A new innovative method for evaluating monarchies (crowns): A cost‒benefit analysis via social and mass media in a commonwealth country

A new innovative method for evaluating monarchies (crowns): A cost‒benefit analysis via social and mass media in a commonwealth country | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article A new innovative method for evaluating monarchies (crowns): A cost‒benefit analysis via social and mass media in a commonwealth country Ehsan Jozaghi, Pouria Jozaghi This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4048616/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background : In recent years, there has been opposition to the value of constitutional monarchies around the world. Some have argued that monarchies are no longer relevant in the 21 st century. Others have argued that queens and kings are unelected and undemocratic and inadvertently symbolize past histories of colonialism. Methods : In this evaluation, using the social media coverage of the head of the commonwealth (“the royal family”) on YouTube and X (formerly Twitter) as a proxy for its popularity, the economic benefits of the royal household are estimated versus the cost using mathematical models. Moreover, newspaper discussions of the royal family in Canada via the Canadian Newsstream database are used in the cost‒benefit ratio of the model. Results : Based on conservative estimations, the cost-to-benefit ratio of the head of the commonwealth in Canada alone is 7.443 trillion:1. Based on the social media baseline estimates, on YouTube, there were 6,953 videos, which generated a total of 2.58 billion views. On X, there were 108,750 posts, 83.992 billion views, 32.610 million comments, 129.326 million reposts and 1.146 billion likes. In newspaper coverage in Canada since 1970, among the total articles, there were 1.868 million newspaper articles, 2,596 magazine articles, and 551,066 other articles, demonstrating the level of outreach in every Canadian household. The royal family, as the head of the commonwealth, has possibly reached billions worldwide as a positive force for the common good of humanity and generated a quadrillion dollars in direct and indirect economic benefits for global and local economies since the inception of faster modes of communications and transportation after WWII. Conclusion : The value that monarchies add to nations and the world as institutions is unparalleled. In some countries, the national unity of different nations/regions/lands/provinces/ territories, the fragile balance of confederations, and the constitution are directly linked to the continuity of the crown. It is recommended that countries that revolted or voted against the monarchy in the past (e.g., Iran and Greece) reinstate the institution. Countries that are currently governed by some form of monarchy should not only maintain these institutions due to their extreme cost-effectiveness, cost-benefits, intangible benefits, efficiency, and superiority to other governing systems but also establish the supreme council of a king and queen and their representatives to give greater voice and urgency to issues facing humanity. Trial registration: Not applicable Monarchy the Commonwealth Canada the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland Iran Greece YouTube Newspapers X Mass media Background King and queens have been part of folk culture, oral history, holy books/scriptures (e.g., the Torah, the Bible, the Quran, the Vedas, and the Tripitaka (Tipitaka)) and many novels for centuries. For example, Queen Sheba, King Solomon, and King David are all mentioned in the Abrahamic religions, while many kings and queens, such as the Bharata king, Queen Vishpala, and King Ashoka, are mentioned in the Vedas and Tripitaka. Monarchs/crowns/kings/queen not only are now part of mass media subcultures (e.g., Disney, Netflix, and Amazon Prime) but also have become an integral part of smooth government functioning and democracy via stability, continuity, and security. For example, it is estimated that there are 30 stable democracies governed by some form of monarchy as the head of the state [1], while approximately a dozen more countries have some form of executive constitutional or absolute monarchy [2]. In many countries that do not have a constitutional monarchy as a form of government, monarchs have been shown to contribute to stability, economic prosperity, security (e.g., rule of law), and peace [3, 4]. Saudi Arabia’s monarch, the custodian of two holy mosques, hosted peace talks between Ukraine and Russia in Jeddah in the most recent example where a monarchy, in a form other than a constitutional form of monarchy, is initiating peace on another continent and thus contributing to world stability [5]. The custodian of the holy mosques continues to play a major role in the global economy, not only because of its role in the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) by lowering global inflation via increased oil production in the past but also because of its importance in geopolitical issues [6]. The 2023 mediation of the Qatari kingdom for the release of American hostages from Iran and the Palestinian territory is another example of a monarchy playing an active role in the peace process in the region [7, 8]. Qatar recently hosted the FIFA World Cup, while Saudi Arabia will be hosting the beautiful game in the future [9]. The Kingdom of Oman has also been active for years in mediating peace talks in the Middle East and has helped in the release of Australian, Canadian, French, and American hostages and other foreign nationals for many years [10-15]. In effect, in diplomatic circles, the Kingdom of Oman and the monarch have been labeled “the world’s hostage negotiator” [16]. Moreover, economic diversification and modernization in Gulf Cooperation Council countries—Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates (UAE)—ruled by some form of monarchy, have accelerated economic growth in recent years in the region, and the Abraham Peace Accord with Israel has ensured stability and a more peaceful and prosperous Middle East for years to come [17, 18]. For example, under the monarchy, the UAE has been transformed from desert barren land to an oasis where, in just a few decades, many tourists from Asia, Africa, Europe, Oceania, and North and South America have been visiting the Kingdom’s rich culture and history for many years [19]. The Kingdom also recently hosted COP28, which led to a landmark agreement to fight climate change by curbing fossil fuel production [20]. Finally, the Kingdoms of Bahrain and Kuwait remain among the richest countries in the Middle East. In them, the service economy, the banking sector and other rich resources have propelled these countries forward in a region where many others, such as Iraq, Iran, Syria, Yemen, and Afghanistan, have failed to provide basic necessities for their citizens [21-23]. Therefore, to fully grasp the benefits of monarchy in a cost‒benefit analysis, it is crucial to break down each benefit into tangible and intangible criteria. Below, some of the intangible and tangible values are highlighted before conducting the cost‒benefit analysis. Intangible value: Peace and stability Countries that have toppled their monarch through revolutions, rebellions, elections, or assassinations, such as Afghanistan, Ethiopia, Imperial Russia, Iran, Iraq, Spain, Yemen, and Yugoslavia, have experienced periods of economic uncertainty, internal conflicts, prolonged war and unrest. Furthermore, the governments replacing monarchs have placed the corresponding region and the world at the greatest risk of instability [24]. The massacre of the Russian royal family, including the family’s children, by the “revolutionary” Bolsheviks ultimately contributed to the Cold War, which brought the world to the brink of nuclear destruction [24]. The proclamation of the Second Spanish Republic ultimately contributed to the civil war in Spain and the rise of the dictator General Franco [25]. The fall of the monarchies in Afghanistan, Ethiopia, Libya, Iran, Iraq, and Yemen contributed to ongoing economic instability, regional insecurity, terrorism, and prolonged wars [26-28]. In Iraq, for example, the assassination of King Faisal II helped the dictator Sadam Hussien rise to power [27]. In Yemen, the successful rebellion against the newly appointed King Muhammad al-Badr due to his father’s death linked to previous assassination attempts on the royal family contributed to civil war, instability, poverty, and economic collapse, which continue to this day [29]. Under the Solomonic royal family, Ethiopia remained a symbol of African independence during the colonial period, had one of the first female African heads of state in modern history (i.e., Empress Zawditu) and was a founding member of the United Nations. Emperor Haile Selassie I’s deposition by the “revolutionary” Leninist revolution has brought the country many droughts, economic instability and military conflicts that continue to this day (e.g., the Tigray region conflict in 2020) [30]. In Afghanistan, the instability that followed the coup that ended Mohammad Zahir Shah’s reign as king brough the country continued internal conflicts, political turmoil, poverty, wars, and terrorism that later engulfed the far corners of the world [31]. Similarly, in Libya, the coup against King Idris I by “revolutionary” young officers while the king was receiving medical treatment helped the dictator Muammar Qaddafi rise to power, an event that will continue to affect Libyans for generations to come due to civil war and political/economic instability [32]. Additionally, under the reign of King Pahlavi in Iran, there was significant economic, cultural, and scientific advancement, while many of the king’s pro-Western policies helped women, religious minorities, and various industries thrive [33, 34]. During the monarchy, Iran overtook South Korea in terms of GDP and economic growth in the 1970s [35, 36]. However, after the king’s departure—due to cancer and an unwillingness to suppress political unrest—the insecurity, instability and economic uncertainty created as the result of the political power vacuum helped religious fundamentalists ultimately seize power in Iran [37]. The religious fundamentalists’ branding of the seizure of power as a “revolution”, similar to many previous seizures of power in the world, allowed them to crush any political resistance by waging unrelenting wars on freedom of speech, freedom of press, freedom of association, women’s rights, and ethnic/religious minorities while facilitating their political survival for more than four decades [38]. Like Yemen and Afghanistan, present-day Iran after the king's departure has one of the weakest currencies in the world [39]. The “revolutionary” government in Iran is also accused of crimes against humanity and state sponsorship of terrorism [40-42]. The UN, Western countries, and many Arab, non-Arab and Muslim countries in the region have accused the “revolutionary” government in Iran of instigating conflict/instability/war/terrorism in Muslim and non-Muslim countries in various parts of the world (e.g., Ukraine, Yemen, Syria, Lebanon, Israel, Iraq, Afghanistan, and the Gulf) [43-51]. Many countries have also blamed the “revolutionary” government in Iran for promoting/facilitating cyberattacks on civilian targets while pursuing nuclear weapons under the pretext of “peaceful” nuclear activities [52-54]. During the monarchy, Iran had excellent diplomatic relations with Israel, many Arab countries, the Gulf nations, and Western countries, but from the outset, the “revolutionary” government actively pursued destabilization and hegemonic policies in the region, including engaging in the total annihilation of another UN member state, taking foreign citizens/diplomats hostage under the pretext of spying and promoting/facilitating attacks on various embassies/consulates worldwide for more than four decades [50, 55-63]. Over the past few decades, the “revolutionary” government in Iran has been accused of propagating instability, chaos, disorder, proxy wars and terrorism via monetary, political, military, spiritual, and moral support for many radical militias/paramilitaries/mercenaries in the region, the so-called “axis of resistance”, including Islamic Jihad, Hamas, Hezbollah, Houthi, and Kata'ib Hezbollah [64-69]. Many of the “axis of resistance” groups listed above, including Hamas, are labeled as terrorist organizations by many Western and Asian countries [70, 71]. The “revolutionary government” via its agents and operatives has been accused of attempting to hijack peaceful protests for Palestine worldwide for its own political agenda of inciting violence, division, insecurity, and instability [72-74]. In effect, the ripple effects of the establishment of “revolutionary government” propaganda over the past four decades can be seen in violence, antisemitism, islamophobia, and xenophobia propagated against Jews, Muslims, and outsiders in the West [75-80]. Some Western politicians have gone as far as accusing the “revolutionary government” of supporting the October 7 th Hamas atrocity and massacre because of previously linked terrorist attacks and its title as “the number one state sponsor of terror” in the world [81]. Therefore, it is not surprising that “the revolutionary government” has warned democracies that it has the intention to use its paramilitary proxies/mercenaries in the “axis of resistance” and other means to protect Hamas from complete annihilation [82, 83]. For example, attacks on American and Israeli forces and international cargo ships in the region have increased from Syria, Lebanon, Yemen, Iraq, the Gulf and the Red Sea, where many of the paramilitary mercenaries/groups belonging to the “axis of resistance”—linked to “the revolutionary government”—are located [84-86]. Recent Houthi attacks and the hijacking of cargo ships in the Red Sea, where the majority of the world’s trade passes through the Suez Canal, have not only decreased the cargo traffic in the region but also had immediate effects on the global economy, increasing consumer prices, inflation and the cost of doing business because ships now have to travel for at least 10 more days to protect their valuable cargo and staff from Houthi attacks [87, 88]. Consequently, the initiation of the conflict between Hamas and Israel has contributed not only to the rise in global inflation but also to antisemitism, islamophobia, fears for the freedom of assembly/expression and divisions in many Western countries, which threaten the fundamental core of the economy and democracy based on the symbiotic relationship with security. This situation can be seen in a recent statement by Canada’s 23rd prime minister, who commented about the fear of Canadians in their own streets [79, 89-93]. Germany has also reported a 300% increase in the rate of hate crimes since the start of conflict between Hamas and Israel [94]. Germany’s 9th chancellor since WWII recently warned that after 79 years since the liberation of the Auschwitz extermination camp, "new reports are emerging all the time: about neo-Nazis and their dark networks. At the same time, right-wing populists are gaining ground, fueling fear and sowing hatred" [95, 96]. He ultimately called on all Germans to protect democracy by standing up against far-right propaganda and divisive political agendas [95, 96]. The 37th premier of British Columbia announced a phone hotline and funding in response to the increasing hate linked to the Hamas-Israel conflict, citing increasingly alarming incidents of islamophobia, antisemitism, and racism against members of the Muslim and Jewish communities [97, 98]. Furthermore, many governments increased grants to local faith organizations to increase their security around places of worship after the Gaza War [99, 100]. Hate-reported incidents are on the rise against Muslims and Jewish people across North America, once again highlighting the important link between the symbiotic relationships between peace, security, and stability and ever-growing threats to global peace and democracy [101, 102]. It is not surprising that community leaders have raised alarms about the long-term consequences of ongoing wars in the Middle East, namely, an increase in islamophobia and antisemitism [101]. Therefore, in countries in which ceremonial constitutional monarchs have remained as the head of the state, such as Antigua and Barbuda, Aruba, Australia, the Bahamas, Belgium, Belize, Canada, Curaçao, Cambodia, Denmark, the Faroe Islands, Greenland, Grenada, Lesotho, Luxembourg, Jamaica, Japan, Malaysia, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Papua New Guinea, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Sint Maarten, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, the Solomon Islands, Spain, Sweden, Thailand, Tuvalu, and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (UK), there has been long-term political stability, ensuring the smooth transfer of power during democratic elections, thus preventing economic/political uncertainties, power vacuums, coups, and security and internal conflicts [103]. The same phenomenon has been observed in countries that have other forms of monarchy [3, 4]. For example, in 2008 in Canada, the governor general of Canada, representing Queen Elizabeth II, prevented political and economic instability by granting the Canadian prime minister the right to prorogue the parliament when the opposition parties collaborated to bring a no confidence vote shortly after the election [104]. Additionally, the return of the monarchy in Spain via King Carlos I led to significant political reforms that not only dismantled the regime previously led by a dictator (General Franco) but also helped steer Spain toward democracy soon after his accession to the throne [105]. Finally, similar to King Carlos I, the crown prince of Iran, Reza II (the eldest son of the last king of Iran) has become an influential political and alternative national leader during a time of crisis for many members of the Iranian diaspora and members of the opposition inside the country, opening the door to a new horizon of hope, stability, economic prosperity, and peace in the Middle East [106]. Moreover, Jordan and Morocco, the two nations that have retained their monarchies, unlike other states in the region (e.g., Libya, Syria, and Iraq), have benefited from political and economic stability and have avoided wars and internal conflicts. For example, while oil-rich Iraq under Sadam Hussein experienced recurrent wars, human tragedies, terrorism and internal conflicts, neighboring Jordan, with very few natural resources, has been able to advance economically, while the tiny nation has also hosted many refugees over the years from the Palestinian territory and Syria, helping to stabilize the region [107]. For example, Jordan is now the number two nation in terms of refugees per capita worldwide [107]. Morrocco, unlike Tunisia, Libya and Egypt, largely remained politically and economically stable during the Arab Spring uprising and thus avoided the war, human tragedies, terrorism, economic uncertainty, and internal conflicts that engulfed the region [108]. In fact, Morocco remains one of the few countries in North Africa with strong economic ties to the European Union, particularly in relation to agriculture and fishing [109]. Other than Morocco, Eswatini and Lesotho are the remaining monarchies in Africa. Under a monarchy, these nations have remained stable while preventing genocides, military/junta governments, and civil wars [110, 111]. In East Asia and the Pacific, countries that have retained their monarchy, such as Australia, Bhutan, Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Japan, Malaysia, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, the Solomon Islands, Tuvalu, Thailand, and Tonga, have benefited from political stability, economic growth, and security since the Second World War. For example, the Japanese emperor was instrumental in guiding Japan toward political stability and economic growth after the Second World War [112, 113]. Bhutan’s king played a key role in introducing democracy to the Buddhist Himalayan nation via fair elections and a parliament [114]. In Thailand, the monarchy helped to unite the country after the devastation of the Second World War and colonialism [115]. Intangible value: Uniting different nations and regions Similar to political stability, regions/provinces/states/nations that have sought independence from a monarchy/crown (e.g., Morocco), such as the Western Sahara (the Polisario), have experienced prolonged economic hardships, human tragedies, internal conflicts, and wars [116]. In Québec, the two independence votes brought not only fears of violence and political instability to la belle land but also fears for its economic future, which was a real threat, as many multinational companies and corporations began to consider relocating [117-119]. In effect, a recent study found negative economic effects based on modeling a separatist vote in Québec when possible violent repercussions were considered [120]. Furthermore, a sovereignty vote may jeopardize previous historical Indigenous land and resource treaties with the crown in Québec, adding further complexities to an already challenging relationship since the passing of the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples recommended self-determination and sovereignty for Indigenous peoples [121]. These findings have been replicated in other regions that have attempted to leave the crown. The Spanish separatist movements in the Basque Country and Catalonia have had similar potential negative economic effects [122, 123]. The negative economic effects and the potential GDP loss for an independent Scotland are estimated to be in the billions of dollars if the independent movement succeeds [124]. In effect, any independence movement is counterproductive to the economy and security due to the quick and rapid change, which creates a shock to the symbiotic ecosystem of the country. Like a tooth extraction (to say nothing of removing/amputating a hand, limb, kidney, or liver), if the dentist does not take enough precautions (e.g., radiographs, anesthetics, and medications), the whole body could be affected. Sometimes, separated body parts cannot survive on their own due to imbalances, host-graft resistance, and other medical complications, such as viruses, bacteria, and weakened immunity due to antirejection medications. In the same way, a separatist region or nation may suffer not only prolonged political instability and enormous economic losses but also serious security issues due to the rapid change to the symbiotic relationship between the economy and political and security systems. Potential terrorism linked to separatist movements, loss of life, economic slowdowns and consequent 10% reductions in income per capita compared to the control group/simulation in the Basque region, have been suggested in previous studies, and they may apply to other regions attempting to embark on the severing journey [120, 122]. The 10% reduction in direct and indirect income per capita could amount to billions of dollars in revenue, the loss of potential investments, millions of jobs, the loss of tax revenue for local municipalities, downgrades in credit ratings, the fleeing of skilled workers/professionals (e.g., doctors, nurses, and dentists), a lack of recruitment of international students or retention of immigrants, the loss of prestige for a new country in the international arena, increasing hostilities with previous the severed part/country, a lack of military allies, a lack of international recognition, and the loss of wealth for the people in the region or nations seeking independence from the crown. Some losses of jobs, investment, taxes, and GDP may never be recoverable in an increasingly competitive, efficient, interconnected, and globalized economy. This point has been evident on Northern Island, where terrorism caused the senseless killing of many citizens over the years, including members of the royal family (e.g., Lord Mountbatten and his grandchildren [Lord Mountbatten was the cousin of the queen and Prince Philip's uncle]), and the economic consequences have been long term. For instance, the economic recovery/growth since the 1998 Good Friday Agreement has been slow compared to that in other regions of the UK [125, 126]. In addition, monarchs help unite different regions, overseas territories, provinces, states, and nations that could have different languages, cultures, religions, and identities, thus uniting the country under the flag. For example, in Australia, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Japan, Malaysia, New Zealand, the Netherlands, Norway, Papua New Guinea, Spain, Sweden, Thailand, and the UK, the monarchs and their representatives have been able to be figures who are sympathetic to the whole country/kingdom beyond and above the political, religious, language, socioeconomic, regional, and cultural boundaries, which is something that politicians are unable to achieve due to the necessities of regional and national elections. For example, both Queen Elizabeth II and King Charles III held a separate coronation in Scotland with the Scottish Crown Jewels (those of Mary, Queen of Scots), which are much older than English Crown Jewels, to signify and highlight the unique place of the Kingdom of Scotland in the UK and the monarch’s owns historical, cultural, unbreakable, and physical connection to the Kingdom of Scotland [127]. Similarly, in Canada, the role of the crown and its representatives (governor general and lieutenant-governors) in uniting, linking, and connecting different nations, provinces, regions, and territories is crucial for the survival of the Canadian confederation, constitution, identity, culture, nationalism, and multiculturalism in an increasingly globalized, competitive, and volatile world. Therefore, the politicization of regional interests to the national level for short-term political gains and isolationism not only hurts the competitive economic advantage of Canada on the global stage but also may affect millions of vulnerable and at-risk citizens who rely on the cohesiveness of the national economy, security, stability, and continuity provided in a symbiotic relationship via the federal government under the crown [128]. The bargaining power, prestige, expertise, and weight that the federal government adds to negotiation tables nationally and internationally at diplomatic circles or trade negotiations via the crown is unmatched compared to any single nation, province, or territory doing it alone. Ultimately, the crown's role in creating a balance in the ecosystem and thus preventing the potential collapse of Canada’s confederation, identity, constitution, and democracy due to regionalism, ultra-nationalism, isolationism, and short-term regional political interest is unparalleled. Other European monarchies have played and continue to play an instrumental role in uniting the country during difficult times. During WWI, Queen Wilhelmina of the Netherlands visited troops on the front line while advocating for their welfare [129]. During the Nazi occupation of Europe, Queen Wilhelmina not only issued numerous messages over Radio Orange to maintain the Dutch spirit and military resistance until liberation but also was instrumental in uniting the Netherlands toward democracy and economic recovery after the end of the occupation [129]. British Prime Minister Sir Winston Churchill described Queen Wilhelmina as "the only real man among the governments-in-exile" in London while nearly killing herself during the air-raid bombings of London [129, 130]. Nations that had been united previously via the crown, such as the Kingdom of Serbia/Yugoslavia, and later abandoned their crown, becoming Yugoslavia, not only suffered prolonged periods of authoritarian regimes (e.g., the regime of Josip Broz Tito) but also have suffered genocide, internal wars and hostilities that continue to this day [131]. Intangible value: Coup prevention and continuity Nations that have presidents as the head of state are vulnerable to coups and political instability, as seen in the rise of Adolf Hitler in Germany, where the arson incident at the Reichstag (the parliament) in 1933 helped Hitler eliminate political opponents and opposition parties and consolidate power, while the death of German President Paul von Hindenburg years later provided the power vacuum that Hitler needed to become an absolute, cruel, evil and cunning dictator when there was no longer a limit to his power [132, 133]. Similarly, the Russian meddling in the 2016 U.S. election that successfully tipped the balance in favor of then-presidential candidate Donald J. Trump and the subsequent January 6, 2021, storming of the United States Capitol and the earlier election meddling combined with the continued denial by the 45th President of the United States are another example of a coup to not only forcefully change the election results once again but also prevent the peaceful transfer of power in the most powerful democracy/country in the world [134-137]. In the aftermath of the Brazilian runoff election, the supporters of former President Jair Bolsonaro stormed the country's Supreme Court presidential palace, and congressional buildings, mirroring the attempted coup attempt by supporters of President Trump [138]. The most recent successful coup was in Niger, where a democratically elected president, Mohamed Bazoum, was forced to resign hours after the presidential palace was stormed and captured by the presidential guards and mobs while the president’s supporters were attacked [139]. Therefore, if a coup can occur in the most powerful country in the 21 st century, democracy is indeed fragile and needs proactive intervention by the security establishment in the same way that the central banks intervene to ensure the smooth functioning of the economy and prevent severe inflation or downturns in markets due to the fragility of the economy [140]. Consequently, having the security establishment, members of parliament, and senators take an oath to the crown prevents intervention or collaboration for a possible coup or election interference by politicians via foreign states or members of the armed forces or the security establishment [141]. This is particularly significant because while taking the oath to the constitution can be very subjective and broad and be influenced by interpretations, the oath to a physical living being—such as a king, queen, crown, or its representatives—adds more significance to the objectivity of alliances (nonpolitical/nonpartisan), duty, and the ever physically present symbolic nature of the oath due to the continuity of the crown [141]. Furthermore, for countries that have prime ministers while retaining a president as the ceremonial/appointed head of state, such as Germany and Israel, it is extremely challenging and sometimes impossible to act nonpolitically for a president who has most likely been a lifetime politician before a partisan appointment [113]. The current mass protest in Israel is an example where a monarch’s political healing power could have de-escalated the conflict or a potential civil war between the military and the government [113, 142]. Like the effects of industrial revolutions in transforming democracy, the economy, society and global trade, the ramification of the artificial intelligence (AI) revolution/golden age of science in dramatically improving the economy, jobs, democracy, governments, and global trade is expected [143]. Consequently, the role of monarchs in balancing the ecosystem and preventing possible shock to the symbiotic relationship between democracy, the economy, and security because of potential unrest, future job losses/gains, election interference by AI or the use of AI by criminal organizations or adversaries, and increasing reliance on education to find jobs may become more evident in the coming decades [144-146]. In effect, the advancement of technologies has enabled many criminal organizations and foreign states to be proactive and increasingly hostile toward democracies via fraud, theft of intellectual property, election interference, and the targeting of citizens and politicians [147-159]. Many nations have already experienced the destructive power of social media and AI-generated videos, voice recordings and disinformation during elections in changing mass opinions and affecting the election results [160]. The most recent example of pro-Russia candidates benefiting from fake voice recordings of the opposition candidate during Slovakia’s tight parliamentary election is yet another example of sophisticated election interference by an adversarial state [160, 161]. Recently, a new analysis by Microsoft revealed that the “revolutionary” governments of Iran, China, and Russia are attempting and planning to interfere in the 2024 U.S. presidential election—as Russia successfully did via email hacking during the 2016 presidential election via encouragement by then-candidate Donald J. Trump—and may attempt to do so in other democracies globally via complex methods already operationalized in Slovakia’s 2023 election to shape public opinion in favor of a candidate/party that is more favorable to their malignant cause [135, 162-164]. It is not surprising that President Trump still promotes policies that would weaken the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) alliance in favor of Putin’s occupation of Eastern Ukraine and promotes attacks on other NATO members [165]. The chairperson of the Munich Security Conference has subsequently warned NATO members of the real potential for an attack by Russia, and NATO’s Secretary-general Jens Stoltenberg has also warned that "Any suggestion that allies will not defend each other undermines […NATO’s] security” [166, 167]. China, Russia and the “revolutionary” government of Iran have also been the top concerns of the UK security establishment, and a new unit was established ahead of a national election in 2024 [168]. The Swedish security establishment also recently thwarted “revolutionary” Iranian plots to kill members of the Jewish community in Sweden [169]. The head of the Swedish counterespionage and domestic security agency has warned about increasing so-called physical attacks against Swedish citizens [169]. The Canadian Security Intelligence Service (CSIS) has warned Canadians about foreign states targeting government officials, academics and ordinary citizens, while ahead of the remembrance ceremony in 2023, Canada’s former chief of the Defence Staff, Gen. Wayne Eyre, also reiterated his concerns about the changing dynamics of the global security/ecosystem of the world and Canada's present security readiness: "I am very concerned as I see the deteriorating security situation around the world." [170-173]. The former CSIS director, Richard Fadden, has also warned that the threat of foreign meddling is a real security concern for Canadian democracy, especially for diaspora groups [174]. The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) warned U.S. lawmakers that the “revolutionary” government of Iran has tried to assassinate American government officials in the United States [175]. The U.S. Department of Justice recently revealed the details of assassination attempts by the “revolutionary” government to kill ordinary American citizens on U.S. soil [176]. Moreover, the “revolutionary” government of Iran has been linked to the recent assassination attempt on a Spanish politician on Spanish soil [177, 178]. Over the years, in the UK, many citizens have also been the target of Russia, the “revolutionary” government of Iran, China and many others, and the UK has been preparing to counter this growing threat [179, 180]. Australia has foiled surveillance and intimidation attempts by foreign actors on its soil [174, 181]. Finally, New Zealand’s spy chief has warned about increasingly aggressive methods by foreign adversaries in the country [182]. Intangible value: Economic prosperity The important role that monarchs and their representatives play in the peaceful transfer of power during many elections also ensures political and, thus, economic stability. For example, research indicates that economic uncertainty increases during presidential elections in some nations, especially during presidential elections that are polarized, too close or contested [183]. In effect, there are indications that the most recent presidential elections in the U.S. may have contributed to economic, political, and legal uncertainty, in addition to a lack of trust in democracy [183]. On the other hand, according to recent research, constitutional monarchies contribute to political stability in democracies, in turn promoting greater protection of property rights and higher standards of living for citizens [2]. In effect, historians attribute the economic outperformance of countries such as the UK and the Netherlands—compared to similar countries such as France and Portugal, which later became republics—to the institutional checks and balances that exist in the constitutional form of government via the monarch [2]. In fact, the wealthiest nations in Europe, such as Andorra, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, and Monaco, are all governed by some sort of ceremonial monarchy/prince [184]. Recent research has also highlighted the symbiotic relationship between democracy/political stability, continuity, and economic prosperity/growth linked to the irreplicable role of the monarchy in democracy [140]. In other words, the phenomenon of democracy is a recent phenomenon (e.g., a few hundred years old) and a side effect of economic efficiency and monetary borrowing, which were inadvertently created via an evolutionary process because of the crown’s need for military expansion and its expenditure/financing requirements centuries ago [140]. Monetary borrowing was facilitated centuries ago by large landowners, dukes and Lords, who ultimately became powerful and were able to collectively lobby the king/queen, petition the crown for military protection, security and property rights protection and form the House of Lords/Upper Chambers/Senate. Over the centuries, similar to a living cell that continuously evolves and responds to internal and external environments, the development and evolutionary process of the economy via trade, economic efficiency, efficient taxation, monetary policies, the protection of private property, and scientific advancement via industrial revolutions have ultimately inadvertently helped the symbiotic evolutionary process of democracy. Thus, not only was the Bill of Rights conceived, but, ultimately, the lower economic classes, women and non-Caucasians were also able to participate in democracy (e.g., vote or get elected to parliament) [185]. This evolutionary process also facilitated the borrowing of money for home or car ownership for ordinary citizens [140]. Today, a functioning democracy is fully reliant on government interventions via the central bank through bonds, borrowing/lending, trade, taxation, immigration, international students, investments, security interventions (e.g., the rule of law, the protection of private property/intellectual property, antitrust laws, the prevention of election interference, and ensuring peace/order around the world), political stability and continuity (e.g., a lack of political vacuums) to survive [140, 186]. This evolutionary symbiotic process is still ongoing through rapid changes due to the first AI revolution, increasing free trade via the World Trade Organization and monetary lending via the World Bank. Millions of people have been lifted out of poverty by benefiting from stable jobs, clean water, electricity, advances in medicine, and the internet [140]. Therefore, it is not surprising that the dramatic changes in society, the economy, trade, and government toward a better, prosperous, and equitable future created by the first (1760-1830) and second (1870-1914) industrial revolutions also may have indirectly contributed to the First World War, as seen in the emergence of the Bolsheviks and Nazi regime, due to the rapid nature of change to the world ecosystem [187, 188]. The rapid nature of change to the ecosystem of the world before the onset of the First World War can be attributed to the increasing global economy and trade and interconnectedness via faster modes of transportation and communications linked to the industrial revolutions (e.g., telegraphs, the growth of the mass media (newspapers), steamboats, locomotion, motor cars, and more advanced technologies) [189, 190]. Like a living cell at the micro level, when the pH (potential of hydrogen ions), solute concentration (e.g., Ca2+, K+, Na+) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) (ATP is an organic compound that provides energy to the cell) change too quickly for the cell to respond/adjust, cell homeostasis is affected, which may disrupt the cell’s survival [140]. At the macro level, when the blood pH, solute concentration, or insulin level in the body is affected by rapid fluctuations, the ecosystem of the body may tip toward unconsciousness and even death. Similarly, when changes to job markets, the economy, and the future demand for job qualifications are too rapid, the economy and, ultimately, democracy and security are also affected because they may not have the time to adapt/adjust [140]. For example, when a worker is unable to find work due to the rapid change to the economy caused by the first AI revolution, job markets, education qualifications/requirements, and increasing costs of accessing qualifications/education, trust in the government, democracy, potential unrest, and the re-emergence of old destructive fringe ideologies (ultra-right or ultra-left) are to be expected without appropriate interventions. For example, the recent blaming and scapegoating of refugees, asylum seekers, immigrants, and international students due to a lack of jobs and housing, crime or other social problems by some political parties in Europe, North America and other regions mirror previous propaganda by previous ultra-right groups that blamed Germany’s problems on Jewish people or Bolsheviks/ultra-left groups/populist parties that blamed internal problems on economic efficiency (free-market economy and globalization) [95, 96, 191-194]. Previous research has highlighted the transformation from the traditional economy to increasingly knowledge-based economies in many advanced economies “in which higher education, lifelong learning, vocations/trades, and online modes of education play pivotal roles in an individual’s success in the job market” [195]. With appropriate government interventions, therefore, it is expected that the first AI revolution/golden age of science will lead to positive transformations in medicine and science, better environmental protections, and greater economic efficiency [196-198]. For example, a recent study showed that AI could predict heart attacks ten years in advance [199]. However, many have raised concerns about the dramatic and quick change in job markets and the potential ramifications for global security [200]. Therefore, the critical role that the crown plays in mediating dramatic change via economic and political stability and continuity (e.g., coup prevention) could become more critical. Many have raised the possibility of future unrest and the potential role of AI or adversarial governments or criminal organizations/gangs/terrorists using AI via social media, the internet and other forms of communication to not only create insatiability and mistrust in democracies via fake news, fake audio and videos, and destructive propaganda but also to ultimately take over democracies through existing inequalities and economic and political vulnerabilities in democratic institutions and security systems [145, 146, 201]. Swedish Commander-in-Chief Micael Bydén suggested that Sweden could be engaging with foreign adversaries and therefore encouraged increased readiness and preparedness among the civilian population [202]. In effect, the speed and volume of change in technology, AI and science are more rapid than the first and second industrial revolutions, and consequently, the potential for a world war is greater than ever [140]. Intangible value: Diplomacy, social networks and linking nations In addition to the irreplaceable link of the crown to the symbiotic relationship of the economy and democracy, unlike prime ministers and presidents, who usually remain in power for a limited time, kings and queens are in power for decades, giving their nations a unique advantage to form extensive social networks with former and current world leaders and allowing for better diplomatic ties, trade negotiations, peace negotiations and cultural connections. For example, through King Charles III, the royal family is the head of the Commonwealth. The Commonwealth, which is a free political association of 56 member states, has been able to advocate for common democratic values, principles and priorities while promoting prosperity, unity, trade, the environment, and peace in the world. For example, most recently, Australia not only has provided financial assistance to Tuvalu, another Commonwealth country, to fight global warming/rising sea levels but also has allowed many Tuvalu citizens to visit, work and study in Australia due to the loss of homes linked to sea level rise [203]. The UK government has also created radical foreign aid specifically for the impact of climate change on many Commonwealth nations [204]. Moreover, the Commonwealth has been particularly effective in providing business development loans to associated members, scholarships, and preferential trade agreements, promoting democracy (e.g., election monitoring), the environment, and human rights [205]. In addition, the Commonwealth Games have allowed many athletes to compete for medals while providing an excellent international preparation venue for the Olympics for many future or current Olympians. At the same time, the Games have reaffirmed the common bonds between athletes and, thus, their nations while promoting equality and human rights at the forefront of the sporting world. For example, the Games remain the first global multisport event to have more events for women than for men [206]. This is particularly important because women’s equal place in sports and revenue sharing has become a critical issue only in recent years [207]. As an institution, monarchy has inadvertently been ahead of its time in terms of equality. The first official female head of state and the armed forces centuries ago was Queen Kubaba, who circa 2,400 BC in today’s Iraq [208]. In England, Queen Boadicea was the first queen of an English tribe, and she led the resistance against the Romans, while Queen Matilda became the first queen of England upon her father’s death centuries ago [209, 210]. The succession of Queen Matilda, the first female head of state in England, threw the country into civil war, known as “nineteen long winters”, as men sought to replace her as the head of state [209]. Since then, the Commonwealth countries and many European monarchies have had many queens (e.g., Queen Victoria and Queen Elizabeth II), while many countries have had no female head of state or only a handful of female politicians [211]. Recent marriages of royal families have also demonstrated monarchy’s vision and commitment to equality, social justice, and the realities of an increasingly multinational and interconnected world. For example, the marriage of Danish King Frederik X to Queen Mary, who was born in Australia and has Scottish heritage, in 2004 reflects this novel commitment to the world. The 2018 marriage of Prince Harry to Meghan, Duchess of Sussex, an American citizen (they first met in Toronto, Canada) shows the crown’s commitment to diversity, multinationalism, and the Commonwealth. The latest marriages, i.e., of Luxembourg’s Princess Alexandra to a French national, Nicolas Bagory, and of Crown Prince of Jordan Prince Hussein to a Saudi national, Princess Rajwa Al Hussein, in 2023 are yet further examples of monarchy’s commitment to an increasingly interconnected and a global community [212-214]. Finally, Prince Philip, the husband of Queen Elizabeth II, was an immigrant/political refugee who had fled Greece with his family. King Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden also married an immigrant, Queen Sylvia, who was born in Germany [215]. This is particularly important in the current climate of hostilities by some politicians toward foreigners, refugees, asylum seekers and immigrants [216-218]. For instance, during the 2016 presidential election, Donald J. Trump linked Mexican immigrants to crime by stating that “when Mexico sends its people [...] they’re sending people that have lots of problems [...] they’re bringing drugs. They’re bringing crime. They’re rapists” [219]. Over the centuries, members of royal families have married foreigners/immigrants/refugees/other monarchs’ daughters and sons to prevent hostilities while maintaining economic and cultural links between nations and reinforcing alliances to specifically prevent war or conflicts [220]. Therefore, it is not surprising that monarchs’ state visits, marriages, funerals, and coronations generate interest, curiosity, aspirations, and admiration as people worldwide are turn to their TVs, radios, newspapers, magazines, or social media accounts to watch such events. Many people are fascinated by the lives of royal families and may visit monarchist countries to tour royal palaces, museums, and gardens and buy associated merchandise and products, generating enormous economic growth for these countries via tourism, taxes, trade, and advertisements. For example, a recent tour by a U.S. music entertainer has generated billions of dollars in revenue for each local economy that she visited [221]. While many people are unable to name previous prime ministers, most people know the names of the current or previous monarch because of their long reigns, charity involvement, military engagement, activism, and international/diplomatic visits. For example, during Queen Elizabeth II’s coronation in 1953, when black and white TVs were a new consumer product, it is estimated that 27 million people in the UK watched the coronation, while more than 10 million people watched from the homes of neighbors, family and friends, and 1.5 million people watched public places such as pubs and cinemas [222]. In the U.S. alone, many people (estimated 85 million people) watched the live broadcast at the time when many people did not have TVs at home and the U.S. had only 160 million citizens [223]. Moreover, millions of people listened via radio around the Commonwealth countries and internationally [223]. A year after the late queen’s funeral, her private diary garnered great interest internationally, as the royal family works out the details of “what might be archived and what might remain confidential” [224]. Additionally, Princess Diana’s 1981 engagement blouse was listed for auction and raised thousands of dollars decades after her death [225, 226]. Finally, Prince Harry's ‘Spare’, his controversial memoir, has been the most borrowed book across many public libraries across Canada [227-229]. The recent diplomatic visits by King Charles III to Germany and France and speeches to German and French people’s representatives in their parliaments in their own languages (e.g., German and French) have echoed the increasingly global and multilinguistic nature of the world and the irreplaceable role of the crown in linking nations and continents and preserving old diplomatic/military alliances [224]. Most recently, King Charles III wore a tie and handkerchief containing the Greek flag and colors shortly after a disagreement between the UK government and the Greek government to possibly show solidarity with the Greek people and his father’s connection to the nation (e.g., Prince Philip was the prince of Greece and was born on the Greek island of Corfu) [230]. Finally, King Charles III's announcement of his personal health struggles, i.e., his prostate enlargement and cancer, has helped the public around the world address the stigma around and learn about research on men’s health issues and cancer [231]. Intangible value: Defenders of religious freedom, all faiths and cultures As the defender of all faiths and the supreme governor of the Church of England, King Charles III broke from the century-old tradition and incorporated multiculturalism/ecumenicalism as part of his coronation, in which many faith leaders, representing the Buddhist, Hindu, Jewish, Muslim and Sikh faiths, played an active and important role in the sacred and ancient religious ceremony [232]. The multifaith nature of the coronation practically intertwined, conferred, and linked the crown with the future destiny of the Commonwealth as a diverse multifaith, multilinguistic, multiethnic, and multicultural evolving society. Furthermore, as discussed previously, royal families in Europe and elsewhere have always been ahead of their times and are increasingly attempting to reflect the multiethnic, multifaith, multilinguistic, and globalized nature of the world. In fact, the most recent marriages in the royal family, such as those of Prince Harry and Peter Phillips, reflect this honorable attempt and the enormous aspiration of the royal family for the Commonwealth. It is not surprising that, like Queen Elizabeth II, King Charles III and Prince William speak French fluently, and the king has worn the Québec flag on his tie to symbolize the love and affection of the sovereign for the Québécois nation and the many French Canadians in New Brunswick, Nova Scotia and Manitoba and for their unique culture, history, language, and heritage. Most European and non-European monarchs are brought up from birth in multilingual environments to emphasize not only the multinational, multiethnic, multicultural, and globalized nature of the world to the future monarch/prince(ss) but also religious and cultural tolerance as a central tenet of a well-functioning democracy. For example, King Charles III not only called Islam a great religion but also recently made “an impassioned plea for religious tolerance, mutual respect, and peace against the background of ‘international turmoil’ in Israel” and the Palestinian territory [233, 234]. The king genuinely believes that “at the heart of Islam is its preservation of an integral view of the universe”, and consequently, the “West needs Islam in the here and now” [235]. Intangible value: Links to the armed forces and security establishment Monarchs’ and their representatives’ historical links to the armed forces and security establishment date back centuries, and many monarchs have been killed in military conflicts. In effect, similar to the economy and democracy, security has gone through a similar symbiotic evolutionary process where the crown's need for military conquest and the protection of conquered land and looted properties contributed to the amalgamation of local warlords/militias into efficient national militaries for invading other lands centuries ago. Such national amalgamation of militaries later evolved to protect nations from adversaries and protect private property, enhanced property and intellectual rights via the creation of police forces, rule of law, and judicial independence via court bailiffs/sheriffs by bringing offenders to justice to further allow the economy to flourish and subsequently contributed to democracy and industrial revolutions. In effect, the same evolutionary process is still taking place via the amalgamation of national militaries via NATO, the UN peacekeeping force, the African Union, and the increasingly shared intelligence between nations’ spy agencies and national law enforcement to reduce costs, increase efficiency, readiness, and protect world peace to enable global trade and a free-market economy to flourish on different continents. Therefore, with such long historical established links and contributions to this irreplaceable evolutionary process, the crown has a further unifying power as the head of the armed forces. This unifying force is linked to the monarch’s embodiment of duty, service, custom, the upholding of the rule of law, selflessness, sacrifice, stability, unity, dedication, continuity, and, thus, economic/political stability. The centuries-old links between the crown and the security establishment have enabled the continuity and stability needed for the flourishing of the ecosystem and the balance of the homeostasis essential for democracy and the economy to function and thrive [140]. This is particularly important because politicians, prime ministers, most ministers of defense or ministers of the interior either did not serve in the military, police, or other similar establishments or did not have extensive links or historical social networks with members of the security establishment. Consequently, politicians neither understand nor meaningfully advocate for members of the military, police, and their families [121, 236]. Sometimes, comments by ministers of defense and presidents have outraged veterans and members of the armed forces [237, 238]. The recent comments by former President Donald J. Trump about the top brass of the U.S. military, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff General Mark Milley, where his execution was recommended to incite violence against him or his family, are another example of politicians’ lack of sensitivity to, understanding of and appreciation for veterans, military personnel and their families who have sacrificed so much to preserve the peace, security and economy of their nations [238, 239]. Other similar comments made by President Donald J. Trump about war heroes such as John McCain have outraged many military veterans in the past [240]. The Duke and Duchess of Sussex, Harry and Meghan, have been a prime example. As a member of the royal family and a veteran of the war in Afghanistan [241, 242]. Furthermore, both Queen Eizabeth II and Prince William served as emergency responders (e.g., the queen served as an ambulance driver during WWII, and the Prince served as a hospital emergency helicopter pilot) and have supported charities linked to former service members such as mental health advocacy organizations [243, 244]. This advocacy on behalf of the armed forces and security establishment is linked to the oath to the crown by military personnel and the security establishment and the crown’s ceremonial responsibility and advocacy for the safety, security, and well-being of military and law enforcement personnel. This reciprocal relationship between the crown and the military establishes a strong, unbreakable, and historical bond with the government through the monarch when there are budget cuts to the military, police, or veteran programs. It also further assists the government in asking for the assistance of the military and security establishment in times of crisis without hesitation to defend the country, the rule of law, democracy, the economy, or the Commonwealth. The recent veterans’ protest linked to the Canadian government’s closure of veterans affairs offices is another example. Despite cutbacks to retired members of the armed forces in 2014, current members still responded to the country’s need for service in Iraq and Syria due to their oaths to the crown [245]. The class action of disabled military personnel in the Canadian Armed Forces in 2020 highlights not only the plight of some veterans in seeking compensation for money owed for their heroic services to the crown but also their commitment and loyalty to the crown despite some of the harsh realities that they faced defending Canadian democracy and Canada’s economy in overseas conflicts [246]. This can also be seen in the family of military veterans, who are affected and continue to be impacted by the sacrifices of their serving family members defending security and, thus, democracy and the economy [247]. This is particularly important with increasing globalization, economic integration, and interconnectedness of the world, where there is increasing evidence that security, peace, human rights, and the stability of each nation are directly linked to each other [140]. Russia’s senseless, evil aggression in eastern Ukraine is the most recent example, as the economic ripple effects of this war are being felt across the world through high food prices and the rising interest rates in some nations [248, 249]. Like the ecosystem of an oral cavity—where each tooth is influenced/affected by the pH of the oral cavity, the homeostasis of the host, the number of microorganisms, and time—the ecosystem of each nation’s security, economy and, thus, democracy is increasingly tied to world peace and stability [250]. This interlinked and interconnected security relationship will continue to grow because of the first AI revolution and faster modes of communication/transportation. The longer the root causes of instability, security, and imbalances are ignored by the world, the more costly, complex, risky, and dangerous they will become in the future not only for economies but also for democracies and security/peace. Fixing a single tooth in an oral cavity without addressing the lesions of other teeth will ultimately affect every corner of the oral cavity in time due to an imbalance in oral cavity homeostasis. Similarly, not addressing security issues, respecting international norms/laws, and dealing with related conflicts in the far away corners of the world will ultimately affect every nation, including those with strong economies and well-functioning democracies and on other continents. This is particularly important with the increase in global warming and inequalities that may cause mass refugees and mass migration in the future, which will require an increasing reliance on the military and law enforcement agencies to intervene in conflict zones to prevent human tragedies and protect vulnerable populations. The monarch’s unbreakable bond with the military and security establishment and the oath of the military and law enforcement agencies to the emperor/crown were particularly instrumental in ensuring Japan’s unconditional surrender that ended the Second World War [112, 113]. For example, the Japanese emperor’s two radio addresses to the nation were essential in convincing the Japanese public and, most importantly, the armed forces/military establishment fighting overseas to end the war while securing compliance in support of peace, democracy, and stability in the future [112, 113]. The emperor’s timely intervention prevented the collapse of the interlinked symbiotic relationship between the economy, security, and democracy [140]. The most recent example of the military assisting the police and the security establishment in upholding the law, security and peace was seen in Sweden, where the government requested the military’s assistance in law enforcement efforts to deal with surging gang violence in the country [251]. Intangible value: Advocacy on behalf of humanity, underserved groups, at-risk groups and nonprofit organizations Finally, many monarchies have long established links to nonprofit and charitable organizations in areas such as the arts, science, culture, animal welfare, human rights, health, disabilities, religion, and poverty reduction [252]. This is particularly important because many politicians are unable to go beyond regional, national or party political boundaries, while government officials cannot be seen as endorsing a charity or nonprofit organization due to impartiality or possible accusations of political favoritism via government contracts [253]. For example, the Duke of Edinburgh’s International Award for youths from around the world has allowed millions of young people from Commonwealth countries to engage in various endeavors in a wide variety of active interests while being able to relate to other youths in other regions and continents [254]. Moreover, the Prince’s Trust (founded in 1976 by King Charles III) has been able to address unemployment, access to well-paying jobs and poverty in many underserved communities in Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the U.S., the UK, and many other Commonwealth and non-Commonwealth countries worldwide [255, 256]. The Prince and Princess of Wales, William and Catherine, have both been involved in numerous charities that address the plight of disadvantaged, underserved and at-risk citizens worldwide during their visits in periods of economic austerity by many governments and nongovernmental organizations [257, 258]. The Duchess of Edinburgh, Sofie, has also been active in health care, elderly care, and other health care charities on behalf of the royal family via her travels to numerous Commonwealth countries as the recipient of the Order of Saint John [259, 260]. In addition, Queen Camilla has raised awareness, advocated and campaigned extensively in regard to domestic and sexual abuse against women in every part of the globe, most recently during the 135th anniversary of the Foreign Press Association speech [225]. Finally, King Charles III has launched a timely, critical, and life-saving initiative that is affecting many nations and communities worldwide, the “Coronation Food Project”, which has the ambitious mission to try to stop families from going hungry [94, 261]. In fact, the king personally purchased a copy of the Big Issue from a vendor in England to launch his “Coronation Food Project” at a fare-share distribution while also highlighting another important charity that employs people living in poverty to earn, learn and thrive [261]. Prince William has also previously highlighted the Big Issue charity, working as a vendor on London’s streets selling the magazine [261]. It is not surprising that his children, Prince George, Princess Charlotte and Prince Louis, were inspired by their parents and the royal family to send Christmas cards to children and families struggling during the Christmas season [262]. This is particularly important because some politicians routinely target and attempt to exploit the most disadvantaged in society for short-term political gains or for re-election purposes. For instance, a past presidential candidate, Donald J. Trump, made fun of disabled people [263], while the gender policy has become a political topic in some Canadian provinces [264-267]. Many politicians continue to use the plight of at-risk and disadvantaged groups as a political wedge issue to capitalize on the population’s fears and expand their voter base, as seen during the constitutional challenge to the previous Canadian government’s attempt to shut down the at the time only sanctioned supervised injection facility in North America [268]. Some of these charity initiatives have been conducted despite the limits that the constitution has placed on the monarchy so that it is not seen as political or as interfering with government affairs, priorities, or election promises [269]. For instance, King Charles III’s advocacy for environmental causes when the government is cutting back on green spending or Prince William’s advocacy on behalf of homeless and poor people the government is banning tents or cutting social services programs could be perceived as political interference [270, 271]. Without the activism and impartiality on behalf of disadvantaged, at-risk, and forgotten groups in society or controversial topics (e.g., the environment, homelessness, and food security) by the crown and its representatives, mistrust, disenfranchisement, and marginalization not only threaten society but also may affect the symbiotic relationship between the government, civil society, and the economy. Therefore, the crown once again plays an irreplaceable role in society, democracy, and the world by addressing the plight of forgotten and voiceless groups and controversial issues in an increasingly competitive world. This is particularly important because elections in democracies are affected by those who vote; thus, historically, some groups are marginalized in democracies due to a lack of participation, stigmatization, and trust [272]. Rationale and focus: Tangible value Although it is difficult for many of the abovementioned intangible factors to have monetary value, this paper relies on the social and mass media effects of monarchy to evaluate its economic tangible value. Advertisement via media has been a human endeavor since papyrus was employed as a form of mass media to promote commercial pitches in ancient Egypt [273]. Newspaper advertising has been the cornerstone of such publications since the 17 th century in London [274]. Advertising has been used effectively to transfer information and change attitudes, norms, and social behavior. As a science, advertising plays a tremendous role not only in helping companies sell products but also, when used effectively, in changing election results [275]. Mass media by governments can also play a critical role in influencing public opinions linked to public health and issue such as smoking, cholesterol control and opioid misuse [276-278]. Although advertising has historically revolved around newspapers, TV and radio, the recent milestones of social media over the years have created new media. The potential for social networking sites to reach every household has increased tremendously, with over 3.5 billion users [279]. For instance, Facebook now has more than 2.2 billion users, while Google’s reach has become more astounding, with more than one billion monthly active users [273]. Instagram is the next largest social networking site, with over 1 billion active monthly users, while the number of active users of YouTube has reached 2 billion [279]. Newer forms of social media networking sites, such as Snapchat, remain popular with younger populations, while LinkedIn, Google+, WhatsApp and Pinterest reach different audiences [280]. Therefore, a closer examination of how traditional mass media outreach and new online social media engagement have been used by monarchs as a positive force for the common good to change the world in recent years is needed. By relying on social media accounts (YouTube and X) and newspaper coverage (newspapers, magazines, and other articles), the popularity, outreach and engagement of the head of the Commonwealth are economically assessed. This economic evaluation involves assigning a dollar value in the form of tangible benefits that the royal family generates via various diplomatic missions, charity work, military engagement, and speeches as a positive force for good for the Commonwealth versus the cost of running the royal household for UK taxpayers. Intangible benefits, such as ensuring the smooth transfer of power after elections, the prevention of coups, continuity, peace, political stability, economic stability, being a unifying force, being a defender of faiths, and military links, are not part of the benefits but form part of the discussion. Methods Sampling The sample includes social media views of, comments on, and likes of the coronations, marriages, and funerals of Queen Elizabeth II, Prince Philip, King Charles III, Queen Camilla, and other members of the royal family via YouTube. Furthermore, all channels linked to the royal family are quantitatively analyzed via YouTube in terms of the total number of views. The social media activity of the royal family’s X account and the Prince/Princess of Wales on X is analyzed for the period from April 15 to May 15 (2023) to estimate the annual social media influence (e.g., total annual tweets, number of comments, reposts, and likes). The tangible value of social media outreach and influence provides the average effects of the royal Family’s social media outreach since the accounts were created (e.g., April 2009 for the royal family and September 2014 for the Prince/Princess of Wales). In addition, the mass media coverage of members of the royal family via the Canadian Newsstream database is quantitatively analyzed (e.g., number of mass media articles mentioning members of the royal family) by using the names of all members of the royal family in the search query (e.g., Queen Elizabeth II, the Duke of Edinburgh, Prince Philip, King Charles III, Queen Camilla, Princess Diana, Prince William, Princess Catherine, Prince Harry, the Duchess of Sussex, Meghan, Princess Ann, Sir Timothy Laurence, Prince Andrew, Sarah, Duchess of York, Prince Edward, the Duchess of Edinburgh, Sofie, Princess Alexandra, Prince Michael, Princess Michael of Kent, Prince Edward, the Duchess of Kent, Katharine, Prince Richard and the Duchess of Gloucester, Birgitte). Material To effectively analyze the data, three types of materials are considered: 1) the ProQuest Canadian Newsstream database (formerly the Canadian Newsstand Complete); 2) YouTube; and 3) X. 1 The Canadian Newsstream database via the ProQuest web interface was selected because it is the biggest magazine, newspaper and article-based data archive in Canada (e.g., the database hosts approximately 300 unique newspapers and magazines). Moreover, this platform can provide a time range that dates to the 1970s, which is unique compared to other archives [281, 282]. In addition, the ProQuest Canadian Newsstream database not only provides access to private and publicly funded material (e.g., the National Post and CBC News) but also captures many smaller, rural, and sometimes independent local media sources [282]. 2 The YouTube social media platform was chosen because YouTube is a growing video-sharing platform that enhances and facilitates users’ viewing and allows likes, comments, and shares of uploaded videos [283, 284]. YouTube has become the second most visited website in the world, linked to more than 2 billion monthly visitors [285]. It is estimated that “one billion hours of video content are watched each day on YouTube”, and consequently, many companies and firms are spending large amounts of capital on promotions and advertisements [285]. Video advertising investment and marketing have reached more than $130 billion in the U.S. alone [286]. 3 X, formally known as Twitter, was chosen because this social media platform allows the instantaneous sharing of videos, photos, news, and events while enhancing users’ experience by permitting comments, likes and sharing within a social network of followers and following members [287]. Founded in 2006, X now has more than 350 million active users, while more than 1 billion people have visited the site [287]. Today, more than 46% of businesses use X as a form of advertising, while X remains one of the top social media tools used by marketers [288]. Analysis Mass media analysis The database of the Canadian Newsstream was examined using a date range of more than 50 years (e.g., 1970-2023). The data analyses pertained to the names of the royal family and involved Canadian newspapers, magazines, blogs, podcasts, websites, wire feeds‎, trade journals‎ and reports covering the past 50 years. Social media analysis 1 The royal family’s YouTube social media accounts: 1-The royal family channel and 2-the royal family were qualitatively analyzed by noting the number of views, the dates, and the total number of videos in each channel. The dates for the royal family channel are shown in Tables below. The quantitative analysis included assigning a dollar value via mathematical models to the value of engagement/outreach/influence as a positive force for good. 2 The royal family’s accounts on X: 1-The royal family (@RoyalFamily) and 2-the Prince and Princess of Wales (@KensingtonRoyal) were quantitatively analyzed (e.g., the total number of tweets, likes, comments and reposts) for a month (April 15-May 15, 2023). The total amount of X influence for the royal family was estimated based on the inception of the accounts while projecting the upper (20%) and lower bound (20%) estimates based on the sensitivity analysis. Cost of the royal household The cost of running the royal household is determined based on the sovereign’s annual payments according to the standard financial equation: where is the total cost of the monarchy, i is a standard 10% interest rate, P is the total security cost, q is the annual salary, and N is the estimated 25-year maintenance/repair cost of palaces, gardens, and National Trust/collections (e.g., paintings, sovereign’s jewelry, treasures, and foreign dignitary gifts). This mathematical model is derived from the previous literature, where the cost of maintenance and staff salaries needed to be estimated using the standard financial equation [289]. Table 1 contains all the items for the models above and below. Based on the model above, the cost of the royal household for UK taxpayers is estimated to be US$23.9 million per year. The sensitivity analysis of 20% represents upper and lower estimates. [insert Table 1 here] Benefits of the royal household To estimate the benefits of the royal household, this study relied on previous mathematical models employed in the literature [292]. The mathematical models facilitate the addition of each compounding factor’s benefits (e.g., mass media (newspapers) and social media [X & YouTube]). The benefit for each social media scenario was operationalized as the benefit per weighted total additional engagement by social media users. Additional engagement on X (Twitter) by the audience was calculated as the number of likes, comments, and views at baseline, in addition to the number of followers [292]. For YouTube, only the number of views was considered in addition to the number of subscribers. For the mass media, only the total numbers of articles, newspapers, magazines, and all other articles were considered. Based on Clayforth et al. [296], additional engagement on X was weighted equally to reflect the level of effort required by each action. The weighting techniques used in previously published work were followed in the current analysis to estimate the total effects of social and mass media. The second model, as shown below, accounts for the number of subscribers and other variables linked to X (Twitter). x represents the number of followers, a represents likes, b represents comments, c represents the viewer count, m represents the number of posts, n represents the number of retweets, and d represents the odds ratio of impact/return on investment for potential dollars. The third model shown below represents the benefit estimation linked to the total YouTube accounts linked to the royal family. y represents the total number of subscribers, e represents the total number of views, l represents the total number of videos, and d represents the odds ratio of impact for potential dollars. The fourth model shown below estimates the potential benefits of the mass media impact of the royal family. z represents the total number of English speakers in Canada, g represents the total number of newspaper articles written about the royal family, h is the total number of magazine articles written about the royal family, j is all other articles written about the royal family, and k is the odds ratio of impact for every dollar spent. The fifth model is the total weighted estimates of all models. is the weighted total benefit ratio of X (Twitter), is the total benefit ratio of YouTube, and À is the total benefit ratio of the mass media. Sensitivity analysis The sensitivity analysis involved estimating the upper and lower values for X. The sensitivity analysis was important for X because in each year, there could be increases and decreases in the views due to marriages, funerals, or coronations, while some years would have no significant major events. Therefore, a 20% value is utilized for the annual estimations of X for the sensitivity analysis. The Canadian Newsstream database also may have captured the same articles during the systematic search. Consequently, a 30% sensitivity value is used for the upper and lower limit values. Validity and reliability Similar to qualitative and quantitative research, validity and reliability are important in economic evaluations because the reliability and validity of the results are linked to the mathematical model employed, while reliability is linked to the parameters utilized in the model. Eddy [297] concluded that “there is no simple and universally applicable procedure for validating a model”, and the model needs to be evaluated in the context of the costing report. Eddy [297] highlighted the importance of model transparency, the origin of the data, the clarity of the study’s inquiries, and the application of sensitivity analysis. Moreover, Buxton et al. [298] and Sheldon [299] highlighted the criteria that can be used to effectively assess model reliability: “(1) simplicity of the model; (2) transparency of the results; (3) quality of the data utilized; (4) sensitivity analysis usage to account for any uncertainties; and (5) comparing the model against other costing studies” [140]. The current study meets the criteria highlighted above because it relies on models that have not only been employed in similar contexts but also been simplified [289, 292]. The values and models employed in the current study are based on data collection and the internet. The source of each parameter is indicated in Table 1 with the appropriate references for clarity. Results Quantitative findings As shown in Table 1, most of the cost of the royal family is covered via the Duchy of Lancaster and the king’s personal wealth and income, which are a return on investment from properties and other resources passed down from generation to generation. Therefore, only a small portion of the cost is directly supported via taxpayers, the largest being the security cost of £100 million (US$126 million). This result is not surprising because many members of the royal family, such as Lord Mountbatten and his grandchildren, who died from terrorist attacks, and Princess Anne, who escaped a kidnapping, are the greatest targets of foreign adversaries, terrorists and criminal organizations [125, 300]. Both Queen Elizabeth and Prince Andrew have been approached by intruders in their residences in the past [301, 302]. However, this value in the model when the cost of repair and maintenance is considered becomes negligible where the total cost of the royal family is estimated to be £18.97 million (US$23.9 million). The social media impact of YouTube, as shown in Table 2, is significant, reaching 2.58 billion since the inception of both accounts, with only 6,953 video posts. [Insert Table 2 here] The total impact of X for the king and queen (the royal family) as seen in Table 3 was 51.20 billion, and that for the Prince and Princess of Wales was 34.12 billion, for a total combined value of 85.32 billion. [Insert Table 3 here] The total combined mass media articles linked to the royal family since the 1970s as seen Table 4 in English-based articles was 2,879,464 (μ = 73,832; σ = 152,884), with the highest volume of coverage occurring between 2010 and 2019, for a total of 1,100,891 articles. [Insert Table 4 here] Furthermore, the benefit‒cost ratio was estimated to be 7.443 trillion:1 because of the highly effective mode of social media outreach. Table 2 shows that the greatest impact was via Twitter and mass media (e.g., newspapers, journals, magazines, and other media). Qualitative findings The qualitative findings for X are reported as interesting trends. The most generated interest was linked to birthdays and coronations of members of the royal family during the one-month period noted above. Commonwealth-related items and visiting regions generated considerable interest and discussion during this period. For example, two birthday posts by the late queen generated 5.3 million views, 2,864 comments, 117,800 likes and 12,148 reposts. The birthday announcement of Prince Louis generated 3.8 million views, 2,700 comments, 79,200 likes, and 5,205 reposts. A post related to the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) generated 613,600 views, 244 comments, 9,731 likes and 1,004 reposts. Moreover, the Birmingham visit in 2023 by the Prince and Princess of Wales generated 649,600 views, 290 comments, 10,600 likes, and 977 reposts. The visit to the Aberfan Memorial Garden in Wales on April 28, 2023, generated 500,300 views, 234 comments, 13,300 likes and 1,178 reposts. A transit ride by the Prince and Princess of Wales generated 1 million views, 740 comments, 15,700 likes, and 1,827 reposts. Three days before the king’s coronation, the military rehearsal generated 1.7 million views, 1,196 comments, 25,900 likes, and 3,094 reposts. The reception for heads of state held by the king before the coronation generated 2 million views, 685 comments, 18,600 likes and 3,577 reposts. The flyover by jets on the coronation day generated 8.7 million views, 2,996 comments, 124,000 likes, and 14,500 reposts. The visit to the Tomb of the Unknown Warrior generated 1 million views, 222 comments, 19,000 likes and 1,576 reposts. The crowning of the king generated 14.5 million views, 2,763 comments, 48,500 likes, and 13,800 reposts, while the Crowned king and queen generated 11 million views, 5,985 comments, 89,800 likes and 8,105 reposts. Finally, related videos linked to the coronation, such as sewing for the coronation, generated 664,200 views, 395 comments, 8902 likes and 990 reposts. Discussion In recent years, there have been some anti-monarchist and republican sentiments in many European and non-European countries [303]. Some people see monarchies as undemocratic since monarchs are unelected, others see them as symbols of colonialism, while still others are concerned about the cost of monarchy as it relates to marriages, coronations, funerals, and royal households [304, 305]. For example, Assemblée nationale du Québec (Québec National Assembly/Parliament) voted unanimously to abolish the role of the lieutenant-governor, the crown’s symbolic/ceremonial representative, in Québec after the appointment of the first Indigenous person from Quebec to the role on the advice of the 23 rd prime minster of Canada [304]. The motto on Québec’s vehicle license plates, Je me souviens (‘I remember’), is a motto for remembering the history of colonialism of the Québécois Nation and its culture, language and heritage since the war of 1763, when Québec/New France was still under the French crown, King Louis XVI. A few years after the war of 1763, King Louis XVI and his wife were brutally beheaded via guillotine by revolutionaries in France, where the family could have potentially escaped to Québec or Acadia like King Charles II, who escaped to mainland Europe during his father’s execution by revolutionaries in the UK. Therefore, in the era of an increasingly globalized and interconnected world where past centuries of injustices, colonialism, and internal conflicts still affect national policies, public opinion and growing economic austerity, this study evaluated the economic benefits of a symbolic/ceremonial institution for taxpayers. The paper first considered the cost of running the royal household in a democracy and the potential economic benefits that the family brings to the nation in terms of advertisement (e.g., tourism, skilled immigrants, international students, diplomacy, and trade). While previous reports have estimated only the cost of monarchies in different Commonwealth nations, this study is the first to estimate the costs and benefits of a monarchy based on tangible value via social and mass media. The US$23.9 million estimated annual cost value leads to the amount of US$0.36 for each UK citizen as the direct cost per year. This estimate is far lower than other previously estimated annual costs. For example, the annual cost of the monarchy in the UK has been estimated at approximately £1.29 (US$1.61) for every person in the UK [207, 306]. The lower cost in this study is attributed to the mathematical model, which accounts for the cost of maintenance and repair as an investment rather than a direct cost to the taxpayer. In Canada, the cost linked to the governor general’s security and the sovereign’s visits to Canada has been estimated to be CAN$1.55 per Canadian [307]. Australia’s governor general costs tax payers AUS$25 million per year, which translates to $1 per Australian citizen [308]. New Zealand’s governor general also costs tax payers $7.6 million per year, which translates to NZ$1.49 per citizen [309]. Therefore, the findings of previous reports are in line with the current cost estimated in this analysis. When the cost-only estimates are compared to those of other nations that have monarchies, such as Spain, the monarchy costs only £8 million (US$12.3 million) or 0.26 cents per citizen annually to operate the institution [310]. When such estimates are placed alongside those for other nations that have abandoned their institutions or have presidential systems, such as Portugal, Finland, and Germany, the presidential office costs more than the Spanish monarchy [310]. The cost-effectiveness results can also be compared to those for other kingdoms, such as Luxembourg, Belgium, Denmark, and Sweden, where their institution is more cost-effective than Germany’s presidency [310]. As this study has shown, the tangible benefits of an institution as a brand of positive force for the greater common good far exceed the cost associated with the institution. The benefits become more significant when the social media influence of the royal household is estimated (7.443 trillion: 1). The sensitivity analysis also revealed different ranges, all within the expected values. Some recent reports and estimates have placed the monetary benefits of the monarchy as a royal “brand” at approximately £1.9 billion (US$2.9 billion), while others have suggested greater values of £28 and £67.5 billion (US$86 billion) per year [310-312]. Therefore, compared to such estimates, the current result of this study, 7.443 trillion, is similar because previous reports have neglected to comprehend the power of mass and social media in terms of the outreach of the royal family. Therefore, it can be easily concluded that the royal family has generated a quadrillion dollars for the global economy because of faster modes of transportation, radio, television and now social media. Therefore, constitutional monarchies remain the most cost-effective tool for preserving democracy, economic stability, and links to security while allowing closer bonds between nations in an increasingly challenging, volatile, and competitive world. As this research has discussed, the monarchy’s need for military exhibitions, power and financial expenditures centuries ago may have inadvertently contributed to the evolutionary process of economic efficiency and, ultimately, democracy because of the symbiotic relationships discussed earlier. As previous research has shown, democracy, economic prosperity and security are interlinked in a symbiotic relationship, and constitutional monarchy is the vital part of this connection that provides stability, continuity, the smooth transfer of power and an unbreakable link to security after each election in this continuing evolutionary process [140]. Constitutional monarchies’ connections to democracy and the economy’s evolutionary process have become more essential as many nations transition into a period of increasing hostilities, internal/external threats to democracy, economic uncertainty and the first era of the AI revolution. For example, in Canada, removing the monarch and its representatives as the ceremonial head of the federal or provincial government would necessitate constitutional amendments that would require all provinces to agree via unanimous votes by their legislative assemblies, and unanimous votes by the House of Commons and the Senate, in addition to meaningful Indigenous consultations [313, 314]. Furthermore, legally removing the crown as the ceremonial head of the federal and provincial governments would complicate previous historical Indigenous land and resource treaties, adding further complexities to an already challenging relationship. Finally, previous attempts to amend the constitution (e.g., the Meech Lake Accord) have been a dismal failure contributing to Québec’s sovereignty vote [315]. Kings and queens, unlike other heads of states in democracies remain in power for decades, giving their countries unique abilities in peace negotiations and free trade while also acting as ambassadors for their respective nations. While foreign ministers and diplomats are elected, appointed, and subsequently trained on the job (e.g., treatment of foreign dignitaries, proper protocols during foreign state visits, and national security issues), members of the royal family are raised from birth to act diplomatically while protecting the national interest. For example, a former Canadian foreign minister, Maxime Bernier, was removed due to the mishandling of top secrets, while the RCMP director general of intelligence was recently charged with espionage [316, 317]. While diplomatic missions are for a limited period of time and many on-the-job trainings are lost during diplomatic turnovers/elections, members of royal households can supplement valuable experience in every foreign visit and add public opinion victories for the greater good of humanity. These gains may not be feasible for a newly minted foreign minister/diplomat who is only concerned about the immediate national interest. For example, during his recent visit to New York for the United Nation’s annual world leader events, Prince William was able to raise environmental issues via an oyster reef restoration project in New York City as a supplement to his meeting at the UN with world leaders [224]. Swedish Crown Princess Victoria not only has served in the Swedish armed forces but also, like King Carl XVI Gustaf, has had diplomatic postings and training in various roles [215]. In addition, Prince Haakon, the Norwegian crown prince, like Norway’s King Harald V, has served in the armed forces of Norway and has been a Goodwill Ambassador for the United Nations [318, 319]. Finally, King Frederik X, like Queen Margrethe, not only served in the Danish armed forces but also has had various diplomatic posts, including the Danish UN mission in New York [320]. Therefore, the social networks of royal families formed over decades of diplomatic missions with current and former world leaders, in addition to nongovernmental organizations—such as the UN, NATO, the Commonwealth, the EU, the African Union, the Arab League, the Association of Southeast Asian Nations, the Association of Caribbean States, the Pacific Islands Forum, the Arctic Council, Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation, Organisation internationale de la Francophonie, Organization of Ibero-American States, and the Gulf Cooperation Council—allow nations to form closer partnerships, advocating for the environment, free trade and human rights while preventing economic instability and war. For example, many royal families worldwide have been advocating for environmental causes for decades, highlighting the importance of global environmental stewardship with important world leaders well before scientists’ call for action on global warming [321]. Recently, King Charles III hosted an international event highlighting the importance of environmental stewardship for the space scientific industry, “Astra Carta”, as a roadmap to a more sustainable framework for space exploration [322]. This is particularly important because King Charles III has advocated on behalf of the environment all his life despite the government’s cuts on environmental issues. The most recent U-turn on green cutbacks in 2023 by the UK government is in stark contrast to the royal family’s advocacy [323-325]. Prince William has followed in the king’s footsteps and plans to expand the Earthshot Prize—which he initiated—to highlight climate change issues into a global environmental movement to encourage Commonwealth governments to be more engaged in green sectors [326]. Moreover, many European monarchs have acknowledged the devastating effects of colonialism privately as the ceremonial heads of their governments, despite the limits of constitutions/governments placed on their roles not to be seen as political or as interfering in government affairs. or instance, King Charles III expressed his deepest sorrow for residential school survivors by stating in his last visit to Canada that “on behalf of my wife and myself, I want to acknowledge their suffering and to say how much our hearts go out to them and their families” [243]. The king has also acknowledged the sovereign’s great interest in Indigenous self-determinations by inviting and meeting personally with the Canadian delegation of Indigenous leaders amid his busy coronation schedule and by opening the royal historical records to researchers and academics for the first time in the recorded history of the UK [243, 327, 328]. He also met personally with the national organization for Inuit in Canada (president of Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami) at Buckingham Palace in London [225]. All European monarchs, including King Charles III and Prince William, require government approval before making any formal apologies, and thus far, the UK government believes that an apology is not the right way forward due to the legal and diplomatic implications for the UK as a country [243, 329]. Despite this issue, the royal family takes the history of colonialism “profoundly seriously” and currently supports an independent study on the royal family’s role in colonialism during the 17 th and 18 th centuries [329]. Moreover, King Charles III expressed his “greatest sorrow and regret” during his most recent visit to Kenya while stating that there was “no excuse” for the events of the past in Africa [330]. One shift in the monarchy under King Charles III’s reign has been his personal desire to make personal connections and meet with the leaders of Indigenous communities and Indigenous nations to affirm the multigenerational effects of colonialism on Indigenous people in Canada and elsewhere [243]. Recently, King Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands apologized on behalf of his government for the Dutch role in colonialism [331]. King Willem-Alexander further apologized on behalf of the Dutch people for past colonialism in South Africa during his official visit to the country [332]. Moreover, King Willem-Alexander commissioned a study on the Dutch royal family’s role in colonialism during the 17 th and 18 th centuries. Finally, King Philippe of Belgium sent a personal letter to Congolese President Félix Tshisekedi, conveying his “deepest regrets” for the past colonial acts committed against the Congolese people [333]. Such personal meetings, statements, or letters on behalf of ceremonial crowns can be translated as the changing dynamics of European nations and the EU, conciliation with their colonial legacy and the new era of patronship with an increasingly interconnected, multicultural, globalized, and multilinguistic world [333]. Furthermore, many European monarchs were forced to become refugees at various times throughout past centuries. Consequently, they not only understand the plight of asylum seekers, refugees, and immigrants from around the globe but also have lived experience. However, they are unable to intervene or express their views due to constitutional limits, government approval and possible political interference. For example, King Harald V was forced to depart Norway and become a refugee during the Nazi invasion/occupation of Norway, and Queen Wilhelmina and her family were also forced to leave the Netherlands to seek asylum during World War II [129, 130, 334]. King Charles II was forced to become a refugee in mainland Europe after his father’s execution in the UK. The crown prince of Iran, Reza II, became a political refugee in the United States after the family left Iran due to the king’s unwillingness to suppress political dissent and his cancer in 1979 [335]. Finally, Crown Prince Pavlos I (Paul I) of Greece has been in asylum in the UK and the US ever since King Constantine II left Greece to prevent civil war and free the country’s people from the rule of military juntas (Cage & Cage). Moreover, the role of the constitutional monarch as the ceremonial head of the armed forces and security establishment not only goes back to past centuries but also further provides continuity of the national interest, stability, duty, service and sacrifice, something that is not achievable with a limited-term president as the head of the state. For example, King Richard III was killed in battle, while recent members of the royal family have served in various military roles, capacities and conflicts defending the Commonwealth and common democratic values (e.g., Prince George, Duke of Kent [Queen Elizabeth II’s cousin]) made the ultimate sacrifice during the WWII in a plane crash while serving as an officer in the Royal Air Force during nonoperational duties; Prince Philip served as an officer in the Second World War in the Royal Navy, while Prince Harry served in the army in the war in Afghanistan) [336, 337]. All monarchs from around the world, including small European nations such as Monaco, Liechtenstein, and Luxembourg, have their crown prince or princess serve in the military and armed forces before taking on official palace duties to reinforce the unbreakable bond between the armed forces, the security establishment and the crown. The most recent examples are Princess Elisabeth and Prince Gabriel of Belgium, who completed and performed their military training at the Royal Military Academy in Brussel [241, 242]. The presumptive heir to the Spanish crown, Princess Leonor, started her military education at the General Military Academy in Zaragoza, Spain, because of her future leadership role as the commander in chief of the Spanish armed forces [338]. Finally, to reinforce the bond between duty, service and sacrifice and the crown’s unbreakable link with the armed forces and the Commonwealth, members of the royal family volunteer their time by remaining as the ceremonial head of many military regiments and units not only in Canada but also in Australia and New Zealand. In addition, King Charles III remains the ceremonial head of military for eight more countries in Central and North America (e.g., Antigua and Barbuda, the Bahamas, Belize, Jamaica, Grenada, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines) and three more in Oceania (Papua New Guinea, the Solomon Islands, and Tuvalu), allowing nations to form closer partnerships in military conflicts, humanitarian disasters and the increasing threats of global warming to many nations, including many island nations in the Caribbean and the Pacific. It is not surprising that the UK government has promised a radical plan of foreign aid specifically for climate change disasters for many island nations in the Caribbean, the Pacific and elsewhere [204]. This was critical during the Korean War, when many Commonwealth militaries fought for freedom and democracy in the Korean Peninsula against the armed wing of the Workers’ Party of Korea supported by the Red Army and the People’s Liberation Army (PLA) [339]. The importance of the Commonwealth of Nations and King Charles III as the ceremonial commander of many Commonwealth nations has become critical in the Pacific and the South China Sea, where many nations—including Australia, Canada, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Tuvalu, the Philippines and many others—have witnessed an increasingly hostile and unprofessional PLA disregard international law [340]. The PLA’s increasing militarization, assertiveness, and recklessness and Russia’s continuing occupation of eastern Ukraine have raised the possibility of another conflict or world war, a possibility that is now higher than ever [140, 341]. In effect, the U.S. Air Force has reclaimed an airfield that launched the first atomic bomb since the Second World War in the Pacific Ocean, while Sweden’s top military leaders have warned of potential war [169, 342]. Moreover, FBI Director Christopher A. Wray warned American lawmakers that “Chinese hackers are preparing to ‘wreak havoc’ on U.S. critical infrastructure” [343]. This warning echoes Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) Director William J. Burns’ warning that “President’s Xi’s growing repression at home and his aggressiveness abroad, from his ‘no limits’ partnership with Putin to his threats to peace and stability in the Taiwan Strait, are impossible to ignore” [344]. The 9 th German chancellor also wrote in the Wall Street Journal that many adversarial states are closely monitoring democracies’ resolve in eastern Ukraine to exploit divisions [345]. Consequently, once again, having a monarchy as the commander in chief allows many nations’ soldiers, sailors, and pilots to form closer bonds and connections and a common union of brother/sisterhood under the same oath to the crown to protect democracy, the economy, and the security/peace of the global ecosystem because instability and war in one part of the world ultimately affect everyone directly or indirectly [140]. Limitations There are a few limitations to the research presented. One of the disadvantages of this research is the limited scope of the data, which focused only on the Canadian Newsstream database, YouTube and X (Twitter) while neglecting other sources and, therefore, potentially underestimating the benefits of the royal family’s outreach. Moreover, the focus of the mass media, via the Canadian Newsstream database, is the Canadian context, potentially underestimating other articles in other countries, such as Antigua and Barbuda, Australia, the Bahamas, Belize, Jamaica, Grenada, New Zealand, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Papua New Guinea, the Solomon Islands, and Tuvalu, or other English-speaking news media (e.g., there are 88 countries/territories in which English is either an official or administrative language and there are an estimated 2 billion people who can speak English) [346]. In addition, the Canadian Newsstream database may not capture all Canadian content, such as celebrity magazines and other more local news organizations, potentially affecting the data. Additionally, the reliance on English-only content and news outlets underestimated the benefits in Canada, where French, Inuktitut and Inuinnaqtun are also official languages in Canada, Québec, and Nunavut. Relying on newspaper/print articles can also limit other sources of coverage, such as Google or Microsoft desktop news. In effect, it is estimated that over 300 million people access their daily news from Google, while a half billion people access Microsoft news monthly [347]. Moreover, Google and Microsoft news outlets cover news events that are not covered by the Canadian Newsstream database, which could contribute to the underestimation of cost‒benefit ratios [276]. Therefore, the role of sensitivity analysis in mass media estimation played a major role in the upper limit values. Social media platforms have broad appeal because people not only spend more time on their laptops and cellular devices but also rely on social media such as YouTube, Microsoft, Meta (Facebook, Instagram and WhatsApp) and Google Chrome products to access the latest news, stay connected with family/friends or play video games via the clustering of information on topics of interest [348]. However, this study neglected the effects of radio and television, which can be more significant than most traditional social media platforms [349]. Consequently, using a mixed method approach via machine learning/AI techniques combined with qualitative work may provide more accurate information on the influence of the royal family’s outreach. The model used for estimating benefits and costs considers the relationship as a linear model, whereas hypothetically, such relationships should be considered in a growth model where the point of saturation is ultimately reached. Therefore, a logistic model would have been a more realistic model. However, using the sensitivity analysis allowed a more relative estimation. Furthermore, leaving a like or making a comment on X (formerly Twitter) involves greater effort and commitment by the user. As these actions are more effortful and potentially more likely to prime the user to be influenced by the monarchy’s causes and charities ( 38 ), ideally, they should have received greater weight in the model. Additionally, while this study focused only on X and YouTube for data collection, other more popular social media networking sites were omitted. Across different social media platforms, such as Facebook, Instagram, Reddit, Snapchat, Twitch, LinkedIn, Reddit, Google+, WhatsApp and Pinterest, the number of daily users far exceeds hundreds of millions, and in the case of Facebook, it far exceeds 1 billion [287]. Moreover, many members of the royal family have dabbled in other more popular social media platforms, such as podcasts, to promote their charities, such as promoting reading or storytelling [350]. Therefore, neglecting the newer and ever-growing reach of mass/social media reduced the benefit‒cost ratio of the current research. In addition, some of the comments added to the social media impact of X could be attributed to bots, trolls, or people who may have left negative comments on the social media posts of the royal family [351, 352]. For instance, Princess Eugenie has been a target of negative and hateful comments by trolls, bots, and people on her private Instagram account [351]. Similarly, some social media platforms, such as X (formerly Twitter), have seen an unchecked rise in hateful content and conspiracy theories promoting antisemitism and islamophobia via trolls, bots and people promoting right-wing ideologies [353]. However, conducting the sensitivity analysis at 20% accounted for this variability in the data and the choice to neglect newer forms of social/mass media. Despite the benefits that the mass media have had for promoting the causes of the royal family and enhancing its public image worldwide, the royal family has been the target and the victim of the mass media, paparazzi, and photographers for many years [354]. For example, Princess Diana’s death can be directly linked to paparazzi, and her tragic death not only shocked the world but also traumatized the royal Family [355, 356]. Princess Diana’s sons, Prince William and Prince Harry, have also been the targets of paparazzi and the mass media for many years [357]. For instance, Prince William and Princess Catherine were photographed in a private residence while vacationing in France, and Prince Harry’s phone was hacked for many years by the mass media [357, 358]. Prince Harry’s wife, Meghan, has received the most negative publicity in the mass media due to her race, forcing her family to settle in the U.S. [359]. King Charles’s most intimate conversations with Queen Camilla were also hacked by the press [360]. Moreover, like any family, the royal family has been involved in scandals and controversies that may have placed the royals in a negative light [361]. Consequently, it was crucial to conduct a sensitivity analysis at 30% to ensure the capture of positive news while also negating the articles that may have been captured through other search queries in the Canadian Newsstream database. However, previous research has shown that scandals and negative news may not be harmful and can sometimes increase international interest in the royal family [362]. Moreover, it is plausible that data gathered via the Canadian Newsstream database may have captured the names of locations/streets/schools linked to the royal family in Canada. Therefore, using the sensitivity analysis at 30% gives the paper more reliability given the potential limits of the mass media data gathered. Some of the tangible benefits discussed in this paper, such as media outreach in the form of advertisement, can be evaluated by monetary value; other potential benefits, such as the smooth transfer of power during elections, being a unifying force, the diplomatic role during trade/peace-building, being the defender of all faiths, advocacy on behalf of disadvantaged groups, being a unifying power as the head of the armed forces and economic/political stability, cannot be evaluated via tangible benefits. For example, King Charles III hosted a reception at St. James's Palace to aid in Ukraine’s recovery and to allow top diplomats to discuss important military and strategic issues [363]. In effect, the stability, continuity, and independence that monarchies offer in ensuring the preservation of democracy and, thus, the economy are the most valuable benefits of such a system of government and are arguably the most challenging to assign a monetary value to. Finally, while constitutional monarchies are a stable, efficient, and cost-effective system of government that contributes to political and economic stability, instances in which the monarch or the monarch’s representative have intervened in the political system beyond the allocated limits allowed under the constitution have had devastating economic, political, legal, and international implications. For example, King Charles I’s intervention in government affairs not only caused a civil war but also ultimately contributed to the execution of the king in 1649 after a fair trial [364]. Shortly after the execution of the king, Great Britian became a republic until the death of Oliver Cromwell and the 1660 restoration of the monarchy [364]. Moreover, in Australia, the governor general’s direct intervention sacking a prime minister contributed to the Australian constitutional crisis of 1975 [365]. Therefore, the symbiotic relationship between the crown, democracy, security, and the economy is like a tertiary tooth intervention [366]. For example, if the tooth preparation for all ceramic crowns or metal ceramic crowns, the specificities (e.g., angles, measurements, and heights) and other preparation requirements are not followed by the dentist, the tooth will fracture under the occlusal load of the patient, or the life cycle of the prepared tooth’s crown will be shortened [367]. Similarly, if the crown or its representatives fail to follow the guidelines provided under the constitution, disregard the rule of law, accept bribes, or intervene in the functioning of politicians, judges, and state representatives, the final product (e.g., democracy, security, and the economy) will fracture and suffer severe consequences under the imbalance created in the homeostasis of the ecosystem because of the symbiotic relationships between democracy, economy, and security [140]. Both the political/democratic system and the economic system are driven and governed by the laws of efficiency, like the functioning of the human body, and any interference could cause imbalances that will affect jobs, markets, and political stability [140]. For example, political elections are driven by the desire for power, and each election cycle determines the most efficient politicians/parties/leaders, while economies are driven by the need to generate wealth [140]. Conclusions In the era of increasing conflicts, economic uncertainty, mass migration, internal and external election interference by malignant actors and humanitarian disasters caused by global warming/war, we need a constitutional/ceremonial form of monarchy more than ever because monarchies are extremely cost-effective, they contribute to the stability needed for the economy to thrive and, as the recent political unrest and storming of the Capitol after the 2020 U.S. presidential election demonstrated, the monarch’s ceremonial role in ensuring the smooth transfer of power after each election prevents the possibility of unrest/possible collaboration of politicians with the security establishment for a coup and potential future legal, political, and security ramifications. As previous research has highlighted, democracy, like a living body/cell, is fragile and has a symbiotic relationship with the economy and security in an ecosystem [140]. The ceremonial but irreplaceable role of the monarch not only prevents instability/coups/disorder/chaos (e.g., 2023 Niger’s military coup) but also prevents internal conflicts, security ramifications, potential economic uncertainty, and the potential collapse of democracy/homeostasis [140]. This is particularly crucial in the current competitive globalized economy where political instability, potential power vacuums and the rapidly changing political/cultural/economic landscape due to the first AI revolution could have devastating consequences for the economy, jobs, the rule of law and markets when the crown’s irreplaceable role is abandoned. The rapidly changing political/cultural/economic landscape has already emerged, as evident in the 2016 U.S. elections and the 2023 Slovak elections, where hacking, social media fake news, videos, and AI can be utilized efficiently and effectively to change public opinions toward candidates who have more favorable policies and platforms that may benefit an adversarial state without the need to invade a democracy [161]. Regrettably, a few countries in the Caribbean are showing an increasing willingness to abandon the ceremonial constitutional form of monarchy due to the previous history of colonialism. However, in the era of increasing threats to democracy, isolationism, ultra-nationalism and separatism may place nations at increasing risk of vulnerability to their democracy, economy and security in the 21 st century, especially in the era of an interconnected, multicultural, multifaith and multinational world [368-370]. Rather, isolationism, separatism, and regionalism and removing a nation’s ceremonial, historical and social network/human connection to other continents only make countries, nations, regions, and the world more vulnerable to the challenges of global warming, mass migration, election interference, political and economic instability, and future world hostilities due to the potential collapse of democracies and rule of law as observed in Hong Kong and elsewhere. This is particularly true because unlike other forms of government (presidential), ceremonial constitutional monarchy is less prone to vulnerabilities (e.g., coups) that may place a democracy at risk of collapse due to the fragility of democratic systems. This is especially significant for political leaders who are elected once or twice and who happen to have authoritarian, dictatorial, cunning, exploitative, egocentric, and manipulative tendencies that erode the rule of law (e.g., imprisonment of their opponents, political assassinations, and election meddling). Additionally, their relentless attacks on the freedom of the press and the powerless in society may fracture fragile democracy and distort the symbiotic relationship and the balance between democracy, the economy, and security, as seen in the dominance of the Nazi party in Germany, Vladimir Putin in Russia, the supreme leader in Iran, and the rise of a few socialist governments in South and Central America (e.g., Fidel Castro and Hugo Chavez) who intend to challenge the symbiotic relationship between economic efficiency, democracy and security. In an increasingly interconnected globalized economy, the collapse of a democracy in another corner of the world could have ripple effects on other continents, weaken other nations’ economies and ultimately affect other democracies because of the symbiotic homeostasis relationship discussed earlier [140]. The continuing Russian aggression and occupation in eastern Ukraine have been a more recent example where the economic consequences of this senseless, cruel, and evil war have been felt in every corner of the world, in ways ranging from higher food prices that have contributed to inflation to the consequent higher interest rates that have caused higher mortgage/car loan payments as well as war crimes committed against the civilian population [249, 371]. The ultimate objectives of such aggressions are to weaken the established international norms and create disorder, hopelessness and chaos that not only affect democracies—because of the symbiotic relationship between the economy and security/peace of the global ecosystem—but also create a state of lawlessness, chaos, and disregard for international norms via war, aggressive/unprofessional military actions and military conflicts, which could prolong a dictator’s survival by diverting public opinions inside their own borders [140]. Most viruses, bacteria, fungi, and cell mutations that contribute to cancer thrive not only when the body’s ecosystem is under stress but also when the body’s immune system/ecosystem is weakened [372]. Similarly, dictators, tyrants and terrorists emerge, resurface, and thrive when world economies are weakened or when there is political instability, disorder, a power vacuum, a lack of continuity, weakened rule of law, a lack of military alliances, a weakened military/security establishment, rapid/quick political/economic change, chaos, and election interference, as seen in the emergence of the Bolshevik and Nazi regimes after the First World War. Recent diplomatic cables by the U.S. government have reiterated the increasingly active role of some adversarial states and their agents to create instability globally in many democratic societies not only to portray their elections as “dysfunctional”, “problematic”, “stolen” or “unfair” but also to confirm the elected governments/leaders as illegitimate and fake to incite fear, hopelessness, and a lack of confidence among citizens in these democracies. Thus, such actions potentially weaken not only democratic countries’ economies but also their security and military alliances [145, 146]. Like viruses and bacteria, where the ultimate goal is to reproduce and take over the host’s mechanism, the ultimate goal of a dictator, tyrant, and terrorist is to take over democracies and destroy the homeostasis of the world. In the process, both the virus and the dictator also destroy themselves because without a body/host/country/the world, no one can survive. Recent military alliances and the assistance of democracies to other allied countries are indications that staying united, connected, engaged, and interlinked can prevent greater human tragedies and potential ripple effects on the global ecosystem (e.g., the economy, security, and democracy) [145, 373]. Many adversarial states are increasingly becoming united and proactive in prolonging their collective survival, creating disorder and chaos, undermining trust in democracies/elections, and disregarding the international norms that have kept peace since the Second World War through their direct challenges to the symbiotic ecosystem of the world [374]. As the ceremonial heads of governments, kings and queens allow many nations to go beyond short-term national interests, ultra-nationalism, regionalism, isolationism, separatism and petty politics and to remain connected and interlinked and to challenge the global issues that have become existential threats to humanity, such as potential military conflicts, global warming, malignant election interference, preventable diseases, famine, access to clean water, education, human rights, mass migration and international disasters, united as a global community. The monarchies of the 21 st century (either constitutional or in other forms) allow many nations and continents to stay connected while forming closer bonds militarily, culturally, economically, and scientifically that go above and beyond national/regional politics, religion, language, ethnicity, and culture. In effect, the royal families of Africa, East Asia, Europe, Oceania and the Pacific, the Caribbean, the Middle East, and Central and North America have become an integral part of the “soft power strategy” in an increasingly interconnected, multireligious, multinational, multicultural, and multilinguistic world [113]. As discussed earlier, nations that have abandoned their crowns/monarchs/shahs/emirs via “revolutions”, assassinations, beheadings, or elections have witnessed long-term economic insecurity, turmoil, chaos, terrorism, and civil wars. Moreover, the people who ultimately replaced the crown—as the life-time-president, general, leader, supreme leader, emperor, and other titles—have become dictators/tyrants, placing the world at risk of many conflicts and wars. After all, it seems that kings and queens not only belong to the fairy tales, movies, holy books and oral histories but also belong to the world where they play an increasingly cost-effective and essential role in ensuring the smooth transfer of power after each election while preserving the essential symbiotic relationship of the ecosystem between the economy, democracy, and security (e.g., property rights, rule of law, ensuring higher standards of living and preventing internal and external disorder/chaos). Therefore, monarchies give a competitive edge to their nations in an increasingly globalized, ever-changing, and volatile world while acting as a positive force for the greater common good in their advocacy for world peace, human rights, the environment, and the survival of human beings into the next century due to the increasing interconnectedness of the economy and security of the global ecosystem. Consequently, it is recommended that a supreme council of kings and queens be established for annual meetings to give greater weight and voice to issues that monarchs and their representatives (e.g., governor generals) think are facing humanity, such as global warming, famine, rising inequality, war and access to clean water. This council should include the pope, the Dalai Lama, and past living U.S. presidents. List Of Abbreviations OPEC: the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries UAE: the United Arab Emirates UK: the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland AI: the artificial intelligence NATO: the North Atlantic Treaty Organization CSIS: The Canadian Security Intelligence Service FBI: The Federal Bureau of Investigation pH: potential of hydrogen ions), ATP: adenosine triphosphate RCMP: the Royal Canadian Mounted Police PLA: the People’s Liberation Army CIA: Central Intelligence Agency Declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate This study uses secondary data available on the World Wide Web. Therefore, no ethics approval was needed. Consent for publication Not applicable Availability of data and materials Not applicable Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Funding No funding was received. Authors’ contributions EJ and PJ are the sole contributing authors. PJ worked on the data collection, and EJ worked on the analysis and design of the study. Both authors contributed to writing and approving the manuscript. Acknowledgements Javad Jozaghi’s contribution to this manuscript is acknowledged. Authors’ information Ehsan Jozaghi, Ph.D., is a DMD student at the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C., Canada. Pouria Jozaghi is a law student (LLB) at James Cook University, Townsville City, Queensland, Australia (email: [email protected] ). References Anckar C. Constitutional monarchies and semi-constitutional monarchies: a global historical study, 1800–2017. Contemp Politics. 2021;27:23-40. Guillén MF. Symbolic unity, dynastic continuity, and countervailing power: monarchies, republics, and the economy. Social Forces. 2018;97:607-48. Kailitz S. Classifying political regimes revisited: legitimation and durability. Democratization. 2013;20:39-60. Magaloni B. Credible power-sharing and the longevity of authoritarian rule. 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The Independent. 2023. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/prince-william-ap-prince-of-wales-britain-singapore-b2443633.html. Accessed 8 Nov 2023. Brown C. King Charles's predecessors abetted the slave trade, and research aims to show what they knew. CBC News. 2023. https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/king-charles-ancestors-slave-. Accessed 29 Dec 2023. Stefanovich O. National Indigenous leaders hope to renew relationship with Crown after meeting King Charles. CBC News. 2023. https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/national-indigenous-leaders-head-to-coronation. Accessed 4 May 2023. Coughlan S. History of slavery continues to haunt British royals. BBC News. 2023. https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-67150357. Accessed 28 Oct 2023. Coughlan S, Soy A. King Charles says 'no excuse' for Kenya colonial violence. BBC News. 2023. https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-67273676. Accessed 31 Oct 2023. Sario DF. Dutch king makes historic apology for his country’s colonial past. 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Accessed 18 Nov 2023. Suter T. US issues dire warning to North Korea on nuclear threat. The Hill. 2023. https://thehill.com/policy/defense/4363955-us-issues-dire-warning-to-north-korea-on-nuclear-threat/. Accessed 16 Dec 2023. Lendon B. US Air Force to reclaim Pacific airfield that launched atomic bombings as it looks to counter China. CNN. 2023. https://www.cnn.com/2023/12/22/asia/us-air-force-pacific-tinian-island-airfield-intl-hnk-ml/index.html. Accessed 21 Dec 2023. Rabinowitz S, Lyngaas H. FBI director warns that Chinese hackers are preparing to ‘wreak havoc’ on US critical infrastructure. CNN. 2024. https://www.cnn.com/2024/01/31/politics/china-hacking-infrascture-fbi-director-christopher-wray/index.html. Accessed 31 Jan 2024. Burns WJ. Spycraft and statecraft: transforming the CIA for an age of competition. Foreign Affairs. 2024. https://www.foreignaffairs.com/united-states/cia-spycraft-and-statecraft-william-burns. Accessed 30 Jan 2024. Scholz O. 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Queen Camilla is launching her own podcast to encourage reading and featuring guests including Joanna Lumley and Ian Rankin. The Daily Mail. 2023. https://www.dailymail.co.uk/femail/article-12867539/Queen-Camilla-launching-podcast-encourage-reading-featuring-guests-including-Joanna-Lumley-Ian-Rankin.html. Accessed 15 Dec 2023. Chiorando M. Princess Eugenie reveals fear of online trolls means she checks her social media posts with 'about five people' before publishing them. Daily Mail. 2023. https://www.dailymail.co.uk/femail/article-12661123/Princess-Eugenie-reveals-fear-online-trolls-means-checks-social-media-posts-five-people-publishing-them.html. Accessed 23 Oct 2023. Gilani Z, Farahbakhsh R, Crowcroft J. Do bots impact Twitter activity? In: Proceedings of the 26th international conference on world wide web companion. Perth, Australia: International World Wide Web Conferences Steering Committee; 2017. p. 781-2. Montpetit J. Bell Media, Angus Reid and other Canadian brands halt ads on X amid extremism concerns. CBC News. 2023. https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/canadian-brands-advertising-x-extremism-1.7055823. Accessed 12 Dec 2023. Samuelson K. The Princess and the Paparazzi: how Diana’s death changed the British media. Time. 2017. https://time.com/4914324/princess-diana-anniversary-paparazzi-tabloid-media/. Accessed 27 Aug 2017. Balakrishnan A. The press pack that chased Diana. The Guardian. 2008. https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2008/apr/07/paparazzi. Accessed 7 Apr 2008. Olivennes H. Prince Harry says he sought counseling over his mother’s death. The New York Times. 2017. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/17/world/europe/uk-prince-harry-death-princess-diana.html. Accessed 17 Apr 2017. BBC. Prince Harry settles phone hacking claim with mirror group. 2024. https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-68249009. Accessed 9 Feb 2024. Willsher K. Court awards Duchess of Cambridge damages over topless photos. The Guardian. 2017. https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2017/sep/05/topless-photos-of-duchess-of-cambridge-were-invasion-of-privacy. Accessed 5 Sep 2017. Lang C. The Core Message of Meghan and Harry’s Oprah Interview: Racism Drove Us From the Royal Family. Time. 2021. https://time.com/5944613/meghan-markle-oprah-racism/. 1 March, 2023. Taylor E. Inside Camillagate, the illicit phone call between Charles and Camilla that rocked the world. Vogue. 2022. https://www.vogue.com/article/camillagate-illicit-phone-call-rocked-the-world. Accessed 9 Nov 2022. Davison J. King Charles to acknowledge 'painful' history on state visit to Kenya. CBC News. 2023. https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/king-charles-kenya-sophie-ethiopia-the-crown-season-six-1.7002820. Accessed 22 Oct 2023. Money RB, Shimp TA, Sakano T. Celebrity endorsements in Japan and the United States: is negative information all that harmful? J Advert Res. 2006;46:113. The Royal Family. The King hosts a reception ahead of the Ukraine recovery conference. 2023. https://www.royal.uk/news-and-activity/2023-06-21/the-king-hosts-a-reception-ahead-of-the-ukraine-recovery-conference. Accessed 21 Jun 2023. Palgrave RF. The execution of king Charles I. R United Serv Inst J. 1901;45:1-6. Howard C. The constitutional crisis of 1975. Aust Q. 1976;48:5-25. Brocklehurst P, Williams L, Hoare Z, Goodwin T, McKenna G, Tsakos G, et al. Strategies to prevent oral disease in dependent older people. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019;2019:CD012402. Ritter AV. Sturdevant's art & science of operative dentistry-e-book. London: Elsevier Health Sciences; 2017. Le Mond. Jamaica and Belize consider becoming republics ahead of King Charles' coronation. 2023. https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2023/05/04/jamaica-and-belize-consider-becoming-republics-ahead-of-king-charles-coronation_6025461_4.html. Accessed 4 May 2023. Shah S. These are the countries that could drop King Charles III as sovereign next. Time. 2023. https://time.com/6276105/king-charles-iii-coronation-monarchy-caribbean/. Accessed 1 May 2023. Wilkinson B. Two more Caribbean countries increase pace to become republics. New York: Amsterdam News. 2023. https://amsterdamnews.com/news/2023/05/11/belize-grenanda-republic/. Accessed 11 May 2023. UN Human Rights Commission. War crimes, indiscriminate attacks on infrastructure, systematic and widespread torture show disregard for civilians, says UN Commission of Inquiry on Ukraine. 2023. https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2023/03/war-crimes-indiscriminate-attacks-infrastructure-systematic-and-widespread Accessed 16 Mar 2023. Suardi C, Cazzaniga E, Graci S, Dongo D, Palestini P. Link between viral infections, immune system, inflammation and diet. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18:2455. Espiner T, Sherman N. JP Morgan's Jamie Dimon warns world facing 'most dangerous time in decades'. BBC News. 2023. https://www.bbc.com/news/business-67104734. Accessed 13 Oct 2023. Daniels J. Putin has assembled an axis of autocrats against Ukraine. Foreign Policy. 2023. https://foreignpolicy.com/2023/03/03/putin-russia-china-iran-ukraine-autocrats/. Accessed 3 Mar 2023. Tables Table 1. Variables and the sources utilized for the model. Varibales Value Note Total annual cost of monarchy ( ñ ) £18.97 million (US$23.9 million) (US$28.4; US$19.5) Calculated from the model Standard interest rate ( i ) 10% Irwin et al. [289] Total annual security cost ( p ) £100 million (US$126 million) (US$151.2 million; US$100.8 million)* Pegg and Evans [290] Total annual salary cost of instution, staff and other costs ( q ) £86.3 m3m (US$109 million) (US$130.8 million; US$87.2million)* Coughlan [291] Estimated 25-year maintenance/repair cost of the palaces, gardens, and the national trust/collections ( N ) £34.5 m5m (US$43 million) (US$51.6 million; US$34.4 million)* Coughlan [291] Represents the number of followers ( x ) 8,536,292 (10,243,550; 6,829,034)* Estimated via data collection Likes count in one year ( a ) 45,839,688 (55,007,626; 36,671,750)* Estimated via data collection Comments count in one year ( b ) 1,304,316 (1,565,179; 1,043,453)* Estimated via data collection Viewer count in one year( c ) 3,359,665,200 (4,031,588,240; 2,687,732,160)* Estimated via data collection Estimated total post in one year ( m ) 4,350 (5,220; 3,480)* Estimated via data collection Estimated number of retweets in one year ( o ) 5,173,032 (6,207,638; 4,138,426)* Estimated via data collection Odds ratio of impact/return on investment for potential dollars ( d ) 1.93 (1.54; 2.36)* Allom et al. [292]; Tsaltskan et al. [293] Total impact of twitter ( ß ) US$15.1 quadrillion (US$18 quadrillion; US$12 quadrillion) Calculated from the model Total number of views in one year ( e ) [Year 2022 for @royal Channel + 2021 for @The Royal Family Channel] 318.548 million (382.258 million; 254.838 million)* Estimated via data collection Total number of videos in one year ( I ) [Year 2022 + 2021] 848 (1,018; 678)* Estimated via data collection Total number of subscribers for both channels ( y ) 4.56 million Estimated via data collection Total Impact of YouYube (ē) US$753 trillion (US$755 trillion; US$739 trillion) Calculated from the model Total number of English speakers in Canada ( z ) 27,600,000 Statistics Canada [294] Total number of newspapers written about the Royal Family in one year( g ) [Total/53 years] 35,241 (45,813; 24,669)* Estimated via data collection Total number of magazines written about the Royal Family in one year ( h ) [Total/53 years] 49 (64; 34)* Estimated via data collection Other articles written about the Royal Family in one year ( j ) [Total artilces/ / 53 years] 161,062 (209,381; 112,743)* Estimated via data collection Odds ratio of impact for every dollar spent ( k ) 0.0028 (2.8% odds ratio for every $1000 spent) (0.0036; 0.002)* Farrelly et al. [295] Total impact of Mass media in one year ( À ) US$1.94 quadrillion (US$1.97 quadrillion; US$1.89 quadrillion) Calculated from the model Total annual benefits of mass and social media (ø) US$17.79 quadrillion ($US 20.3 quadrillion;US$14.63 quadrilliom)* Calculated from the model Benefit-to-cost-ratio 7.443 trillion : 1 (7.148 trillion : 1; 7.53 trillion: 1)* *Numbers in parentheses represent the upper and lower limits of the sensitivity analysis Table 2. YouTube impact of the royal family’s accounts. Views Number of Videos @Royal Channel @The Royal Family Channel @Royal Channel @The Royal Family Channel 2022 313.613 million 791 2021 No data collection 4.935 million (μ = 87,000 ; σ = 172,000) No data collection 57 2020 No data collection 5.345 million (μ = 70,330 ; σ = 163,770) No data collection 76 2019 No data collection 4.199 million (μ = 72,396 ; σ = 157,429) No data collection 58 2018 No data collection 7.919 million (μ =111,535; σ = 440,804) No data collection 71 Total 313.613 million (μ =396,000 ; σ = 1.927 million) 22.398 million (μ = 85,315 ; σ = 233,501) 791 262 Total Views 336.011 million Total Videos 1053 (μ= 429) Number of years since the creation of account 14 17 Total estimation since the creation of account 2.3 billion 281.580 million 5,589 1,364 Total views since inception for both accounts 2.58 billion Total videos since inception for both accounts 6,953 Table 3. Impact of X (formerly Twitter) accounts operated by the royal family. Post Views Comments Likes Re-Tweets Total impact The King & the Queen one month data 224 204,358,900 (μ = 912,317 ; σ = 1,757,557) 81,060 (μ = 362; σ = 755) 2,551,992 (μ = 11,393; σ = 17,907) 293,194 (μ = 1,309 ; σ = 2032) 207,285,146 The Prince and the Princess of Wales one month data 66 75,613,200 (μ = 1,145,655 ; σ = 1,332,558) 27,633 (μ = 419 ; σ = 655) 1,267,982 (μ = 19,213; σ = 23,358) 137,892 (μ = 2,089; σ = 5,093) 77,046,707 Total impact for both accounts in one month 290 (a single year = 4,350) 279.972 million (a single year = 3.360 billion) 108,693 (a single year = 1.304 million) 3.820 million (a single year = 45.840 million) 431,086 (a single year = 5.173 million) 284.332 milion (a single year = 3.412 billion) King & Queen: Total estimation (15 years since account creation) 65,250 50.395 billion 19.565 million 687.595 million 77.596 million 51.20 billion Prince & Princess: Total estimation (10 years since account creation) 43,500 33.597 billion 13.043 million 458.397 million 51.730 million 34.12 billion total estimations for both accounts 108,750 83.992 billion 32.610 million 1.146 billion 129.326 million 85.32 billion Table 4. Mass media impact of the royal family’s accounts. TOTAL AVERAGE DEVIATION News Paper 1,867,790 44,471 90,707 Magazines 2,596 57.68888889 163.8292934 All other articles 551,066 2,365 8,867 Total articles added together 2,879,464 73,832 152,884 1970-1979 6,583 146 323 1980-1989 101,842 2,315 4,520 1990-1999 406,942 9,043 16,074 2000-2009 915,647 19,905 40,073 2010-2019 1,100,891 23,423 51,522 2020-2023 376,592 8,013 15,270 Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4048616","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":277767891,"identity":"5aa7be07-6b75-4303-89b2-0326e35e2ec1","order_by":0,"name":"Ehsan Jozaghi","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA+0lEQVRIie3QMWvCQBTA8RcC6XJy6wttv0MkIHTRrxK41XYWGtoDIVPVtYMfJuHBuQRcM7h0cQqSblJs6YuIulzrWOj9h3dw3I9HAuBy/cny/RCyPQSc5u8k1P7+MV5ADi7KLyXSI2q2H6ubeLk0WI9WT4D3RQNp30pCbZLuZLoWvUoF4bxcI+CDQjDKSqK8jJLOCzHxg+tORkyGPfDaL7M0YFJ8MolnxOTrSJ7tW6DsjsWWRASKiT4SshLMjfJvNQmsVHw3NxRmYqMwMQsrka9E7/WOBnJWvFV1SlJe8R9r0kcr4TUAXnZ2EbQjsQNeo3nsfnrhcrlc/75vHOtVfPtJgpcAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"University of British Columbia","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ehsan","middleName":"","lastName":"Jozaghi","suffix":""},{"id":277767892,"identity":"5e8da636-c6ac-4b89-a5d6-425c4e0e14b9","order_by":1,"name":"Pouria Jozaghi","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"James Cook University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Pouria","middleName":"","lastName":"Jozaghi","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-03-08 19:21:36","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4048616/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4048616/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":52401467,"identity":"86740e55-67ab-4f9b-92fb-731c694352b3","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-11 07:34:54","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":809864,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4048616/v1/de5fcc61-cf54-419d-aaf8-cdfa7cd4afff.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"A new innovative method for evaluating monarchies (crowns): A cost‒benefit analysis via social and mass media in a commonwealth country","fulltext":[{"header":"Background","content":"\u003cp\u003eKing and queens have been part of folk culture, oral history, holy books/scriptures (e.g., the Torah, the Bible, the Quran, the Vedas, and the Tripitaka (Tipitaka)) and many novels for centuries. For example, Queen Sheba, King Solomon, and King David are all mentioned in the Abrahamic religions, while many kings and queens, such as the Bharata king, Queen Vishpala, and King Ashoka, are mentioned in the Vedas and Tripitaka. Monarchs/crowns/kings/queen not only are now part of mass media subcultures (e.g., Disney, Netflix, and Amazon Prime) but also have become an integral part of smooth government functioning and democracy via stability, continuity, and security. For example, it is estimated that there are 30 stable democracies governed by some form of monarchy as the head of the state [1], while approximately a dozen more countries have some form of executive constitutional or absolute monarchy [2]. In many countries that do not have a constitutional monarchy as a form of government, monarchs have been shown to contribute to stability, economic prosperity, security (e.g., rule of law), and peace [3, 4].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSaudi Arabia\u0026rsquo;s monarch, the custodian of two holy mosques, hosted peace talks between Ukraine and Russia in Jeddah in the most recent example where a monarchy, in a form other than a constitutional form of monarchy, is initiating peace on another continent and thus contributing to world stability [5]. The custodian of the holy mosques continues to play a major role in the global economy, not only because of its role in the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) by lowering global inflation via increased oil production in the past but also because of its importance in geopolitical issues [6]. The 2023 mediation of the Qatari kingdom for the release of American hostages from Iran and the Palestinian territory is another example of a monarchy playing an active role in the peace process in the region [7, 8]. Qatar recently hosted the FIFA World Cup, while Saudi Arabia will be hosting the beautiful game in the future [9].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Kingdom of Oman has also been active for years in mediating peace talks in the Middle East and has helped in the release of Australian, Canadian, French, and American hostages and other foreign nationals for many years [10-15]. In effect, in diplomatic circles, the Kingdom of Oman and the monarch have been labeled \u0026ldquo;the world\u0026rsquo;s hostage negotiator\u0026rdquo; [16]. Moreover, economic diversification and modernization in Gulf Cooperation Council countries\u0026mdash;Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates (UAE)\u0026mdash;ruled by some form of monarchy, have accelerated economic growth in recent years in the region, and the Abraham Peace Accord with Israel has ensured stability and a more peaceful and prosperous Middle East for years to come [17, 18].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFor example, under the monarchy, the UAE has been transformed from desert barren land to an oasis where, in just a few decades, many tourists from Asia, Africa, Europe, Oceania, and North and South America have been visiting the Kingdom\u0026rsquo;s rich culture and history for many years [19]. The Kingdom also recently hosted COP28, which led to a landmark agreement to fight climate change by curbing fossil fuel production [20]. Finally, the Kingdoms of Bahrain and Kuwait remain among the richest countries in the Middle East. In them, the service economy, the banking sector and other rich resources have propelled these countries forward in a region where many others, such as Iraq, Iran, Syria, Yemen, and Afghanistan, have failed to provide basic necessities for their citizens [21-23]. Therefore, to fully grasp the benefits of monarchy in a cost‒benefit analysis, it is crucial to break down each benefit into tangible and intangible criteria. Below, some of the intangible and tangible values are highlighted before conducting the cost‒benefit analysis.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eIntangible value: Peace and stability\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCountries that have toppled their monarch through revolutions, rebellions, elections, or assassinations, such as Afghanistan, Ethiopia, Imperial Russia, Iran, Iraq, Spain, Yemen, and Yugoslavia, have experienced periods of economic uncertainty, internal conflicts, prolonged war and unrest. Furthermore, the governments replacing monarchs have placed the corresponding region and the world at the greatest risk of instability [24]. The massacre of the Russian royal family, including the family\u0026rsquo;s children, by the \u0026ldquo;revolutionary\u0026rdquo; Bolsheviks ultimately contributed to the Cold War, which brought the world to the brink of nuclear destruction [24]. The proclamation of the Second Spanish Republic ultimately contributed to the civil war in Spain and the rise of the dictator General Franco [25].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe fall of the monarchies in Afghanistan, Ethiopia, Libya, Iran, Iraq, and Yemen contributed to ongoing economic instability, regional insecurity, terrorism, and prolonged wars [26-28]. In Iraq, for example, the assassination of King Faisal II helped the dictator Sadam Hussien rise to power [27]. In Yemen, the successful rebellion against the newly appointed King Muhammad al-Badr due to his father\u0026rsquo;s death linked to previous assassination attempts on the royal family contributed to civil war, instability, poverty, and economic collapse, which continue to this day [29]. Under the Solomonic royal family, Ethiopia remained a symbol of African independence during the colonial period, had one of the first female African heads of state in modern history (i.e., Empress Zawditu) and was a founding member of the United Nations. Emperor Haile Selassie I\u0026rsquo;s deposition by the \u0026ldquo;revolutionary\u0026rdquo; Leninist revolution has brought the country many droughts, economic instability and military conflicts that continue to this day (e.g., the Tigray region conflict in 2020) [30].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn Afghanistan, the instability that followed the coup that ended Mohammad Zahir Shah\u0026rsquo;s reign as king brough the country continued internal conflicts, political turmoil, poverty, wars, and terrorism that later engulfed the far corners of the world [31]. Similarly, in Libya, the coup against King Idris I by \u0026ldquo;revolutionary\u0026rdquo; young officers while the king was receiving medical treatment helped the dictator Muammar Qaddafi rise to power, an event that will continue to affect Libyans for generations to come due to civil war and political/economic instability [32]. Additionally, under the reign of King Pahlavi in Iran, there was significant economic, cultural, and scientific advancement, while many of the king\u0026rsquo;s pro-Western policies helped women, religious minorities, and various industries thrive [33, 34]. During the monarchy, Iran overtook South Korea in terms of GDP and economic growth in the 1970s [35, 36].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHowever, after the king\u0026rsquo;s departure\u0026mdash;due to cancer and an unwillingness to suppress political unrest\u0026mdash;the insecurity, instability and economic uncertainty created as the result of the political power vacuum helped religious fundamentalists ultimately seize power in Iran [37]. The religious fundamentalists\u0026rsquo; branding of the seizure of power as a \u0026ldquo;revolution\u0026rdquo;, similar to many previous seizures of power in the world, allowed them to crush any political resistance by waging unrelenting wars on freedom of speech, freedom of press, freedom of association, women\u0026rsquo;s rights, and ethnic/religious minorities while facilitating their political survival for more than four decades [38].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLike Yemen and Afghanistan, present-day Iran after the king\u0026apos;s departure has one of the weakest currencies in the world [39]. The \u0026ldquo;revolutionary\u0026rdquo; government in Iran is also accused of crimes against humanity and state sponsorship of terrorism [40-42]. The UN, Western countries, and many Arab, non-Arab and Muslim countries in the region have accused the \u0026ldquo;revolutionary\u0026rdquo; government in Iran of instigating conflict/instability/war/terrorism in Muslim and non-Muslim countries in various parts of the world (e.g., Ukraine, Yemen, Syria, Lebanon, Israel, Iraq, Afghanistan, and the Gulf) [43-51]. Many countries have also blamed the \u0026ldquo;revolutionary\u0026rdquo; government in Iran for promoting/facilitating cyberattacks on civilian targets while pursuing nuclear weapons under the pretext of \u0026ldquo;peaceful\u0026rdquo; nuclear activities [52-54].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDuring the monarchy, Iran had excellent diplomatic relations with Israel, many Arab countries, the Gulf nations, and Western countries, but from the outset, the \u0026ldquo;revolutionary\u0026rdquo; government actively pursued destabilization and hegemonic policies in the region, including engaging in the total annihilation of another UN member state, taking foreign citizens/diplomats hostage under the pretext of spying and promoting/facilitating attacks on various embassies/consulates worldwide for more than four decades [50, 55-63]. Over the past few decades, the \u0026ldquo;revolutionary\u0026rdquo; government in Iran has been accused of propagating instability, chaos, disorder, proxy wars and terrorism via monetary, political, military, spiritual, and moral support for many radical militias/paramilitaries/mercenaries in the region, the so-called \u0026ldquo;axis of resistance\u0026rdquo;, including Islamic Jihad, Hamas, Hezbollah, Houthi, and Kata\u0026apos;ib Hezbollah [64-69]. Many of the \u0026ldquo;axis of resistance\u0026rdquo; groups listed above, including Hamas, are labeled as terrorist organizations by many Western and Asian countries [70, 71].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe \u0026ldquo;revolutionary government\u0026rdquo; via its agents and operatives has been accused of attempting to hijack peaceful protests for Palestine worldwide for its own political agenda of inciting violence, division, insecurity, and instability [72-74]. In effect, the ripple effects of the establishment of \u0026ldquo;revolutionary government\u0026rdquo; propaganda over the past four decades can be seen in violence, antisemitism, islamophobia, and xenophobia propagated against Jews, Muslims, and outsiders in the West [75-80]. Some Western politicians have gone as far as accusing the \u0026ldquo;revolutionary government\u0026rdquo; of supporting the October 7\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e Hamas atrocity and massacre because of previously linked terrorist attacks and its title as \u0026ldquo;the number one state sponsor of terror\u0026rdquo; in the world [81].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTherefore, it is not surprising that \u0026ldquo;the revolutionary government\u0026rdquo; has warned democracies that it has the intention to use its paramilitary proxies/mercenaries in the \u0026ldquo;axis of resistance\u0026rdquo; and other means to protect Hamas from complete annihilation [82, 83]. For example, attacks on American and Israeli forces and international cargo ships in the region have increased from Syria, Lebanon, Yemen, Iraq, the Gulf and the Red Sea, where many of the paramilitary mercenaries/groups belonging to the \u0026ldquo;axis of resistance\u0026rdquo;\u0026mdash;linked to \u0026ldquo;the revolutionary government\u0026rdquo;\u0026mdash;are located [84-86]. Recent Houthi attacks and the hijacking of cargo ships in the Red Sea, where the majority of the world\u0026rsquo;s trade passes through the Suez Canal, have not only decreased the cargo traffic in the region but also had immediate effects on the global economy, increasing consumer prices, inflation and the cost of doing business because ships now have to travel for at least 10 more days to protect their valuable cargo and staff from Houthi attacks [87, 88].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eConsequently, the initiation of the conflict between Hamas and Israel has contributed not only to the rise in global inflation but also to antisemitism, islamophobia, fears for the freedom of assembly/expression and divisions in many Western countries, which threaten the fundamental core of the economy and democracy based on the symbiotic relationship with security. This situation can be seen in a recent statement by Canada\u0026rsquo;s 23rd prime minister, who commented about the fear of Canadians in their own streets [79, 89-93]. Germany has also reported a 300% increase in the rate of hate crimes since the start of conflict between Hamas and Israel [94]. Germany\u0026rsquo;s 9th chancellor since WWII recently warned that after 79 years since the liberation of the Auschwitz extermination camp, \u0026quot;new reports are emerging all the time: about neo-Nazis and their dark networks. At the same time, right-wing populists are gaining ground, fueling fear and sowing hatred\u0026quot; [95, 96]. He ultimately called on all Germans to protect democracy by standing up against far-right propaganda and divisive political agendas [95, 96].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe 37th premier of British Columbia announced a phone hotline and funding in response to the increasing hate linked to the Hamas-Israel conflict, citing increasingly alarming incidents of islamophobia, antisemitism, and racism against members of the Muslim and Jewish communities [97, 98]. Furthermore, many governments increased grants to local faith organizations to increase their security around places of worship after the Gaza War\u0026nbsp;[99, 100]. Hate-reported incidents are on the rise against Muslims and Jewish people across North America, once again highlighting the important link between the symbiotic relationships between peace, security, and stability and ever-growing threats to global peace and democracy [101, 102]. It is not surprising that community leaders have raised alarms about the long-term consequences of ongoing wars in the Middle East, namely, an increase in islamophobia and antisemitism [101].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTherefore, in countries in which ceremonial constitutional monarchs have remained as the head of the state, such as Antigua and Barbuda, Aruba, Australia, the Bahamas, Belgium, Belize, Canada, Cura\u0026ccedil;ao, Cambodia, Denmark, the Faroe Islands, Greenland, Grenada, Lesotho, Luxembourg, Jamaica, Japan, Malaysia, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Papua New Guinea, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Sint Maarten, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, the Solomon Islands, Spain, Sweden, Thailand, Tuvalu, and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (UK), there has been long-term political stability, ensuring the smooth transfer of power during democratic elections, thus preventing economic/political uncertainties, power vacuums, coups, and security and internal conflicts [103]. The same phenomenon has been observed in countries that have other forms of monarchy [3, 4].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFor example, in 2008 in Canada, the governor general of Canada, representing Queen Elizabeth II, prevented political and economic instability by granting the Canadian prime minister the right to prorogue the parliament when the opposition parties collaborated to bring a no confidence vote shortly after the election [104]. Additionally, the return of the monarchy in Spain via King Carlos I led to significant political reforms that not only dismantled the regime previously led by a dictator (General Franco) but also helped steer Spain toward democracy soon after his accession to the throne [105]. Finally, similar to King Carlos I, the crown prince of Iran, Reza II (the eldest son of the last king of Iran) has become an influential political and alternative national leader during a time of crisis for many members of the Iranian diaspora and members of the opposition inside the country, opening the door to a new horizon of hope, stability, economic prosperity, and peace in the Middle East [106].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMoreover, Jordan and Morocco, the two nations that have retained their monarchies, unlike other states in the region (e.g., Libya, Syria, and Iraq), have benefited from political and economic stability and have avoided wars and internal conflicts. For example, while oil-rich Iraq under Sadam Hussein experienced recurrent wars, human tragedies, terrorism and internal conflicts, neighboring Jordan, with very few natural resources, has been able to advance economically, while the tiny nation has also hosted many refugees over the years from the Palestinian territory and Syria, helping to stabilize the region [107]. For example, Jordan is now the number two nation in terms of refugees per capita worldwide [107]. Morrocco, unlike Tunisia, Libya and Egypt, largely remained politically and economically stable during the Arab Spring uprising and thus avoided the war, human tragedies, terrorism, economic uncertainty, and internal conflicts that engulfed the region [108]. In fact, Morocco remains one of the few countries in North Africa with strong economic ties to the European Union, particularly in relation to agriculture and fishing [109]. Other than Morocco, Eswatini and Lesotho are the remaining monarchies in Africa. Under a monarchy, these nations have remained stable while preventing genocides, military/junta governments, and civil wars [110, 111].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn East Asia and the Pacific, countries that have retained their monarchy, such as Australia, Bhutan, Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Japan, Malaysia, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, the Solomon Islands, Tuvalu, Thailand, and Tonga, have benefited from political stability, economic growth, and security since the Second World War. For example, the Japanese emperor was instrumental in guiding Japan toward political stability and economic growth after the Second World War [112, 113]. Bhutan\u0026rsquo;s king played a key role in introducing democracy to the Buddhist Himalayan nation via fair elections and a parliament [114]. In Thailand, the monarchy helped to unite the country after the devastation of the Second World War and colonialism [115].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eIntangible value: Uniting different nations and regions\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSimilar to political stability, regions/provinces/states/nations that have sought independence from a monarchy/crown (e.g., Morocco), such as the Western Sahara (the Polisario), have experienced prolonged economic hardships, human tragedies, internal conflicts, and wars [116]. In Qu\u0026eacute;bec, the two independence votes brought not only fears of violence and political instability to la belle land but also fears for its economic future, which was a real threat, as many multinational companies and corporations began to consider relocating [117-119]. In effect, a recent study found negative economic effects based on modeling a separatist vote in Qu\u0026eacute;bec when possible violent repercussions were considered [120]. Furthermore, a sovereignty vote may jeopardize previous historical Indigenous land and resource treaties with the crown in Qu\u0026eacute;bec, adding further complexities to an already challenging relationship since the passing of the \u003cem\u003eUN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples\u003c/em\u003e recommended self-determination and sovereignty for Indigenous peoples [121].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThese findings have been replicated in other regions that have attempted to leave the crown. The Spanish separatist movements in the Basque Country and Catalonia have had similar potential negative economic effects [122, 123]. The negative economic effects and the potential GDP loss for an independent Scotland are estimated to be in the billions of dollars if the independent movement succeeds [124]. In effect, any independence movement is counterproductive to the economy and security due to the quick and rapid change, which creates a shock to the symbiotic ecosystem of the country. Like a tooth extraction (to say nothing of removing/amputating a hand, limb, kidney, or liver), if the dentist does not take enough precautions (e.g., radiographs, anesthetics, and medications), the whole body could be affected.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSometimes, separated body parts cannot survive on their own due to imbalances, host-graft resistance, and other medical complications, such as viruses, bacteria, and weakened immunity due to antirejection medications. In the same way, a separatist region or nation may suffer not only prolonged political instability and enormous economic losses but also serious security issues due to the rapid change to the symbiotic relationship between the economy and political and security systems. Potential terrorism linked to separatist movements, loss of life, economic slowdowns and consequent 10% reductions in income per capita compared to the control group/simulation in the Basque region, have been suggested in previous studies, and they may apply to other regions attempting to embark on the severing journey [120, 122].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe 10% reduction in direct and indirect income per capita could amount to billions of dollars in revenue, the loss of potential investments, millions of jobs, the loss of tax revenue for local municipalities, downgrades in credit ratings, the fleeing of skilled workers/professionals (e.g., doctors, nurses, and dentists), a lack of recruitment of international students or retention of immigrants, the loss of prestige for a new country in the international arena, increasing hostilities with previous the severed part/country, a lack of military allies, a lack of international recognition, and the loss of wealth for the people in the region or nations seeking independence from the crown. Some losses of jobs, investment, taxes, and GDP may never be recoverable in an increasingly competitive, efficient, interconnected, and globalized economy. This point has been evident on Northern Island, where terrorism caused the senseless killing of many citizens over the years, including members of the royal family (e.g., Lord Mountbatten and his grandchildren [Lord Mountbatten was the cousin of the queen and Prince Philip\u0026apos;s uncle]), and the economic consequences have been long term. For instance, the economic recovery/growth since the 1998 Good Friday Agreement has been slow compared to that in other regions of the UK [125, 126].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn addition, monarchs help unite different regions, overseas territories, provinces, states, and nations that could have different languages, cultures, religions, and identities, thus uniting the country under the flag. For example, in Australia, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Japan, Malaysia, New Zealand, the Netherlands, Norway, Papua New Guinea, Spain, Sweden, Thailand, and the UK, the monarchs and their representatives have been able to be figures who are sympathetic to the whole country/kingdom beyond and above the political, religious, language, socioeconomic, regional, and cultural boundaries, which is something that politicians are unable to achieve due to the necessities of regional and national elections. For example, both Queen Elizabeth II and King Charles III held a separate coronation in Scotland with the Scottish Crown Jewels (those of Mary, Queen of Scots), which are much older than English Crown Jewels, to signify and highlight the unique place of the Kingdom of Scotland in the UK and the monarch\u0026rsquo;s owns historical, cultural, unbreakable, and physical connection to the Kingdom of Scotland [127].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSimilarly, in Canada, the role of the crown and its representatives (governor general and lieutenant-governors) in uniting, linking, and connecting different nations, provinces, regions, and territories is crucial for the survival of the Canadian confederation, constitution, identity, culture, nationalism, and multiculturalism in an increasingly globalized, competitive, and volatile world. Therefore, the politicization of regional interests to the national level for short-term political gains and isolationism not only hurts the competitive economic advantage of Canada on the global stage but also may affect millions of vulnerable and at-risk citizens who rely on the cohesiveness of the national economy, security, stability, and continuity provided in a symbiotic relationship via the federal government under the crown [128]. The bargaining power, prestige, expertise, and weight that the federal government adds to negotiation tables nationally and internationally at diplomatic circles or trade negotiations via the crown is unmatched compared to any single nation, province, or territory doing it alone. Ultimately, the crown\u0026apos;s role in creating a balance in the ecosystem and thus preventing the potential collapse of Canada\u0026rsquo;s confederation, identity, constitution, and democracy due to regionalism, ultra-nationalism, isolationism, and short-term regional political interest is unparalleled.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOther European monarchies have played and continue to play an instrumental role in uniting the country during difficult times. During WWI, Queen Wilhelmina of the Netherlands visited troops on the front line while advocating for their welfare [129]. During the Nazi occupation of Europe, Queen Wilhelmina not only issued numerous messages over Radio Orange to maintain the Dutch spirit and military resistance until liberation but also was instrumental in uniting the Netherlands toward democracy and economic recovery after the end of the occupation [129]. British Prime Minister Sir Winston Churchill described Queen Wilhelmina as \u0026quot;the only real man among the governments-in-exile\u0026quot; in London while nearly killing herself during the air-raid bombings of London [129, 130]. Nations that had been united previously via the crown, such as the Kingdom of Serbia/Yugoslavia, and later abandoned their crown, becoming Yugoslavia, not only suffered prolonged periods of authoritarian regimes (e.g., the regime of Josip Broz Tito) but also have suffered genocide, internal wars and hostilities that continue to this day [131].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eIntangible value: Coup prevention and continuity\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNations that have presidents as the head of state are vulnerable to coups and political instability, as seen in the rise of Adolf Hitler in Germany, where the arson incident at the Reichstag (the parliament) in 1933 helped Hitler eliminate political opponents and opposition parties and consolidate power, while the death of German President Paul von Hindenburg years later provided the power vacuum that Hitler needed to become an absolute, cruel, evil and cunning dictator when there was no longer a limit to his power [132, 133]. Similarly, the Russian meddling in the 2016 U.S. election that successfully tipped the balance in favor of then-presidential candidate Donald J. Trump and the subsequent January 6, 2021, storming of the United States Capitol and the earlier election meddling combined with the continued denial by the 45th President of the United States are another example of a coup to not only forcefully change the election results once again but also prevent the peaceful transfer of power in the most powerful democracy/country in the world [134-137]. In the aftermath of the Brazilian runoff election, the supporters of former President Jair Bolsonaro stormed the country\u0026apos;s Supreme Court presidential palace, and congressional buildings, mirroring the attempted coup attempt by supporters of President Trump [138]. The most recent successful coup was in Niger, where a democratically elected president, Mohamed Bazoum, was forced to resign hours after the presidential palace was stormed and captured by the presidential guards and mobs while the president\u0026rsquo;s supporters were attacked [139].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTherefore, if a coup can occur in the most powerful country in the 21\u003csup\u003est\u003c/sup\u003e century, democracy is indeed fragile and needs proactive intervention by the security establishment in the same way that the central banks intervene to ensure the smooth functioning of the economy and prevent severe inflation or downturns in markets due to the fragility of the economy [140]. Consequently, having the security establishment, members of parliament, and senators take an oath to the crown prevents intervention or collaboration for a possible coup or election interference by politicians via foreign states or members of the armed forces or the security establishment [141]. This is particularly significant because while taking the oath to the constitution can be very subjective and broad and be influenced by interpretations, the oath to a physical living being\u0026mdash;such as a king, queen, crown, or its representatives\u0026mdash;adds more significance to the objectivity of alliances (nonpolitical/nonpartisan), duty, and the ever physically present symbolic nature of the oath due to the continuity of the crown [141].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFurthermore, for countries that have prime ministers while retaining a president as the ceremonial/appointed head of state, such as Germany and Israel, it is extremely challenging and sometimes impossible to act nonpolitically for a president who has most likely been a lifetime politician before a partisan appointment [113]. The current mass protest in Israel is an example where a monarch\u0026rsquo;s political healing power could have de-escalated the conflict or a potential civil war between the military and the government [113, 142].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLike the effects of industrial revolutions in transforming democracy, the economy, society and global trade, the ramification of the artificial intelligence (AI) revolution/golden age of science in dramatically improving the economy, jobs, democracy, governments, and global trade is expected [143]. Consequently, the role of monarchs in balancing the ecosystem and preventing possible shock to the symbiotic relationship between democracy, the economy, and security because of potential unrest, future job losses/gains, election interference by AI or the use of AI by criminal organizations or adversaries, and increasing reliance on education to find jobs may become more evident in the coming decades [144-146]. In effect, the advancement of technologies has enabled many criminal organizations and foreign states to be proactive and increasingly hostile toward democracies via fraud, theft of intellectual property, election interference, and the targeting of citizens and politicians [147-159]. Many nations have already experienced the destructive power of social media and AI-generated videos, voice recordings and disinformation during elections in changing mass opinions and affecting the election results [160]. The most recent example of pro-Russia candidates benefiting from fake voice recordings of the opposition candidate during Slovakia\u0026rsquo;s tight parliamentary election is yet another example of sophisticated election interference by an adversarial state [160, 161].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRecently, a new analysis by Microsoft revealed that the \u0026ldquo;revolutionary\u0026rdquo; governments of Iran, China, and Russia are attempting and planning to interfere in the 2024 U.S. presidential election\u0026mdash;as Russia successfully did via email hacking during the 2016 presidential election via encouragement by then-candidate Donald J. Trump\u0026mdash;and may attempt to do so in other democracies globally via complex methods already operationalized in Slovakia\u0026rsquo;s 2023 election to shape public opinion in favor of a candidate/party that is more favorable to their malignant cause [135, 162-164]. It is not surprising that President Trump still promotes policies that would weaken the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) alliance in favor of Putin\u0026rsquo;s occupation of Eastern Ukraine and promotes attacks on other NATO members [165].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe chairperson of the Munich Security Conference has subsequently warned NATO members of the real potential for an attack by Russia, and NATO\u0026rsquo;s Secretary-general Jens Stoltenberg has also warned that \u0026quot;Any suggestion that allies will not defend each other undermines [\u0026hellip;NATO\u0026rsquo;s] security\u0026rdquo; [166, 167]. China, Russia and the \u0026ldquo;revolutionary\u0026rdquo; government of Iran have also been the top concerns of the UK security establishment, and a new unit was established ahead of a national election in 2024 [168]. The Swedish security establishment also recently thwarted \u0026ldquo;revolutionary\u0026rdquo; Iranian plots to kill members of the Jewish community in Sweden [169]. The head of the Swedish counterespionage and domestic security agency has warned about increasing so-called physical attacks against Swedish citizens [169].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Canadian Security Intelligence Service (CSIS) has warned Canadians about foreign states targeting government officials, academics and ordinary citizens, while ahead of the remembrance ceremony in 2023, Canada\u0026rsquo;s former chief of the Defence Staff, Gen. Wayne Eyre, also reiterated his concerns about the changing dynamics of the global security/ecosystem of the world and Canada\u0026apos;s present security readiness: \u0026quot;I am very concerned as I see the deteriorating security situation around the world.\u0026quot; [170-173]. The former CSIS director, Richard Fadden, has also warned that the threat of foreign meddling is a real security concern for Canadian democracy, especially for diaspora groups [174]. The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) warned U.S. lawmakers that the \u0026ldquo;revolutionary\u0026rdquo; government of Iran has tried to assassinate American government officials in the United States [175]. The U.S. Department of Justice recently revealed the details of assassination attempts by the \u0026ldquo;revolutionary\u0026rdquo; government to kill ordinary American citizens on U.S. soil [176]. Moreover, the \u0026ldquo;revolutionary\u0026rdquo; government of Iran has been linked to the recent assassination attempt on a Spanish politician on Spanish soil [177, 178]. Over the years, in the UK, many citizens have also been the target of Russia, the \u0026ldquo;revolutionary\u0026rdquo; government of Iran, China and many others, and the UK has been preparing to counter this growing threat [179, 180]. Australia has foiled surveillance and intimidation attempts by foreign actors on its soil [174, 181]. Finally, New Zealand\u0026rsquo;s spy chief has warned about increasingly aggressive methods by foreign adversaries in the country [182].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eIntangible value: Economic prosperity\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe important role that monarchs and their representatives play in the peaceful transfer of power during many elections also ensures political and, thus, economic stability. For example, research indicates that economic uncertainty increases during presidential elections in some nations, especially during presidential elections that are polarized, too close or contested [183]. In effect, there are indications that the most recent presidential elections in the U.S. may have contributed to economic, political, and legal uncertainty, in addition to a lack of trust in democracy [183]. On the other hand, according to recent research, constitutional monarchies contribute to political stability in democracies, in turn promoting greater protection of property rights and higher standards of living for citizens [2]. In effect, historians attribute the economic outperformance of countries such as the UK and the Netherlands\u0026mdash;compared to similar countries such as France and Portugal, which later became republics\u0026mdash;to the institutional checks and balances that exist in the constitutional form of government via the monarch [2]. In fact, the wealthiest nations in Europe, such as Andorra, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, and Monaco, are all governed by some sort of ceremonial monarchy/prince [184].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRecent research has also highlighted the symbiotic relationship between democracy/political stability, continuity, and economic prosperity/growth linked to the irreplicable role of the monarchy in democracy [140]. In other words, the phenomenon of democracy is a recent phenomenon (e.g., a few hundred years old) and a side effect of economic efficiency and monetary borrowing, which were inadvertently created via an evolutionary process because of the crown\u0026rsquo;s need for military expansion and its expenditure/financing requirements centuries ago [140]. Monetary borrowing was facilitated centuries ago by large landowners, dukes and Lords, who ultimately became powerful and were able to collectively lobby the king/queen, petition the crown for military protection, security and property rights protection and form the House of Lords/Upper Chambers/Senate.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOver the centuries, similar to a living cell that continuously evolves and responds to internal and external environments, the development and evolutionary process of the economy via trade, economic efficiency, efficient taxation, monetary policies, the protection of private property, and scientific advancement via industrial revolutions have ultimately inadvertently helped the symbiotic evolutionary process of democracy. Thus, not only was the \u003cem\u003eBill of Rights\u003c/em\u003e conceived, but, ultimately, the lower economic classes, women and non-Caucasians were also able to participate in democracy (e.g., vote or get elected to parliament) [185]. This evolutionary process also facilitated the borrowing of money for home or car ownership for ordinary citizens [140]. Today, a functioning democracy is fully reliant on government interventions via the central bank through bonds, borrowing/lending, trade, taxation, immigration, international students, investments, security interventions (e.g., the rule of law, the protection of private property/intellectual property, antitrust laws, the prevention of election interference, and ensuring peace/order around the world), political stability and continuity (e.g., a lack of political vacuums) to survive [140, 186].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis evolutionary symbiotic process is still ongoing through rapid changes due to the first AI revolution, increasing free trade via the World Trade Organization and monetary lending via the World Bank. Millions of people have been lifted out of poverty by benefiting from stable jobs, clean water, electricity, advances in medicine, and the internet [140]. Therefore, it is not surprising that the dramatic changes in society, the economy, trade, and government toward a better, prosperous, and equitable future created by the first (1760-1830) and second (1870-1914) industrial revolutions also may have indirectly contributed to the First World War, as seen in the emergence of the Bolsheviks and Nazi regime, due to the rapid nature of change to the world ecosystem [187, 188]. The rapid nature of change to the ecosystem of the world before the onset of the First World War can be attributed to the increasing global economy and trade and interconnectedness via faster modes of transportation and communications linked to the industrial revolutions (e.g., telegraphs, the growth of the mass media (newspapers), steamboats, locomotion, motor cars, and more advanced technologies) [189, 190].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLike a living cell at the micro level, when the pH (potential of hydrogen ions), solute concentration (e.g., Ca2+, K+, Na+) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) (ATP is an organic compound that provides energy to the cell) change too quickly for the cell to respond/adjust, cell homeostasis is affected, which may disrupt the cell\u0026rsquo;s survival [140]. At the macro level, when the blood pH, solute concentration, or insulin level in the body is affected by rapid fluctuations, the ecosystem of the body may tip toward unconsciousness and even death. Similarly, when changes to job markets, the economy, and the future demand for job qualifications are too rapid, the economy and, ultimately, democracy and security are also affected because they may not have the time to adapt/adjust [140]. For example, when a worker is unable to find work due to the rapid change to the economy caused by the first AI revolution, job markets, education qualifications/requirements, and increasing costs of accessing qualifications/education, trust in the government, democracy, potential unrest, and the re-emergence of old destructive fringe ideologies (ultra-right or ultra-left) are to be expected without appropriate interventions. For example, the recent blaming and scapegoating of refugees, asylum seekers, immigrants, and international students due to a lack of jobs and housing, crime or other social problems by some political parties in Europe, North America and other regions mirror previous propaganda by previous ultra-right groups that blamed Germany\u0026rsquo;s problems on Jewish people or Bolsheviks/ultra-left groups/populist parties that blamed internal problems on economic efficiency (free-market economy and globalization) [95, 96, 191-194].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePrevious research has highlighted the transformation from the traditional economy to increasingly knowledge-based economies in many advanced economies \u0026ldquo;in which higher education, lifelong learning, vocations/trades, and online modes of education play pivotal roles in an individual\u0026rsquo;s success in the job market\u0026rdquo; [195]. With appropriate government interventions, therefore, it is expected that the first AI revolution/golden age of science will lead to positive transformations in medicine and science, better environmental protections, and greater economic efficiency [196-198]. For example, a recent study showed that AI could predict heart attacks ten years in advance [199]. However, many have raised concerns about the dramatic and quick change in job markets and the potential ramifications for global security [200].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTherefore, the critical role that the crown plays in mediating dramatic change via economic and political stability and continuity (e.g., coup prevention) could become more critical. Many have raised the possibility of future unrest and the potential role of AI or adversarial governments or criminal organizations/gangs/terrorists using AI via social media, the internet and other forms of communication to not only create insatiability and mistrust in democracies via fake news, fake audio and videos, and destructive propaganda but also to ultimately take over democracies through existing inequalities and economic and political vulnerabilities in democratic institutions and security systems [145, 146, 201]. Swedish Commander-in-Chief Micael Byd\u0026eacute;n suggested that Sweden could be engaging with foreign adversaries and therefore encouraged increased readiness and preparedness among the civilian population [202]. In effect, the speed and volume of change in technology, AI and science are more rapid than the first and second industrial revolutions, and consequently, the potential for a world war is greater than ever [140].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eIntangible value: Diplomacy, social networks and linking nations\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn addition to the irreplaceable link of the crown to the symbiotic relationship of the economy and democracy, unlike prime ministers and presidents, who usually remain in power for a limited time, kings and queens are in power for decades, giving their nations a unique advantage to form extensive social networks with former and current world leaders and allowing for better diplomatic ties, trade negotiations, peace negotiations and cultural connections. For example, through King Charles III, the royal family is the head of the Commonwealth. The Commonwealth, which is a free political association of 56 member states, has been able to advocate for common democratic values, principles and priorities while promoting prosperity, unity, trade, the environment, and peace in the world.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFor example, most recently, Australia not only has provided financial assistance to Tuvalu, another Commonwealth country, to fight global warming/rising sea levels but also has allowed many Tuvalu citizens to visit, work and study in Australia due to the loss of homes linked to sea level rise [203]. The UK government has also created radical foreign aid specifically for the impact of climate change on many Commonwealth nations [204]. Moreover, the Commonwealth has been particularly effective in providing business development loans to associated members, scholarships, and preferential trade agreements, promoting democracy (e.g., election monitoring), the environment, and human rights [205]. In addition, the Commonwealth Games have allowed many athletes to compete for medals while providing an excellent international preparation venue for the Olympics for many future or current Olympians. At the same time, the Games have reaffirmed the common bonds between athletes and, thus, their nations while promoting equality and human rights at the forefront of the sporting world. For example, the Games remain the first global multisport event to have more events for women than for men [206]. This is particularly important because women\u0026rsquo;s equal place in sports and revenue sharing has become a critical issue only in recent years [207].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAs an institution, monarchy has inadvertently been ahead of its time in terms of equality. The first official female head of state and the armed forces centuries ago was Queen Kubaba, who circa 2,400 BC in today\u0026rsquo;s Iraq [208]. In England, Queen Boadicea was the first queen of an English tribe, and she led the resistance against the Romans, while Queen Matilda became the first queen of England upon her father\u0026rsquo;s death centuries ago [209, 210]. The succession of Queen Matilda, the first female head of state in England, threw the country into civil war, known as \u0026ldquo;nineteen long winters\u0026rdquo;, as men sought to replace her as the head of state [209]. Since then, the Commonwealth countries and many European monarchies have had many queens (e.g., Queen Victoria and Queen Elizabeth II), while many countries have had no female head of state or only a handful of female politicians [211].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRecent marriages of royal families have also demonstrated monarchy\u0026rsquo;s vision and commitment to equality, social justice, and the realities of an increasingly multinational and interconnected world. For example, the marriage of Danish King Frederik X to Queen Mary, who was born in Australia and has Scottish heritage, in 2004 reflects this novel commitment to the world. The 2018 marriage of Prince Harry to Meghan, Duchess of Sussex, an American citizen (they first met in Toronto, Canada) shows the crown\u0026rsquo;s commitment to diversity, multinationalism, and the Commonwealth. The latest marriages, i.e., of Luxembourg\u0026rsquo;s Princess Alexandra to a French national, Nicolas Bagory, and of Crown Prince of Jordan Prince Hussein to a Saudi national, Princess Rajwa Al Hussein, in 2023 are yet further examples of monarchy\u0026rsquo;s commitment to an increasingly interconnected and a global community [212-214]. Finally, Prince Philip, the husband of Queen Elizabeth II, was an immigrant/political refugee who had fled Greece with his family. King Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden also married an immigrant, Queen Sylvia, who was born in Germany [215]. This is particularly important in the current climate of hostilities by some politicians toward foreigners, refugees, asylum seekers and immigrants [216-218]. For instance, during the 2016 presidential election, Donald J. Trump linked Mexican immigrants to crime by stating that \u0026ldquo;when Mexico sends its people [...] they\u0026rsquo;re sending people that have lots of problems [...] they\u0026rsquo;re bringing drugs. They\u0026rsquo;re bringing crime. They\u0026rsquo;re rapists\u0026rdquo; [219].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOver the centuries, members of royal families have married foreigners/immigrants/refugees/other monarchs\u0026rsquo; daughters and sons to prevent hostilities while maintaining economic and cultural links between nations and reinforcing alliances to specifically prevent war or conflicts [220]. Therefore, it is not surprising that monarchs\u0026rsquo; state visits, marriages, funerals, and coronations generate interest, curiosity, aspirations, and admiration as people worldwide are turn to their TVs, radios, newspapers, magazines, or social media accounts to watch such events. Many people are fascinated by the lives of royal families and may visit monarchist countries to tour royal palaces, museums, and gardens and buy associated merchandise and products, generating enormous economic growth for these countries via tourism, taxes, trade, and advertisements. For example, a recent tour by a U.S. music entertainer has generated billions of dollars in revenue for each local economy that she visited [221].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWhile many people are unable to name previous prime ministers, most people know the names of the current or previous monarch because of their long reigns, charity involvement, military engagement, activism, and international/diplomatic visits. For example, during Queen Elizabeth II\u0026rsquo;s coronation in 1953, when black and white TVs were a new consumer product, it is estimated that 27 million people in the UK watched the coronation, while more than 10 million people watched from the homes of neighbors, family and friends, and 1.5 million people watched public places such as pubs and cinemas [222]. In the U.S. alone, many people (estimated 85 million people) watched the live broadcast at the time when many people did not have TVs at home and the U.S. had only 160 million citizens [223]. Moreover, millions of people listened via radio around the Commonwealth countries and internationally [223]. A year after the late queen\u0026rsquo;s funeral, her private diary garnered great interest internationally, as the royal family works out the details of \u0026ldquo;what might be archived and what might remain confidential\u0026rdquo; [224]. Additionally, Princess Diana\u0026rsquo;s 1981 engagement blouse was listed for auction and raised thousands of dollars decades after her death [225, 226]. Finally, Prince Harry\u0026apos;s \u0026lsquo;Spare\u0026rsquo;, his controversial memoir, has been the most borrowed book across many public libraries across Canada [227-229].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe recent diplomatic visits by King Charles III to Germany and France and speeches to German and French people\u0026rsquo;s representatives in their parliaments in their own languages (e.g., German and French) have echoed the increasingly global and multilinguistic nature of the world and the irreplaceable role of the crown in linking nations and continents and preserving old diplomatic/military alliances [224]. Most recently, King Charles III wore a tie and handkerchief containing the Greek flag and colors shortly after a disagreement between the UK government and the Greek government to possibly show solidarity with the Greek people and his father\u0026rsquo;s connection to the nation (e.g., Prince Philip was the prince of Greece and was born on the Greek island of Corfu) [230]. Finally, King Charles III\u0026apos;s announcement of his personal health struggles, i.e., his prostate enlargement and cancer, has helped the public around the world address the stigma around and learn about research on men\u0026rsquo;s health issues and cancer [231].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eIntangible value: Defenders of religious freedom, all faiths and cultures\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAs the defender of all faiths and the supreme governor of the Church of England, King Charles III broke from the century-old tradition and incorporated multiculturalism/ecumenicalism as part of his coronation, in which many faith leaders, representing the Buddhist, Hindu, Jewish, Muslim and Sikh faiths, played an active and important role in the sacred and ancient religious ceremony [232]. The multifaith nature of the coronation practically intertwined, conferred, and linked the crown with the future destiny of the Commonwealth as a diverse multifaith, multilinguistic, multiethnic, and multicultural evolving society. Furthermore, as discussed previously, royal families in Europe and elsewhere have always been ahead of their times and are increasingly attempting to reflect the multiethnic, multifaith, multilinguistic, and globalized nature of the world. In fact, the most recent marriages in the royal family, such as those of Prince Harry and Peter Phillips, reflect this honorable attempt and the enormous aspiration of the royal family for the Commonwealth. It is not surprising that, like Queen Elizabeth II, King Charles III and Prince William speak French fluently, and the king has worn the Qu\u0026eacute;bec flag on his tie to symbolize the love and affection of the sovereign for the Qu\u0026eacute;b\u0026eacute;cois nation and the many French Canadians in New Brunswick, Nova Scotia and Manitoba and for their unique culture, history, language, and heritage.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMost European and non-European monarchs are brought up from birth in multilingual environments to emphasize not only the multinational, multiethnic, multicultural, and globalized nature of the world to the future monarch/prince(ss) but also religious and cultural tolerance as a central tenet of a well-functioning democracy. For example, King Charles III not only called Islam a great religion but also recently made \u0026ldquo;an impassioned plea for religious tolerance, mutual respect, and peace against the background of \u0026lsquo;international turmoil\u0026rsquo; in Israel\u0026rdquo; and the Palestinian territory [233, 234]. The king genuinely believes that \u0026ldquo;at the heart of Islam is its preservation of an integral view of the universe\u0026rdquo;, and consequently, the \u0026ldquo;West needs Islam in the here and now\u0026rdquo; [235].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eIntangible value: Links to the armed forces and security establishment\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMonarchs\u0026rsquo; and their representatives\u0026rsquo; historical links to the armed forces and security establishment date back centuries, and many monarchs have been killed in military conflicts. In effect, similar to the economy and democracy, security has gone through a similar symbiotic evolutionary process where the crown\u0026apos;s need for military conquest and the protection of conquered land and looted properties contributed to the amalgamation of local warlords/militias into efficient national militaries for invading other lands centuries ago. Such national amalgamation of militaries later evolved to protect nations from adversaries and protect private property, enhanced property and intellectual rights via the creation of police forces, rule of law, and judicial independence via court bailiffs/sheriffs by bringing offenders to justice to further allow the economy to flourish and subsequently contributed to democracy and industrial revolutions. In effect, the same evolutionary process is still taking place via the amalgamation of national militaries via NATO, the UN peacekeeping force, the African Union, and the increasingly shared intelligence between nations\u0026rsquo; spy agencies and national law enforcement to reduce costs, increase efficiency, readiness, and protect world peace to enable global trade and a free-market economy to flourish on different continents. Therefore, with such long historical established links and contributions to this irreplaceable evolutionary process, the crown has a further unifying power as the head of the armed forces.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis unifying force is linked to the monarch\u0026rsquo;s embodiment of duty, service, custom, the upholding of the rule of law, selflessness, sacrifice, stability, unity, dedication, continuity, and, thus, economic/political stability. The centuries-old links between the crown and the security establishment have enabled the continuity and stability needed for the flourishing of the ecosystem and the balance of the homeostasis essential for democracy and the economy to function and thrive [140]. This is particularly important because politicians, prime ministers, most ministers of defense or ministers of the interior either did not serve in the military, police, or other similar establishments or did not have extensive links or historical social networks with members of the security establishment. Consequently, politicians neither understand nor meaningfully advocate for members of the military, police, and their families [121, 236]. Sometimes, comments by ministers of defense and presidents have outraged veterans and members of the armed forces [237, 238].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe recent comments by former President Donald J. Trump about the top brass of the U.S. military, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff General Mark Milley, where his execution was recommended to incite violence against him or his family, are another example of politicians\u0026rsquo; lack of sensitivity to, understanding of and appreciation for veterans, military personnel and their families who have sacrificed so much to preserve the peace, security and economy of their nations [238, 239]. Other similar comments made by President Donald J. Trump about war heroes such as John McCain have outraged many military veterans in the past [240]. The Duke and Duchess of Sussex, Harry and Meghan, have been a prime example. As a member of the royal family and a veteran of the war in Afghanistan [241, 242]. Furthermore, both Queen Eizabeth II and Prince William served as emergency responders (e.g., the queen served as an ambulance driver during WWII, and the Prince served as a hospital emergency helicopter pilot) and have supported charities linked to former service members such as mental health advocacy organizations [243, 244]. This advocacy on behalf of the armed forces and security establishment is linked to the oath to the crown by military personnel and the security establishment and the crown\u0026rsquo;s ceremonial responsibility and advocacy for the safety, security, and well-being of military and law enforcement personnel.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis reciprocal relationship between the crown and the military establishes a strong, unbreakable, and historical bond with the government through the monarch when there are budget cuts to the military, police, or veteran programs. It also further assists the government in asking for the assistance of the military and security establishment in times of crisis without hesitation to defend the country, the rule of law, democracy, the economy, or the Commonwealth. The recent veterans\u0026rsquo; protest linked to the Canadian government\u0026rsquo;s closure of veterans affairs offices is another example. Despite cutbacks to retired members of the armed forces in 2014, current members still responded to the country\u0026rsquo;s need for service in Iraq and Syria due to their oaths to the crown [245]. The class action of disabled military personnel in the Canadian Armed Forces in 2020 highlights not only the plight of some veterans in seeking compensation for money owed for their heroic services to the crown but also their commitment and loyalty to the crown despite some of the harsh realities that they faced defending Canadian democracy and Canada\u0026rsquo;s economy in overseas conflicts [246]. This can also be seen in the family of military veterans, who are affected and continue to be impacted by the sacrifices of their serving family members defending security and, thus, democracy and the economy [247].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis is particularly important with increasing globalization, economic integration, and interconnectedness of the world, where there is increasing evidence that security, peace, human rights, and the stability of each nation are directly linked to each other [140]. Russia\u0026rsquo;s senseless, evil aggression in eastern Ukraine is the most recent example, as the economic ripple effects of this war are being felt across the world through high food prices and the rising interest rates in some nations [248, 249]. Like the ecosystem of an oral cavity\u0026mdash;where each tooth is influenced/affected by the pH of the oral cavity, the homeostasis of the host, the number of microorganisms, and time\u0026mdash;the ecosystem of each nation\u0026rsquo;s security, economy and, thus, democracy is increasingly tied to world peace and stability [250]. This interlinked and interconnected security relationship will continue to grow because of the first AI revolution and faster modes of communication/transportation.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe longer the root causes of instability, security, and imbalances are ignored by the world, the more costly, complex, risky, and dangerous they will become in the future not only for economies but also for democracies and security/peace. Fixing a single tooth in an oral cavity without addressing the lesions of other teeth will ultimately affect every corner of the oral cavity in time due to an imbalance in oral cavity homeostasis. Similarly, not addressing security issues, respecting international norms/laws, and dealing with related conflicts in the far away corners of the world will ultimately affect every nation, including those with strong economies and well-functioning democracies and on other continents. This is particularly important with the increase in global warming and inequalities that may cause mass refugees and mass migration in the future, which will require an increasing reliance on the military and law enforcement agencies to intervene in conflict zones to prevent human tragedies and protect vulnerable populations.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe monarch\u0026rsquo;s unbreakable bond with the military and security establishment and the oath of the military and law enforcement agencies to the emperor/crown were particularly instrumental in ensuring Japan\u0026rsquo;s unconditional surrender that ended the Second World War [112, 113]. For example, the Japanese emperor\u0026rsquo;s two radio addresses to the nation were essential in convincing the Japanese public and, most importantly, the armed forces/military establishment fighting overseas to end the war while securing compliance in support of peace, democracy, and stability in the future [112, 113]. The emperor\u0026rsquo;s timely intervention prevented the collapse of the interlinked symbiotic relationship between the economy, security, and democracy [140]. The most recent example of the military assisting the police and the security establishment in upholding the law, security and peace was seen in Sweden, where the government requested the military\u0026rsquo;s assistance in law enforcement efforts to deal with surging gang violence in the country [251].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eIntangible value: Advocacy on behalf of humanity, underserved groups, at-risk groups and nonprofit organizations\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFinally, many monarchies have long established links to nonprofit and charitable organizations in areas such as the arts, science, culture, animal welfare, human rights, health, disabilities, religion, and poverty reduction [252]. This is particularly important because many politicians are unable to go beyond regional, national or party political boundaries, while government officials cannot be seen as endorsing a charity or nonprofit organization due to impartiality or possible accusations of political favoritism via government contracts [253]. For example, the Duke of Edinburgh\u0026rsquo;s International Award for youths from around the world has allowed millions of young people from Commonwealth countries to engage in various endeavors in a wide variety of active interests while being able to relate to other youths in other regions and continents [254].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMoreover, the Prince\u0026rsquo;s Trust (founded in 1976 by King Charles III) has been able to address unemployment, access to well-paying jobs and poverty in many underserved communities in Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the U.S., the UK, and many other Commonwealth and non-Commonwealth countries worldwide [255, 256]. The Prince and Princess of Wales, William and Catherine, have both been involved in numerous charities that address the plight of disadvantaged, underserved and at-risk citizens worldwide during their visits in periods of economic austerity by many governments and nongovernmental organizations [257, 258]. The Duchess of Edinburgh, Sofie, has also been active in health care, elderly care, and other health care charities on behalf of the royal family via her travels to numerous Commonwealth countries as the recipient of the Order of Saint John [259, 260].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn addition, Queen Camilla has raised awareness, advocated and campaigned extensively in regard to domestic and sexual abuse against women in every part of the globe, most recently during the 135th anniversary of the Foreign Press Association speech [225]. Finally, King Charles III has launched a timely, critical, and life-saving initiative that is affecting many nations and communities worldwide, the \u0026ldquo;Coronation Food Project\u0026rdquo;, which has the ambitious mission to try to stop families from going hungry [94, 261]. In fact, the king personally purchased a copy of the \u003cem\u003eBig Issue\u003c/em\u003e from a vendor in England to launch his \u0026ldquo;Coronation Food Project\u0026rdquo; at a fare-share distribution while also highlighting another important charity that employs people\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eliving in poverty to earn, learn and thrive [261]. Prince William has also previously highlighted the \u003cem\u003eBig Issue\u003c/em\u003e charity, working as a vendor on London\u0026rsquo;s streets selling the magazine [261]. It is not surprising that his children, Prince George, Princess Charlotte and Prince Louis, were inspired by their parents and the royal family to send Christmas cards to children and families struggling during the Christmas season [262].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis is particularly important because some politicians routinely target and attempt to exploit the most disadvantaged in society for short-term political gains or for re-election purposes. For instance, a past presidential candidate, Donald J. Trump, made fun of disabled people [263], while the gender policy has become a political topic in some Canadian provinces [264-267]. Many politicians continue to use the plight of at-risk and disadvantaged groups as a political wedge issue to capitalize on the population\u0026rsquo;s fears and expand their voter base, as seen during the constitutional challenge to the previous Canadian government\u0026rsquo;s attempt to shut down the at the time only sanctioned supervised injection facility in North America [268]. Some of these charity initiatives have been conducted despite the limits that the constitution has placed on the monarchy so that it is not seen as political or as interfering with government affairs, priorities, or election promises [269]. For instance, King Charles III\u0026rsquo;s advocacy for environmental causes when the government is cutting back on green spending or Prince William\u0026rsquo;s advocacy on behalf of homeless and poor people the government is banning tents or cutting social services programs could be perceived as political interference [270, 271].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWithout the activism and impartiality on behalf of disadvantaged, at-risk, and forgotten groups in society or controversial topics (e.g., the environment, homelessness, and food security) by the crown and its representatives, mistrust, disenfranchisement, and marginalization not only threaten society but also may affect the symbiotic relationship between the government, civil society, and the economy. Therefore, the crown once again plays an irreplaceable role in society, democracy, and the world by addressing the plight of forgotten and voiceless groups and controversial issues in an increasingly competitive world. This is particularly important because elections in democracies are affected by those who vote; thus, historically, some groups are marginalized in democracies due to a lack of participation, stigmatization, and trust [272].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eRationale and focus: Tangible value\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAlthough it is difficult for many of the abovementioned intangible factors to have monetary value, this paper relies on the social and mass media effects of monarchy to evaluate its economic tangible value. Advertisement via media has been a human endeavor since papyrus was employed as a form of mass media to promote commercial pitches in ancient Egypt [273]. Newspaper advertising has been the cornerstone of such publications since the 17\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e century in London [274]. Advertising has been used effectively to transfer information and change attitudes, norms, and social behavior. As a science, advertising plays a tremendous role not only in helping companies sell products but also, when used effectively, in changing election results [275]. Mass media by governments can also play a critical role in influencing public opinions linked to public health and issue such as smoking, cholesterol control and opioid misuse [276-278].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAlthough advertising has historically revolved around newspapers, TV and radio, the recent milestones of social media over the years have created new media. The potential for social networking sites to reach every household has increased tremendously, with over 3.5 billion users [279]. For instance, Facebook now has more than 2.2 billion users, while Google\u0026rsquo;s reach has become more astounding, with more than one billion monthly active users [273]. Instagram is the next largest social networking site, with over 1 billion active monthly users, while the number of active users of YouTube has reached 2 billion [279]. Newer forms of social media networking sites, such as Snapchat, remain popular with younger populations, while LinkedIn, Google+, WhatsApp and Pinterest reach different audiences [280].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTherefore, a closer examination of how traditional mass media outreach and new online social media engagement have been used by monarchs as a positive force for the common good to change the world in recent years is needed. By relying on social media accounts (YouTube and X) and newspaper coverage (newspapers, magazines, and other articles), the popularity, outreach and engagement of the head of the Commonwealth are economically assessed. This economic evaluation involves assigning a dollar value in the form of tangible benefits that the royal family generates via various diplomatic missions, charity work, military engagement, and speeches as a positive force for good for the Commonwealth versus the cost of running the royal household for UK taxpayers. Intangible benefits, such as ensuring the smooth transfer of power after elections, the prevention of coups, continuity, peace, political stability, economic stability, being a unifying force, being a defender of faiths, and military links, are not part of the benefits but form part of the discussion.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eSampling\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe sample includes social media views of, comments on, and likes of the coronations, marriages, and funerals of Queen Elizabeth II, Prince Philip, King Charles III, Queen Camilla, and other members of the royal family via YouTube. Furthermore, all channels linked to the royal family are quantitatively analyzed via YouTube in terms of the total number of views. The social media activity of the royal family\u0026rsquo;s X account and the Prince/Princess of Wales on X is analyzed for the period from April 15 to May 15 (2023) to estimate the annual social media influence (e.g., total annual tweets, number of comments, reposts, and likes). The tangible value of social media outreach and influence provides the average effects of the royal Family\u0026rsquo;s social media outreach since the accounts were created (e.g., April 2009 for the royal family and September 2014 for the Prince/Princess of Wales).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn addition, the mass media coverage of members of the royal family via the Canadian Newsstream database is quantitatively analyzed (e.g., number of mass media articles mentioning members of the royal family) by using the names of all members of the royal family in the search query (e.g., Queen Elizabeth II, the Duke of Edinburgh, Prince Philip, King Charles III, Queen Camilla, Princess Diana, Prince William, Princess Catherine, Prince Harry, the Duchess of Sussex, Meghan, Princess Ann, Sir Timothy Laurence, Prince Andrew, Sarah, Duchess of York, Prince Edward, the Duchess of Edinburgh, Sofie, Princess Alexandra, Prince Michael, Princess Michael of Kent, Prince Edward, the Duchess of Kent, Katharine, Prince Richard and the Duchess of Gloucester, Birgitte).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eMaterial\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTo effectively analyze the data, three types of materials are considered: 1) the ProQuest Canadian Newsstream database (formerly the Canadian Newsstand Complete); 2) YouTube; and 3) X.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1 The Canadian Newsstream database via the ProQuest web interface was selected because it is the biggest magazine, newspaper and article-based data archive in Canada (e.g., the database hosts approximately 300 unique newspapers and magazines). Moreover, this platform can provide a time range that dates to the 1970s, which is unique compared to other archives [281, 282]. In addition, the ProQuest Canadian Newsstream database not only provides access to private and publicly funded material (e.g., the National Post and CBC News) but also captures many smaller, rural, and sometimes independent local media sources [282].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2 The YouTube social media platform was chosen because YouTube is a growing video-sharing platform that enhances and facilitates users\u0026rsquo; viewing and allows likes, comments, and shares of uploaded videos [283, 284]. YouTube has become the second most visited website in the world, linked to more than 2 billion monthly visitors [285]. It is estimated that \u0026ldquo;one billion hours of video content are watched each day on YouTube\u0026rdquo;, and consequently, many companies and firms are spending large amounts of capital on promotions and advertisements [285]. Video advertising investment and marketing have reached more than $130 billion in the U.S. alone [286].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3 X, formally known as Twitter, was chosen because this social media platform allows the instantaneous sharing of videos, photos, news, and events while enhancing users\u0026rsquo; experience by permitting comments, likes and sharing within a social network of followers and following members [287]. Founded in 2006, X now has more than 350 million active users, while more than 1 billion people have visited the site [287]. Today, more than 46% of businesses use X as a form of advertising, while X remains one of the top social media tools used by marketers [288].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eAnalysis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMass media analysis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe database of the Canadian Newsstream was examined using a date range of more than 50 years (e.g., 1970-2023). The data analyses pertained to the names of the royal family and involved Canadian newspapers, magazines, blogs, podcasts, websites, wire feeds\u0026lrm;, trade journals\u0026lrm; and reports covering the past 50 years.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSocial media analysis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1 The royal family\u0026rsquo;s YouTube social media accounts: 1-The royal family channel and 2-the royal family were qualitatively analyzed by noting the number of views, the dates, and the total number of videos in each channel. The dates for the royal family channel are shown in Tables below. The quantitative analysis included assigning a dollar value via mathematical models to the value of engagement/outreach/influence as a positive force for good.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2 The royal family\u0026rsquo;s accounts on X: 1-The royal family (@RoyalFamily) and 2-the Prince and Princess of Wales (@KensingtonRoyal) were quantitatively analyzed (e.g., the total number of tweets, likes, comments and reposts) for a month (April 15-May 15, 2023). The total amount of X influence for the royal family was estimated based on the inception of the accounts while projecting the upper (20%) and lower bound (20%) estimates based on the sensitivity analysis.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCost of the royal household\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe cost of running the royal household is determined based on the sovereign\u0026rsquo;s annual payments according to the standard financial equation:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ewhere\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e is the total cost of the monarchy,\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;i\u003c/em\u003e is a standard 10% interest rate, \u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e is the total security cost,\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;q\u003c/em\u003e is the annual salary, and \u003cem\u003eN\u003c/em\u003e is the estimated 25-year maintenance/repair cost of palaces, gardens, and National Trust/collections (e.g., paintings, sovereign\u0026rsquo;s jewelry, treasures, and foreign dignitary gifts). This mathematical model is derived from the previous literature, where the cost of maintenance and staff salaries needed to be estimated using the standard financial equation [289]. Table 1 contains all the items for the models above and below. Based on the model above, the cost of the royal household for UK taxpayers is estimated to be US$23.9 million per year. The sensitivity analysis of 20% represents upper and lower estimates.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[insert Table 1 here]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBenefits of the royal household\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTo estimate the benefits of the royal household, this study relied on previous mathematical models employed in the literature [292]. The mathematical models facilitate the addition of each compounding factor\u0026rsquo;s benefits (e.g., mass media (newspapers) and social media [X \u0026amp; YouTube]). The benefit for each social media scenario was operationalized as the benefit per weighted total additional engagement by social media users.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAdditional engagement on X (Twitter) by the audience was calculated as the number of likes, comments, and views at baseline, in addition to the number of followers [292]. For YouTube, only the number of views was considered in addition to the number of subscribers. For the mass media, only the total numbers of articles, newspapers, magazines, and all other articles were considered. Based on Clayforth et al. [296], additional engagement on X was weighted equally to reflect the level of effort required by each action.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe weighting techniques used in previously published work were followed in the current analysis to estimate the total effects of social and mass media. The second model, as shown below, accounts for the number of subscribers and other variables linked to X (Twitter). \u003cem\u003ex\u003c/em\u003e represents the number of followers, \u003cem\u003ea\u003c/em\u003e represents likes, \u003cem\u003eb\u003c/em\u003e represents comments,\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;c\u003c/em\u003e represents the viewer count, \u003cem\u003em\u003c/em\u003e represents the number of posts, \u003cem\u003en\u003c/em\u003e represents the number of retweets, and \u003cem\u003ed\u003c/em\u003e represents the odds ratio of impact/return on investment for potential dollars.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"data:image/png;base64,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\" height=\"33\" width=\"338\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe third model shown below represents the benefit estimation linked to the total YouTube accounts linked to the royal family. y represents the total number of subscribers, \u003cem\u003ee\u003c/em\u003e represents the total number of views,\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;l\u003c/em\u003e represents the total number of videos, and \u003cem\u003ed\u003c/em\u003e represents the odds ratio of impact for potential dollars.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAANIAAAAgCAYAAABnwyZQAAAF+ElEQVR4Ae2YDVUsORCFxwIasIAHJKABCzjAAQ5QgAIMYAAHeJg939u9b/OyqZ/0D9PDVs7pk+6epFJ1b91Kek7naoVAIbAagdNqC2WgECgEziWkSoJCYAMESkgbgFgmCoES0oVz4P7+/nw6nf64PJfe3t7Od3d3Z/prbO/v73/E+vX19SuMh4eH8+Pj4/nz83NxWGB5c3OTmv/y8vLbj9vb299zZvnQxBKSkLhQL+Ki5Uk4kg0RkYzX3D4+Pn4lcZvAxENyI4TX19fp8BAgBenp6Sk9l3WYA66jluWGuaGQWOz5+fk/12jhejePQJYsBMSlCj6/0nFmKOnZgfqGyJaIiRxFFMzPNu2OzB21LDfMDYUkYzPHj5FT9W6MgPAd//r3WyXJmmOPZ9/6Dc6tJLPmZN5zLMU2O9Co6dg1Iwp2NwrNTNOOZO3wGW60XigkDax+HwQistiBqNCj6r2PR/9a3UtIHL+wbSUwHiAMsMk0HRUtYVo2VKCs3yNu2nklpBaNC9xHZC2pzluFsZeQopjxX2LL7EoUGXyd3bHxw9vFMn4K61BIBMLHGI5yUSn22O7l0Jqe6g0BVHCu/p8tAUMcSz5o5RvrYMOrqBob9fLJGgfRrJVpxNtzlUlEyzbr7sE1donba9H3SzsXrq0/DDSOOMhd1ma88sTb6SNuZJveZQgSWJTF9JGr7TALMI7PXksTFHAQiD5mAa5vSszZ6kX8zFViEhPv8JX3s/bkV0QW60RJhy1VZXjBL/zMzpUvfc/8LM/9XOtZfsGV14gh47++c6zCKN7IYx39eCdRWfPwLeKm9d8VEovhAAu3jXdcR24CofedmKLqZcWFWCRW2QGHfuez5o/ey8/Rb6rKkb/4RNIpUWSLd/i5tO0hJB1VvQSWvxn/wcbLRWHTc6QNQYVRa7a9x007jntTSKocGOubFli6c/T29ngWUK2P2qnad7NrI0yRBw69UGftCcvRPAnJ2xUUUy8Y8ecdXbQmCTt7LcVQO6eXwL1feu57sMdvK0Zh4+Vwb7N99rhpx3FvCkkkegAvBbN3Yo9nKhC+t0nI/QjU7PrYJGGppvRUV0S1BgePLHHQxtD7qoqr3YgE5Z4qzZFzjdB7/Pq1lzyDm7eDtDaVe+279l67myVKYTPa/fAjygWPm9YP7kMheST2xkbPAmOmX5OY8kHVSNWKhIJAC3TNs3rm999IrIE9AOd+SfPIyghJ84UvPiLuUfLM+ofNtfy3a2oHwedMU0zWWGJFEFYTNj3nPGdi03zLfvs+FFI26NboUe4RjvxHUBLVWv+UEFsI3iNLQlIMI7+9+aPxM+8yyTZjb3RK8OazviWUjBgsbCg02O6/m3pfrPn9OJ5NIfEjiciCo2pLMh29CQgSkliO6LN8tLAEf8ZYzZpPopEwaxprb7kjYSuTwPisYmXFrmPbKDcV8wgbdmq973cqzVOvcXr2eldIOoNSFXCAhETFVHYS8+hNxOFrVH0uFUtEFscXks9qilHfSCQg93AWJYplU+/3FJKEbhW3aPeCU7DzGnlKDMKGnnfCDBGyjlVwIm7atW2G/hnFQiITpyAIZ7xK0C5wyXuRYQF1Sd+0dkSWSCcWqzGGxIIf+q342VpI5Az5g1048XJIO86oGIjX6DsQkQpf1pWgmA9OwsoSs+ZauLfvQyG1g6/tHjIAywLqCPFEZJFsJB7i+D81eAObUQMLMNmb14ib1rcfKySqFWBv8YdAC9jW9xmytCuNqvPW/hzBnuIdcYd4vquwZLgRXj9KSABMExHR1i8QLtlnyeJ4zbV3Fb4kFqxNsYBHHcN6f1QgvaNuP2fpc5Yb7P8YIVG9IEDXtRyFsmQhIL4rOOuPKvXSZDnSPMTjiQhfKSZg8B0tyw2+/Bgh6QMUkL+jWm1FpMhSAaD3GhWZZLqmGL149BtFIvqTRN+LfPvu1Wb5kB8+axpVfSFQCLgIlJBceOrHQiCHQAkph1ONKgRcBEpILjz1YyGQQ6CElMOpRhUCLgIlJBee+rEQyCFQQsrhVKMKAReBvwBEovlciIwYtgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==\" width=\"210\" height=\"32\" style=\"text-align: start; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: medium;\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe fourth model shown below estimates the potential benefits of the mass media impact of the royal family. \u003cem\u003ez\u003c/em\u003e represents the total number of English speakers in Canada, \u003cem\u003eg\u003c/em\u003e represents the total number of newspaper articles written about the royal family, \u003cem\u003eh\u003c/em\u003e is the total number of magazine articles written about the royal family, j is all other articles written about the royal family, and \u003cem\u003ek\u003c/em\u003e is the odds ratio of impact for every dollar spent.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"data:image/png;base64,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\" height=\"33\" width=\"237\" style=\"text-align: start; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-size: medium;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe fifth model is the total weighted estimates of all models.\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e is the weighted total benefit ratio of X (Twitter),\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e is the total benefit ratio of YouTube, and\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u0026Agrave;\u003c/em\u003e is the total benefit ratio of the mass media.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"data:image/png;base64,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\" width=\"148\" height=\"33\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eSensitivity analysis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe sensitivity analysis involved estimating the upper and lower values for X. The sensitivity analysis was important for X because in each year, there could be increases and decreases in the views due to marriages, funerals, or coronations, while some years would have no significant major events. Therefore, a 20% value is utilized for the annual estimations of X for the sensitivity analysis. The Canadian Newsstream database also may have captured the same articles during the systematic search. Consequently, a 30% sensitivity value is used for the upper and lower limit values.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eValidity and reliability\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSimilar to qualitative and quantitative research, validity and reliability are important in economic evaluations because the reliability and validity of the results are linked to the mathematical model employed, while reliability is linked to the parameters utilized in the model. Eddy [297] concluded that \u0026ldquo;there is no simple and universally applicable procedure for validating a model\u0026rdquo;, and the model needs to be evaluated in the context of the costing report. Eddy [297] highlighted the importance of model transparency, the origin of the data, the clarity of the study\u0026rsquo;s inquiries, and the application of sensitivity analysis. Moreover, Buxton et al. [298] and Sheldon [299] highlighted the criteria that can be used to effectively assess model reliability: \u0026ldquo;(1) simplicity of the model; (2) transparency of the results; (3) quality of the data utilized; (4) sensitivity analysis usage to account for any uncertainties; and (5) comparing the model against other costing studies\u0026rdquo; [140]. The current study meets the criteria highlighted above because it relies on models that have not only been employed in similar contexts but also been simplified [289, 292]. The values and models employed in the current study are based on data collection and the internet. The source of each parameter is indicated in Table 1 with the appropriate references for clarity.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eQuantitative findings\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAs shown in Table 1, most of the cost of the royal family is covered via the Duchy of Lancaster and the king\u0026rsquo;s personal wealth and income, which are a return on investment from properties and other resources passed down from generation to generation. Therefore, only a small portion of the cost is directly supported via taxpayers, the largest being the security cost of \u0026pound;100 million (US$126 million).\u0026nbsp;This result is not surprising because many members of the royal family, such as Lord Mountbatten and his grandchildren, who died from terrorist attacks, and Princess Anne, who escaped a kidnapping, are the greatest targets of foreign adversaries, terrorists and criminal organizations [125, 300]. Both Queen Elizabeth and Prince Andrew have been approached by intruders in their residences in the past [301, 302]. However, this value in the model when the cost of repair and maintenance is considered becomes negligible where the total cost of the royal family is estimated to be \u0026pound;18.97 million (US$23.9 million).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe social media impact of YouTube, as shown in Table 2, is significant, reaching 2.58 billion since the inception of both accounts, with only 6,953 video posts.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[Insert Table 2 here]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe total impact of X for the king and queen (the royal family) as seen in Table 3 was 51.20 billion, and that for the Prince and Princess of Wales was 34.12 billion, for a total combined value of 85.32 billion.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[Insert Table 3 here]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe total combined mass media articles linked to the royal family since the 1970s as seen Table 4 in English-based articles was 2,879,464 (\u0026mu; = 73,832; \u0026sigma; = 152,884), with the highest volume of coverage occurring between 2010 and 2019, for a total of 1,100,891 articles.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e[Insert Table 4 here]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFurthermore, the benefit‒cost ratio was estimated to be 7.443 trillion:1 because of the highly effective mode of social media outreach. Table 2 shows that the greatest impact was via Twitter and mass media (e.g., newspapers, journals, magazines, and other media).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eQualitative findings\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe qualitative findings for X are reported as interesting trends. The most generated interest was linked to birthdays and coronations of members of the royal family during the one-month period noted above. Commonwealth-related items and visiting regions generated considerable interest and discussion during this period. For example, two birthday posts by the late queen generated 5.3 million views, 2,864 comments, 117,800 likes and 12,148 reposts. The birthday announcement of Prince Louis generated 3.8 million views, 2,700 comments, 79,200 likes, and 5,205 reposts. A post related to the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) generated 613,600 views, 244 comments, 9,731 likes and 1,004 reposts. Moreover, the Birmingham visit in 2023 by the Prince and Princess of Wales generated 649,600 views, 290 comments, 10,600 likes, and 977 reposts. The visit to the Aberfan Memorial Garden in Wales on April 28, 2023, generated 500,300 views, 234 comments, 13,300 likes and 1,178 reposts. A transit ride by the Prince and Princess of Wales generated 1 million views, 740 comments, 15,700 likes, and 1,827 reposts. Three days before the king\u0026rsquo;s coronation, the military rehearsal generated 1.7 million views, 1,196 comments, 25,900 likes, and 3,094 reposts. The reception for heads of state held by the king before the coronation generated 2 million views, 685 comments, 18,600 likes and 3,577 reposts. The flyover by jets on the coronation day generated 8.7 million views, 2,996 comments, 124,000 likes, and 14,500 reposts. The visit to the Tomb of the Unknown Warrior generated 1 million views, 222 comments, 19,000 likes and 1,576 reposts. The crowning of the king generated 14.5 million views, 2,763 comments, 48,500 likes, and 13,800 reposts, while the Crowned king and queen generated 11 million views, 5,985 comments, 89,800 likes and 8,105 reposts. Finally, related videos linked to the coronation, such as sewing for the coronation, generated 664,200 views, 395 comments, 8902 likes and 990 reposts.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn recent years, there have been some anti-monarchist and republican sentiments in many European and non-European countries [303]. Some people see monarchies as undemocratic since monarchs are unelected, others see them as symbols of colonialism, while still others are concerned about the cost of monarchy as it relates to marriages, coronations, funerals, and royal households [304, 305]. For example, Assembl\u0026eacute;e nationale du Qu\u0026eacute;bec (Qu\u0026eacute;bec National Assembly/Parliament) voted unanimously to abolish the role of the lieutenant-governor, the crown\u0026rsquo;s symbolic/ceremonial representative, in Qu\u0026eacute;bec after the appointment of the first Indigenous person from Quebec to the role on the advice of the 23\u003csup\u003erd\u003c/sup\u003e prime minster of Canada [304]. The motto on Qu\u0026eacute;bec\u0026rsquo;s vehicle license plates, Je me souviens (\u0026lsquo;I remember\u0026rsquo;), is a motto for remembering the history of colonialism of the Qu\u0026eacute;b\u0026eacute;cois Nation and its culture, language and heritage since the war of 1763, when Qu\u0026eacute;bec/New France was still under the French crown, King Louis XVI. A few years after the war of 1763, King Louis XVI and his wife were brutally beheaded via guillotine by revolutionaries in France, where the family could have potentially escaped to Qu\u0026eacute;bec or Acadia like King Charles II, who escaped to mainland Europe during his father\u0026rsquo;s execution by revolutionaries in the UK.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTherefore, in the era of an increasingly globalized and interconnected world where past centuries of injustices, colonialism, and internal conflicts still affect national policies, public opinion and growing economic austerity, this study evaluated the economic benefits of a symbolic/ceremonial institution for taxpayers. The paper first considered the cost of running the royal household in a democracy and the potential economic benefits that the family brings to the nation in terms of advertisement (e.g., tourism, skilled immigrants, international students, diplomacy, and trade).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWhile previous reports have estimated only the cost of monarchies in different Commonwealth nations, this study is the first to estimate the costs and benefits of a monarchy based on tangible value via social and mass media. The US$23.9 million estimated annual cost value leads to the amount of US$0.36 for each UK citizen as the direct cost per year. This estimate is far lower than other previously estimated annual costs. For example, the annual cost of the monarchy in the UK has been estimated at approximately \u0026pound;1.29 (US$1.61) for every person in the UK [207, 306]. The lower cost in this study is attributed to the mathematical model, which accounts for the cost of maintenance and repair as an investment rather than a direct cost to the taxpayer. In Canada, the cost linked to the governor general\u0026rsquo;s security and the sovereign\u0026rsquo;s visits to Canada has been estimated to be CAN$1.55 per Canadian [307]. Australia\u0026rsquo;s governor general costs tax payers AUS$25 million per year, which translates to $1 per Australian citizen [308]. New Zealand\u0026rsquo;s governor general also costs tax payers $7.6 million per year, which translates to NZ$1.49 per citizen [309]. Therefore, the findings of previous reports are in line with the current cost estimated in this analysis.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWhen the cost-only estimates are compared to those of other nations that have monarchies, such as Spain, the monarchy costs only \u0026pound;8 million (US$12.3 million) or 0.26 cents per citizen annually to operate the institution [310]. When such estimates are placed alongside those for other nations that have abandoned their institutions or have presidential systems, such as Portugal, Finland, and Germany, the presidential office costs more than the Spanish monarchy [310]. The cost-effectiveness results can also be compared to those for other kingdoms, such as Luxembourg, Belgium, Denmark, and Sweden, where their institution is more cost-effective than Germany\u0026rsquo;s presidency [310].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAs this study has shown, the tangible benefits of an institution as a brand of positive force for the greater common good far exceed the cost associated with the institution. The benefits become more significant when the social media influence of the royal household is estimated (7.443 trillion: 1). The sensitivity analysis also revealed different ranges, all within the expected values. Some recent reports and\u0026nbsp;\u003ca href=\"http://in.reuters.com/article/2013/07/23/britain-royal-branding-idINDEE96M0AU20130723\"\u003eestimates\u003c/a\u003e have placed the monetary benefits of the monarchy as a royal \u0026ldquo;brand\u0026rdquo; at approximately \u0026pound;1.9 billion (US$2.9 billion), while others have suggested greater values of \u0026pound;28 and \u0026pound;67.5 billion (US$86 billion) per year [310-312]. Therefore, compared to such estimates, the current result of this study, 7.443 trillion, is similar because previous reports have neglected to comprehend the power of mass and social media in terms of the outreach of the royal family.\u0026nbsp;Therefore, it can be easily concluded that the royal family has generated a quadrillion dollars for the global economy because of faster modes of transportation, radio, television and now social media.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTherefore, constitutional monarchies remain the most cost-effective tool for preserving democracy, economic stability, and links to security while allowing closer bonds between nations in an increasingly challenging, volatile, and competitive world. As this research has discussed, the monarchy\u0026rsquo;s need for military exhibitions, power and financial expenditures centuries ago may have inadvertently contributed to the evolutionary process of economic efficiency and, ultimately, democracy because of the symbiotic relationships discussed earlier. As previous research has shown, democracy, economic prosperity and security are interlinked in a symbiotic relationship, and constitutional monarchy is the vital part of this connection that provides stability, continuity, the smooth transfer of power and an unbreakable link to security after each election in this continuing evolutionary process [140].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eConstitutional monarchies\u0026rsquo; connections to democracy and the economy\u0026rsquo;s evolutionary process have become more essential as many nations transition into a period of increasing hostilities, internal/external threats to democracy, economic uncertainty and the first era of the AI revolution. For example, in Canada, removing the monarch and its representatives as the ceremonial head of the federal or provincial government would necessitate constitutional amendments that would require all provinces to agree via unanimous votes by their legislative assemblies, and unanimous votes by the House of Commons and the Senate, in addition to meaningful Indigenous consultations [313, 314]. Furthermore, legally removing the crown as the ceremonial head of the federal and provincial governments would complicate previous historical Indigenous land and resource treaties, adding further complexities to an already challenging relationship. Finally, previous attempts to amend the constitution (e.g., the Meech Lake Accord) have been a dismal failure contributing to Qu\u0026eacute;bec\u0026rsquo;s sovereignty vote [315].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eKings and queens, unlike other heads of states in democracies remain in power for decades, giving their countries unique abilities in peace negotiations and free trade while also acting as ambassadors for their respective nations. While foreign ministers and diplomats are elected, appointed, and subsequently trained on the job (e.g., treatment of foreign dignitaries, proper protocols during foreign state visits, and national security issues), members of the royal family are raised from birth to act diplomatically while protecting the national interest. For example, a former Canadian foreign minister, Maxime Bernier, was removed due to the mishandling of top secrets, while the RCMP director general of intelligence was recently charged with espionage [316, 317].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWhile diplomatic missions are for a limited period of time and many on-the-job trainings are lost during diplomatic turnovers/elections, members of royal households can supplement valuable experience in every foreign visit and add public opinion victories for the greater good of humanity. These gains may not be feasible for a newly minted foreign minister/diplomat who is only concerned about the immediate national interest. For example, during his recent visit to New York for the United Nation\u0026rsquo;s annual world leader events, Prince William was able to raise environmental issues via an oyster reef restoration project in New York City as a supplement to his meeting at the UN with world leaders [224]. Swedish Crown Princess Victoria not only has served in the Swedish armed forces but also, like King Carl XVI Gustaf, has had diplomatic postings and training in various roles [215]. In addition, Prince Haakon, the Norwegian crown prince, like Norway\u0026rsquo;s King Harald V, has served in the armed forces of Norway and has been a Goodwill Ambassador for the United Nations [318, 319]. Finally, King Frederik X, like Queen Margrethe, not only served in the Danish armed forces but also has had various diplomatic posts, including the Danish UN mission in New York [320].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTherefore, the social networks of royal families formed over decades of diplomatic missions with current and former world leaders, in addition to nongovernmental organizations\u0026mdash;such as the UN, NATO, the Commonwealth, the EU, the African Union, the Arab League, the Association of Southeast Asian Nations, the Association of Caribbean States, the Pacific Islands Forum, the Arctic Council, Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation, Organisation internationale de la Francophonie, Organization of Ibero-American States, and the Gulf Cooperation Council\u0026mdash;allow nations to form closer partnerships, advocating for the environment, free trade and human rights while preventing economic instability and war. For example, many royal families worldwide have been advocating for environmental causes for decades, highlighting the importance of global environmental stewardship with important world leaders well before scientists\u0026rsquo; call for action on global warming [321].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRecently, King Charles III hosted an international event highlighting the importance of environmental stewardship for the space scientific industry, \u0026ldquo;Astra Carta\u0026rdquo;, as a roadmap to a more sustainable framework for space exploration [322]. This is particularly important because King Charles III has advocated on behalf of the environment all his life despite the government\u0026rsquo;s cuts on environmental issues. The most recent U-turn on green cutbacks in 2023 by the UK government is in stark contrast to the royal family\u0026rsquo;s advocacy [323-325]. Prince William has followed in the king\u0026rsquo;s footsteps and plans to expand the Earthshot Prize\u0026mdash;which he initiated\u0026mdash;to highlight climate change issues into a global environmental movement to encourage Commonwealth governments to be more engaged in green sectors [326].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMoreover, many European monarchs have acknowledged the devastating effects of colonialism privately as the ceremonial heads of their governments, despite the limits of constitutions/governments placed on their roles not to be seen as political or as interfering in government affairs. or instance, King Charles III expressed his deepest sorrow for residential school survivors by stating in his last visit to Canada that \u0026ldquo;on behalf of my wife and myself, I want to acknowledge their suffering and to say how much our hearts go out to them and their families\u0026rdquo; [243]. The king has also acknowledged the sovereign\u0026rsquo;s great interest in Indigenous self-determinations by inviting and meeting personally with the Canadian delegation of Indigenous leaders amid his busy coronation schedule and by opening the royal historical records to researchers and academics for the first time in the recorded history of the UK [243, 327, 328]. He also met personally with the national organization for Inuit in Canada (president of Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami) at Buckingham Palace in London [225].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll European monarchs, including King Charles III and Prince William, require government approval before making any formal apologies, and thus far, the UK government believes that an apology is not the right way forward due to the legal and diplomatic implications for the UK as a country [243, 329]. Despite this issue, the royal family takes the history of colonialism \u0026ldquo;profoundly seriously\u0026rdquo; and currently supports an independent study on the royal family\u0026rsquo;s role in colonialism during the 17\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e and 18\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e centuries [329]. Moreover, King Charles III expressed his \u0026ldquo;greatest sorrow and regret\u0026rdquo; during his most recent visit to Kenya while stating that there was \u0026ldquo;no excuse\u0026rdquo; for the events of the past in Africa [330]. One shift in the monarchy under King Charles III\u0026rsquo;s reign has been his personal desire to make personal connections and meet with the leaders of Indigenous communities and Indigenous nations to affirm the multigenerational effects of colonialism on Indigenous people in Canada and elsewhere [243].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRecently, King Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands apologized on behalf of his government for the Dutch role in colonialism [331]. King Willem-Alexander further apologized on behalf of the Dutch people for past colonialism in South Africa during his official visit to the country [332]. Moreover, King Willem-Alexander commissioned a study on the Dutch royal family\u0026rsquo;s role in colonialism during the 17\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e and 18\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e centuries. Finally, King Philippe of Belgium sent a personal letter to Congolese President F\u0026eacute;lix Tshisekedi, conveying his \u0026ldquo;deepest regrets\u0026rdquo; for the past colonial acts committed against the Congolese people [333]. Such personal meetings, statements, or letters on behalf of ceremonial crowns can be translated as the changing dynamics of European nations and the EU, conciliation with their colonial legacy and the new era of patronship with an increasingly interconnected, multicultural, globalized, and multilinguistic world [333].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFurthermore, many European monarchs were forced to become refugees at various times throughout past centuries. Consequently, they not only understand the plight of asylum seekers, refugees, and immigrants from around the globe but also have lived experience. However, they are unable to intervene or express their views due to constitutional limits, government approval and possible political interference. For example, King Harald V was forced to depart Norway and become a refugee during the Nazi invasion/occupation of Norway, and Queen Wilhelmina and her family were also forced to leave the Netherlands to seek asylum during World War II [129, 130, 334]. King Charles II was forced to become a refugee in mainland Europe after his father\u0026rsquo;s execution in the UK. The crown prince of Iran, Reza II, became a political refugee in the United States after the family left Iran due to the king\u0026rsquo;s unwillingness to suppress political dissent and his cancer in 1979 [335]. Finally, Crown Prince Pavlos I (Paul I) of Greece has been in asylum in the UK and the US ever since King Constantine II left Greece to prevent civil war and free the country\u0026rsquo;s people from the rule of military juntas (Cage \u0026amp; Cage).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMoreover, the role of the constitutional monarch as the ceremonial head of the armed forces and security establishment not only goes back to past centuries but also further provides continuity of the national interest, stability, duty, service and sacrifice, something that is not achievable with a limited-term president as the head of the state. For example, King Richard III was killed in battle, while recent members of the royal family have served in various military roles, capacities and conflicts defending the Commonwealth and common democratic values (e.g., Prince George, Duke of Kent [Queen Elizabeth II\u0026rsquo;s cousin]) made the ultimate sacrifice during the WWII in a plane crash while serving as an officer in the Royal Air Force during nonoperational duties; Prince Philip served as an officer in the Second World War in the Royal Navy, while Prince Harry served in the army in the war in Afghanistan) [336, 337]. All monarchs from around the world, including small European nations such as Monaco, Liechtenstein, and Luxembourg, have their crown prince or princess serve in the military and armed forces before taking on official palace duties to reinforce the unbreakable bond between the armed forces, the security establishment and the crown. The most recent examples are Princess Elisabeth and Prince Gabriel of Belgium, who completed and performed their military training at the Royal Military Academy in Brussel [241, 242]. The presumptive heir to the Spanish crown, Princess Leonor, started her military education at the General Military Academy in Zaragoza, Spain, because of her future leadership role as the commander in chief of the Spanish armed forces [338].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFinally, to reinforce the bond between duty, service and sacrifice and the crown\u0026rsquo;s unbreakable link with the armed forces and the Commonwealth, members of the royal family volunteer their time by remaining as the ceremonial head of many military regiments and units not only in Canada but also in Australia and New Zealand. In addition, King Charles III remains the ceremonial head of military for eight more countries in Central and North America (e.g., Antigua and Barbuda, the Bahamas, Belize, Jamaica, Grenada, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines) and three more in Oceania (Papua New Guinea, the Solomon Islands, and Tuvalu), allowing nations to form closer partnerships in military conflicts, humanitarian disasters and the increasing threats of global warming to many nations, including many island nations in the Caribbean and the Pacific. It is not surprising that the UK government has promised a radical plan of foreign aid specifically for climate change disasters for many island nations in the Caribbean, the Pacific and elsewhere [204].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis was critical during the Korean War, when many Commonwealth militaries fought for freedom and democracy in the Korean Peninsula against the armed wing of the Workers\u0026rsquo; Party of Korea supported by the Red Army and the People\u0026rsquo;s Liberation Army (PLA) [339]. The importance of the Commonwealth of Nations and King Charles III as the ceremonial commander of many Commonwealth nations has become critical in the Pacific and the South China Sea, where many nations\u0026mdash;including Australia, Canada, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Tuvalu, the Philippines and many others\u0026mdash;have witnessed an increasingly hostile and unprofessional PLA disregard international law [340]. The PLA\u0026rsquo;s increasing militarization, assertiveness, and recklessness and Russia\u0026rsquo;s continuing occupation of eastern Ukraine have raised the possibility of another conflict or world war, a possibility that is now higher than ever [140, 341].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn effect, the U.S. Air Force has reclaimed an airfield that launched the first atomic bomb since the Second World War in the Pacific Ocean, while Sweden\u0026rsquo;s top military leaders have warned of potential war [169, 342]. Moreover, FBI Director Christopher A. Wray warned American lawmakers that \u0026ldquo;Chinese hackers are preparing to \u0026lsquo;wreak havoc\u0026rsquo; on U.S. critical infrastructure\u0026rdquo; [343]. This warning echoes Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) Director William J. Burns\u0026rsquo; warning that \u0026ldquo;President\u0026rsquo;s Xi\u0026rsquo;s growing repression at home and his aggressiveness abroad, from his \u0026lsquo;no limits\u0026rsquo; partnership with Putin to his threats to peace and stability in the Taiwan Strait, are impossible to ignore\u0026rdquo; [344]. The 9\u003csup\u003eth\u003c/sup\u003e German chancellor also wrote in the \u003cem\u003eWall Street Journal\u003c/em\u003e that many adversarial states are closely monitoring democracies\u0026rsquo; resolve in eastern Ukraine to exploit divisions [345]. Consequently, once again, having a monarchy as the commander in chief allows many nations\u0026rsquo; soldiers, sailors, and pilots to form closer bonds and connections and a common union of brother/sisterhood under the same oath to the crown to protect democracy, the economy, and the security/peace of the global ecosystem because instability and war in one part of the world ultimately affect everyone directly or indirectly [140].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eLimitations\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThere are a few limitations to the research presented. One of the disadvantages of this research is the limited scope of the data, which focused only on the Canadian Newsstream database, YouTube and X (Twitter) while neglecting other sources and, therefore, potentially underestimating the benefits of the royal family\u0026rsquo;s outreach. Moreover, the focus of the mass media, via the Canadian Newsstream database, is the Canadian context, potentially underestimating other articles in other countries, such as Antigua and Barbuda, Australia, the Bahamas, Belize, Jamaica, Grenada, New Zealand, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Papua New Guinea, the Solomon Islands, and Tuvalu, or other English-speaking news media (e.g., there are 88 countries/territories in which English is either an official or administrative language and there are an estimated 2 billion people who can speak English) [346]. In addition, the Canadian Newsstream database may not capture all Canadian content, such as celebrity magazines and other more local news organizations, potentially affecting the data.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAdditionally, the reliance on English-only content and news outlets underestimated the benefits in Canada, where French, Inuktitut and Inuinnaqtun are also official languages in Canada, Qu\u0026eacute;bec, and Nunavut. Relying on newspaper/print articles can also limit other sources of coverage, such as Google or Microsoft desktop news. In effect, it is estimated that over 300 million people access their daily news from Google, while a half billion people access Microsoft news monthly [347]. Moreover, Google and Microsoft news outlets cover news events that are not covered by the Canadian Newsstream database, which could contribute to the underestimation of cost‒benefit ratios [276]. Therefore, the role of sensitivity analysis in mass media estimation played a major role in the upper limit values.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSocial media platforms have broad appeal because people not only spend more time on their laptops and cellular devices but also rely on social media such as YouTube, Microsoft, Meta (Facebook, Instagram and WhatsApp) and Google Chrome products to access the latest news, stay connected with family/friends or play video games via the clustering of information on topics of interest [348]. However, this study neglected the effects of radio and television, which can be more significant than most traditional social media platforms [349]. Consequently, using a mixed method approach via machine learning/AI techniques combined with qualitative work may provide more accurate information on the influence of the royal family\u0026rsquo;s outreach.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe model used for estimating benefits and costs considers the relationship as a linear model, whereas hypothetically, such relationships should be considered in a growth model where the point of saturation is ultimately reached. Therefore, a logistic model would have been a more realistic model. However, using the sensitivity analysis allowed a more relative estimation. Furthermore, leaving a like or making a comment on X (formerly Twitter) involves greater effort and commitment by the user. As these actions are more effortful and potentially more likely to prime the user to be influenced by the monarchy\u0026rsquo;s causes and charities (\u003ca href=\"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2018.00083/full#B38\"\u003e38\u003c/a\u003e), ideally, they should have received greater weight in the model.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAdditionally, while this study focused only on X and YouTube for data collection, other more popular social media networking sites were omitted. Across different social media platforms, such as Facebook, Instagram, Reddit, Snapchat, Twitch, LinkedIn, Reddit, Google+, WhatsApp and Pinterest, the number of daily users far exceeds hundreds of millions, and in the case of Facebook, it far exceeds 1 billion [287]. Moreover, many members of the royal family have dabbled in other more popular social media platforms, such as podcasts, to promote their charities, such as promoting reading or storytelling [350].\u0026nbsp;Therefore, neglecting the newer and ever-growing reach of mass/social media reduced the benefit‒cost ratio of the current research.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn addition, some of the comments added to the social media impact of X could be attributed to bots, trolls, or people who may have left negative comments on the social media posts of the royal family [351, 352]. For instance, Princess Eugenie has been a target of negative and hateful comments by trolls, bots, and people on her private Instagram account [351]. Similarly, some social media platforms, such as X (formerly Twitter), have seen an unchecked rise in hateful content and conspiracy theories promoting antisemitism and islamophobia via trolls, bots and people promoting right-wing ideologies [353]. However, conducting the sensitivity analysis at 20% accounted for this variability in the data and the choice to neglect newer forms of social/mass media.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDespite the benefits that the mass media have had for promoting the causes of the royal family and enhancing its public image worldwide, the royal family has been the target and the victim of the mass media, paparazzi, and photographers for many years [354]. For example, Princess Diana\u0026rsquo;s death can be directly linked to paparazzi, and her tragic death not only shocked the world but also traumatized the royal Family [355, 356]. Princess Diana\u0026rsquo;s sons, Prince William and Prince Harry, have also been the targets of paparazzi and the mass media for many years [357]. For instance, Prince William and Princess Catherine were photographed in a private residence while vacationing in France, and Prince Harry\u0026rsquo;s phone was hacked for many years by the mass media [357, 358]. Prince Harry\u0026rsquo;s wife, Meghan, has received the most negative publicity in the mass media due to her race, forcing her family to settle in the U.S. [359]. King Charles\u0026rsquo;s most intimate conversations with Queen Camilla were also hacked by the press [360].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMoreover, like any family, the royal family has been involved in scandals and controversies that may have placed the royals in a negative light [361]. Consequently, it was crucial to conduct a sensitivity analysis at 30% to ensure the capture of positive news while also negating the articles that may have been captured through other search queries in the Canadian Newsstream database. However, previous research has shown that scandals and negative news may not be harmful and can sometimes increase international interest in the royal family [362]. Moreover, it is plausible that data gathered via the Canadian Newsstream database may have captured the names of locations/streets/schools linked to the royal family in Canada. Therefore, using the sensitivity analysis at 30% gives the paper more reliability given the potential limits of the mass media data gathered.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSome of the tangible benefits discussed in this paper, such as media outreach in the form of advertisement, can be evaluated by monetary value; other potential benefits, such as the smooth transfer of power during elections, being a unifying force, the diplomatic role during trade/peace-building, being the defender of all faiths, advocacy on behalf of disadvantaged groups, being a unifying power as the head of the armed forces and economic/political stability, cannot be evaluated via tangible benefits. For example, King Charles III hosted a reception at St. James\u0026apos;s Palace to aid in Ukraine\u0026rsquo;s recovery and to allow top diplomats to discuss important military and strategic issues [363]. In effect, the stability, continuity, and independence that monarchies offer in ensuring the preservation of democracy and, thus, the economy are the most valuable benefits of such a system of government and are arguably the most challenging to assign a monetary value to.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFinally, while constitutional monarchies are a stable, efficient, and cost-effective system of government that contributes to political and economic stability, instances in which the monarch or the monarch\u0026rsquo;s representative have intervened in the political system beyond the allocated limits allowed under the constitution have had devastating economic, political, legal, and international implications. For example, King Charles I\u0026rsquo;s intervention in government affairs not only caused a civil war but also ultimately contributed to the execution of the king in 1649 after a fair trial [364]. Shortly after the execution of the king, Great Britian became a republic until the death of Oliver Cromwell and the\u0026nbsp;\u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart_Restoration\"\u003e1660 restoration\u003c/a\u003e of the monarchy [364]. Moreover, in Australia, the governor general\u0026rsquo;s direct intervention sacking a prime minister contributed to the Australian constitutional crisis of 1975 [365].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTherefore, the symbiotic relationship between the crown, democracy, security, and the economy is like a tertiary tooth intervention [366]. For example, if the tooth preparation for all ceramic crowns or metal ceramic crowns, the specificities (e.g., angles, measurements, and heights) and other preparation requirements are not followed by the dentist, the tooth will fracture under the occlusal load of the patient, or the life cycle of the prepared tooth\u0026rsquo;s crown will be shortened [367]. Similarly, if the crown or its representatives fail to follow the guidelines provided under the constitution, disregard the rule of law, accept bribes, or intervene in the functioning of politicians, judges, and state representatives, the final product (e.g., democracy, security, and the economy) will fracture and suffer severe consequences under the imbalance created in the homeostasis of the ecosystem because of the symbiotic relationships between democracy, economy, and security [140]. Both the political/democratic system and the economic system are driven and governed by the laws of efficiency, like the functioning of the human body, and any interference could cause imbalances that will affect jobs, markets, and political stability [140]. For example, political elections are driven by the desire for power, and each election cycle determines the most efficient politicians/parties/leaders, while economies are driven by the need to generate wealth [140].\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusions","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn the era of increasing conflicts, economic uncertainty, mass migration, internal and external election interference by malignant actors and humanitarian disasters caused by global warming/war, we need a constitutional/ceremonial form of monarchy more than ever because monarchies are extremely cost-effective, they contribute to the stability needed for the economy to thrive and, as the recent political unrest and storming of the Capitol after the 2020 U.S. presidential election demonstrated, the monarch\u0026rsquo;s ceremonial role in ensuring the smooth transfer of power after each election prevents the possibility of unrest/possible collaboration of politicians with the security establishment for a coup and potential future legal, political, and security ramifications. As previous research has highlighted, democracy, like a living body/cell, is fragile and has a symbiotic relationship with the economy and security in an ecosystem [140]. The ceremonial but irreplaceable role of the monarch not only prevents instability/coups/disorder/chaos (e.g., 2023 Niger\u0026rsquo;s military coup) but also prevents internal conflicts, security ramifications, potential economic uncertainty, and the potential collapse of democracy/homeostasis [140]. This is particularly crucial in the current competitive globalized economy where political instability, potential power vacuums and the rapidly changing political/cultural/economic landscape due to the first AI revolution could have devastating consequences for the economy, jobs, the rule of law and markets when the crown\u0026rsquo;s irreplaceable role is abandoned. The rapidly changing political/cultural/economic landscape has already emerged, as evident in the 2016 U.S. elections and the 2023 Slovak elections, where hacking, social media fake news, videos, and AI can be utilized efficiently and effectively to change public opinions toward candidates who have more favorable policies and platforms that may benefit an adversarial state without the need to invade a democracy [161].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRegrettably, a few countries in the Caribbean are showing an increasing willingness to abandon the ceremonial constitutional form of monarchy due to the previous history of colonialism. However, in the era of increasing threats to democracy, isolationism, ultra-nationalism and separatism may place nations at increasing risk of vulnerability to their democracy, economy and security in the 21\u003csup\u003est\u003c/sup\u003e century, especially in the era of an interconnected, multicultural, multifaith and multinational world [368-370]. Rather, isolationism, separatism, and regionalism and removing a nation\u0026rsquo;s ceremonial, historical and social network/human connection to other continents only make countries, nations, regions, and the world more vulnerable to the challenges of global warming, mass migration, election interference, political and economic instability, and future world hostilities due to the potential collapse of democracies and rule of law as observed in Hong Kong and elsewhere.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis is particularly true because unlike other forms of government (presidential), ceremonial constitutional monarchy is less prone to vulnerabilities (e.g., coups) that may place a democracy at risk of collapse due to the fragility of democratic systems. This is especially significant for political leaders who are elected once or twice and who happen to have authoritarian, dictatorial, cunning, exploitative, egocentric, and manipulative tendencies that erode the rule of law (e.g., imprisonment of their opponents, political assassinations, and election meddling). Additionally, their relentless attacks on the freedom of the press and the powerless in society may fracture fragile democracy and distort the symbiotic relationship and the balance between democracy, the economy, and security, as seen in the dominance of the Nazi party in Germany, Vladimir Putin in Russia, the supreme leader in Iran, and the rise of a few socialist governments in South and Central America (e.g., Fidel Castro and Hugo Chavez) who intend to challenge the symbiotic relationship between economic efficiency, democracy and security. In an increasingly interconnected globalized economy, the collapse of a democracy in another corner of the world could have ripple effects on other continents, weaken other nations\u0026rsquo; economies and ultimately affect other democracies because of the symbiotic homeostasis relationship discussed earlier [140].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe continuing Russian aggression and occupation in eastern Ukraine have been a more recent example where the economic consequences of this senseless, cruel, and evil war have been felt in every corner of the world, in ways ranging from higher food prices that have contributed to inflation to the consequent higher interest rates that have caused higher mortgage/car loan payments as well as war crimes committed against the civilian population [249, 371]. The ultimate objectives of such aggressions are to weaken the established international norms and create disorder, hopelessness and chaos that not only affect democracies\u0026mdash;because of the symbiotic relationship between the economy and security/peace of the global ecosystem\u0026mdash;but also create a state of lawlessness, chaos, and disregard for international norms via war, aggressive/unprofessional military actions and military conflicts, which could prolong a dictator\u0026rsquo;s survival by diverting public opinions inside their own borders [140].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMost viruses, bacteria, fungi, and cell mutations that contribute to cancer thrive not only when the body\u0026rsquo;s ecosystem is under stress but also when the body\u0026rsquo;s immune system/ecosystem is weakened [372]. Similarly, dictators, tyrants and terrorists emerge, resurface, and thrive when world economies are weakened or when there is political instability, disorder, a power vacuum, a lack of continuity, weakened rule of law, a lack of military alliances, a weakened military/security establishment, rapid/quick political/economic change, chaos, and election interference, as seen in the emergence of the Bolshevik and Nazi regimes after the First World War. Recent diplomatic cables by the U.S. government have reiterated the increasingly active role of some adversarial states and their agents to create instability globally in many democratic societies not only to portray their elections as \u0026ldquo;dysfunctional\u0026rdquo;, \u0026ldquo;problematic\u0026rdquo;, \u0026ldquo;stolen\u0026rdquo; or \u0026ldquo;unfair\u0026rdquo; but also to confirm the elected governments/leaders as illegitimate and fake to incite fear, hopelessness, and a lack of confidence among citizens in these democracies. Thus, such actions potentially weaken not only democratic countries\u0026rsquo; economies but also their security and military alliances [145, 146]. Like viruses and bacteria, where the ultimate goal is to reproduce and take over the host\u0026rsquo;s mechanism, the ultimate goal of a dictator, tyrant, and terrorist is to take over democracies and destroy the homeostasis of the world. In the process, both the virus and the dictator also destroy themselves because without a body/host/country/the world, no one can survive.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRecent military alliances and the assistance of democracies to other allied countries are indications that staying united, connected, engaged, and interlinked can prevent greater human tragedies and potential ripple effects on the global ecosystem (e.g., the economy, security, and democracy) [145, 373]. Many adversarial states are increasingly becoming united and proactive in prolonging their collective survival, creating disorder and chaos, undermining trust in democracies/elections, and disregarding the international norms that have kept peace since the Second World War through their direct challenges to the symbiotic ecosystem of the world [374]. As the ceremonial heads of governments, kings and queens allow many nations to go beyond short-term national interests, ultra-nationalism, regionalism, isolationism, separatism and petty politics and to remain connected and interlinked and to challenge the global issues that have become existential threats to humanity, such as potential military conflicts, global warming, malignant election interference, preventable diseases, famine, access to clean water, education, human rights, mass migration and international disasters, united as a global community.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe monarchies of the 21\u003csup\u003est\u003c/sup\u003e century (either constitutional or in other forms) allow many nations and continents to stay connected while forming closer bonds militarily, culturally, economically, and scientifically that go above and beyond national/regional politics, religion, language, ethnicity, and culture. In effect, the royal families of Africa, East Asia, Europe, Oceania and the Pacific, the Caribbean, the Middle East, and Central and North America have become an integral part of the \u0026ldquo;soft power strategy\u0026rdquo; in an increasingly interconnected,\u0026nbsp;multireligious, multinational, multicultural, and multilinguistic world [113].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAs discussed earlier, nations that have abandoned their crowns/monarchs/shahs/emirs via \u0026ldquo;revolutions\u0026rdquo;, assassinations, beheadings, or elections have witnessed long-term economic insecurity, turmoil, chaos, terrorism, and civil wars. Moreover, the people who ultimately replaced the crown\u0026mdash;as the life-time-president, general, leader, supreme leader, emperor, and other titles\u0026mdash;have become dictators/tyrants, placing the world at risk of many conflicts and wars. After all, it seems that kings and queens not only belong to the fairy tales, movies, holy books and oral histories but also belong to the world where they play an increasingly cost-effective and essential role in ensuring the smooth transfer of power after each election while preserving the essential symbiotic relationship of the ecosystem between the economy, democracy, and security (e.g., property rights, rule of law, ensuring higher standards of living and preventing internal and external disorder/chaos).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTherefore, monarchies give a competitive edge to their nations in an increasingly globalized, ever-changing, and volatile world while acting as a positive force for the greater common good in their advocacy for world peace, human rights, the environment, and the survival of human beings into the next century due to the increasing interconnectedness of the economy and security of the global ecosystem. Consequently, it is recommended that a supreme council of kings and queens be established for annual meetings to give greater weight and voice to issues that monarchs and their representatives (e.g., governor generals) think are facing humanity, such as global warming, famine, rising inequality, war and access to clean water. This council should include the pope, the Dalai Lama, and past living U.S. presidents.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"List Of Abbreviations","content":"\u003cp\u003eOPEC: the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eUAE: the United Arab Emirates\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eUK: the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAI: the artificial intelligence\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNATO: the North Atlantic Treaty Organization\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCSIS: The Canadian Security Intelligence Service\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFBI: The Federal Bureau of Investigation\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003epH: potential of hydrogen ions),\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eATP: adenosine triphosphate\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRCMP: the Royal Canadian Mounted Police\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePLA: the People\u0026rsquo;s Liberation Army\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCIA: Central Intelligence Agency\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study uses secondary data available on the World Wide Web. Therefore, no ethics approval was needed.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eConsent for publication\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eAvailability of data and materials\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eCompeting interests\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that they have no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eFunding\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo funding was received.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eAuthors\u0026rsquo; contributions\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEJ and PJ are the sole contributing authors. PJ worked on the data collection, and EJ worked on the analysis and design of the study. Both authors contributed to writing and approving the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eJavad Jozaghi\u0026rsquo;s contribution to this manuscript is acknowledged.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eAuthors\u0026rsquo; information\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEhsan Jozaghi, Ph.D., is a DMD student at the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C., Canada.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePouria Jozaghi is a law student (LLB) at James Cook University, Townsville City, Queensland, Australia (email: [email protected]).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAnckar C. Constitutional monarchies and semi-constitutional monarchies: a global historical study, 1800\u0026ndash;2017. 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Accessed 31 Oct 2023.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSario DF. Dutch king makes historic apology for his country\u0026rsquo;s colonial past. Politico. 2023. https://www.politico.eu/article/dutch-king-willem-alexander-historic-apology-netherlands-colonial-past/. Accessed 1 Jul 2023.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eChutel L. Dutch royals confront their country\u0026rsquo;s colonial legacy in South Africa. The New York Times. 2023. https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/20/world/africa/south-africa-slavery-dutch-king.html. Accessed 20 Oct 2023.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAdamolekun D. Once the blood on our hands dries: royal apologies for the belgian colonization of Congo. Harvard International Review. 2022. https://hir.harvard.edu/once-the-blood-on-our-hands-dries-royal-apologies-for-the-belgian-colonization-of-congo/. Accessed 17 Jun 2022.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTime. 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Engl Today. 2008;24:3-6.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMandhana T. 550 million monthly readers. 180 countries. 31 languages. And $1B in sustainable revenue returned to the news industry since 2014. MSN Blog. 2020. https://blogs.msn.com/microsoft-news-1b-revenue-partners/. 8 March 2023\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eJozaghi E, VANDU. The overdose epidemic: a study protocol to determine whether people who use drugs can influence or shape public opinion via mass media. Health \u0026amp; Justice. 2022 Jul 23;10(1):22. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFrandsen M, Thow M, Ferguson SG. The effectiveness of social media (Facebook) compared with more traditional advertising methods for recruiting eligible participants to health research studies: a randomized, controlled clinical trial. JMIR Res Protoc. 2016;5:e161.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eOkanrende M. Queen Camilla is launching her own podcast to encourage reading and featuring guests including Joanna Lumley and Ian Rankin. The Daily Mail. 2023. https://www.dailymail.co.uk/femail/article-12867539/Queen-Camilla-launching-podcast-encourage-reading-featuring-guests-including-Joanna-Lumley-Ian-Rankin.html. Accessed 15 Dec 2023.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eChiorando M. Princess Eugenie reveals fear of online trolls means she checks her social media posts with \u0026apos;about five people\u0026apos; before publishing them. Daily Mail. 2023. https://www.dailymail.co.uk/femail/article-12661123/Princess-Eugenie-reveals-fear-online-trolls-means-checks-social-media-posts-five-people-publishing-them.html. Accessed 23 Oct 2023.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGilani Z, Farahbakhsh R, Crowcroft J. Do bots impact Twitter activity? In: Proceedings of the 26th international conference on world wide web companion. Perth, Australia: International World Wide Web Conferences Steering Committee; 2017. p. 781-2.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMontpetit J. Bell Media, Angus Reid and other Canadian brands halt ads on X amid extremism concerns. CBC News. 2023. https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/canadian-brands-advertising-x-extremism-1.7055823. Accessed 12 Dec 2023.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSamuelson K. The Princess and the Paparazzi: how Diana\u0026rsquo;s death changed the British media. Time. 2017. https://time.com/4914324/princess-diana-anniversary-paparazzi-tabloid-media/. Accessed 27 Aug 2017.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBalakrishnan A. The press pack that chased Diana. The Guardian. 2008. https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2008/apr/07/paparazzi. Accessed 7 Apr 2008.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eOlivennes H. Prince Harry says he sought counseling over his mother\u0026rsquo;s death. The New York Times. 2017. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/17/world/europe/uk-prince-harry-death-princess-diana.html. Accessed 17 Apr 2017.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBBC. Prince Harry settles phone hacking claim with mirror group. 2024. https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-68249009. Accessed 9 Feb 2024.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWillsher K. Court awards Duchess of Cambridge damages over topless photos. The Guardian. 2017. https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2017/sep/05/topless-photos-of-duchess-of-cambridge-were-invasion-of-privacy. Accessed 5 Sep 2017.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLang C. The Core Message of Meghan and Harry\u0026rsquo;s Oprah Interview: Racism Drove Us From the Royal Family. Time. 2021. https://time.com/5944613/meghan-markle-oprah-racism/. 1 March, 2023.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTaylor E. Inside Camillagate, the illicit phone call between Charles and Camilla that rocked the world. Vogue. 2022. https://www.vogue.com/article/camillagate-illicit-phone-call-rocked-the-world. Accessed 9 Nov 2022.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDavison J. King Charles to acknowledge \u0026apos;painful\u0026apos; history on state visit to Kenya. CBC News. 2023. https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/king-charles-kenya-sophie-ethiopia-the-crown-season-six-1.7002820. Accessed 22 Oct 2023.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMoney RB, Shimp TA, Sakano T. Celebrity endorsements in Japan and the United States: is negative information all that harmful? J Advert Res. 2006;46:113.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThe Royal Family. The King hosts a reception ahead of the Ukraine recovery conference. 2023. https://www.royal.uk/news-and-activity/2023-06-21/the-king-hosts-a-reception-ahead-of-the-ukraine-recovery-conference. Accessed 21 Jun 2023.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePalgrave RF. The execution of king Charles I. R United Serv Inst J. 1901;45:1-6.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHoward C. The constitutional crisis of 1975. Aust Q. 1976;48:5-25.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBrocklehurst P, Williams L, Hoare Z, Goodwin T, McKenna G, Tsakos G, et al. Strategies to prevent oral disease in dependent older people. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019;2019:CD012402.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRitter AV. Sturdevant\u0026apos;s art \u0026amp; science of operative dentistry-e-book. London: Elsevier Health Sciences; 2017.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLe Mond. Jamaica and Belize consider becoming republics ahead of King Charles\u0026apos; coronation. 2023. https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2023/05/04/jamaica-and-belize-consider-becoming-republics-ahead-of-king-charles-coronation_6025461_4.html. Accessed 4 May 2023.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eShah S. These are the countries that could drop King Charles III as sovereign next. Time. 2023. https://time.com/6276105/king-charles-iii-coronation-monarchy-caribbean/. Accessed 1 May 2023.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWilkinson B. Two more Caribbean countries increase pace to become republics. New York: Amsterdam News. 2023. https://amsterdamnews.com/news/2023/05/11/belize-grenanda-republic/. Accessed 11 May 2023.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eUN Human Rights Commission. War crimes, indiscriminate attacks on infrastructure, systematic and widespread torture show disregard for civilians, says UN Commission of Inquiry on Ukraine. 2023. https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2023/03/war-crimes-indiscriminate-attacks-infrastructure-systematic-and-widespread Accessed 16 Mar 2023.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSuardi C, Cazzaniga E, Graci S, Dongo D, Palestini P. Link between viral infections, immune system, inflammation and diet. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18:2455.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eEspiner T, Sherman N. JP Morgan\u0026apos;s Jamie Dimon warns world facing \u0026apos;most dangerous time in decades\u0026apos;. BBC News. 2023. https://www.bbc.com/news/business-67104734. Accessed 13 Oct 2023.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDaniels J. Putin has assembled an axis of autocrats against Ukraine. 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Accessed 3 Mar 2023.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"Tables","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 1.\u003c/strong\u003e Variables and the sources utilized for the model.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"753\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"47.277556440903055%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVaribales\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"31.606905710491368%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eValue\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.115537848605577%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNote\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"47.277556440903055%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal annual cost of monarchy (\u003cem\u003e\u0026ntilde;\u003c/em\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"31.606905710491368%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026pound;18.97 million (US$23.9 million) (US$28.4; US$19.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.115537848605577%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCalculated from the model\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"47.277556440903055%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStandard interest rate (\u003cem\u003ei\u003c/em\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"31.606905710491368%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.115537848605577%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIrwin et al. [289]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"47.277556440903055%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal annual security cost (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"31.606905710491368%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026pound;100 million (US$126 million) (US$151.2 million; US$100.8 million)*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.115537848605577%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePegg and Evans [290]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"47.277556440903055%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal annual salary cost of instution, staff and other costs (\u003cem\u003eq\u003c/em\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"31.606905710491368%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026pound;86.3 m3m (US$109 million) (US$130.8 million; US$87.2million)*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.115537848605577%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCoughlan [291]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"47.277556440903055%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEstimated 25-year maintenance/repair cost of the palaces, gardens, and the national trust/collections (\u003cem\u003eN\u003c/em\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"31.606905710491368%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026pound;34.5 m5m (US$43 million) (US$51.6 million; US$34.4 million)*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.115537848605577%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCoughlan [291]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"47.277556440903055%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRepresents the number of followers (\u003cem\u003ex\u003c/em\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"31.606905710491368%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8,536,292 (10,243,550; 6,829,034)*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.115537848605577%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEstimated via data collection\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"47.277556440903055%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLikes count in one year (\u003cem\u003ea\u003c/em\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"31.606905710491368%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45,839,688 (55,007,626; 36,671,750)*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.115537848605577%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEstimated via data collection\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"47.277556440903055%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eComments count in one year (\u003cem\u003eb\u003c/em\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"31.606905710491368%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1,304,316 (1,565,179; 1,043,453)*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.115537848605577%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEstimated via data collection\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"47.277556440903055%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eViewer count in one year(\u003cem\u003ec\u003c/em\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"31.606905710491368%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3,359,665,200 (4,031,588,240; 2,687,732,160)*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.115537848605577%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEstimated via data collection\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"47.277556440903055%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEstimated total post in one year (\u003cem\u003em\u003c/em\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"31.606905710491368%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4,350 (5,220; 3,480)*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.115537848605577%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEstimated via data collection\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"47.277556440903055%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEstimated number of retweets in one year (\u003cem\u003eo\u003c/em\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"31.606905710491368%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5,173,032 (6,207,638; 4,138,426)*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.115537848605577%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEstimated via data collection\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"47.277556440903055%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOdds ratio of impact/return on investment for potential dollars (\u003cem\u003ed\u003c/em\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"31.606905710491368%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.93 (1.54; 2.36)*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.115537848605577%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAllom et al. [292]; Tsaltskan et al.\u0026nbsp;[293]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"47.277556440903055%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal impact of twitter (\u003cem\u003e\u0026szlig;\u003c/em\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"31.606905710491368%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUS$15.1 quadrillion (US$18 quadrillion; US$12 quadrillion)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.115537848605577%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCalculated from the model\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"47.277556440903055%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal number of views in one year (\u003cem\u003ee\u003c/em\u003e) [Year 2022 for @royal Channel + 2021 for @The Royal Family Channel]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"31.606905710491368%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e318.548 million (382.258 million; 254.838 million)*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.115537848605577%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEstimated via data collection\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"47.277556440903055%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal number of videos in one year (\u003cem\u003eI\u003c/em\u003e) [Year 2022 + 2021]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"31.606905710491368%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e848 (1,018; 678)*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.115537848605577%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEstimated via data collection\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"47.277556440903055%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal number of subscribers for both channels (\u003cem\u003ey\u003c/em\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"31.606905710491368%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.56 million\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.115537848605577%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEstimated via data collection\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"47.277556440903055%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal Impact of YouYube\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;(ē)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"31.606905710491368%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUS$753 trillion (US$755 trillion; US$739 trillion)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.115537848605577%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCalculated from the model\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"47.277556440903055%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal number of English speakers in Canada (\u003cem\u003ez\u003c/em\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"31.606905710491368%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27,600,000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.115537848605577%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStatistics Canada [294]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"47.277556440903055%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal number of newspapers written about the Royal Family in one year(\u003cem\u003eg\u003c/em\u003e) [Total/53 years]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"31.606905710491368%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35,241 (45,813; 24,669)*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.115537848605577%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEstimated via data collection\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"47.277556440903055%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal number of magazines written about the Royal Family in one year (\u003cem\u003eh\u003c/em\u003e) [Total/53 years]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"31.606905710491368%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e49 (64; 34)*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.115537848605577%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEstimated via data collection\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"47.277556440903055%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOther articles written about the Royal Family in one year (\u003cem\u003ej\u003c/em\u003e) [Total artilces/ / 53 years]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"31.606905710491368%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e161,062 (209,381; 112,743)*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.115537848605577%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEstimated via data collection\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"47.277556440903055%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOdds ratio of impact for every dollar spent (\u003cem\u003ek\u003c/em\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"31.606905710491368%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0028 (2.8% odds ratio for every $1000 spent) (0.0036; 0.002)*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.115537848605577%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFarrelly et al. [295]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"47.277556440903055%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal impact of Mass media in one year (\u003cem\u003e\u0026Agrave;\u003c/em\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"31.606905710491368%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUS$1.94 quadrillion (US$1.97 quadrillion; US$1.89 quadrillion)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.115537848605577%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCalculated from the model\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"47.277556440903055%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal annual benefits of mass and social media\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;(\u0026oslash;)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"31.606905710491368%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUS$17.79 quadrillion ($US 20.3 quadrillion;US$14.63 quadrilliom)*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.115537848605577%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCalculated from the model\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"47.277556440903055%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBenefit-to-cost-ratio\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"31.606905710491368%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.443 trillion : 1 (7.148 trillion : 1; 7.53 trillion: 1)*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"21.115537848605577%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e*Numbers in parentheses represent the upper and lower limits of the sensitivity analysis\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 2.\u003c/strong\u003e YouTube impact of the royal family\u0026rsquo;s accounts.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"736\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.36413043478261%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"56.52173913043478%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eViews\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"31.11413043478261%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNumber of Videos\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.36413043478261%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.097826086956523%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e@Royal Channel\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.42391304347826%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e@The Royal Family Channel\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.402173913043478%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e@Royal Channel\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.71195652173913%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e@The Royal Family Channel\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.36413043478261%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2022\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.097826086956523%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e313.613 million\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.42391304347826%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.402173913043478%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e791\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.71195652173913%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.36413043478261%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2021\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.097826086956523%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo data collection\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.42391304347826%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.935 million (\u0026mu; = 87,000 ; \u0026sigma; = 172,000)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.402173913043478%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo data collection\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.71195652173913%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e57\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.36413043478261%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2020\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.097826086956523%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo data collection\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.42391304347826%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.345 million (\u0026mu; = 70,330 ; \u0026sigma; = 163,770)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.402173913043478%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo data collection\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.71195652173913%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e76\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.36413043478261%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2019\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.097826086956523%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo data collection\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.42391304347826%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.199 million (\u0026mu; = 72,396 ; \u0026sigma; = 157,429)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.402173913043478%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo data collection\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.71195652173913%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e58\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.36413043478261%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2018\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.097826086956523%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo data collection\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.42391304347826%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.919 million (\u0026mu; =111,535; \u0026sigma; = 440,804)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.402173913043478%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo data collection\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.71195652173913%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e71\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.36413043478261%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTotal\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.097826086956523%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e313.613 million (\u0026mu; =396,000 ; \u0026sigma; = 1.927 million)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.42391304347826%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22.398 million (\u0026mu; = 85,315 ; \u0026sigma; = 233,501)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.402173913043478%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e791\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.71195652173913%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e262\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.36413043478261%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.097826086956523%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTotal Views\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.42391304347826%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e336.011 million\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.402173913043478%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTotal Videos\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.71195652173913%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1053 (\u0026mu;= 429)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.36413043478261%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNumber of years since the creation of account\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.097826086956523%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.42391304347826%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.402173913043478%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.71195652173913%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.36413043478261%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTotal estimation since the creation of account\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.097826086956523%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.3 billion\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.42391304347826%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e281.580 million\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.402173913043478%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5,589\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.71195652173913%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1,364\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.36413043478261%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.097826086956523%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTotal views since inception for both accounts\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.42391304347826%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.58 billion\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.402173913043478%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTotal videos since inception for both accounts\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.71195652173913%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6,953\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 3.\u003c/strong\u003e Impact of X (formerly Twitter) accounts operated by the royal family.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"737\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.56445047489824%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.618724559023066%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePost\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.668928086838534%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eViews\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.176390773405698%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eComments\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.49796472184532%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLikes\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.276797829036635%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRe-Tweets\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.19674355495251%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTotal impact\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.56445047489824%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThe King \u0026amp; the Queen one month data\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.618724559023066%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e224\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.668928086838534%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e204,358,900 (\u0026mu; = 912,317 ; \u0026sigma; = 1,757,557)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.176390773405698%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e81,060 (\u0026mu; = 362; \u0026sigma; = 755)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.49796472184532%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2,551,992 (\u0026mu; = 11,393; \u0026sigma; = 17,907)\u003cdel cite=\"mailto:Editor\" datetime=\"2024-02-18T16:21\"\u003e\u003c/del\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.276797829036635%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e293,194 (\u0026mu; = 1,309 ; \u0026sigma; = 2032)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.19674355495251%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e207,285,146\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.56445047489824%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThe Prince and the Princess of Wales one month data\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.618724559023066%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.668928086838534%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e75,613,200 (\u0026mu; = 1,145,655 ; \u0026sigma; = 1,332,558)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.176390773405698%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27,633 (\u0026mu; = 419 ; \u0026sigma; = 655)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.49796472184532%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1,267,982 (\u0026mu; = 19,213; \u0026sigma; = 23,358)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.276797829036635%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e137,892 (\u0026mu; = 2,089; \u0026sigma; = 5,093)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.19674355495251%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e77,046,707\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.56445047489824%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTotal impact for both accounts in one month\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.618724559023066%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e290 (a single year = 4,350)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.668928086838534%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e279.972 million (a single year = 3.360 billion)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.176390773405698%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e108,693 (a single year = 1.304 million)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.49796472184532%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.820 million (a single year = 45.840 million)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.276797829036635%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e431,086 (a single year = 5.173 million)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.19674355495251%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e284.332 milion (a single year = 3.412 billion)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.56445047489824%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eKing \u0026amp; Queen: Total estimation (15 years since account creation)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.618724559023066%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e65,250\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.668928086838534%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50.395 billion\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.176390773405698%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.565 million\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.49796472184532%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e687.595 million\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.276797829036635%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e77.596 million\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.19674355495251%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51.20 billion\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.56445047489824%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePrince \u0026amp; Princess: Total estimation (10 years since account creation)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.618724559023066%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43,500\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.668928086838534%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.597 billion\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.176390773405698%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.043 million\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.49796472184532%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e458.397 million\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.276797829036635%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51.730 million\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.19674355495251%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34.12 billion\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.56445047489824%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003etotal estimations for both accounts\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.618724559023066%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e108,750\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.668928086838534%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e83.992 billion\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.176390773405698%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32.610 million\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.49796472184532%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.146 billion\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.276797829036635%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e129.326 million\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.19674355495251%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e85.32 billion\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 4.\u003c/strong\u003e Mass media impact of the royal family\u0026rsquo;s accounts.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"545\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.39449541284404%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.201834862385322%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTOTAL\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.201834862385322%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAVERAGE\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.201834862385322%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDEVIATION\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.39449541284404%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNews Paper\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.201834862385322%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1,867,790\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.201834862385322%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44,471\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.201834862385322%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e90,707\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.39449541284404%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMagazines\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.201834862385322%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2,596\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.201834862385322%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e57.68888889\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.201834862385322%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e163.8292934\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.39449541284404%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAll other articles\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.201834862385322%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e551,066\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.201834862385322%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2,365\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.201834862385322%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8,867\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.39449541284404%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTotal articles added together\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.201834862385322%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2,879,464\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.201834862385322%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e73,832\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.201834862385322%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e152,884\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.39449541284404%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1970-1979\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.201834862385322%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6,583\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.201834862385322%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e146\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.201834862385322%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e323\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.39449541284404%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1980-1989\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.201834862385322%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e101,842\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.201834862385322%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2,315\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.201834862385322%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4,520\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.39449541284404%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1990-1999\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.201834862385322%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e406,942\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.201834862385322%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9,043\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.201834862385322%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16,074\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.39449541284404%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2000-2009\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.201834862385322%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e915,647\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.201834862385322%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19,905\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.201834862385322%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40,073\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.39449541284404%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2010-2019\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.201834862385322%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1,100,891\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.201834862385322%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23,423\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.201834862385322%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51,522\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.39449541284404%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2020-2023\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.201834862385322%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e376,592\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.201834862385322%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8,013\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.201834862385322%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15,270\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Monarchy, the Commonwealth, Canada, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Iran, Greece, YouTube, Newspapers, X, Mass media","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4048616/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4048616/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBackground\u003c/strong\u003e: In recent years, there has been opposition to the value of constitutional monarchies around the world. Some have argued that monarchies are no longer relevant in the 21\u003csup\u003est\u003c/sup\u003e century. Others have argued that queens and kings are unelected and undemocratic and inadvertently symbolize past histories of colonialism.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMethods\u003c/strong\u003e: In this evaluation, using the social media coverage of the head of the commonwealth (“the royal family”) on YouTube and X (formerly Twitter) as a proxy for its popularity, the economic benefits of the royal household are estimated versus the cost using mathematical models. Moreover, newspaper discussions of the royal family in Canada via the Canadian Newsstream database are used in the cost‒benefit ratio of the model.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResults\u003c/strong\u003e: Based on conservative estimations, the cost-to-benefit ratio of the head of the commonwealth in Canada alone is 7.443 trillion:1. Based on the social media baseline estimates, on YouTube, there were 6,953 videos, which generated a total of 2.58 billion views. On X, there were 108,750 posts, 83.992 billion views, 32.610 million comments, 129.326 million reposts and 1.146 billion likes. In newspaper coverage in Canada since 1970, among the total articles, there were 1.868 million newspaper articles, 2,596 magazine articles, and 551,066 other articles, demonstrating the level of outreach in every Canadian household. The royal family, as the head of the commonwealth, has possibly reached billions worldwide as a positive force for the common good of humanity and generated a quadrillion dollars in direct and indirect economic benefits for global and local economies since the inception of faster modes of communications and transportation after WWII.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConclusion\u003c/strong\u003e: The value that monarchies add to nations and the world as institutions is unparalleled. In some countries, the national unity of different nations/regions/lands/provinces/ territories, the fragile balance of confederations, and the constitution are directly linked to the continuity of the crown. It is recommended that countries that revolted or voted against the monarchy in the past (e.g., Iran and Greece) reinstate the institution. Countries that are currently governed by some form of monarchy should not only maintain these institutions due to their extreme cost-effectiveness, cost-benefits, intangible benefits, efficiency, and superiority to other governing systems but also establish the supreme council of a king and queen and their representatives to give greater voice and urgency to issues facing humanity.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTrial registration: \u003c/strong\u003eNot applicable\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"A new innovative method for evaluating monarchies (crowns): A cost‒benefit analysis via social and mass media in a commonwealth country","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-03-11 07:26:45","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4048616/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"a673de12-b925-4a6b-b5ec-8f089d2609bf","owner":[],"postedDate":"March 11th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-03-11T07:26:45+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-03-11 07:26:45","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4048616","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4048616","identity":"rs-4048616","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}