Enhanced THz emission in a few-element 1D photoconductive antenna array

Enhanced THz emission in a few-element 1D photoconductive antenna array | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Enhanced THz emission in a few-element 1D photoconductive antenna array Denis Lavrukhin, Alexander Yachmenev, Rinat Galiev, Denis Garabov, and 6 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7127785/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 19 Sep, 2025 Read the published version in Journal of Infrared, Millimeter, and Terahertz Waves → Version 1 posted 9 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Photoconductive antennas (PCAs) have become privileged THz emitters due to the broadband spectrum, reliability, ease in fabrication, and flexibility in design. However, commonly used single-element PCA-emitters suffer from low conversion effciency that lies below 10 −4 . In this paper, we re- port on a relatively simple and high-effcient 1D array PCA THz emitter with a judiciously-designed topology comprising of only a few dipole-type PCAs. When accounting an important trade-off in the array’s period, which simul- taneously impacts the laser pump effciency and redistributes power between the main and side lobes of the THz beam, the 1D array of only 7 PCAs ensures an 11-fold enhancement in the conversion effciency (by power, over the single-element PCA) in the frequency range of 0.3–3.5 THz exceeding 4.3 × 10 −4 . Although the proposed 1D array PCA-emitter does not provide absorption of all laser pump power, the spatial reconstruction of its THz radi- ation pattern, thanks to the optimized design, provides a significant increase in conversion effciency. Moreover, the array conceptualization is technologi- cally reliable, and is much easier and miniaturized compared to conventional large-area and large-aperture PCA-emitters. The results of our findings are important for the further design and scaling of the PCA technology, aimed at meeting the demands of vigorously-explored THz spectroscopy, imaging, and exposure technologies. Photonductive antenna one-dimensional array time-domain spectroscopy THz technology Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 19 Sep, 2025 Read the published version in Journal of Infrared, Millimeter, and Terahertz Waves → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 26 Aug, 2025 Reviews received at journal 26 Aug, 2025 Reviews received at journal 25 Jul, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 21 Jul, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 20 Jul, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 18 Jul, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 18 Jul, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 17 Jul, 2025 First submitted to journal 15 Jul, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7127785","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":488477406,"identity":"f98dcf48-1fd6-4983-aa2b-034b762cb863","order_by":0,"name":"Denis Lavrukhin","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Kurchatov Institute","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Denis","middleName":"","lastName":"Lavrukhin","suffix":""},{"id":488477407,"identity":"cb18325d-5aca-4a5b-8e56-caca44a11e5d","order_by":1,"name":"Alexander Yachmenev","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Kurchatov Institute","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Alexander","middleName":"","lastName":"Yachmenev","suffix":""},{"id":488477408,"identity":"d592f665-96e2-490c-acb9-14e92f2b199c","order_by":2,"name":"Rinat Galiev","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Kurchatov Institute","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Rinat","middleName":"","lastName":"Galiev","suffix":""},{"id":488477410,"identity":"4dc2c3d9-ee60-44ae-a973-2036c66b16fd","order_by":3,"name":"Denis Garabov","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Kurchatov Institute","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Denis","middleName":"","lastName":"Garabov","suffix":""},{"id":488477411,"identity":"59e165ba-8d0f-4bea-a152-7d62cdc7c474","order_by":4,"name":"Rustam Khabibullin","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Kurchatov Institute","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Rustam","middleName":"","lastName":"Khabibullin","suffix":""},{"id":488477412,"identity":"7df7ec1a-f413-4efa-954e-3ee3598f05d7","order_by":5,"name":"Akira Satou","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Tohoku University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Akira","middleName":"","lastName":"Satou","suffix":""},{"id":488477414,"identity":"148b4f91-9315-46c7-8a63-2a7e72eb1996","order_by":6,"name":"Yurii Goncharov","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Prokhorov General Physics Institute","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Yurii","middleName":"","lastName":"Goncharov","suffix":""},{"id":488477416,"identity":"8b8f22dc-e457-47e3-8dbf-6b06d72ee32c","order_by":7,"name":"Sergey Garnov","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Prokhorov General Physics Institute","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Sergey","middleName":"","lastName":"Garnov","suffix":""},{"id":488477419,"identity":"d9a8373f-559b-47f7-ba89-458cfa87900e","order_by":8,"name":"Kirill Zaytsev","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Prokhorov General Physics Institute","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Kirill","middleName":"","lastName":"Zaytsev","suffix":""},{"id":488477420,"identity":"7f03e431-1ac2-4970-9385-aeaecd155a8f","order_by":9,"name":"Dmitry Ponomarev","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA5klEQVRIiWNgGAWjYJADA4YEBgY5BgbGxgMkaElgMAZqaSBBC9CaxAYgC68Wc/beg49u1NyTMzjAvHXDwx/30te2H244wLjnME4tlj3nko1zjhUbGxxgK7uRkFCcu+1MItBhz3BrMbiRYyadw5aQOLOBxwyoJSF32wGQlgOEtPxLqIdpSTc7/5AILbltCQn8DBAtCWY3CNhi2XPG2Di3L8GwnwHkl7QEw203gLYkHEjHqcWcvcfwcc63BHk2BuZtN3/YJMibnU9/+ODDAWvcDoOz5B8gCSfg1ICsZRSMglEwCkYBLgAAR9ReDLolCxgAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"Kurchatov Institute","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Dmitry","middleName":"","lastName":"Ponomarev","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-07-15 07:53:39","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7127785/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7127785/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10762-025-01086-0","type":"published","date":"2025-09-19T15:57:28+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":91889795,"identity":"6f8de281-64b1-4317-96ba-5daee2bd6802","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-22 16:02:14","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":3442250,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"paperponomarev.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7127785/v1_covered_efc75da0-9e7d-4710-a0ca-4f7af5d5ad5c.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Enhanced THz emission in a few-element 1D photoconductive antenna array\n","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"journal-of-infrared-millimeter-and-terahertz-waves","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"ijim","sideBox":"Learn more about [Journal of Infrared, Millimeter, and Terahertz Waves](http://link.springer.com/journal/10762)","snPcode":"10762","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/10762/3","title":"Journal of Infrared, Millimeter, and Terahertz Waves","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"Photonductive antenna, one-dimensional array, time-domain spectroscopy, THz technology","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7127785/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7127785/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003ePhotoconductive antennas (PCAs) have become privileged THz emitters due to the broadband spectrum, reliability, ease in fabrication, and flexibility in design. However, commonly used single-element PCA-emitters suffer from low conversion effciency that lies below 10\u003csup\u003e−4\u003c/sup\u003e. In this paper, we re- port on a relatively simple and high-effcient 1D array PCA THz emitter with a judiciously-designed topology comprising of only a few dipole-type PCAs. When accounting an important trade-off in the array’s period, which simul- taneously impacts the laser pump effciency and redistributes power between the main and side lobes of the THz beam, the 1D array of only 7 PCAs ensures an 11-fold enhancement in the conversion effciency (by power, over the single-element PCA) in the frequency range of 0.3–3.5 THz exceeding 4.3 × 10\u003csup\u003e−4\u003c/sup\u003e. Although the proposed 1D array PCA-emitter does not provide absorption of all laser pump power, the spatial reconstruction of its THz radi- ation pattern, thanks to the optimized design, provides a significant increase in conversion effciency. Moreover, the array conceptualization is technologi- cally reliable, and is much easier and miniaturized compared to conventional large-area and large-aperture PCA-emitters. The results of our findings are important for the further design and scaling of the PCA technology, aimed at meeting the demands of vigorously-explored THz spectroscopy, imaging, and exposure technologies.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Enhanced THz emission in a few-element 1D photoconductive antenna array","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-07-23 15:27:09","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7127785/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2025-08-26T14:17:57+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-08-26T13:24:54+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-07-25T09:36:49+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"99861415844372138037608605027368778992","date":"2025-07-21T10:17:09+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"118133202290830889605669593643646904363","date":"2025-07-20T18:55:27+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-07-18T18:49:31+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-07-18T18:46:29+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-07-18T03:00:57+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Journal of Infrared, Millimeter, and Terahertz Waves","date":"2025-07-15T07:49:26+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"journal-of-infrared-millimeter-and-terahertz-waves","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"ijim","sideBox":"Learn more about [Journal of Infrared, Millimeter, and Terahertz Waves](http://link.springer.com/journal/10762)","snPcode":"10762","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/10762/3","title":"Journal of Infrared, Millimeter, and Terahertz Waves","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"4532f225-f7a7-4339-8782-7389d95d4b9b","owner":[],"postedDate":"July 23rd, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-09-22T15:59:34+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-7127785","link":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10762-025-01086-0","journal":{"identity":"journal-of-infrared-millimeter-and-terahertz-waves","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Journal of Infrared, Millimeter, and Terahertz Waves"},"publishedOn":"2025-09-19 15:57:28","publishedOnDateReadable":"September 19th, 2025"},"versionCreatedAt":"2025-07-23 15:27:09","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1007/s10762-025-01086-0","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10762-025-01086-0","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7127785","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7127785","identity":"rs-7127785","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}