequency of using internet last month(Not at all, Less than once a week, At least once a week, Almost every day),Female circumcision required by religion(No, Yes, No religion, Don\u0026rsquo;t know),Highest educational level(No education, Primary, Secondary, Higher), Literacy(Cannot read at all, Able to read only parts of sentence, Able to read whole sentence, No card with required language, Blind/visually impaired), Visited health facility last 12 months(No, Yes),Person who performed circumcision(Traditional \"circumciser\u0026rdquo;, Traditional birth attendant, Other traditional, Don\u0026rsquo;t know)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eData analysis and management\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe weights were used and were provided by [v005/1,000,000] and are designed to correct for differential probabilities of selection and to adjust for non-response. The weight variables were calculated based on the inverse of the probability of selection and further adjusted using post-stratification methods to align the sample distributions with population benchmarks. Weighted analysis produced more accurate estimates of the population parameters. For instance, the odds of having heard of female circumcision increased from 3.2 (unweighted) to 3.5 (weighted) after adjusting for the sampling design. This demonstrates the importance of weighting in producing valid and reliable results.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDescriptive analysis particularly frequency tables was generated to find out the distribution of different independent variables across the study population and were presented as whole numbers with respective percentages.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBivariate analysis was conducted using chi-square to determine the statistical significance of the relationship/association between the outcome variable and independent variables.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe logistic regression analysis to examine the association of independent variables (socio-demographic factors, Social and Cultural Attitudes, Health-Related Variables) with one dichotomous dependent variable, ever heard of female circumcision is binary.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAll analyses were conducted using STATA\u0026rsquo;s Svy commands to apply the weights and adjust for the stratified cluster sampling design. The logistic regression models incorporate the weight variable to produce population-representative estimates. Standard errors were adjusted using the Taylor series linearization method. All the data cleaning was done using Microsoft Excel and data analysis was done using STATA software version 17. The significance level of p-value\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05 was set at 95% CI and the determinant variables were identified.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, a total of 2531 women were recruited for this study. About 621(24.4%) women between the age of 25\u0026ndash;29 participated, 1,519(59.7%) had primary education, 826(49.2%) were seasonally employed, 714(42.5%) only had cash, 1,861(73.2%) were married, 1,824(71.8%) resided in the rural area, 2,060(81.0%)had not read newspaper or magazine, 1,515(59.6%) had not watched television, 2,286(89.9%) never used the internet, 2,336 (91.9%) had not used internet last month, 2,129(96.9%) no female circumcision required by religion, 1,519(59.7%)had primary level of education,1,716(67.5%) were able to read the whole sentence, 1,572(61.9%) had visited the facility in the last 12 months, 129(55.5%) of circumcision was performed by traditional bed attendant, 1,964(89.4%) were not circumcised, 2,194(99.8%) had no daughter circumcised and 2,147(97.7%) female circumcision stopped.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDescriptive analysis of women by their background characteristics\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWomen\u0026rsquo;s characteristics\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrequency (N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2531)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePercentage (100%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAge\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u0026ndash;19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e187\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u0026ndash;24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e519\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25\u0026ndash;29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e621\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u0026ndash;34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e487\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35\u0026ndash;39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e406\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40\u0026ndash;44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e252\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45\u0026ndash;49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e73\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eHighest educational level\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo education\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e496\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrimary\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,519\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e59.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSecondary\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e504\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHigher\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eEmployment all year/seasonal\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAll year\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e765\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSeasonal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e826\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOccasional\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e88\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eType of earnings\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNot paid\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e672\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCash only\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e714\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCash and in-kind\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e279\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn-kind only\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMarital Status\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMarried\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,861\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e73.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLiving with partner\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e682\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eType of place of residence\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUrban\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e718\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRural\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,824\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e71.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFrequency of reading Newspapers or magazine\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNot at all\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,060\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e81.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLess than once a week\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e343\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAt least once a week\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e139\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFrequency of listening to radio\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNot at all\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,102\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLess than once a week\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e615\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAt least once a week\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e826\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFrequency of watching television\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNot at all\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,515\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e59.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLess than once a week\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e420\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAt least once a week\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e607\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFrequency of using internet last month\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNot at all\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,336\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e91.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLess than once a week\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAt least once a week\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e73\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAlmost every day\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e106\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFemale circumcision required by religion\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,129\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e96.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo religion\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDon't know\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eHighest educational level\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo education\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e496\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrimary\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,519\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e59.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSecondary\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e504\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHigher\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLiteracy\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCannot read at all\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e616\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAble to read only parts of a\u0026nbsp;sentence\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e209\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAble to read the\u0026nbsp;whole sentence\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,716\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e67.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eVisited health facility last 12 months\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e970\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,572\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e61.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eA person who performed circumcision\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTraditional \"circumciser\"\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTraditional birth attendant\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e129\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOther traditional\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDon't know\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eCross-tabulation of women's characteristics and Awareness of Female genital mutilation.\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe results in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e of the bivariate analysis are detailed in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e with factors individually associated with ever heard of female circumcision. The characteristics such as highest level of education, age, respondents' employment, type of earning, type of place or residence, frequency of reading Newspapers or magazines, frequency of listening to radio, frequency of watching television, frequency of using the Internet last month, frequency of using the Internet last month, Literacy level and visited health facility last 12 months were significant at bivariate analysis and were fed into the multivariate logistic model to assess the determinants of female genital awareness predictors.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBivariate analysis of determinants of female genital mutilation in Kenya.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWomen\u0026rsquo;s characteristics\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEver heard of female circumcision? (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChi-square (χ\u0026sup2;)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eHighest educational level\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo education\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.69\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.83\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e166.8939\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.0000\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eagPrimary\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSecondary\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.66\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHigher\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.50E-02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.92\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAge in 5-year groups\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u0026ndash;19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.81\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.53\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"6\" rowspan=\"7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.4051\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"6\" rowspan=\"7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.0291\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u0026ndash;24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25\u0026ndash;29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u0026ndash;34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.84\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35\u0026ndash;39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.66\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40\u0026ndash;44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.59\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45\u0026ndash;49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eRespondent employed all year/seasonal\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAll year\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.93\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40.64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.9525\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.0113\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSeasonal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40.75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOccasion\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eType of earnings\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNot paid\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.97\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45.1149\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.0000\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCash only\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.92\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38.58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCash and in-kind\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn-kind only\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMarital status\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMarried\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e61.74\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.0933\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.2588\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLiving with partner\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.84\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.97\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eType of place of residence\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUrban\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51.4679\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.0000\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRural\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFrequency of reading Newspapers or magazine\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNot at all\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e66.99\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.7350\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.0122\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLess than once a week\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAt least once a week\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.99\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFrequency of listening to radio\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNot at all\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.91\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e61.8021\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.0000\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLess than once a week\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.57\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.61\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAt least once a week\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFrequency of watching television\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNot at all\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46.27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100.4775\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.0000\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLess than once a week\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAt least once a week\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.61\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFrequency of using the Internet last month\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNot at all\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e75.71\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36.9567\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.0000\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLess than once a week\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.031\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAt least once a week\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.042\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.83\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAlmost every day\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.031\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFemale circumcision required by religion\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e93.87\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3832\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.6147\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo religion\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.075\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.81\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDon't know\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.63\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLiteracy level\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI cannot read at all\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e116.2486\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.0000\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAble to read only parts of the sentence\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.57\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.66\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAble to read the whole sentence\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eVisited health facility last 12 months\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e61.9012\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.0000\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e54.58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eThe person who performed the circumcision\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTraditional \"circumciser\"\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.7426\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.863\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTraditional birth attendant\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e54.21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOther traditional\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDon't know\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eDeterminants of female genital mutilation awareness among women of reproductive age in Kenya.\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe multivariate analysis result in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e showed that: the odds of women with a primary level of education having heard of female circumcision was 2.65 significantly higher than the odds of women with no education [AOR: 2.62, CI:1.61\u0026ndash;4.27], the odds of women with secondary education having heard of female was 4.69 times significantly higher than those with no education [AOR: 4.69, CI: 2.40\u0026ndash;9.19]. in addition, the odd of women aged 35\u0026ndash;39 having heard of female circumcision were 1.75 times significantly lower than the odd of women between the age 15\u0026ndash;19 [AOR: 1.75, CI:1.01\u0026ndash;3.06]. Also, the odds of women who are occupationally employed and having knowledge of female circumcision were 0.47 times significantly lower than those employed all year [AOR: 0.47, CI:0.23\u0026ndash;0.97]. the odds of women who earn in kind only and have heard of female circumcision were 0.15 times significantly lower than those [AOR: 0.15, CI: 0.04\u0026ndash;0.53]. In comparison to reading magazines for At least a week, the odds of having heard of the female is 0.43 significantly lower than those that did not read magazine [AOR: 0.43, CI:0.23\u0026ndash;0.82], the odds of women watching TV less than once a week and have heard of female circumcision were 1.99 times significantly higher than those that do not watch tv [AOR:1.99, CI: 1.28\u0026ndash;3.10]. also, the odds of women watching TV at least a week and having heard of female circumcision were 2.11 times significantly higher than those that do not watch TV [ AOR: 2.11, CI:1.29\u0026ndash;3.45]\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMultivariate analysis of determinants of female genital mutilation awareness among women in Kenya.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWomen\u0026rsquo;s characteristics\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAOR\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e[95% Conf.Interval]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEducation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo education\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrimary\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.000\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.61\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSecondary\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.69\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.000\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHigher\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.164\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e112.97\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eType of place of residence\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUrban\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRural\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.246\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAge\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u0026ndash;19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u0026ndash;24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.88\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.61\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.76\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25\u0026ndash;29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.342\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.76\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u0026ndash;34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.555\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.66\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35\u0026ndash;39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.048\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40\u0026ndash;44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.84\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.066\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.96\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.53\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45\u0026ndash;49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.014\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eEmployment all year/seasonal\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAll year\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSeasonal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.91\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.663\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.61\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOccasional\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.041\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.97\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eType of earnings\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNot paid\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCash only\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.98\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCash and in-kind\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.84\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn-kind only\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.003\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.53\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFrequency of reading Newspapers or magazine\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNot at all\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLess than once a week\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.792\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.76\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAt least a week\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.011\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.82\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFrequency of listening to radio\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNot at all\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLess than once a week\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.199\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.87\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.99\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAt least a week\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.348\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.83\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.68\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFrequency of watching television\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNot at all\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLess than once a week\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.99\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.002\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAt least a week\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.003\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFrequency of using the Internet last month\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNot at all\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLess than once a week\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.000\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAt least once a week\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.000\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAlmost every day\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.000\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLiteracy level\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI cannot read at all\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAble to read only parts of a sentence\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.93\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.816\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.71\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAble to read the whole sentence\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.903\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.73\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eVisited health facility last 12 months\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.000\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.53\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.81\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study determined the factors influencing awareness of female circumcision among women of reproductive age in Tanzania, drawing on data from the 2022 Tanzania Demographic and Health Survey (TDHS). Our analysis revealed that educational attainment is a significant predictor of awareness, with women who have completed secondary education demonstrating markedly higher compared to those with no education. This finding aligns with existing literature, which consistently demonstrates the role of education in enhancing health knowledge [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e]. For instance, [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e] similarly found that higher educational levels correlate with increased health awareness, including knowledge about practices like female circumcision. The association between age and awareness further supports this view, as older individuals are more likely to have accumulated experiences and been exposed to discussions about such practices over time [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR16 CR17 CR18\" citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e–\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEmployment status and income type also significantly impact awareness levels. Our study found that seasonal and occasional employment are linked to lower awareness, while in-kind earnings are negatively associated with awareness. This observation mirrors findings from studies such as those by[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e], which indicate that economic instability can limit access to educational resources and information. This suggests that economic conditions and job stability may affect an individual's ability to stay informed about health issues [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMedia consumption patterns are another critical factor influencing awareness. Our results show a positive correlation between media use, particularly television and newspapers, and awareness of female circumcision. This is consistent with the work of [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e] who found that media exposure plays a crucial role in disseminating health information and shaping public perceptions. Our findings emphasize the importance of education in increasing awareness of female circumcision, suggesting that public health strategies should prioritize educational interventions. Targeted campaigns that enhance access to secondary education and utilize media platforms effectively could significantly improve awareness [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e]. This is in line with recommendations from the World Health Organization (WHO) and other public health bodies advocating for integrated educational approaches to address health issues [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR26\" citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e–\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003ePublic Health Implications\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe strong association between higher levels of education and awareness suggests that education is a critical driver in spreading knowledge about female circumcision. Individuals with primary and secondary education are significantly more likely to be aware than those with no education.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eImplement educational campaigns in schools, especially targeting regions with lower educational attainment. Incorporating information on female circumcision into school curricula can help raise awareness from a young age. For communities with low levels of formal education, adult education programs that include information on female circumcision could be particularly effective.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAwareness is significantly higher among older individuals, particularly those aged 35–49. This suggests that age and experience contribute to greater exposure and understanding of the issue.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDevelop programs that encourage older individuals to share their knowledge and experiences with younger generations, fostering community-wide awareness. Focus on age-specific outreach efforts, particularly for younger individuals who may be less aware, to bridge the generational knowledge gap. Individuals with stable, year-round employment and those who receive cash earnings are more likely to be aware of female circumcision. In contrast, those with occasional employment or in-kind earnings are less aware. Introduce awareness programs in workplaces, particularly targeting sectors where employment is less stable or where in-kind payments are common. Economic empowerment programs that transition individuals from in-kind earnings to cash-based income could indirectly improve awareness by increasing their access to information and resources.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRegular television watching is strongly associated with higher awareness, while newspaper and magazine reading appears to have a less significant impact. Utilize television as a primary medium for awareness campaigns, leveraging its broad reach and influence on public knowledge. Expand awareness efforts to digital platforms, especially for internet users who may not regularly consume traditional media.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eVisiting a health facility in the last 12 months significantly increases the likelihood of being aware of female circumcision. Health facilities are thus effective channels for disseminating information.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTrain healthcare providers to discuss female circumcision with patients, particularly during routine visits, to ensure the information is shared widely. Develop community health initiatives that include education on female circumcision, especially in rural areas where health facilities may serve as critical information hubs.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e "},{"header":"Conclusion and recommendations","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe study demonstrates the importance of education in enhancing awareness of female circumcision, with significant implications for public health strategies. The findings suggest that improving educational opportunities and media access could play a crucial role in increasing awareness and addressing misconceptions. This approach aligns with the broader public health goals of increasing health knowledge and reducing disparities. Future research should explore the reasons behind the data anomaly related to internet use and assess the quality of data reporting. Additionally, qualitative studies could provide deeper insights into how economic factors and media consumption influence awareness. Investigating the impact of specific educational interventions on awareness levels could also be beneficial.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eStrengths and Limitations\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eStrengths of this study include its large sample size and the use of a nationally representative dataset, which enhances the generalizability of the findings. However, the study is limited by its reliance on secondary data, which may contain reporting biases or inaccuracies. The anomaly in internet use data further highlights potential issues in data quality that should be addressed in future analyses. The analysis does not account for cultural and regional differences that might influence awareness of female circumcision yet these factors could play a significant role, and future studies should explore these dimensions to provide a more nuanced understanding.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAlthough weighting helps in making the sample representative, it may introduce variability in estimates, particularly if certain subgroups are underrepresented. A sensitivity analysis comparing weighted and unweighted results shows consistent trends, suggesting the robustness of our findings.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthical approval and considerations\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eData from the Tanzania Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) for 2022 were used in this study and after permission, the dataset was obtained via the DHS program website for the secondary data analysis. The DHS program makes sure that all surveys follow strict ethical guidelines to safeguard participants\u0026apos; rights and welfare. The Institutional Review Board (IRB) of the Tanzania National Institute for Medical Research (NIMR) and the ICF International IRB examined and approved the survey protocol.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of data and materials\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Tanzania DHS 2022 secondary dataset used for this study can be accessed from the DHS website upon request https://dhsprogram.com/data/dataset_admin/index.cfm,specifically\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interest\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAuthors declare no competing interests\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo funding for this study\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors contribution\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eJMA and II\u003c/strong\u003e conceptualized and drafted the manuscript, \u003cstrong\u003eKFR,\u0026nbsp;JMA\u003c/strong\u003e and \u003cstrong\u003eII\u003c/strong\u003e performed the analyses, \u003cstrong\u003eMJPI\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003einterpreted the results, \u003cstrong\u003eHO\u003c/strong\u003e wrote the introduction, \u003cstrong\u003eJMA\u003c/strong\u003e and \u003cstrong\u003eII\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003ewrote the methodology sections, and \u003cstrong\u003eEAI\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003ewrote the discussion section and conclusion of the manuscript. \u003cstrong\u003eOCE\u003c/strong\u003e, \u003cstrong\u003eAK\u003c/strong\u003e and \u003cstrong\u003eNSB\u003c/strong\u003e reviewed the first manuscript draft and \u003cstrong\u003eII\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003ecompiled the final draft of the manuscript. All authors reviewed and approved the final draft of the manuscript\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgement\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors acknowledge and thank the\u0026nbsp;National Bureau of Statistics (NBS), Ministry of Health (MOH)-Tanzania mainland, the Ministry of Health (MoH)-Zanzibar and the office of the Chief Government Statistician (OCGS) for implementing the 2022 Tanzania Demographic and Health Survey (2022 TDHS). The authors extend great thanks to the\u0026nbsp;Institutional Review Board (IRB) of the Tanzania National Institute for Medical Research (NIMR) and the ICF International IRB who examined and approved the survey protocol before the commencement of data collection.\u0026nbsp;The authors also the United States Agency for International Development for Funding the 7\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e TDHS of 2022 and the DHS program for granting us access to the data.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eFarouki L, El-Dirani Z, Abdulrahim S, Akl C, Akik C, McCall SJ. The global prevalence of female genital mutilation/cutting: A systematic review and meta-analysis of national, regional, facility, and school-based studies. PLoS Med. 2022.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAli S, De Viggiani N, Abzhaparova A, Salmon D, Gray S. 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Family Medicine and Primary Care women. 2019;8(4).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBMC Public Health [Internet]. 2024;24(1):1\u0026ndash;9. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-024-19151-z\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1186/s12889-024-19151-z\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eGudeta TA, Regassa TM, Gamtessa LC. Female genital mutilation: prevalence, associated factors and health consequences among reproductive age group women in Keffa Zone, Southwest, Ethiopia. Reprod Health. 2022.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAhinkorah BO, Hagan JE, Ameyaw EK, Seidu AA, Budu E, Sambah F et al. Socio-economic and demographic determinants of female genital mutilation in sub-Saharan Africa: analysis of data from demographic and health surveys. Reprod Health. 2020.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMinistry of Health (MoH) [Tanzania Mainland], Ministry of Health (MoH) [Zanzibar], National Bureau of Statistics (NBS), Office of the Chief Government Statistician (OCGS), and ICF. 2022. \u003cem\u003eTanzania Demographic and Health Survey and Malaria Indicator Survey 2022 Final Report.\u003c/em\u003e Dodoma, Tanzania, and Rockville,Maryland, USA: MoH, NBS, OCGS, and ICF.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMwanja CH, Herman PZ, Millanzi WC. Prevalence, knowledge, attitude, motivators and intentional practice of female genital mutilation among women of reproductive age: a community-based analytical cross-sectional study in Tanzania. BMC Womens Health. 2023;23(1):226.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eGalukande M, Kamara J, Ndabwire V, Leistey E, Valla C, Luboga S. Eradicating female genital mutilation and cutting in Tanzania: an observational study. BMC Public Health. 2015;15:1\u0026ndash;0.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMoshi FV. The Magnitude of Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting and the Associated Factors among women of reproductive age in Tanzania; Analysis of the 2015\u0026ndash;2016 Tanzania Demographic and Health Survey Data.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAdam J, Charles P. Female genital mutilation and its associated factors among adolescent girls and young women in Tanzania: analysis of the 2022 Tanzania Demographic and Health Survey and Malaria Indicator Survey (2022 TDHS-MIS). BMC Public Health. 2024;24(1):2009.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMkuwa S, Sempeho J, Kimbute O, Mushy SE, Ndjovu A, Mfaume J, Ngalesoni F. The role of communities and leadership in ending female genital mutilation in Tanzania: an exploratory cross-sectional qualitative study in Tanga. BMC Public Health. 2023;23(1):163.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMERONDO B. \u003cem\u003eAnalyzing the Effects of Female Genital Mutilationpractices on Gender Equality\u003c/em\u003e (Doctoral dissertation, IAA).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePesambili JC, Mkumbo KA. Implications of female genital mutilation on girls\u0026rsquo; education and psychological wellbeing in Tarime, Tanzania. Journal of Youth Studies., Ahinkorah BO, Hagan JE, Ameyaw EK, Seidu AA, Budu E, Sambah F, Yaya S, Torgbenu E, Schack T. Socio-economic and demographic determinants of female genital mutilation in sub-Saharan Africa: analysis of data from demographic and health surveys. Reproductive health. 2020;17:1\u0026ndash;4.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMatanda DJ, Van Eekert N, Croce-Galis M, Gay J, Middelburg MJ, Hardee K. What interventions are effective to prevent or respond to female genital mutilation? A review of existing evidence from 2008\u0026ndash;2020. PLOS Global Public Health. 2023;3(5):e0001855.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eShabani J, Todd G. Female Genital Mutilation in Tanzania: Re-examining Women\u0026rsquo;s Position in Society. Fe Dergi. 2018;10(1):119\u0026ndash;38.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMwakawanga DL, Massae AF, Kohli N, Lukumay GG, Rohloff CT, Mushy SE, Mgopa LR, Mkoka DA, Mkonyi E, Trent M, Ross MW. The need for and acceptability of a curriculum to train nursing and medical students in the sexual healthcare of clients with female genital mutilation/cutting in Tanzania. BMC Womens Health. 2024;24(1):198.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKimani S, Muteshi-Strachan J, Njue C. Health impacts of female genital mutilation/cutting: A synthesis of the evidence.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMatanda D, Croce-Galis M, Gay J, Hardee K. Effectiveness of interventions designed to prevent or respond to female genital mutilation: a review of evidence.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMuhula S, Mveyange A, Oti SO, Bande M, Kayiaa H, Leshore C, Kawai D, Opanga Y, Marita E, Karanja S, Smet E. The impact of community led alternative rite of passage on eradication of female genital mutilation/cutting in Kajiado County, Kenya: A quasi-experimental study. PLoS ONE. 2021;16(4):e0249662.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eNjue C, Karumbi J, Esho T, Varol N, Dawson A. Preventing female genital mutilation in high income countries: a systematic review of the evidence. Reproductive health. 2019;16:1\u0026ndash;20.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eElmusharaf S. Female genital mutilation: Determinants and consequences among girls and women in Sudan. Karolinska Institutet (Sweden); 2013.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Female circumcision, Female genital mutilation, women’s health, reproductive health, culture, Kenya","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5388242/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5388242/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003ch2\u003eBackground\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale genital mutilation is a cultural practice carried out in African communities such as Uganda, Kenya and Tanzania. It involves the partial or complete removal of external female genitalia or damage to the female genital organs for purposes other than medical ones. This study aimed at assessing determinants for female genital mutilation awareness among females of reproductive age in Tanzania\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMethods\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis was a complex cross-sectional survey that was conducted in Tanzania in 2022. The study population consists of women aged 15\u0026ndash;49 and data was collected from February to July 2022. Descriptive, bivariate and multivariate analyses were performed using STATA software version 17. The significance level of p-value\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05 was set at 95% CI and the determinant variables were identified.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResults\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe study contained 2531 women of the reproductive. The women with a primary level of education and secondary education had heard of female circumcision with [AOR: 2.62, CI:1.61\u0026ndash;4.27]and [AOR: 4.69, CI: 2.40\u0026ndash;9.19] odds respectively were higher than women with no education. In addition, the odds of women aged 35\u0026ndash;39 having heard of female circumcision were [AOR: 1.75, CI:1.01\u0026ndash;3.06] significantly lower than the odds of women between the ages of 15\u0026ndash;19. Also, the odds of women who are occupationally employed [AOR: 0.47, CI:0.23\u0026ndash;0.97] knew about female circumcision were lower than those employed all year. The odds of women who earn in kind only and have heard of female circumcision [AOR: 0.15, CI: 0.04\u0026ndash;0.53] were significantly lower than those. In comparison to reading magazines for at least a week, the odds of having heard of the female is [AOR: 0.43, CI:0.23\u0026ndash;0.82] significantly lower than those that did not read magazines, the odds of women watching TV less than once a week and have heard of female circumcision were [AOR:1.99, CI: 1.28\u0026ndash;3.10] significantly higher than those that do not watch tv Also, the odds of women watching TV at least a week and having heard of female circumcision were [AOR: 2.11, CI:1.29\u0026ndash;3.45] significantly higher than those that do not watch TV\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eConclusion\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe study shows that the age of women, educational level, type of employment and earnings, literacy level and media exposure as the predictors for female genital mutilation. For policymakers, the study suggests that female circumcision awareness should be incorporated into broader educational and healthcare programs. Improving media literacy and ensuring equitable access to information, especially in rural areas with limited media access, are crucial steps.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Awareness of Female genital mutilation (FGM) and its determinants among women of reproductive age in Tanzania: Implications for public health Intervention","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-11-19 09:24:24","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5388242/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"5899e086-e760-4712-ae40-47d678f02ae1","owner":[],"postedDate":"November 19th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-10-13T01:08:34+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-11-19 09:24:24","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-5388242","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-5388242","identity":"rs-5388242","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}