Establishing a Normative Database for Quantitative Pupillometry in the Pediatric Population

Establishing a Normative Database for Quantitative Pupillometry in the Pediatric Population | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research article Establishing a Normative Database for Quantitative Pupillometry in the Pediatric Population Sanket S Shah, Hantamalala Ralay Ranaivo, Rebecca B Mets-Halgrimson, and 2 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.2.11056/v3 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 26 Mar, 2020 Read the published version in BMC Ophthalmology → Version 3 posted 4 You are reading this latest preprint version Show more versions Abstract Background Pupillary evaluation is a crucial element of physical exams. Noting size, reactivity, and consensual response is critical in assessing for optic nerve dysfunction. We aim to establish normative data for scotopic pupillary size and function in the pediatric population in a clinical setting. Methods Pupillometry was obtained prospectively for consecutive, normal patients <18 years old being evaluated by Lurie Children’s Ophthalmology. Quantitative data included maximum (MAX) and minimum (MIN) diameters, constriction percentage (CON), latency (LAT), average (ACV) and maximum (MCV) constriction velocities, average dilation velocity (ADV), and 75% recovery time (T75). Iris color was noted as light, intermediate, or dark. Results 196 eyes of 101 participants (42.6% male, ages 1–17 years, average age 10.3 years) were analyzed. Mean MAX was 6.6 mm (5.1–8.1 mm 95% CI); MIN was 4.7 mm (3.1–6.1 mm 95% CI); CON was 30% (17–42% 95% CI); LAT was 230 milliseconds (160–300 ms 95% CI); ACV was 3.70 mm/sec (2.21–5.18 mm/sec 95% CI); and ADV was 0.88 mm/sec (0.38–1.38 mm/sec 95% CI). Age had a positive correlation with MAX, MIN, and CON. 84.2% and 95.8% of participants showed resting pupil asymmetry of ≤0.5 mm and ≤1.0 mm, respectively. Conclusions Quantitative pupillometry can be a useful tool for screening pediatric patients. We sought to establish normative data in this group. We found males to have significantly greater MCV and CON than females (p < 0.05). Also, age had a positive correlation with MAX, MIN, and CON. Ophthalmology Pupillometry pupils pediatric screening normative Background The pupillary exam is a crucial element of ophthalmologic and neurologic evaluations. In particular, observation of pupillary size, reactivity, and consensual response is critical in the assessment of optic nerve dysfunction. In the early 1990’s, some studies showed pupillometry as a more sensitive method to measure autonomic nerve function in adolescents with type 1 diabetes compared to cardiovascular reflexes (1-3). More recently, quantitative pupillometry has been used to evaluate early changes in intracranial pressure in patients with head injury or neurological disorders (4, 5). It has also permitted researchers to detect deficits in patients with pre-perimetric glaucoma and diabetes without retinopathy (6, 7). Furthermore, Kardon et al. showed that chromatic pupillometry could be used by clinicians as a non-invasive method of monitoring retinal functional status, especially in patients with severe retinitis pigmentosa (8). Quantitative pupillometry has been shown in the intensive care unit to be more accurate, consistent, sensitive and specific with less interrater disagreement than manual measurement by nurses experienced in neurological examinations (9). Furthermore, Couret et al. showed that trained nurses in Neuro Critical Care Units did not detect 50% of anisocoria and concluded that automated quantitative pupillometry is a more reliable method with which to collect pupillary measurements at the bedside (10). Several studies have described normative values (4, 5, 11) for pupillary function in a pediatric population as measured in ambient light conditions. Kohnen et al. published a normative study (12) with scotopic pupil size. This suggests a need for normative values, measured in a clinical setting, in a pediatric population that can be used not only for evaluating patients when suspicious of disease, but also as a more accurate and sensitive screening tool. A normative database with which to compare measured patient quantitative pupillometry values can permit providers of all levels to easily examine and quickly refer patients to eye care providers in necessary situations. The present study aims to establish a normative database for scotopic pupillary size and function in children as measured in a clinical setting. Methods This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago (Lurie Children’s) and conformed to the requirements of the United States Health Insurance Portability and Privacy Act with adherence to the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki. Based on the lead author’s availability, pupillometry and informed consent were obtained in a prospective manner for consecutive normal patients younger than 18 years old (i.e. patients without pathology anticipated to affect pupillary function who also meet inclusion criteria) who were being evaluated at the Ophthalmology Clinic of Lurie Children’s. Exclusion criteria for controls included: inability to sit for testing, developmental delay, genetic syndromes, neurologic pathology (including intracranial masses), or intraocular pathology that would affect pupillary function (e.g. uveitis, cataracts, diabetes, glaucoma, optic nerve dysfunction) Among the 143 patients consented, 42 patients were excluded due to inability to cooperate with the exam (34), inability to perform the exam due practicalities of clinic work flow after consenting (7), or pathology found on exam (1). Pupillometry data were measured using the handheld NeurOptics PLR-200TM Pupillometer (NeurOptics, Irvine, CA, USA). The pupillometer employs an 850 nm infrared illumination to collect measurements on the eye before, during, and after presentation of a full-field white light stimulus with peak wavelengths comprised of red, green, and blue. An opaque rubber interface that can be sanitized places the device in contact with the orbital rim of the eye to be measured, thus occluding outside light from entering the measured eye and allowing direct measurement. The device highlights an outline of the pupil and graphs its displacement over time with accuracy of 0.05 millimeters. Data were obtained in a dark clinic room throughout regular clinic hours (8:00 AM – 5:00 PM) to emulate routine clinical testing. Scotopic conditions were verified prior to exam by measurement of luminance of less than 2 Lumens with a luminometer (Dr.Meter® LX1330B Digital Illuminance/Light Meter, Hisgadget, Union City, CA, USA)_ at the level of the patient’s eyes. The right eye was measured first in each patient. Data from each eye exam were recorded prior to examination of the second eye. Recorded data included maximum (MAX) and minimum (MIN) diameter, constriction percentage (CON) — the calculated percentage difference between MAX and MIN, latency (LAT), average (ACV) and maximum (MCV) constriction velocities, average dilation velocity (ADV), and 75% recovery time (T75). Iris color was noted as light (blue), dark (brown) or intermediate. Study data were managed using REDCap electronic data capture tools hosted at Northwestern University (13). Statistical Analysis Categorical variables are reported as frequencies, and percentages and continuous variables are reported in means and standard deviations. Pearson correlations were used to describe relationships between two continuous variables: age and eye measurements. To account for the random effect of two-eye measurements per patients, mixed effect models were run to determine differences between independent variables including eye color, race, ethnicity, and gender. All tests were two‐sided, and significance was defined as p < 0.05. Statistical analyses were conducted using SAS version 9.4 (SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, NC). Results Data from 196 eyes of 101 participants were analyzed, with the exception of average dilation velocity and 75% recovery time, which could not be measured in 62 and 94 eyes, respectively (usable n = 134 and 102, respectively). The self-identified demographic distribution of the population is shown in Table 1. In our study population, the mean maximum resting pupil diameter was 6.6 ± 0.74 mm and the mean minimal post-stimulation diameter was 4.7 ± 0.77 mm. The mean percentage of reduction in pupil size after stimulation was 30 ± 6.2%. The average latency time was 230 ± 34 ms. The mean constriction velocity was 3.70 ± 0.744 mm/s while the mean dilation velocity was 0.88 ± 0.25 mm/s. Table 2 highlights the mean pupillometry values for across the entire population we tested and the subsets based on gender. The most commonly encountered iris color was dark (n=133 out of 196 eyes). Males had significantly greater constriction percentage and maximum constriction velocity than females (p<0.05). There were no statistically significant differences between the parameters measured in Hispanic and non-Hispanic subjects (self-reported as ethnicity by all subjects). Race (i.e. White, African-American, Asian, other) was self-reported for 49/101 subjects, and there were no statistically significant differences shown between the parameters measured. There was a positive correlation with age and maximum diameter (r=0.26 p=0.0002), minimum diameter (r=0.28 p<0.0001), and constriction percentage (r=0.23 p=0.0015). Without quantitative pupillometry, anisocoria has been defined as asymmetry of 1 mm or greater (4,5). Moreover, pupil asymmetry measuring less than 0.5 mm is difficult to detect with the naked eye. In this study, 95 participants recorded measurements from both eyes. Of these, 84.2% (80/95) and 95.8% (91/95) of participants showed resting pupil asymmetry between 0 - 0.5 mm and 0 - 1.0 mm, respectively. Discussion Previous studies have evaluated pupillary size in both ambient photopic (4, 5, 11, 14, 15) and scotopic conditions (12, 14, 15). There has also been assessment of pupillary function in ambient light conditions alone (4, 5, 11). Table 3 shows the results of pupillary size and function from the aforementioned studies. This study is the first to propose normative values for parameters of scotopic pupillary function in a pediatric population in typical clinical conditions. It is well established that, throughout childhood, the eye and visual pathway have significant growth and development, which may expectantly lead to pupillary changes over time. Although under ambient light conditions, Brown et al. measured data similar to our results that suggested a weak, yet statistically significant, correlation between pupil size and age (resting diameter, r=0.29; post-stimulus aperture, r=0.19). Other studies in light (11) and dark conditions (12) suggest a peak in pupil size around 11 years old, which was shown in light to continue to decrease throughout adulthood (16). However, we did not see a similar peak and subsequent decrease in our scotopic pediatric data. Our contrast in findings compared to Kohnen et al. might be attributable to differences in population sampling; ours included a larger number of subjects, especially in ages above 11 years old. In collecting pupillometry data, the device used reports data in two colors: green (reliable) and red (unreliable). It will only display as green if it generates reliable data in at least six out of the eight variables measured. This explains the discrepancies in n values of ADV and T75 from the remainder of the data. Adhikari et al. showed that pupil diameter measured by an infrared camera is affected by fixation eccentricity, introducing at least a 0.07-millimeter error once eye movements deviate more than 5º from the central fixation axis (17). While fixation eccentricity was not measured in this study, the authors felt the levels of reported reliability from the pupillometer served as an appropriate surrogate when considering the nature of examining children in a clinical setting. Multiple studies (4, 11, 12) have mentioned the inherent difficulties in measuring children younger than 5 years old. We found this to be true for practical purposes, as well; 28/42 of the patients unable to cooperate with the exam were less than 5 years old. Among these children, the most encountered difficulties were fear of the pupillometer, inconsolable crying, and constant head movement. The remaining 14/42 patients were between 5 and 10 years old. These children cooperated well with the exam, but they were unable to avoid blinking during the pupillary constriction period of measurement — thus preventing adequate data collection. With more experience, younger children were able to be distracted for sufficient periods of time to collect data, and older children tolerated assistance from the examiner’s hand to prevent eye blinking. Thus, proper training and repeated use, just as with other instruments used in eye examination, can yield more quantitative measurements that were otherwise subjectively based. Although we presented a smaller sample size for younger individuals, we hope to provide some amount of normative comparison in that age group. Finally, for future study, a larger sample size can strengthen the significance of a normative database. Previous studies have been equivocal on the association between gender and pupillary reaction, showing weak differences (14) or no difference at all (11). Our data show statistical differences only between the constriction percentage and maximum constriction velocities of young males and females (p=0.0179 and p=0.0105, respectively). In contrast to Fan et al., our findings might be attributable to differences in population sampling: ours having a higher n and lower ages than their population (14). Our data suggest that a potentially abnormal patient should be compared to one of the same gender from our data. Via self-reporting, demographic data was obtained for all subjects on ethnicity but for only 49/101 subjects with regards to race. There were no statistical differences for any measured variable by ethnicity or by race. However, Brown et al. measured a population that was 64% white and 24% African American, finding statistical differences in pupil size and function (MCV and ADV) between the eyes of White and African American subjects when measure in ambient light. Due to differences in demographics between the two studies, direct comparisons cannot be made. Anisocoria has been clinically defined as asymmetry of 1 mm or greater (4, 5). Interstimulus interval between eyes has been shown to affect measurement of pupillary light response amplitudes if the pupil has not returned to its resting diameter, and the necessary interval is shorter in scotopic conditions (18). Order of eye measurement, thus, could affect anisocoria data if the interstimulus interval is not appropriate. During this study’s data collection, the interval between eye measurements was roughly one minute while the previous eye data was transcribed. There was no significant trend found in the data to favor the resting diameter of one eye to be greater than the other. As shown in Table 3, multiple studies including the present one show the majority of patients to have pupillary asymmetry of less than 0.5 mm on quantitative pupillometry. Therefore, the authors recommend future investigation into detection of pathology by using thresholds of 0.5 mm and 1 mm for anisocoria to determine the potential utility of quantitative pupillometry over standard subjective measurement as a screening tool as well as determining exact sensitivity, specificity, and receiver-operator curves for each method using these thresholds. The clinical nature of this study provides both strengths and limitations to the data and analysis presented above. As mentioned earlier, fixation eccentricity and exact interstimulus interval provide a more standardized approach to data collection. Furthermore, data were collected throughout the clinic day, thus preventing consistent time measurements to limit effects from circadian rhythm on pupillary function (19). Finally, given the clinical setting of these measurements, children are likely to have many psychosensory influences on pupil size and function such as anxiety, fright, and pain, all of which would exhibit mydriatic effects on the data. However, the authors wish to highlight that when clinically evaluating a pediatric population, precise time of day and measurements that require cooperation as well as the psychosensory effect of visiting any clinical setting whether it be in a hospital-based clinic or an outpatient clinic are rarely standard. Therefore, the data presented in this study provide a robust database with which comparisons can be made with a pediatric population in a clinical setting. Conclusion In conclusion, the authors offer quantitative pupillometry measurements in children to be compared against the gender-matched data presented in this manuscript. Children falling outside of normal ranges may warrant further evaluation. List of Abbreviations MAX: maximum diameter; MIN: minimum diameter, CON: constriction percentage, LAT: latency, ACV: average constriction velocity; MCV: maximum constriction velocity, ADV: average dilation velocity; T75: 75% recovery time; NCCU: neuro-critical care unit. Declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate: This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago (Lurie Children’s) and conformed to the requirements of the United States Health Insurance Portability and Privacy Act with adherence to the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki. Written informed consent was obtained from the parents or guardians for participants younger than 18 years old. Written assent was also obtained from participants 12 years or older. Availability of data and material The datasets generated and/or analysed during the current study are not publicly available due because the participants did not consent to have their data available for future research. Competing interests None of the authors have any comping interest Funding This project was supported by a Children’s Surgical Foundation grant (Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago). The funds were used to purchase the pupillometers used for the study. Authors' contributions: SS: Study design, enrollment of participants, data collection, data analysis, manuscript writing and editing HR: Study design, data analysis, manuscript writing and editing RMH: Study design, manuscript writing and editing SK: Study design, manuscript writing and editing KR: Data analysis, manuscript writing and editing All authors have read and approved the manuscript Acknowledgments Not applicable References Karavanaki K, Davies AG, Hunt LP, Morgan MH, Baum JD. Pupil size in diabetes. Archives of disease in childhood. 1994;71(6):511-5. Pena MM, Donaghue KC, Fung AT, Bonney M, Schwingshandl J, Howard NJ, et al. The prospective assessment of autonomic nerve function by pupillometry in adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Diabetic medicine : a journal of the British Diabetic Association. 1995;12(10):868-73. Schwingshandl J, Simpson JM, Donaghue K, Bonney MA, Howard NJ, Silink M. Pupillary abnormalities in type I diabetes occurring during adolescence. Comparisons with cardiovascular reflexes. Diabetes care. 1993;16(4):630-3. Boev AN, Fountas KN, Karampelas I, Boev C, Machinis TG, Feltes C, et al. Quantitative pupillometry: normative data in healthy pediatric volunteers. Journal of neurosurgery. 2005;103(6 Suppl):496-500. Taylor WR, Chen JW, Meltzer H, Gennarelli TA, Kelbch C, Knowlton S, et al. Quantitative pupillometry, a new technology: normative data and preliminary observations in patients with acute head injury. Technical note. Journal of neurosurgery. 2003;98(1):205-13. Adhikari P, Zele AJ, Thomas R, Feigl B. Quadrant Field Pupillometry Detects Melanopsin Dysfunction in Glaucoma Suspects and Early Glaucoma. Scientific reports. 2016;6:33373. Feigl B, Zele AJ, Fader SM, Howes AN, Hughes CE, Jones KA, et al. The post-illumination pupil response of melanopsin-expressing intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells in diabetes. Acta ophthalmologica. 2012;90(3):e230-4. Kardon R, Anderson SC, Damarjian TG, Grace EM, Stone E, Kawasaki A. Chromatic pupillometry in patients with retinitis pigmentosa. Ophthalmology. 2011;118(2):376-81. Meeker M, Du R, Bacchetti P, Privitera CM, Larson MD, Holland MC, et al. Pupil examination: validity and clinical utility of an automated pupillometer. The Journal of neuroscience nursing : journal of the American Association of Neuroscience Nurses. 2005;37(1):34-40. Couret D, Boumaza D, Grisotto C, Triglia T, Pellegrini L, Ocquidant P, et al. Reliability of standard pupillometry practice in neurocritical care: an observational, double-blinded study. Critical care (London, England). 2016;20:99. Brown JT, Connelly M, Nickols C, Neville KA. Developmental Changes of Normal Pupil Size and Reactivity in Children. Journal of pediatric ophthalmology and strabismus. 2015;52(3):147-51. Kohnen EM, Zubcov AA, Kohnen T. Scotopic pupil size in a normal pediatric population using infrared pupillometry. Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie. 2004;242(1):18-23. Harris PA, Taylor R, Thielke R, Payne J, Gonzalez N, Conde JG. Research electronic data capture (REDCap)--a metadata-driven methodology and workflow process for providing translational research informatics support. Journal of biomedical informatics. 2009;42(2):377-81. Fan X, Hearne L, Lei B, Miles JH, Takahashi N, Yao G. Weak gender effects on transient pupillary light reflex. Autonomic neuroscience : basic & clinical. 2009;147(1-2):9-13. Tekin K, Sekeroglu MA, Kiziltoprak H, Doguizi S, Inanc M, Yilmazbas P. Static and dynamic pupillometry data of healthy individuals. Clinical & experimental optometry. 2018;101(5):659-65. Winn B, Whitaker D, Elliott DB, Phillips NJ. Factors affecting light-adapted pupil size in normal human subjects. Investigative ophthalmology & visual science. 1994;35(3):1132-7. Adhikari P, Zele AJ, Feigl B. The Post-Illumination Pupil Response (PIPR). Investigative ophthalmology & visual science. 2015;56(6):3838-49. Kelbsch C, Strasser T, Chen Y, Feigl B, Gamlin PD, Kardon R, et al. Standards in Pupillography. Frontiers in neurology. 2019;10:129. Zele AJ, Feigl B, Smith SS, Markwell EL. The circadian response of intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells. PloS one. 2011;6(3):e17860. Tables Table 1: Demographics of the pediatric population measured. Race and ethnicity were self-reported by the guardians of each patient. Age Mean (mean ± SD) (years) 10.33 ± 3.83 Age range (years) 1.01 – 17.44 Gender Male 42.6% Female 57.4% Eye Color Blue 9.7% Brown 78.1% In Between 12.2% Race White 31.7% African American 7.9% Asian 8.9% Other 51.5% Ethnicity Hispanic 42.6% Non-Hispanic 57.4% Table 2: Quantitative pupillometry values measured under scotopic conditions during this study, reported as mean values of the population and between gender and ethnicity. Gender Ethnicity Variable All Children Male Female Hispanic/Latino Non-Hispanic/Latino Maximum Diameter (mm) Mean (n) 6.6 (196) 6.7 (83) 6.5 (113) 6.5 (83) 6.7 (113) (Mean - 2 SD, Mean + 2 SD) (5.1, 8.1) (5.1, 8.3) (5.2, 7.9) (5.2, 7.8) (5.1, 8.2) Minimum Diameter (mm) Mean (n) 4.7 (196) 4.6 (83) 4.7 (113) 4.6 (83) 4.7 (113) (Mean - 2 SD, Mean + 2 SD) (3.1, 6.2) (3.1, 6.2) (3.2, 6.2) (3.2, 6.0) (3.1, 6.3) Constriction Percentage Mean (n) -30 (196) -31* (83) -28* (113) -29 (83) -30 (113) (Mean - 2 SD, Mean + 2 SD) (-42, -17) (-41, -21) (-42, -15) (-42, -16) (-42, -18) Latency (ms) Mean (n) 230 (196) 230 (83) 230 (113) 230 (83) 230 (113) (Mean - 2 SD, Mean + 2 SD) (160, 300) (170, 290) (170, 290) (170, 290) (170, 290) Average Constriction Velocity (mm/s) Mean (n) -3.70 (196) -3.83 (83) -3.60 (113) -3.69 (83) -3.69 (113) (Mean - 2 SD, Mean + 2 SD) (-5.18, -2.21) (-5.17, -2.49) (-5.16, -2.04) (-5.15, -2.23) (-5.21, -2.17) Maximum Constriction Velocity (mm/s) Mean (n) -5.02 (196) -5.28* (83) -4.83* (113) -4.91 (83) -5.09 (113) (Mean - 2 SD, Mean + 2 SD) (-6.81, -3.23) (-6.76, -3.80) (-6.73, -2.93) (-6.79, -3.03) (-6.83, -3.35) Average Dilation Velocity (mm/s) Mean (n) 0.88 (134) 0.91 (59) 0.86 (75) 0.87 (55) 0.90 (79) (Mean - 2 SD, Mean + 2 SD) (0.38, 1.38) (0.39, 1.43) (0.38, 1.34) (0.37, 1.37) (0.44, 1.36) 75% Recovery Time (s) Mean (n) 2.82 (102) 2.89 (45) 2.77 (57) 2.85 (47) 2.80 (55) (Mean - 2 SD, Mean + 2 SD) (1.51, 4.13) (1.77, 4.01) (1.33, 4.21) (1.69, 4.01) (1.36, 4.24) Asymmetry ≤0.5 mm 84.2% ≤1.0 mm 95.8% n , number of eyes. *p < 0.05 Table 3: Quantitative pupillometry data reported by previous studies presented in comparison with this study. Study n Ages Light conditions Max (mm) Min (mm) Con (%) Lat (ms) ACV (mm/s) MCV (mm/s) ADV (mm/s) T75 (s) Asymmetry This paper 196 eyes (101 patients) 1-18 Scotopic 6.6 ± 0.08 4.7 ± 0.8 30% ± 6% 230 ± 35 3.70 ± 0.75 -5.02 ± 0.90 0.88 ± 0.25 2.82 ± 0.66 15.8% ≥ 0.5mm Taylor et al.(5) 2432 paired measurements (310 patients) 1-87 Ambient light 4.1 ± 0.34 2.7 ± 0.21 34% 240 ± 40 1.48 ± 0.33 0.5mm Boev et al.(4) 90 eyes (90 patients) 0-18 Ambient light 4.11 2.65 36% 2.34 2.2 “Normal” < 0.5mm Kohnen et al.(12) 166 eyes (83 patients) 6.01 ± 4.11 2 minutes dark adaptation 6.09 ± 0.98 9.64% ≥ 0.5mm Brown et al.(11) 201 eyes 1-18 5.36 ± 0.90 3.62 ± 0.65 4.92 (W) 4.42 (AA) Fan et al.(14) 25 patients 18-22 Photopic and scotopic 5.93 ± 0.75 (M,P) 5.53 ± 0.57 (F, P) 6.72 ± 0.86 (M, S) 6.42 ± 0.68 (F, S) Tekin et al. (15) 20 eyes (20 patients) 25 eyes (25 patients) 0-10 11-20 Scotopic 2.4 ± 1.1 2.4 ± 1.1 55 ± 7% 57 ± 6% 262 ± 37 242 ± 48 6.1 ± 0.6 6.2 ± 1.0 2.4 ± 1.1 2.4 ± 1.0 n, number of measurements, MAX, maximum diameter; MIN, minimum diameter; CON, constriction percentage; LAT latency; ACV, average constriction velocity; MCV, maximum constriction velocity; ADV, average dilation velocity; T75, 75% recovery time; (M,P), Male, photopic; (F,P), female, photopic; (M,S), male scotopic; (F,S), female, scotopic; W, white; AA, african-american. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 26 Mar, 2020 Read the published version in BMC Ophthalmology → Version 3 posted Reviewers invited by journal 13 Feb, 2020 Editor assigned by journal 23 Jan, 2020 Submission checks completed at journal 22 Jan, 2020 Editor invited by journal 22 Jan, 2020 You are reading this latest preprint version Show more versions Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-1976","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":315797,"identity":"636d3fa6-a93a-4c71-89c8-c15704325971","order_by":1,"name":"Sanket S Shah","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Ann and Robert H Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Sanket","middleName":"S","lastName":"Shah","suffix":""},{"id":315798,"identity":"35578e94-6846-4206-9c38-3404b3e49856","order_by":2,"name":"Hantamalala Ralay Ranaivo","email":"","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1907-7625","institution":"Ann and Robert H Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Hantamalala","middleName":"Ralay","lastName":"Ranaivo","suffix":""},{"id":315799,"identity":"d5d48dc5-bbbb-4b54-a9b6-a9604f0bf9c0","order_by":3,"name":"Rebecca B Mets-Halgrimson","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Ann and Robert H Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Rebecca","middleName":"B","lastName":"Mets-Halgrimson","suffix":""},{"id":315800,"identity":"27ed1e25-4e85-4e18-97fa-9116605be86f","order_by":4,"name":"Karen Rychlik","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Ann and Robert H Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Karen","middleName":"","lastName":"Rychlik","suffix":""},{"id":315801,"identity":"68308d98-5e27-49b1-aa3d-47d35434231c","order_by":5,"name":"Sudhi P Kurup","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAABC0lEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBAC+RkJIMpGhoGBsQGIJGQYDhDQYnADrCKNB6aFh7AWyQYQdZgHzAPqIkKLNI/ZZ94d53kMbh9ufPBzhwUP3+3Dxx7+YLDJl3fA4Zd5PMazec/c5jE4l9hs2HtGgkfyXFq6MQ9DmuVGXNbd4zFm5m0DajnD2CbN2CYBZPCYSQOdamDYgEPLbbCWcyAt7b8hWvi/Sf7Ap+VmD0jLAbAtzFBb2IDhdthAHpf3bxwrZpx7JplH8gxjs2QvUIvkGTYzaR6DNAMDHFrkZyRvZni7w06O7wz7ww8/2+qADOZnkj8qbAzkcTkMBBgxJYFWGBwgTQvIAfhsGQWjYBSMgpEEANPqVWtldKcbAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6506-1096","institution":"Ann and Robert H Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Sudhi","middleName":"P","lastName":"Kurup","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2019-07-03 16:27:50","currentVersionCode":3,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.2.11056/v3","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.2.11056/v3","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12886-020-01389-x","type":"published","date":"2020-03-26T20:33:52+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":13486915,"identity":"6124bd50-6f0f-4c70-b3bb-4264b913773b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-09-16 22:08:12","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":360551,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-1976/v3/81e5321d-6f31-4372-9f1d-63e2a24b14cc.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"","formattedTitle":"Establishing a Normative Database for Quantitative Pupillometry in the Pediatric Population","fulltext":[{"header":"Background","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe pupillary exam is a crucial element of ophthalmologic and neurologic evaluations. In particular, observation of pupillary size, reactivity, and consensual response is critical in the assessment of optic nerve dysfunction. In the early 1990\u0026rsquo;s, some studies showed pupillometry as a more sensitive method to measure autonomic nerve function in adolescents with type 1 diabetes compared to cardiovascular reflexes (1-3). More recently, quantitative pupillometry has been used to evaluate early changes in intracranial pressure in patients with head injury or neurological disorders (4, 5). It has also permitted researchers to detect deficits in patients with pre-perimetric glaucoma and diabetes without retinopathy (6, 7). Furthermore, Kardon et al. showed that chromatic pupillometry could be used by clinicians as a non-invasive method of monitoring retinal functional status, especially in patients with severe retinitis pigmentosa (8). Quantitative pupillometry has been shown in the intensive care unit to be more accurate, consistent, sensitive and specific with less interrater disagreement than manual measurement by nurses experienced in neurological examinations (9). Furthermore, Couret et al. showed that trained nurses in Neuro Critical Care Units did not detect 50% of anisocoria and concluded that automated quantitative pupillometry is a more reliable method with which to collect pupillary measurements at the bedside (10). Several studies have described normative values (4, 5, 11) for pupillary function in a pediatric population as measured in ambient light conditions. Kohnen et al. published a normative study (12) with scotopic pupil size. This suggests a need for normative values, measured in a clinical setting, in a pediatric population that can be used not only for evaluating patients when suspicious of disease, but also as a more accurate and sensitive screening tool. A normative database with which to compare measured patient quantitative pupillometry values can permit providers of all levels to easily examine and quickly refer patients to eye care providers in necessary situations. The present study aims to establish a normative database for scotopic pupillary size and function in children as measured in a clinical setting.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Ann \u0026amp; Robert H. Lurie Children\u0026rsquo;s Hospital of Chicago (Lurie Children\u0026rsquo;s) and conformed to the requirements of the United States Health Insurance Portability and Privacy Act with adherence to the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBased on the lead author\u0026rsquo;s availability, pupillometry and informed consent were obtained in a prospective manner for consecutive normal patients younger than 18 years old (i.e. patients without pathology anticipated to affect pupillary function who also meet inclusion criteria) who were being evaluated at the Ophthalmology Clinic of Lurie Children\u0026rsquo;s. Exclusion criteria for controls included: inability to sit for testing, developmental delay, genetic syndromes, neurologic pathology (including intracranial masses), or intraocular pathology that would affect pupillary function (e.g. uveitis, cataracts, diabetes, glaucoma, optic nerve dysfunction)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAmong the 143 patients consented, 42 patients were excluded due to inability to cooperate with the exam (34), inability to perform the exam due practicalities of clinic work flow after consenting (7), or pathology found on exam (1).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePupillometry data were measured using the handheld NeurOptics PLR-200TM Pupillometer (NeurOptics, Irvine, CA, USA). The pupillometer employs an 850 nm infrared illumination to collect measurements on the eye before, during, and after presentation of a full-field white light stimulus with peak wavelengths comprised of red, green, and blue.\u0026nbsp; An opaque rubber interface that can be sanitized places the device in contact with the orbital rim of the eye to be measured, thus occluding outside light from entering the measured eye and allowing direct measurement. The device highlights an outline of the pupil and graphs its displacement over time with accuracy of 0.05 millimeters. Data were obtained in a dark clinic room throughout regular clinic hours (8:00 AM \u0026ndash; 5:00 PM) to emulate routine clinical testing. Scotopic conditions were verified prior to exam by measurement of luminance of less than 2 Lumens with a luminometer (Dr.Meter\u0026reg; LX1330B Digital Illuminance/Light Meter, Hisgadget, Union City, CA, USA)_ at the level of the patient\u0026rsquo;s eyes. The right eye was measured first in each patient. Data from each eye exam were recorded prior to examination of the second eye. Recorded data included maximum (MAX) and minimum (MIN) diameter, constriction percentage (CON) \u0026mdash; the calculated percentage difference between MAX and MIN, latency (LAT), average (ACV) and maximum (MCV) constriction velocities, average dilation velocity (ADV), and 75% recovery time (T75).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIris color was noted as light (blue), dark (brown) or intermediate. Study data were managed using REDCap electronic data capture tools hosted at Northwestern University (13).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eStatistical Analysis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCategorical variables are reported as frequencies, and percentages and continuous variables are reported in means and standard deviations. Pearson correlations were used to describe relationships between two continuous variables: age and eye measurements. To account for the random effect of two-eye measurements per patients, mixed effect models were run to determine differences between independent variables including eye color, race, ethnicity, and gender. All tests were two‐sided, and significance was defined as\u0026nbsp;\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u0026lt;\u0026nbsp;0.05. Statistical analyses were conducted using SAS version 9.4 (SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, NC).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003eData from 196 eyes of 101 participants were analyzed, with the exception of average dilation velocity and 75% recovery time, which could not be measured in 62 and 94 eyes, respectively (usable n = 134 and 102, respectively). The self-identified demographic distribution of the population is shown in Table 1.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn our study population, the mean maximum resting pupil diameter was 6.6 \u0026plusmn; 0.74 mm and the mean minimal post-stimulation diameter was 4.7 \u0026plusmn; 0.77 mm. The mean percentage of reduction in pupil size after stimulation was 30 \u0026plusmn; 6.2%. The average latency time was 230 \u0026plusmn; 34 ms. The mean constriction velocity was 3.70 \u0026plusmn; 0.744 mm/s while the mean dilation velocity was 0.88 \u0026plusmn; 0.25 mm/s.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 2 highlights the mean pupillometry values for across the entire population we tested and the subsets based on gender. The most commonly encountered iris color was dark (n=133 out of 196 eyes). Males had significantly greater constriction percentage and maximum constriction velocity than females (p\u0026lt;0.05). There were no statistically significant differences between the parameters measured in Hispanic and non-Hispanic subjects (self-reported as ethnicity by all subjects). Race (i.e. White, African-American, Asian, other) was self-reported for 49/101 subjects, and there were no statistically significant differences shown between the parameters measured.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThere was a positive correlation with age and maximum diameter (r=0.26 p=0.0002), minimum diameter (r=0.28 p\u0026lt;0.0001), and constriction percentage (r=0.23 p=0.0015). Without quantitative pupillometry, anisocoria has been defined as asymmetry of 1 mm or greater (4,5). Moreover, pupil asymmetry measuring less than 0.5 mm is difficult to detect with the naked eye. In this study, 95 participants recorded measurements from both eyes. Of these, 84.2% (80/95) and 95.8% (91/95) of participants showed resting pupil asymmetry between 0 - 0.5 mm and 0 - 1.0 mm, respectively.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003ePrevious studies have evaluated pupillary size in both ambient photopic (4, 5, 11, 14, 15) and scotopic conditions (12, 14, 15). There has also been assessment of pupillary function in ambient light conditions alone (4, 5, 11). Table 3 shows the results of pupillary size and function from the aforementioned studies. This study is the first to propose normative values for parameters of scotopic pupillary function in a pediatric population in typical clinical conditions.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIt is well established that, throughout childhood, the eye and visual pathway have significant growth and development, which may expectantly lead to pupillary changes over time. Although under ambient light conditions, Brown et al. measured data similar to our results that suggested a weak, yet statistically significant, correlation between pupil size and age (resting diameter, r=0.29; post-stimulus aperture, r=0.19). Other studies in light (11) and dark conditions (12) suggest a peak in pupil size around 11 years old, which was shown in light to continue to decrease throughout adulthood (16). However, we did not see a similar peak and subsequent decrease in our scotopic pediatric data. Our contrast in findings compared to Kohnen et al. might be attributable to differences in population sampling; ours included a larger number of subjects, especially in ages above 11 years old.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn collecting pupillometry data, the device used reports data in two colors: green (reliable) and red (unreliable). It will only display as green if it generates reliable data in at least six out of the eight variables measured. This explains the discrepancies in n values of ADV and T75 from the remainder of the data. Adhikari et al. showed that pupil diameter measured by an infrared camera is affected by fixation eccentricity, introducing at least a 0.07-millimeter error once eye movements deviate more than 5\u0026ordm; from the central fixation axis (17). While fixation eccentricity was not measured in this study, the authors felt the levels of reported reliability from the pupillometer served as an appropriate surrogate when considering the nature of examining children in a clinical setting. Multiple studies (4, 11, 12) have mentioned the inherent difficulties in measuring children younger than 5 years old. We found this to be true for practical purposes, as well; 28/42 of the patients unable to cooperate with the exam were less than 5 years old. Among these children, the most encountered difficulties were fear of the pupillometer, inconsolable crying, and constant head movement. The remaining 14/42 patients were between 5 and 10 years old. These children cooperated well with the exam, but they were unable to avoid blinking during the pupillary constriction period of measurement \u0026mdash; thus preventing adequate data collection. With more experience, younger children were able to be distracted for sufficient periods of time to collect data, and older children tolerated assistance from the examiner\u0026rsquo;s hand to prevent eye blinking. Thus, proper training and repeated use, just as with other instruments used in eye examination, can yield more quantitative measurements that were otherwise subjectively based. Although we presented a smaller sample size for younger individuals, we hope to provide some amount of normative comparison in that age group. Finally, for future study, a larger sample size can strengthen the significance of a normative database.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePrevious studies have been equivocal on the association between gender and pupillary reaction, showing weak differences (14) or no difference at all (11). Our data show statistical differences only between the constriction percentage and maximum constriction velocities of young males and females (p=0.0179 and p=0.0105, respectively). In contrast to Fan et al., our findings might be attributable to differences in population sampling: ours having a higher n and lower ages than their population (14). Our data suggest that a potentially abnormal patient should be compared to one of the same gender from our data.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eVia self-reporting, demographic data was obtained for all subjects on ethnicity but for only 49/101 subjects with regards to race. There were no statistical differences for any measured variable by ethnicity or by race. However, Brown et al. measured a population that was 64% white and 24% African American, finding statistical differences in pupil size and function (MCV and ADV) between the eyes of White and African American subjects when measure in ambient light. Due to differences in demographics between the two studies, direct comparisons cannot be made.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAnisocoria has been clinically defined as asymmetry of 1 mm or greater (4, 5). Interstimulus interval between eyes has been shown to affect measurement of pupillary light response amplitudes if the pupil has not returned to its resting diameter, and the necessary interval is shorter in scotopic conditions (18). Order of eye measurement, thus, could affect anisocoria data if the interstimulus interval is not appropriate. During this study\u0026rsquo;s data collection, the interval between eye measurements was roughly one minute while the previous eye data was transcribed. There was no significant trend found in the data to favor the resting diameter of one eye to be greater than the other. As shown in Table 3, multiple studies including the present one show the majority of patients to have pupillary asymmetry of less than 0.5 mm on quantitative pupillometry. Therefore, the authors recommend future investigation into detection of pathology by using thresholds of 0.5 mm and 1 mm for anisocoria to determine the potential utility of quantitative pupillometry over standard subjective measurement as a screening tool as well as determining exact sensitivity, specificity, and receiver-operator curves for each method using these thresholds.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe clinical nature of this study provides both strengths and limitations to the data and analysis presented above. As mentioned earlier, fixation eccentricity and exact interstimulus interval provide a more standardized approach to data collection. Furthermore, data were collected throughout the clinic day, thus preventing consistent time measurements to limit effects from circadian rhythm on pupillary function (19).\u0026nbsp; Finally, given the clinical setting of these measurements, children are likely to have many psychosensory influences on pupil size and function such as anxiety, fright, and pain, all of which would exhibit mydriatic effects on the data. However, the authors wish to highlight that when clinically evaluating a pediatric population, precise time of day and measurements that require cooperation as well as the psychosensory effect of visiting any clinical setting whether it be in a hospital-based clinic or an outpatient clinic are rarely standard. Therefore, the data presented in this study provide a robust database with which comparisons can be made with a pediatric population in a clinical setting.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn conclusion, the authors offer quantitative pupillometry measurements in children to be compared against the gender-matched data presented in this manuscript. Children falling outside of normal ranges may warrant further evaluation.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"List of Abbreviations","content":"\u003cp\u003eMAX: maximum diameter; MIN: minimum diameter, CON: constriction percentage, LAT: latency, ACV: average constriction velocity; MCV: maximum constriction velocity, ADV: average dilation velocity; T75: 75% recovery time; NCCU: neuro-critical care unit.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate: \u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Ann \u0026amp; Robert H. Lurie Children\u0026rsquo;s Hospital of Chicago (Lurie Children\u0026rsquo;s) and conformed to the requirements of the United States Health Insurance Portability and Privacy Act with adherence to the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWritten informed consent was obtained from the parents or guardians for participants younger than 18 years old. Written assent was also obtained from participants 12 years or older.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eAvailability of data and material\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe datasets generated and/or analysed during the current study are not publicly available due because the participants did not consent to have their data available for future research.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eCompeting interests\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNone of the authors have any comping interest\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eFunding\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis project was supported by a Children\u0026rsquo;s Surgical Foundation grant (Ann \u0026amp; Robert H. Lurie Children\u0026rsquo;s Hospital of Chicago). The funds were used to purchase the pupillometers used for the study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eAuthors' contributions: \u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSS: Study design, enrollment of participants, data collection, data analysis, manuscript writing and editing\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHR: Study design, data analysis, manuscript writing and editing\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRMH: Study design, manuscript writing and editing\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSK: Study design, manuscript writing and editing\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eKR: Data analysis, manuscript writing and editing\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll authors have read and approved the manuscript\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eAcknowledgments\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKaravanaki K, Davies AG, Hunt LP, Morgan MH, Baum JD. Pupil size in diabetes. Archives of disease in childhood. 1994;71(6):511-5.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePena MM, Donaghue KC, Fung AT, Bonney M, Schwingshandl J, Howard NJ, et al. The prospective assessment of autonomic nerve function by pupillometry in adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Diabetic medicine : a journal of the British Diabetic Association. 1995;12(10):868-73.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSchwingshandl J, Simpson JM, Donaghue K, Bonney MA, Howard NJ, Silink M. Pupillary abnormalities in type I diabetes occurring during adolescence. Comparisons with cardiovascular reflexes. Diabetes care. 1993;16(4):630-3.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBoev AN, Fountas KN, Karampelas I, Boev C, Machinis TG, Feltes C, et al. Quantitative pupillometry: normative data in healthy pediatric volunteers. Journal of neurosurgery. 2005;103(6 Suppl):496-500.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTaylor WR, Chen JW, Meltzer H, Gennarelli TA, Kelbch C, Knowlton S, et al. Quantitative pupillometry, a new technology: normative data and preliminary observations in patients with acute head injury. Technical note. Journal of neurosurgery. 2003;98(1):205-13.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAdhikari P, Zele AJ, Thomas R, Feigl B. Quadrant Field Pupillometry Detects Melanopsin Dysfunction in Glaucoma Suspects and Early Glaucoma. Scientific reports. 2016;6:33373.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFeigl B, Zele AJ, Fader SM, Howes AN, Hughes CE, Jones KA, et al. The post-illumination pupil response of melanopsin-expressing intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells in diabetes. Acta ophthalmologica. 2012;90(3):e230-4.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKardon R, Anderson SC, Damarjian TG, Grace EM, Stone E, Kawasaki A. Chromatic pupillometry in patients with retinitis pigmentosa. Ophthalmology. 2011;118(2):376-81.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMeeker M, Du R, Bacchetti P, Privitera CM, Larson MD, Holland MC, et al. Pupil examination: validity and clinical utility of an automated pupillometer. The Journal of neuroscience nursing : journal of the American Association of Neuroscience Nurses. 2005;37(1):34-40.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCouret D, Boumaza D, Grisotto C, Triglia T, Pellegrini L, Ocquidant P, et al. Reliability of standard pupillometry practice in neurocritical care: an observational, double-blinded study. Critical care (London, England). 2016;20:99.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBrown JT, Connelly M, Nickols C, Neville KA. Developmental Changes of Normal Pupil Size and Reactivity in Children. Journal of pediatric ophthalmology and strabismus. 2015;52(3):147-51.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKohnen EM, Zubcov AA, Kohnen T. Scotopic pupil size in a normal pediatric population using infrared pupillometry. Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie. 2004;242(1):18-23.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHarris PA, Taylor R, Thielke R, Payne J, Gonzalez N, Conde JG. Research electronic data capture (REDCap)--a metadata-driven methodology and workflow process for providing translational research informatics support. Journal of biomedical informatics. 2009;42(2):377-81.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFan X, Hearne L, Lei B, Miles JH, Takahashi N, Yao G. Weak gender effects on transient pupillary light reflex. Autonomic neuroscience : basic \u0026amp; clinical. 2009;147(1-2):9-13.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTekin K, Sekeroglu MA, Kiziltoprak H, Doguizi S, Inanc M, Yilmazbas P. Static and dynamic pupillometry data of healthy individuals. Clinical \u0026amp; experimental optometry. 2018;101(5):659-65.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWinn B, Whitaker D, Elliott DB, Phillips NJ. Factors affecting light-adapted pupil size in normal human subjects. Investigative ophthalmology \u0026amp; visual science. 1994;35(3):1132-7.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAdhikari P, Zele AJ, Feigl B. The Post-Illumination Pupil Response (PIPR). Investigative ophthalmology \u0026amp; visual science. 2015;56(6):3838-49.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKelbsch C, Strasser T, Chen Y, Feigl B, Gamlin PD, Kardon R, et al. Standards in Pupillography. Frontiers in neurology. 2019;10:129.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eZele AJ, Feigl B, Smith SS, Markwell EL. The circadian response of intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells. PloS one. 2011;6(3):e17860.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"Tables","content":"\u003cp style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif;\"\u003eTable 1:\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif;\"\u003e Demographics of the pediatric population measured. Race and ethnicity were self-reported by the guardians of each patient.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable style=\"background: white; border-collapse: collapse; border: none;\"\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: .25in;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: .25in;\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: black;\"\u003eAge\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: .25in;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: .25in;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 13.5pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: black;\"\u003eMean (mean \u0026plusmn; SD) (years)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: .25in;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: black;\"\u003e10.33 \u0026plusmn; 3.83\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: .25in;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: .25in;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 13.5pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: black;\"\u003eAge range (years)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: .25in;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: black;\"\u003e1.01 \u0026ndash; 17.44\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: .25in;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: .25in;\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: black;\"\u003eGender\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: .25in;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: .25in;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 13.5pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: black;\"\u003eMale\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: .25in;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: black;\"\u003e42.6%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: .25in;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: .25in;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 13.5pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: black;\"\u003eFemale\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: .25in;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: black;\"\u003e57.4%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: .25in;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: .25in;\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: black;\"\u003eEye Color\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: .25in;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: .25in;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 13.5pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: black;\"\u003eBlue\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: .25in;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: black;\"\u003e9.7%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: .25in;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: .25in;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 13.5pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: black;\"\u003eBrown\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: .25in;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: black;\"\u003e78.1%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: .25in;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: .25in;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 13.5pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: black;\"\u003eIn Between\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: .25in;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: black;\"\u003e12.2%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: .25in;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: .25in;\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: black;\"\u003eRace\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: .25in;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: .25in;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 13.5pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: black;\"\u003eWhite\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: .25in;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: black;\"\u003e31.7%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: .25in;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: .25in;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 13.5pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: black;\"\u003eAfrican American\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: .25in;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: black;\"\u003e7.9%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: .25in;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: .25in;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 13.5pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: black;\"\u003eAsian\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: .25in;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: black;\"\u003e8.9%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: .25in;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: .25in;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 13.5pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: black;\"\u003eOther\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: .25in;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: black;\"\u003e51.5%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: .25in;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: .25in;\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: black;\"\u003eEthnicity\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: .25in;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: .25in;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 13.5pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: black;\"\u003eHispanic\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: .25in;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: black;\"\u003e42.6%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr style=\"height: .25in;\"\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: .25in;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: 13.5pt;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: black;\"\u003eNon-Hispanic\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; height: .25in;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: black;\"\u003e57.4%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/br\u003e\u003c/br\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif;\"\u003eTable 2:\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 200%; font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif;\"\u003e Quantitative pupillometry values measured under scotopic conditions during this study, reported as mean values of the population and between gender and ethnicity.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable style=\"border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 6.75pt; margin-right: 6.75pt;\"\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: black;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: black;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: black;\"\u003eGender\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: black;\"\u003eEthnicity\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: black;\"\u003eVariable\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: black;\"\u003eAll Children\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: black;\"\u003eMale\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: black;\"\u003eFemale\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: black;\"\u003eHispanic/Latino\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: black;\"\u003eNon-Hispanic/Latino\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: black;\"\u003eMaximum Diameter (mm)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: black;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: black;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: black;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: black;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: black;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: .25in;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: black;\"\u003eMean (n)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: black;\"\u003e6.6 (196)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: black;\"\u003e6.7 (83)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: black;\"\u003e6.5 (113)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: black;\"\u003e6.5 (83)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: black;\"\u003e6.7 (113)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: .25in;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: black;\"\u003e(Mean - 2 SD, Mean + 2 SD)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: black;\"\u003e(5.1, 8.1)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: black;\"\u003e(5.1, 8.3)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: black;\"\u003e(5.2, 7.9)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: black;\"\u003e(5.2, 7.8)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: black;\"\u003e(5.1, 8.2)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: black;\"\u003eMinimum Diameter (mm)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: black;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: black;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: black;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: black;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: black;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: .25in;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: black;\"\u003eMean (n)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: black;\"\u003e4.7 (196)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: black;\"\u003e4.6 (83)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: black;\"\u003e4.7 (113)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: black;\"\u003e4.6 (83)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: black;\"\u003e4.7 (113)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: .25in;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: black;\"\u003e(Mean - 2 SD, Mean + 2 SD)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: black;\"\u003e(3.1, 6.2)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: black;\"\u003e(3.1, 6.2)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: black;\"\u003e(3.2, 6.2)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: black;\"\u003e(3.2, 6.0)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: black;\"\u003e(3.1, 6.3)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: black;\"\u003eConstriction Percentage\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: black;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: black;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: black;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: black;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: black;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: .25in;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: black;\"\u003eMean (n)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: black;\"\u003e-30 (196)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: black;\"\u003e-31* (83)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: black;\"\u003e-28* (113)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: black;\"\u003e-29 (83)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: black;\"\u003e-30 (113)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: .25in;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: black;\"\u003e(Mean - 2 SD, Mean + 2 SD)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: black;\"\u003e(-42, -17)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: black;\"\u003e(-41, -21)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: black;\"\u003e(-42, -15)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: black;\"\u003e(-42, -16)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: black;\"\u003e(-42, -18)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: black;\"\u003eLatency (ms)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: black;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: black;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: black;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: black;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: black;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: .25in;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: black;\"\u003eMean (n)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: black;\"\u003e230 (196)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: black;\"\u003e230 (83)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: black;\"\u003e230 (113)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: black;\"\u003e230 (83)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: black;\"\u003e230 (113)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: .25in;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: black;\"\u003e(Mean - 2 SD, Mean + 2 SD)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: black;\"\u003e(160, 300)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: black;\"\u003e(170, 290)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: black;\"\u003e(170, 290)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: black;\"\u003e(170, 290)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: black;\"\u003e(170, 290)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: black;\"\u003eAverage Constriction Velocity (mm/s)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: black;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: black;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: black;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: black;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: black;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: .25in;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: black;\"\u003eMean (n)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: black;\"\u003e-3.70 (196)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: black;\"\u003e-3.83 (83)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: black;\"\u003e-3.60 (113)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: black;\"\u003e-3.69 (83)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: black;\"\u003e-3.69 (113)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: .25in;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: black;\"\u003e(Mean - 2 SD, Mean + 2 SD)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: black;\"\u003e(-5.18, -2.21)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: black;\"\u003e(-5.17, -2.49)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: black;\"\u003e(-5.16, -2.04)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: black;\"\u003e(-5.15, -2.23)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: black;\"\u003e(-5.21, -2.17)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: black;\"\u003eMaximum Constriction Velocity (mm/s)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: black;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: black;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: black;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: black;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: black;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: .25in;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: black;\"\u003eMean (n)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: black;\"\u003e-5.02 (196)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: black;\"\u003e-5.28* (83)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: black;\"\u003e-4.83* (113)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: black;\"\u003e-4.91 (83)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: black;\"\u003e-5.09 (113)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: .25in;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: black;\"\u003e(Mean - 2 SD, Mean + 2 SD)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: black;\"\u003e(-6.81, -3.23)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: black;\"\u003e(-6.76, -3.80)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: black;\"\u003e(-6.73, -2.93)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: black;\"\u003e(-6.79, -3.03)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: black;\"\u003e(-6.83, -3.35)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: black;\"\u003eAverage Dilation Velocity (mm/s)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: black;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: black;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: black;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: black;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: black;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: .25in;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: black;\"\u003eMean (n)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: black;\"\u003e0.88 (134)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: black;\"\u003e0.91 (59)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: black;\"\u003e0.86 (75)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: black;\"\u003e0.87 (55)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: black;\"\u003e0.90 (79)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: .25in;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: black;\"\u003e(Mean - 2 SD, Mean + 2 SD)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: black;\"\u003e(0.38, 1.38)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: black;\"\u003e(0.39, 1.43)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: black;\"\u003e(0.38, 1.34)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: black;\"\u003e(0.37, 1.37)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: black;\"\u003e(0.44, 1.36)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: black;\"\u003e75% Recovery Time (s)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: black;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: black;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: black;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: black;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: black;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: .25in;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: black;\"\u003eMean (n)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: black;\"\u003e2.82 (102)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: black;\"\u003e2.89 (45)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: black;\"\u003e2.77 (57)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: black;\"\u003e2.85 (47)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: black;\"\u003e2.80 (55)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: .25in;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: black;\"\u003e(Mean - 2 SD, Mean + 2 SD)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: black;\"\u003e(1.51, 4.13)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: black;\"\u003e(1.77, 4.01)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: black;\"\u003e(1.33, 4.21)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: black;\"\u003e(1.69, 4.01)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: black;\"\u003e(1.36, 4.24)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: black;\"\u003eAsymmetry\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: black;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: black;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: black;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: black;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: black;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: .25in;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: black;\"\u003e\u0026le;0.5 mm\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: black;\"\u003e84.2%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: black;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: black;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: black;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: black;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"margin-left: .25in;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: black;\"\u003e\u0026le;1.0 mm\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: black;\"\u003e95.8%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: black;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: black;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: black;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\"\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif; color: black;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; color: white;\"\u003en\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 11.0pt;\"\u003e, number of eyes. *p \u0026lt; 0.05\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/br\u003e\u003c/br\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif;\"\u003eTable 3:\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 'Arial',sans-serif;\"\u003e Quantitative pupillometry data reported by previous studies presented in comparison with this study.\u003cbr /\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable style=\"border-collapse: collapse; border: none;\" width=\"931\"\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 59.4pt; border-top: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-right: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"79\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 8.0pt; color: black;\"\u003eStudy\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 1.5in; border-top: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-right: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"144\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 8.0pt; color: black;\"\u003en\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 45.0pt; border-top: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-right: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"60\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 8.0pt; color: black;\"\u003eAges\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 67.5pt; border-top: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-right: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"90\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 8.0pt; color: black;\"\u003eLight conditions\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 1.0in; border-top: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-right: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"96\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 8.0pt; color: black; text-transform: uppercase;\"\u003eMax \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 8.0pt; color: black;\"\u003e(mm)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 45.0pt; border-top: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-right: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"60\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 8.0pt; color: black; text-transform: uppercase;\"\u003eMin \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 8.0pt; color: black;\"\u003e(mm)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 31.5pt; border-top: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-right: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"42\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 8.0pt; color: black; text-transform: uppercase;\"\u003eCon \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 8.0pt; color: black;\"\u003e(%)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 31.5pt; border-top: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-right: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"42\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 8.0pt; color: black; text-transform: uppercase;\"\u003eLat\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 8.0pt; color: black;\"\u003e (ms)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 40.5pt; border-top: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-right: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 8.0pt; color: black;\"\u003eACV (mm/s)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 45.0pt; border-top: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-right: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"60\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 8.0pt; color: black;\"\u003eMCV\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 8.0pt; color: black;\"\u003e(mm/s)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 40.5pt; border-top: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-right: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 8.0pt; color: black;\"\u003eADV (mm/s)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: .5in; border-top: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-right: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"48\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 8.0pt; color: black;\"\u003eT75\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 8.0pt; color: black;\"\u003e(s)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 76.5pt; border-top: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-right: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"102\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 8.0pt; color: black;\"\u003eAsymmetry\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 59.4pt; border: none; background: silver; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"79\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 8.0pt; color: black;\"\u003eThis paper\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 1.5in; border: none; background: silver; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"144\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 8.0pt; color: black;\"\u003e196 eyes (101 patients)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 45.0pt; border: none; background: silver; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"60\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 8.0pt; color: black;\"\u003e1-18\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 67.5pt; border: none; background: silver; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"90\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 8.0pt; color: black;\"\u003eScotopic\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 1.0in; border: none; background: silver; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"96\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 8.0pt; color: black;\"\u003e6.6 \u0026plusmn; 0.08\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 45.0pt; border: none; background: silver; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"60\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 8.0pt; color: black;\"\u003e4.7 \u0026plusmn; 0.8\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 31.5pt; border: none; background: silver; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"42\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 8.0pt; color: black;\"\u003e30% \u0026plusmn; 6%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 31.5pt; border: none; background: silver; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"42\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 8.0pt; color: black;\"\u003e230 \u0026plusmn; 35\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 40.5pt; border: none; background: silver; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 8.0pt; color: black;\"\u003e3.70 \u0026plusmn; 0.75\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 45.0pt; border: none; background: silver; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"60\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 8.0pt; color: black;\"\u003e-5.02 \u0026plusmn; 0.90\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 40.5pt; border: none; background: silver; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 8.0pt; color: black;\"\u003e0.88 \u0026plusmn; 0.25\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: .5in; border: none; background: silver; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"48\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 8.0pt; color: black;\"\u003e2.82 \u0026plusmn; 0.66\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 76.5pt; border: none; background: silver; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"102\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 8.0pt; color: black;\"\u003e15.8% \u0026ge; 0.5mm\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 59.4pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"79\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 8.0pt; color: black;\"\u003eTaylor et al.(5) \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 1.5in; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"144\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 8.0pt; color: black;\"\u003e2432 paired measurements (310 patients)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 45.0pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"60\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 8.0pt; color: black;\"\u003e1-87\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 67.5pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"90\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 8.0pt; color: black;\"\u003eAmbient light\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 1.0in; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"96\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 8.0pt; color: black;\"\u003e4.1 \u0026plusmn; 0.34\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 45.0pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"60\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 8.0pt; color: black;\"\u003e2.7 \u0026plusmn; 0.21\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 31.5pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"42\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 8.0pt; color: black;\"\u003e34%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 31.5pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"42\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 8.0pt; color: black;\"\u003e240 \u0026plusmn; 40\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 40.5pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 8.0pt; color: black;\"\u003e1.48 \u0026plusmn; 0.33\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 45.0pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"60\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: black;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 40.5pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: black;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: .5in; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"48\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: black;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 76.5pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"102\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 8.0pt; color: black;\"\u003e\u0026lt;1% \u0026gt; 0.5mm\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 59.4pt; border: none; background: silver; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"79\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 8.0pt; color: black;\"\u003eBoev et al.(4)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 1.5in; border: none; background: silver; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"144\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 8.0pt; color: black;\"\u003e90 eyes (90 patients)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 45.0pt; border: none; background: silver; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"60\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 8.0pt; color: black;\"\u003e0-18\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 67.5pt; border: none; background: silver; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"90\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 8.0pt; color: black;\"\u003eAmbient light\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 1.0in; border: none; background: silver; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"96\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 8.0pt; color: black;\"\u003e4.11\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 45.0pt; border: none; background: silver; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"60\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 8.0pt; color: black;\"\u003e2.65\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 31.5pt; border: none; background: silver; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"42\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 8.0pt; color: black;\"\u003e36%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 31.5pt; border: none; background: silver; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"42\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: black;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 40.5pt; border: none; background: silver; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 8.0pt; color: black;\"\u003e2.34\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 45.0pt; border: none; background: silver; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"60\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: black;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 40.5pt; border: none; background: silver; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 8.0pt; color: black;\"\u003e2.2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: .5in; border: none; background: silver; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"48\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: black;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 76.5pt; border: none; background: silver; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"102\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 8.0pt; color: black;\"\u003e\u0026ldquo;Normal\u0026rdquo; \u0026lt; 0.5mm\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 59.4pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"79\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 8.0pt; color: black;\"\u003eKohnen et al.(12)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 1.5in; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"144\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 8.0pt; color: black;\"\u003e166 eyes (83 patients)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 45.0pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"60\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 8.0pt; color: black;\"\u003e6.01 \u0026plusmn; 4.11\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 67.5pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"90\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 8.0pt; color: black;\"\u003e2 minutes dark adaptation\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 1.0in; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"96\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 8.0pt; color: black;\"\u003e6.09 \u0026plusmn; 0.98\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 45.0pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"60\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: black;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 31.5pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"42\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: black;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 31.5pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"42\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: black;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 40.5pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: black;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 45.0pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"60\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: black;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 40.5pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: black;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: .5in; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"48\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: black;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 76.5pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"102\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 8.0pt; color: black;\"\u003e9.64% \u0026ge; 0.5mm\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 59.4pt; border: none; background: silver; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"79\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 8.0pt; color: black;\"\u003eBrown et al.(11)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 1.5in; border: none; background: silver; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"144\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 8.0pt; color: black;\"\u003e201 eyes\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 45.0pt; border: none; background: silver; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"60\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 8.0pt; color: black;\"\u003e1-18\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 67.5pt; border: none; background: silver; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"90\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: black;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 1.0in; border: none; background: silver; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"96\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 8.0pt; color: black;\"\u003e5.36 \u0026plusmn; 0.90\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 45.0pt; border: none; background: silver; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"60\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 8.0pt; color: black;\"\u003e3.62 \u0026plusmn; 0.65\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 31.5pt; border: none; background: silver; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"42\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: black;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 31.5pt; border: none; background: silver; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"42\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: black;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 40.5pt; border: none; background: silver; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: black;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 45.0pt; border: none; background: silver; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"60\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 8.0pt; color: black;\"\u003e4.92 (W)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 8.0pt; color: black;\"\u003e4.42 (AA)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 40.5pt; border: none; background: silver; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: black;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: .5in; border: none; background: silver; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"48\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: black;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 76.5pt; border: none; background: silver; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"102\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: black;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 59.4pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"79\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 8.0pt; color: black;\"\u003eFan et al.(14)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 1.5in; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"144\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 8.0pt; color: black;\"\u003e25 patients\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 45.0pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"60\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 8.0pt; color: black;\"\u003e18-22\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 67.5pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"90\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 8.0pt; color: black;\"\u003ePhotopic and scotopic\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 1.0in; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"96\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 8.0pt; color: black;\"\u003e5.93 \u0026plusmn; 0.75 (M,P)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 8.0pt; color: black;\"\u003e5.53 \u0026plusmn; 0.57 (F, P)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 8.0pt; color: black;\"\u003e6.72 \u0026plusmn; 0.86 (M, S)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 8.0pt; color: black;\"\u003e6.42 \u0026plusmn; 0.68 (F, S)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 45.0pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"60\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: black;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 31.5pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"42\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: black;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 31.5pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"42\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: black;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 40.5pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: black;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 45.0pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"60\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: black;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 40.5pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: black;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: .5in; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"48\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: black;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 76.5pt; border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"102\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: black;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 59.4pt; border: none; background: silver; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"79\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 8.0pt; color: black;\"\u003eTekin et al. (15)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 1.5in; border: none; background: silver; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"144\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 8.0pt; color: black;\"\u003e20 eyes (20 patients)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 8.0pt; color: black;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 8.0pt; color: black;\"\u003e25 eyes (25 patients)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 45.0pt; border: none; background: silver; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"60\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 8.0pt; color: black;\"\u003e0-10\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 8.0pt; color: black;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 8.0pt; color: black;\"\u003e11-20\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 67.5pt; border: none; background: silver; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"90\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 8.0pt; color: black;\"\u003eScotopic\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 1.0in; border: none; background: silver; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"96\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 8.0pt; color: black;\"\u003e2.4 \u0026plusmn; 1.1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 8.0pt; color: black;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 8.0pt; color: black;\"\u003e2.4 \u0026plusmn; 1.1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 45.0pt; border: none; background: silver; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"60\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: black;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 31.5pt; border: none; background: silver; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"42\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 8.0pt; color: black;\"\u003e55 \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 8.0pt; color: black;\"\u003e\u0026plusmn; 7%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 8.0pt; color: black;\"\u003e57 \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 8.0pt; color: black;\"\u003e\u0026plusmn; 6%\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 31.5pt; border: none; background: silver; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"42\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 8.0pt; color: black;\"\u003e262 \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 8.0pt; color: black;\"\u003e\u0026plusmn; 37\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 8.0pt; color: black;\"\u003e242 \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 8.0pt; color: black;\"\u003e\u0026plusmn; 48\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 40.5pt; border: none; background: silver; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 8.0pt; color: black;\"\u003e6.1 \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 8.0pt; color: black;\"\u003e\u0026plusmn; 0.6\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 8.0pt; color: black;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 8.0pt; color: black;\"\u003e6.2 \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 8.0pt; color: black;\"\u003e\u0026plusmn; 1.0\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 45.0pt; border: none; background: silver; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"60\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: black;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 40.5pt; border: none; background: silver; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 8.0pt; color: black;\"\u003e2.4 \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 8.0pt; color: black;\"\u003e\u0026plusmn; 1.1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 8.0pt; color: black;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 8.0pt; color: black;\"\u003e2.4 \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 8.0pt; color: black;\"\u003e\u0026plusmn; 1.0\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: .5in; border: none; background: silver; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"48\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: black;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 76.5pt; border: none; background: silver; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"102\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: black;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 59.4pt; border: none; border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"79\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 8.0pt; color: black;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 1.5in; border: none; border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"144\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 8.0pt; color: black;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 45.0pt; border: none; border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"60\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 8.0pt; color: black;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 67.5pt; border: none; border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"90\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 8.0pt; color: black;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 1.0in; border: none; border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"96\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 8.0pt; color: black;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 45.0pt; border: none; border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"60\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: black;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 31.5pt; border: none; border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"42\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 8.0pt; color: black;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 31.5pt; border: none; border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"42\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 8.0pt; color: black;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 40.5pt; border: none; border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 8.0pt; color: black;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 45.0pt; border: none; border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"60\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: black;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 40.5pt; border: none; border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"54\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 8.0pt; color: black;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: .5in; border: none; border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"48\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: black;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 76.5pt; border: none; border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\" width=\"102\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: black;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Arial, sans-serif;\"\u003en, number of measurements, MAX, maximum diameter; MIN, minimum diameter; CON, constriction percentage; LAT latency; ACV, average constriction velocity; MCV, maximum constriction velocity; ADV, average dilation velocity; T75, 75% recovery time; (M,P), Male, photopic; (F,P), female, photopic; (M,S), male scotopic; (F,S), female, scotopic; W, white; AA, african-american.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-ophthalmology","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"boph","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Ophthalmology](http://bmcophthalmol.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/boph","title":"BMC Ophthalmology","twitterHandle":"BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Pupillometry, pupils, pediatric screening, normative","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.2.11056/v3","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.2.11056/v3","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eBackground Pupillary evaluation is a crucial element of physical exams. Noting size, reactivity, and consensual response is critical in assessing for optic nerve dysfunction. We aim to establish normative data for scotopic pupillary size and function in the pediatric population in a clinical setting. \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eMethods Pupillometry was obtained prospectively for consecutive, normal patients \u0026lt;18 years old being evaluated by Lurie Children’s Ophthalmology. Quantitative data included maximum (MAX) and minimum (MIN) diameters, constriction percentage (CON), latency (LAT), average (ACV) and maximum (MCV) constriction velocities, average dilation velocity (ADV), and 75% recovery time (T75). Iris color was noted as light, intermediate, or dark. \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eResults 196 eyes of 101 participants (42.6% male, ages 1–17 years, average age 10.3 years) were analyzed. Mean MAX was 6.6 mm (5.1–8.1 mm 95% CI); MIN was 4.7 mm (3.1–6.1 mm 95% CI); CON was 30% (17–42% 95% CI); LAT was 230 milliseconds (160–300 ms 95% CI); ACV was 3.70 mm/sec (2.21–5.18 mm/sec 95% CI); and ADV was 0.88 mm/sec (0.38–1.38 mm/sec 95% CI). Age had a positive correlation with MAX, MIN, and CON. 84.2% and 95.8% of participants showed resting pupil asymmetry of ≤0.5 mm and ≤1.0 mm, respectively. \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eConclusions Quantitative pupillometry can be a useful tool for screening pediatric patients. We sought to establish normative data in this group. We found males to have significantly greater MCV and CON than females (p \u0026lt; 0.05). Also, age had a positive correlation with MAX, MIN, and CON.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Establishing a Normative Database for Quantitative Pupillometry in the Pediatric Population","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":3,"date":"2020-01-27 20:17:05","doi":"10.21203/rs.2.11056/v3","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2020-02-13T12:00:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2020-01-23T12:00:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2020-01-22T12:00:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2020-01-22T12:00:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-ophthalmology","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"boph","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Ophthalmology](http://bmcophthalmol.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/boph","title":"BMC Ophthalmology","twitterHandle":"BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}},{"code":2,"date":"2019-09-26 19:20:15","doi":"10.21203/rs.2.11056/v2","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Minor revision","date":"2019-12-03T12:00:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2019-11-27T12:00:00+00:00","index":2,"fulltext":"Recommendation: Accept without revision\nForm responses:\n---\n* Are the methods appropriate and well described?: **Yes**\n* Does the work include the necessary controls?: **Yes**\n* Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the data shown?: **Yes**\n* Are you able to assess any statistics in the manuscript or would you recommend an additional statistical review?: **Not relevant to this manuscript**\n* Quality of written English: **Acceptable**\n* Declaration of competing interests: **I declare that I have no competing interests**\n\nComments to Author:\n---\nIt can be acceptable with this form."},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"","date":"2019-11-26T12:00:00+00:00","index":2,"fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2019-11-25T12:00:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"","date":"2019-11-25T12:00:00+00:00","index":1,"fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2019-11-25T12:00:00+00:00","index":1,"fulltext":"Recommendation: Accept without revision\nForm responses:\n---\n* Are the methods appropriate and well described?: **Yes**\n* Does the work include the necessary controls?: **Unable to assess**\n* Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the data shown?: **Yes**\n* Are you able to assess any statistics in the manuscript or would you recommend an additional statistical review?: **Not relevant to this manuscript**\n* Quality of written English: **Acceptable**\n* Declaration of competing interests: **I declare that I have no competing interests.**\n\nComments to Author:\n---\nI think the paper has been improved and my questions were answered.\n\nOne remark: References are usually cited this way: ...end of sentence (21,22). Please check."},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2019-09-24T12:00:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2019-09-23T12:00:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2019-09-23T12:00:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-ophthalmology","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"boph","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Ophthalmology](http://bmcophthalmol.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/boph","title":"BMC Ophthalmology","twitterHandle":"BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}},{"code":1,"date":"2019-07-06 04:47:47","doi":"10.21203/rs.2.11056/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Major revision","date":"2019-08-24T12:00:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2019-08-20T12:00:00+00:00","index":2,"fulltext":"Form responses:\n---\n* Does the work include the necessary controls?\nIf not, please specify which controls are required in your comments to the authors.\tUnable to assess: **Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the data shown?\nIf not, please explain in your comments to the authors.\tNo**\n"},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2019-07-29T12:00:00+00:00","index":1,"fulltext":"Form responses:\n---\n* Does the work include the necessary controls?\nIf not, please specify which controls are required in your comments to the authors.\tNo: **Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the data shown?\nIf not, please explain in your comments to the authors.\tYes**\n"},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"","date":"2019-07-23T12:00:00+00:00","index":2,"fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2019-07-14T12:00:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"","date":"2019-07-14T12:00:00+00:00","index":1,"fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2019-07-12T12:00:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2019-07-03T12:00:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2019-07-03T12:00:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"","date":"2019-06-27T12:00:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-ophthalmology","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"boph","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Ophthalmology](http://bmcophthalmol.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/boph","title":"BMC Ophthalmology","twitterHandle":"BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"366d554f-27a9-4ce8-9e47-f552a896cedc","owner":[],"postedDate":"January 27th, 2020","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[{"id":28642,"name":"Ophthalmology"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2021-08-05T14:50:28+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-1976","link":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12886-020-01389-x","journal":{"identity":"bmc-ophthalmology","isVorOnly":false,"title":"BMC Ophthalmology"},"publishedOn":"2020-03-26 20:33:52","publishedOnDateReadable":"March 26th, 2020"},"versionCreatedAt":"2020-01-27 20:17:05","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1186/s12886-020-01389-x","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12886-020-01389-x","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v3","identity":"rs-1976","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"identity":"rs-1976","version":["v3"]},"buildId":"J0_U0BvcaRcwD8yVFaRlm","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}