Optimizing Land Use and Tsunami Risk Mitigation Through Vertical Housing Development in Tsunami-prone Areas, Case Study: Banda Aceh City

Optimizing Land Use and Tsunami Risk Mitigation Through Vertical Housing Development in Tsunami-prone Areas, Case Study: Banda Aceh City | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Optimizing Land Use and Tsunami Risk Mitigation Through Vertical Housing Development in Tsunami-prone Areas, Case Study: Banda Aceh City Widya Soviana, Syamsidik Syamsidik, Munirwansyah Munirwansyah, and 1 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3566846/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The development of housing for communities in tsunami-prone areas in the city of Banda Aceh is experiencing significant progress. The majority of the constructed residences adhere to one-story and two-story house models. However, housing designed for single families requires larger land areas compared to apartment options, even though it can only accommodate a limited number of family members. Consequently, the availability of land for housing development is becoming increasingly constrained. Furthermore, single-family homes located in tsunami disaster risk zones are vulnerable to the impacts generated by such events. The development of housing models in regions with potential tsunami risks aims to minimize land utilization while still maintaining community well-being. Therefore, government policies are necessary to direct the development of vertically-conceptualized housing models as alternative dwellings for communities in tsunami-prone areas. These vertical housing models also serve as evacuation facilities during tsunami disasters, with the hope of safeguarding lives and reducing larger-scale losses in the future. Housing Development Tsunami Prone Area Vertical Housing Evacuation Facility Banda Aceh Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 1. INTRODUCTION The house, as a human residence, exhibits dynamic and easily adaptable characteristics (Kolarevic & Parlac, 2015 ). This can be observed through the changes in spatial configuration and architectural structure of houses over time. In urban areas, residential development must align with the guidelines for settlement development (Indonesia, 2011 ; Sagala & Bisri, 2011 ). Development efforts also aim to prevent the formation of slums and promote the growth of planned and organized housing environments (Government of Banda Aceh City, 2018 ). The same principles apply to residential houses in disaster-prone areas, where building planning must prioritize human safety (Ito et al., 2019 ). Especially in cases of low-frequency tsunami events, there is a decrease in community awareness, as observed in Aceh Besar Regency and Banda Aceh (Syafwina, 2014 ; Rahman et al., 2018 ). However, tsunami events have serious impacts on community life, causing loss of lives and infrastructure damage (Syahbudin et al., 2009 ; Marchand et al., 2009 ; Vale et al., 2014 ; Imamura et al., 2019 ; Rasyif et al., 2019 ). The utilization of space for residential areas in the city of Banda Aceh has been planned across an area of 2,506.64 hectares, accounting for 40.85% of its total land area (Government of Banda Aceh City, 2018 ). This area serves as a home to various community densities. The objective of this spatial utilization is to achieve efficiency, harmony, balance, integration, and sustainability (Government of Banda Aceh City, 2009 ). Following the 2004 tsunami that struck Aceh, successful reconstruction of communal housing was carried out at its original locations. Residential housing development became a primary priority in post-disaster rehabilitation and reconstruction efforts (Steinberg, 2007 ; Rand et al., 2011 ). This was due to the cultural norms of the Aceh community rejecting plans for a two-kilometer protective zone along the coastline (Danar & Pushpalal, 2014 ). As a result, the coastal area of Banda Aceh experienced significant settlement growth between 2005 and 2009. Community settlements dominated land use changes, accounting for 91% of all new developments (Achmad et al., 2015 ; Syamsidik & Suppasri, 2018 ). The reconstruction of housing in tsunami-prone areas raises concerns about future challenges (Meilianda et al., 2019 ). Despite the risks, community interest in residing in tsunami-risk locations remains relatively strong, driven by several factors such as affordable land and housing prices, easy access to job opportunities, and family ties (Syamsidik et al., 2017; Abunyewah et al., 2018 ). The increasing demand for land in Banda Aceh City is pushing people towards disaster-prone tsunami areas, including the northern regions falling within the minimum 3-meter elevation above tsunami height zone (Tiar et al., 2021 ). Furthermore, the issue lies in the fact that residential housing construction in these high-risk tsunami zones generally adopts simple house designs with permanent structures. This residential model was also established during the post-2004 tsunami disaster rehabilitation and reconstruction period by a government institution known as the Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Agency (BRR), with assistance from various foreign nations (Steinberg, 2007 ; Roseberry, 2008 ). Despite being situated within tsunami risk zones, these areas continue to be chosen by the community as residential zones. This trend applies not only at the level of individual residents but also involves property developers who select this region as a housing development location (Akbar & Ma’rif, 2014 ). Additionally, even subsidized housing projects, a government initiative aimed at providing affordable housing for low-income citizens, are being developed in this area (McCaughey et al., 2018 ; Nubli Gadeng et al., 2019). Developing simple housing models in areas with high tsunami risk presents challenges for future disaster scenarios. The need for vertical evacuation facilities during tsunami disasters necessitates the exploration of solutions. Given that the availability of vertical evacuation facilities in the Banda Aceh City region is concentrated mainly in the Meuraxa Subdistrict (Nuraddy et al., 2015 ), these evacuation structures also fall short in effectively addressing disaster evacuation challenges, partly due to the community's lack of confidence in their structural reliability (McCaughey et al., 2017 ; Idris et al., 2021 ). Nevertheless, public buildings categorized with a not low vulnerability level (BTV) could serve as alternative vertical disaster evacuation options (Soviana et al., 2015); (Syamsidik et al., 2023). However, the distribution and availability of public buildings are not uniform across all community settlement areas. This writing introduces the development of a housing model required in tsunami-prone areas, where each individual necessitates elevated spaces to ensure personal safety. Despite the prevalence of traditional house culture in Banda Aceh City, presenting vertical housing models imbues a contemporary impression onto urban planning (Pallav, 2017 ). The concept of multi-story housing pertains to enhanced building structures within an environment, which can be owned and utilized separately, serving as a place of residence along with shared spaces, communal facilities, and communal land (Government of Indonesia, 2007 ). The development of vertical housing allows for better space utilization oversight, efficient building arrangement, and more effective environmental management. Vertical housing models also serve the dual purpose of providing evacuation shelters during tsunami disasters (Scheer, Gardi, Guillande, Eftichidis, Varela, de Vanssay, et al., 2011). Consequently, the construction of vertical residential buildings along the Banda Aceh City coastline is anticipated to mitigate future tsunami disaster risks. 2. STUDY AREA The research was conducted in four sub-districts of Banda Aceh City that directly border the Malacca Strait, as depicted in Fig. 1 . Banda Aceh serves as the capital of Aceh Province and functions as an urban settlement area, centralizing and dispersing governmental services, social amenities, and economic trade activities (Government of Banda Aceh City, 2021 ). Situated at the northern tip of Sumatra Island, this area is bordered by the Malacca Strait to the North and the Indian Ocean to the West. It encompasses an area of 5,900.98 ha and consists of 9 sub-districts: Baiturrahman, Jaya Baru, Banda Raya, Kuta Alam, Kuta Raja, Lueng Bata, Meuraxa, Syiah Kuala, and Ulee Kareng (BPS Banda Aceh, 2022 ). This research specifically focuses on the Syiah Kuala, Kuta Alam, Kuta Raja, and Meuraxa sub-districts, with a combined area of 3,552.94 ha (Government of Banda Aceh City, 2021 ). 3. DATA AND METHOD The data is sourced from surveys conducted within community settlement areas and satellite image data obtained through the 2022 Esry Imager. The acquired data is subsequently processed and analyzed spatially using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to examine the growth of settlements within the research area. Based on surveys and literature reviews, it was found that several areas originally designated as fishpond areas have now transformed into residential zones (Rahmi et al., 2021 ). The newly established settlements in these locations generally follow a clustered permanent housing model, with average building sizes of 36 m², 45 m², and 75 m². Data concerning settlement development in the research area from 2005 to 2011 is presented in Table 1. Tabel 1. Settlement Area (Akbar & Ma’rif, 2014 ) Sub District Settlement Area (Ha) 2005 2007 2009 2011 Meuraxa 15.08 150.94 161.68 170.24 Kuta Raja 5.15 59.00 63.87 65.27 Kuta Alam 160.14 211.63 217.64 228.05 Syiah Kuala 134.22 190.67 208.89 210.30 Total 154.45 612.24 652.08 673.86 The population growth is also accompanied by an increase in the number of residential buildings constructed on new land, along with their supporting facilities. Particularly in the sub-districts of Meuraxa, Kuta Raja, and Kuta Baru, there has been a significant increase in population since the 2004 tsunami disaster. According to data from the Central Bureau of Statistics, a comparison of population figures in 2005, 2010, and 2020 in each sub-district is presented in Table 2. Tabel 2. Total Population (BPS Banda Aceh, 2022 ) Sub District Total Population (People) 2005 2010 2020 Meuraxa 2,221 16,484 26,861 Kuta Raja 2,978 10,433 15,291 Kuta Alam 35,033 42,217 42,505 Syiah Kuala 25,418 34,850 32,969 Total 65,650 103,984 117,626 3.1 Housing A house is a shelter or structure that provides living accommodations for individuals or families. It is a place where people reside, engage in daily activities, and establish a sense of security and belonging. Houses come in various forms and sizes, serving as a fundamental aspect of human life and culture, providing not only physical protection but also a space for social interactions, personal development, and a reflection of one's lifestyle and identity (Alitajer & Molavi Nojoumi, 2016 ). The concept of housing has evolved over time, influenced by cultural, technological, and societal changes. From traditional dwellings that were constructed using locally available materials and techniques, to modern urban apartment complexes equipped with advanced amenities, housing has adapted to meet the changing needs and preferences of communities (Cook, 1998 ). In urban areas, housing serves as more than just a place to reside. It contributes to the fabric of the city, shaping its skyline, architectural character, and overall atmosphere. Different housing types, such as single-family homes, townhouses, condominiums, and apartment buildings, offer diverse options to accommodate various lifestyles and income levels (Sunarti, 2019 ). Affordable housing remains a critical issue in many regions, as the cost of living and housing prices continue to rise. Ensuring access to decent and affordable housing is not only a matter of social equity but also essential for promoting economic stability and reducing homelessness. Sustainable housing practices are gaining prominence, with an emphasis on energy efficiency, eco-friendly construction materials, and designs that minimize the environmental impact (Pandelaki et al., 2015 ). Creating housing that is both environmentally responsible and comfortable contributes to a more sustainable future (Etty Soesilowati, 2007 ). In disaster-prone areas, housing design and location take on added significance. Building resilient housing that can withstand natural disasters like earthquakes, floods, and tsunamis is essential for safeguarding lives and property (Pallav, 2017 ). Furthermore, proper urban planning and zoning regulations play a vital role in determining the suitability of housing developments in vulnerable areas (Marcucci, 2014 ). Housing is more than just shelter, it is a reflection of societal values, a driver of urban development, and a vital aspect of individual and community well-being. The challenges of affordability, sustainability, and disaster resilience underscore the importance of thoughtful housing policies, innovative design, and comprehensive urban planning to create livable and resilient communities (Mirza, 2015 ; Ito et al., 2019 ). 3.2 The City of Banda Aceh as a Tsunami Disaster Risk Area As a region that faces various disaster risks, the spatial planning scheme of Banda Aceh City has been developed based on disaster mitigation principles. The city's development plan also includes a direction towards the southern area of Banda Aceh City, aimed at moving communities away from tsunami hazards (Government of Banda Aceh City, 2009 ). In its regional planning, approximately 86.89% of the area has been designated as cultivation zones, while the remainder is designated as protected zones (Government of Banda Aceh City, 2018 ; Government of Banda Aceh City, 2021 ). The protected zone encompasses the coastal areas, with the exception of specific sites such as the Lampulo fishing location in the Kuta Alam Sub-district and the sea ferry terminal in Ulee Lheu, Meuraxa Sub-district (Government of Banda Aceh City, 2013 ). 3.3 Tsunami Disaster Risk Assessment: The historical height of the tsunami wave that occurred on December 26, 2004, can be determined from the heights of tsunami poles distributed at various strategic locations around the Banda Aceh City and Aceh Besar regions (Sugimoto et al., 2010 ). These tsunami poles, as depicted in Fig. 2 , can serve as benchmarks for assessing the risk of tsunami disasters based on the height and distance of tsunami waves that reached the land of Banda Aceh. The National Disaster Management Agency (Badan Nasional Penanggulangan Bencana or BNPB) established three classifications for tsunami hazard levels: high hazard level (> 3 m), medium hazard level (1–3 m), and low hazard level (< 1 m) (BNPB, 2012 ). Through various tsunami height modeling scenarios, it has been determined that Banda Aceh City would not experience severe impacts if the tsunami run-up height is less than 5 m. Impacts would affect settlements when the run-up reaches 15 m – 30 m, and the entire Banda Aceh City area would be inundated if the run-up height reaches 60 m (Humam, K., Khakhim, 2012 ). The return of communities to their original residences in disaster-prone areas has increased the risk of future tsunami disasters (Danar & Pushpalal, 2014 ). To calculate the minimum safe height for multi-story residential buildings in tsunami-prone areas, Eq. 1 can be used, which takes into account the height of the tsunami monuments spread around coastal areas (Scheer, Gardi, Guillande, Eftichidis, Varela, & Vanssay, 2011). The formula is as follows: H flat minimum = (H tsunami pole ) x 1.3) + 1 m…………………………… (1) Where: H flat minimum is the minimum height for multi-story homes in tsunami-prone areas, H tsunami pole is the height of the tsunami monument in the specific region of Banda Aceh City. This formula ensures that residential buildings are located at a safe elevation above the potential tsunami runway, as indicated by the height of the tsunami monument, plus an additional safety margin of 1.3 meters. By adhering to this formula, multi-story houses can enhance their resilience to potential tsunami disasters and provide a safer shelter for the residents. 4. RESULT AND DISCUSSION The results of our survey demonstrate the diversity of building types and site-specific house models within the research area. These housing developments are constructed by both private developers and the government under subsidized housing programs for the population. The housing structures created by private developers exhibit a range of sizes, starting with the 36-type house featuring a construction area of 36 m 2 , followed by the 45-type with a construction area of 45 m 2 , the 75-type with a construction area of 75 m 2 , and the 100-type with a construction area of 100 m 2 , each with corresponding land areas. Conversely, government-subsidized housing predominantly consists of the 36-type, 38-type, 50-type and 55-type house with land areas ranging between 100 m 2 and 110 m 2 (Nubli Gadeng et al., 2019). Buildings constructed by developers and subsidized dwellings, offering a visual representation of various housing types in the coastal region, designed in a manner similar to the C1 building model with low ricse in the Hazus version, utilizing reinforced concrete frames, are presented in Image 3 (Hazus, 2012 ). The survey results explain that the development of built-up areas for settlements is still directed towards the northern part of Banda Aceh City. Based on spatial analysis findings, settlement areas are distributed even into buffer zones, as depicted in Fig. 4 . Grouped settlements dominate the high tsunami risk areas with simple permanent building types. The availability of various site-specific house models within the study area raises concerns about their vulnerability to potential tsunami disasters. Single-story dwellings, such as the 36-type house that dominates the housing landscape, might have a higher risk due to their limited elevation above the potential tsunami runway, which can lead to tsunamis (Omira et al., 2010 ). The 2004 tsunami tragedy demonstrated that simple housing structures are more susceptible to severe damage and destruction (Leone et al., 2011 ; Suppasri et al., 2013 ), posing a significant threat to the safety and lives of their occupants. The increase in residential areas also corresponds to the growth in the population. Table 3 presents data on the development of settlements in 2022 and the percentage increase in the built-up areas for settlements. The percentage increase in the population has been around 14.96% from 2010 to 2022. Population growth in this region can be categorized as moderate, with an average annual growth of 1.24% each year. Tabel 3. Built-up Areas for Settlements Sub District Settlement Area (Ha) Settlement Area (Ha) Percentage Increase (%) 2011 2022 2011–2022 Meuraxa 170.24 312.88 83.78 Kuta Raja 65.27 115.84 77.67 Kuta Alam 228.05 375.04 64.45 Syiah Kuala 210.30 472.64 124.74 Total 673.86 1,276.40 89.41 Based on Table 3, the average increase in built-up area for settlements in each respective region is approximately 89.41%. The Syiah Kuala Sub-district experienced a sharp growth in settlements, reaching 124.74%. Administratively, Syiah Kuala Sub-district has the largest land area, with settlement development primarily consisting of subsidized housing built in several locations such as Rukoh Village, Jeulingke, Tibang, and Alue Naga. These findings support the proposal that vertical housing models can serve as a suitable solution to mitigate the potential impacts of a tsunami disaster and protect the lives of residents in tsunami-prone areas of Banda Aceh City. Therefore, multi-story housing models, as depicted in Fig. 5 , offer several advantages over existing terrace houses. This model enhances resilience against disasters in tsunami-prone areas. It's crucial to consider alternative housing models that provide elevated living spaces above potential tsunami inundation zones. Vertical housing forms like apartments present a viable solution to reduce risks associated with single-story houses. The implementation of vertical housing models can contribute to the efficient use of land in tsunami-prone areas, ensuring more effective land utilization and higher population density without compromising safety. Furthermore, housing models like these can serve as vertical evacuation locations during tsunamis, providing occupants with evacuation facilities to higher ground during emergencies (FEMA P-646, 2019 ). Multi-story buildings offer an effective and efficient building approach that includes building height, sturdy structures, serving as shelters, providing self-sustaining capacities, and city planning. Based on the experience of the 2004 tsunami disaster, the tsunami inundation height in the study area is categorized as high at 67.44%, moderate at 25.58%, and low at 6.97% (Fauziah et al., 2017). Therefore, the design of minimally tall vertical housing in high-risk tsunami areas requires a minimum of 3 floors for the Kuta Alam and Syiah Kuala Sub-districts, and a minimum of 4 floors for the Meuraxa and Kuta Raja Sub-districts. The results of the calculation for the minimum number of building floors are presented in Table 4 . Table 4 Minimum Number of Floors for Building in High Tsunami Risk Areas Sub District \({H}_{tsunami pole min}\) \({H}_{tsunami pole max}\) \({H}_{min.flat }\) Minimum Number of Building Floors Meuraxa 2.7 7 10,1 4 Kuta Raja 2.3 7 10,1 4 Kuta Alam 0.9 4.6 6.98 3 Syiah Kuala 1 3.7 5,81 3 To further enhance disaster preparedness and response capabilities, it is crucial to implement comprehensive urban planning that integrates vertical housing structures, public facilities, and designated evacuation zones. A well-coordinated approach can significantly increase a city's resilience against future disaster events, ensuring the safety and well-being of its residents in the face of potential hazards. Multi-story dwellings can be developed to transform the cultural housing typology of Banda Aceh's society from traditional terrace houses to a more modern lifestyle in the future (Tania, 2022 ). CONCLUSIONS The benchmark for the height of residential buildings in coastal areas can be based on the tsunami monument which is the reference for the minimum floor height. This approach can reduce public exposure in tsunami-prone areas and minimize the impact of damage to houses due to disasters, because it is designed with a more resistant building structure. The need for vertical disaster evacuation facilities is a crucial aspect that must be considered by the Banda Aceh government to protect and save lives. Because tsunamis can only be predicted immediately after an earthquake occurs, horizontal evacuation activities take longer and are more complex than vertical evacuations. An increase in the built-up area for settlements reaching 89.41%, over 10 years will have an impact on diminishing land availability, so that land use that is at high risk of a tsunami disaster is an option for people to live in. This can increase vulnerability to tsunami disasters, if safe places are not provided for vertical tsunami evacuation. Construction of houses that adopt a vertical housing model such as apartments or flats can be used as a tsunami evacuation facility, as well as optimizing land use in the City of Banda Aceh. Therefore, a policy is needed that directs the construction of vertical model houses in the coastal area of Banda Aceh City as a tsunami disaster mitigation strategy. 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Building Resilience-Achieving Effective Post-Disaster Reconstruction Sagala SAH, Bisri MBF (2011) Perencanaan Tata Ruang Berbasis Kebencanaan Di Indonesia. Perspektif Terhadap Kebencanaan Dan Lingkungan Di Indonesia: Studi Kasus Dan Pengurangan Dampak Risikonya, 153–171 Scheer S, Gardi A, Guillande R, Eftichidis G, Varela V, de Vanssay B, Colbeau-Justin L (2011) Handbook of tsunami evacuation planning. Luxembourg City, Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union Scheer S, Gardi A, Guillande R, Eftichidis G, Varela V, Vanssay B, De (2011) Handbook of Tsunami Evacuation Planning . https://doi.org/10.2788/34292 Soviana W, Abdullah, Syamsidik (2015) Analisis Kerentanan Bangunan Gedung Dalam Menghadapi Bencana Tsunami Di Kecamatan Kuta Alam Banda Aceh. 6 (1) Steinberg F (2007) Housing reconstruction and rehabilitation in Aceh and Nias, Indonesia-Rebuilding lives. Habitat Int 31(1):150–166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2006.11.002 Sugimoto M, Iemura H, Shaw R (2010) Tsunami height poles and disaster awareness: Memory, education and awareness of disaster on the reconstruction for resilient city in Banda Aceh, Indonesia. Disaster Prev Management: Int J 19(5):527–540. https://doi.org/10.1108/09653561011091869 Sunarti (2019) Buku Ajar Perumahan Dan Permukiman Undip Press Semarang Suppasri A, Mas E, Charvet I, Gunasekera R, Imai K, Fukutani Y, Abe Y, Imamura F (2013) Building damage characteristics based on surveyed data and fragility curves of the 2011 Great East Japan tsunami. Nat Hazards 66(2):319–341. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-012-0487-8 Syafwina (2014) Recognizing Indigenous Knowledge for Disaster Management: Smong, Early Warning System from Simeulue Island, Aceh. Procedia Environ Sci 20:573–582. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proenv.2014.03.070 Syahbudin B, Suhartono C, Soerjoatmodjo GWL, Soeistio H, Saputra O, Mathari R (2009) In: Supit H (ed) Tsunami, Habis Bencana Terbitlah Terang. Badan Rehabilitasi dan Rekonstruksi NAD-NIAS Syamsidik, Oktari RS, Munadi K, Arief S, Fajri IZ (2017) Changes in coastal land use and the reasons for selecting places to live in Banda Aceh 10 years after the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami. Nat Hazards 88(3):1503–1521. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-017-2930-3 Syamsidik, Rasyif TM, Fritz HM, Idris Y, Rusydy I (2023) Fragility based characterization of alternative tsunami evacuation buildings in Banda Aceh, Indonesia. Int J Disaster Risk Reduct 88(8):103607. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2023.103607 Syamsidik, Suppasri A (2018) Tsunami recovery processes after the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami and the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami: Lessons learned and challenges. Int J Disaster Risk Reduct 29(xxxx):1–2. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2017.10.019 Tania CK (2022) Perancangan Hunian Vertikal Sebagai Tempat Tinggal, Berkreasi, Dan Berinspirasi. Jurnal Sains, Teknologi, Urban, Perancangan, Arsitektur (Stupa) , 4 (1), 257. https://doi.org/10.24912/stupa.v4i1.16965 Tiar PP, Fiza, Ricki G, Pradizzia TI (2021) Disaster risk reduction through the reform of spatial structure and land use planning in Banda Aceh City. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science , 916 (1), 0–8. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/916/1/012027 Vale L, Shamsuddin S, Goh K (2014) Tsunami + 10: Housing Banda Aceh After Disaster. Places Journal , 2014 . https://doi.org/10.22269/141215 Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. 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Syamsidik","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA3ElEQVRIiWNgGAWjYNACA2YeCfYGBsYGEIeZwYBILTwHSNICVCYhkQDVwkBAi/yM5KcbfxRYy0jOfGP8cQaDnTwDO/MG/E66kWZ2m8cgnUdaOsdMcgNDsmEDM1sBfi0SCWa3GQwO88gBtTA+YGBOYGDmIeSw9G83f4C0SJ4x/viAoZ6wFoYbOWY3eIBapCV4DIAOO0xYi8GZN2Vgv0j2pJVJzjA4bthGyC/y7enbbv74Y20vcfzw5o89FdXy/PyH8YcYg0ACiqUMDGz41QMB/wGCSkbBKBgFo2CkAwBRGT01+aMdKQAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"Universitas Syiah Kuala","correspondingAuthor":true,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Syamsidik","middleName":"","lastName":"Syamsidik","suffix":""},{"id":246524229,"identity":"22865a31-9294-4993-9f3a-0b68cdbd72cf","order_by":2,"name":"Munirwansyah Munirwansyah","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Universitas Syiah 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1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":220624,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eLocations for Research\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3566846/v1/e95fe887d3d21c19ea8fd9c8.png"},{"id":46172222,"identity":"f3972818-d0aa-40a0-a8c7-6cacce4e5e8a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-11-09 17:21:23","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":305867,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eTsunami Height Memorial Pole\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3566846/v1/3c1c54bdc5da7fe60e6973a9.png"},{"id":46172221,"identity":"5f456086-0925-4c29-bdb9-b6c8b4cb1eb6","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-11-09 17:21:23","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":243168,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eHousing Development in Tsunami Risk Areas\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3566846/v1/a97e2543990225301e84b957.png"},{"id":46172223,"identity":"a5df35f8-9894-4245-bf98-0dc31aae1ca6","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-11-09 17:21:23","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":189350,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eLand Use in The Research Area\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3566846/v1/1467776d45d93df6d5e725b1.png"},{"id":46172219,"identity":"006a1724-6b47-468f-83e4-6f2df048dd86","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-11-09 17:21:23","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":129776,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eHousing Model for Tsunami Disaster Mitigation\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3566846/v1/5b441b87606ee99101b6837d.png"},{"id":51060731,"identity":"4ef15b78-3350-43ad-8254-5af50fde34a3","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-02-13 13:09:36","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1266327,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3566846/v1/ac256640-b451-49f7-874e-f21474f9f3a3.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003eOptimizing Land Use and Tsunami Risk Mitigation Through Vertical Housing Development in Tsunami-prone Areas, Case Study: Banda Aceh City\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"1. INTRODUCTION","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe house, as a human residence, exhibits dynamic and easily adaptable characteristics (Kolarevic \u0026amp; Parlac, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e). This can be observed through the changes in spatial configuration and architectural structure of houses over time. In urban areas, residential development must align with the guidelines for settlement development (Indonesia, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e; Sagala \u0026amp; Bisri, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e). Development efforts also aim to prevent the formation of slums and promote the growth of planned and organized housing environments (Government of Banda Aceh City, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe same principles apply to residential houses in disaster-prone areas, where building planning must prioritize human safety (Ito et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). Especially in cases of low-frequency tsunami events, there is a decrease in community awareness, as observed in Aceh Besar Regency and Banda Aceh (Syafwina, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR49\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e; Rahman et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). However, tsunami events have serious impacts on community life, causing loss of lives and infrastructure damage (Syahbudin et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR50\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e; Marchand et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e; Vale et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR56\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e; Imamura et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e; Rasyif et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe utilization of space for residential areas in the city of Banda Aceh has been planned across an area of 2,506.64 hectares, accounting for 40.85% of its total land area (Government of Banda Aceh City, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). This area serves as a home to various community densities. The objective of this spatial utilization is to achieve efficiency, harmony, balance, integration, and sustainability (Government of Banda Aceh City, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFollowing the 2004 tsunami that struck Aceh, successful reconstruction of communal housing was carried out at its original locations. Residential housing development became a primary priority in post-disaster rehabilitation and reconstruction efforts (Steinberg, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e; Rand et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e). This was due to the cultural norms of the Aceh community rejecting plans for a two-kilometer protective zone along the coastline (Danar \u0026amp; Pushpalal, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e). As a result, the coastal area of Banda Aceh experienced significant settlement growth between 2005 and 2009. Community settlements dominated land use changes, accounting for 91% of all new developments (Achmad et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e; Syamsidik \u0026amp; Suppasri, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR53\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe reconstruction of housing in tsunami-prone areas raises concerns about future challenges (Meilianda et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). Despite the risks, community interest in residing in tsunami-risk locations remains relatively strong, driven by several factors such as affordable land and housing prices, easy access to job opportunities, and family ties (Syamsidik et al., 2017; Abunyewah et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). The increasing demand for land in Banda Aceh City is pushing people towards disaster-prone tsunami areas, including the northern regions falling within the minimum 3-meter elevation above tsunami height zone (Tiar et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR55\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurthermore, the issue lies in the fact that residential housing construction in these high-risk tsunami zones generally adopts simple house designs with permanent structures. This residential model was also established during the post-2004 tsunami disaster rehabilitation and reconstruction period by a government institution known as the Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Agency (BRR), with assistance from various foreign nations (Steinberg, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e; Roseberry, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e). Despite being situated within tsunami risk zones, these areas continue to be chosen by the community as residential zones. This trend applies not only at the level of individual residents but also involves property developers who select this region as a housing development location (Akbar \u0026amp; Ma\u0026rsquo;rif, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e). Additionally, even subsidized housing projects, a government initiative aimed at providing affordable housing for low-income citizens, are being developed in this area (McCaughey et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; Nubli Gadeng et al., 2019).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDeveloping simple housing models in areas with high tsunami risk presents challenges for future disaster scenarios. The need for vertical evacuation facilities during tsunami disasters necessitates the exploration of solutions. Given that the availability of vertical evacuation facilities in the Banda Aceh City region is concentrated mainly in the Meuraxa Subdistrict (Nuraddy et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e), these evacuation structures also fall short in effectively addressing disaster evacuation challenges, partly due to the community's lack of confidence in their structural reliability (McCaughey et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Idris et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Nevertheless, public buildings categorized with a not low vulnerability level (BTV) could serve as alternative vertical disaster evacuation options (Soviana et al., 2015); (Syamsidik et al., 2023). However, the distribution and availability of public buildings are not uniform across all community settlement areas.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis writing introduces the development of a housing model required in tsunami-prone areas, where each individual necessitates elevated spaces to ensure personal safety. Despite the prevalence of traditional house culture in Banda Aceh City, presenting vertical housing models imbues a contemporary impression onto urban planning (Pallav, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). The concept of multi-story housing pertains to enhanced building structures within an environment, which can be owned and utilized separately, serving as a place of residence along with shared spaces, communal facilities, and communal land (Government of Indonesia, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e). The development of vertical housing allows for better space utilization oversight, efficient building arrangement, and more effective environmental management. Vertical housing models also serve the dual purpose of providing evacuation shelters during tsunami disasters (Scheer, Gardi, Guillande, Eftichidis, Varela, de Vanssay, et al., 2011). Consequently, the construction of vertical residential buildings along the Banda Aceh City coastline is anticipated to mitigate future tsunami disaster risks.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. STUDY AREA","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe research was conducted in four sub-districts of Banda Aceh City that directly border the Malacca Strait, as depicted in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e. Banda Aceh serves as the capital of Aceh Province and functions as an urban settlement area, centralizing and dispersing governmental services, social amenities, and economic trade activities (Government of Banda Aceh City, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Situated at the northern tip of Sumatra Island, this area is bordered by the Malacca Strait to the North and the Indian Ocean to the West. It encompasses an area of 5,900.98 ha and consists of 9 sub-districts: Baiturrahman, Jaya Baru, Banda Raya, Kuta Alam, Kuta Raja, Lueng Bata, Meuraxa, Syiah Kuala, and Ulee Kareng (BPS Banda Aceh, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). This research specifically focuses on the Syiah Kuala, Kuta Alam, Kuta Raja, and Meuraxa sub-districts, with a combined area of 3,552.94 ha (Government of Banda Aceh City, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"3. DATA AND METHOD","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe data is sourced from surveys conducted within community settlement areas and satellite image data obtained through the 2022 Esry Imager. The acquired data is subsequently processed and analyzed spatially using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to examine the growth of settlements within the research area. Based on surveys and literature reviews, it was found that several areas originally designated as fishpond areas have now transformed into residential zones (Rahmi et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). The newly established settlements in these locations generally follow a clustered permanent housing model, with average building sizes of 36 m², 45 m², and 75 m². Data concerning settlement development in the research area from 2005 to 2011 is presented in Table\u0026nbsp;1.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eTabel 1.\u003c/b\u003e Settlement Area (Akbar \u0026amp; Ma’rif, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003ctable float=\"No\" id=\"Taba\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSub District\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSettlement Area (Ha)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2005\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2007\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2009\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2011\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMeuraxa\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e150.94\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e161.68\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e170.24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKuta Raja\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e59.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e63.87\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e65.27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKuta Alam\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e160.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e211.63\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e217.64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e228.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSyiah Kuala\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e134.22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e190.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e208.89\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e210.30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e154.45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e612.24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e652.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e673.86\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe population growth is also accompanied by an increase in the number of residential buildings constructed on new land, along with their supporting facilities. Particularly in the sub-districts of Meuraxa, Kuta Raja, and Kuta Baru, there has been a significant increase in population since the 2004 tsunami disaster. According to data from the Central Bureau of Statistics, a comparison of population figures in 2005, 2010, and 2020 in each sub-district is presented in Table\u0026nbsp;2.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eTabel 2.\u003c/b\u003e Total Population (BPS Banda Aceh, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003ctable float=\"No\" id=\"Tabb\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSub District\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal Population (People)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2005\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2010\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2020\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMeuraxa\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,221\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16,484\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26,861\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKuta Raja\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,978\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10,433\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15,291\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKuta Alam\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35,033\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42,217\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42,505\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSyiah Kuala\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25,418\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34,850\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32,969\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e65,650\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e103,984\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e117,626\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.1 Housing\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eA house is a shelter or structure that provides living accommodations for individuals or families. It is a place where people reside, engage in daily activities, and establish a sense of security and belonging. Houses come in various forms and sizes, serving as a fundamental aspect of human life and culture, providing not only physical protection but also a space for social interactions, personal development, and a reflection of one's lifestyle and identity (Alitajer \u0026amp; Molavi Nojoumi, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). The concept of housing has evolved over time, influenced by cultural, technological, and societal changes. From traditional dwellings that were constructed using locally available materials and techniques, to modern urban apartment complexes equipped with advanced amenities, housing has adapted to meet the changing needs and preferences of communities (Cook, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1998\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn urban areas, housing serves as more than just a place to reside. It contributes to the fabric of the city, shaping its skyline, architectural character, and overall atmosphere. Different housing types, such as single-family homes, townhouses, condominiums, and apartment buildings, offer diverse options to accommodate various lifestyles and income levels (Sunarti, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR47\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). Affordable housing remains a critical issue in many regions, as the cost of living and housing prices continue to rise. Ensuring access to decent and affordable housing is not only a matter of social equity but also essential for promoting economic stability and reducing homelessness.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSustainable housing practices are gaining prominence, with an emphasis on energy efficiency, eco-friendly construction materials, and designs that minimize the environmental impact (Pandelaki et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e). Creating housing that is both environmentally responsible and comfortable contributes to a more sustainable future (Etty Soesilowati, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn disaster-prone areas, housing design and location take on added significance. Building resilient housing that can withstand natural disasters like earthquakes, floods, and tsunamis is essential for safeguarding lives and property (Pallav, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). Furthermore, proper urban planning and zoning regulations play a vital role in determining the suitability of housing developments in vulnerable areas (Marcucci, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHousing is more than just shelter, it is a reflection of societal values, a driver of urban development, and a vital aspect of individual and community well-being. The challenges of affordability, sustainability, and disaster resilience underscore the importance of thoughtful housing policies, innovative design, and comprehensive urban planning to create livable and resilient communities (Mirza, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e; Ito et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.2 The City of Banda Aceh as a Tsunami Disaster Risk Area\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs a region that faces various disaster risks, the spatial planning scheme of Banda Aceh City has been developed based on disaster mitigation principles. The city's development plan also includes a direction towards the southern area of Banda Aceh City, aimed at moving communities away from tsunami hazards (Government of Banda Aceh City, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e). In its regional planning, approximately 86.89% of the area has been designated as cultivation zones, while the remainder is designated as protected zones (Government of Banda Aceh City, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; Government of Banda Aceh City, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). The protected zone encompasses the coastal areas, with the exception of specific sites such as the Lampulo fishing location in the Kuta Alam Sub-district and the sea ferry terminal in Ulee Lheu, Meuraxa Sub-district (Government of Banda Aceh City, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.3 Tsunami Disaster Risk Assessment:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe historical height of the tsunami wave that occurred on December 26, 2004, can be determined from the heights of tsunami poles distributed at various strategic locations around the Banda Aceh City and Aceh Besar regions (Sugimoto et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e). These tsunami poles, as depicted in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, can serve as benchmarks for assessing the risk of tsunami disasters based on the height and distance of tsunami waves that reached the land of Banda Aceh. The National Disaster Management Agency (Badan Nasional Penanggulangan Bencana or BNPB) established three classifications for tsunami hazard levels: high hazard level (\u0026gt; 3 m), medium hazard level (1–3 m), and low hazard level (\u0026lt; 1 m) (BNPB, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThrough various tsunami height modeling scenarios, it has been determined that Banda Aceh City would not experience severe impacts if the tsunami run-up height is less than 5 m. Impacts would affect settlements when the run-up reaches 15 m – 30 m, and the entire Banda Aceh City area would be inundated if the run-up height reaches 60 m (Humam, K., Khakhim, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e). The return of communities to their original residences in disaster-prone areas has increased the risk of future tsunami disasters (Danar \u0026amp; Pushpalal, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo calculate the minimum safe height for multi-story residential buildings in tsunami-prone areas, Eq.\u0026nbsp;1 can be used, which takes into account the height of the tsunami monuments spread around coastal areas (Scheer, Gardi, Guillande, Eftichidis, Varela, \u0026amp; Vanssay, 2011). The formula is as follows:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eH\u003csub\u003eflat minimum\u003c/sub\u003e = (H\u003csub\u003etsunami pole\u003c/sub\u003e) x 1.3) + 1 m…………………………… (1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhere: H\u003csub\u003eflat minimum\u003c/sub\u003e is the minimum height for multi-story homes in tsunami-prone areas, H\u003csub\u003etsunami pole\u003c/sub\u003e is the height of the tsunami monument in the specific region of Banda Aceh City.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis formula ensures that residential buildings are located at a safe elevation above the potential tsunami runway, as indicated by the height of the tsunami monument, plus an additional safety margin of 1.3 meters. By adhering to this formula, multi-story houses can enhance their resilience to potential tsunami disasters and provide a safer shelter for the residents.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"4. RESULT AND DISCUSSION","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe results of our survey demonstrate the diversity of building types and site-specific house models within the research area. These housing developments are constructed by both private developers and the government under subsidized housing programs for the population. The housing structures created by private developers exhibit a range of sizes, starting with the 36-type house featuring a construction area of 36 m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e, followed by the 45-type with a construction area of 45 m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e, the 75-type with a construction area of 75 m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e, and the 100-type with a construction area of 100 m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e, each with corresponding land areas. Conversely, government-subsidized housing predominantly consists of the 36-type, 38-type, 50-type and 55-type house with land areas ranging between 100 m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e and 110 m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e (Nubli Gadeng et al., 2019). Buildings constructed by developers and subsidized dwellings, offering a visual representation of various housing types in the coastal region, designed in a manner similar to the C1 building model with low ricse in the Hazus version, utilizing reinforced concrete frames, are presented in Image 3 (Hazus, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe survey results explain that the development of built-up areas for settlements is still directed towards the northern part of Banda Aceh City. Based on spatial analysis findings, settlement areas are distributed even into buffer zones, as depicted in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e. Grouped settlements dominate the high tsunami risk areas with simple permanent building types. The availability of various site-specific house models within the study area raises concerns about their vulnerability to potential tsunami disasters. Single-story dwellings, such as the 36-type house that dominates the housing landscape, might have a higher risk due to their limited elevation above the potential tsunami runway, which can lead to tsunamis (Omira et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e). The 2004 tsunami tragedy demonstrated that simple housing structures are more susceptible to severe damage and destruction (Leone et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e; Suppasri et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR48\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e), posing a significant threat to the safety and lives of their occupants.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe increase in residential areas also corresponds to the growth in the population. Table\u0026nbsp;3 presents data on the development of settlements in 2022 and the percentage increase in the built-up areas for settlements. The percentage increase in the population has been around 14.96% from 2010 to 2022. Population growth in this region can be categorized as moderate, with an average annual growth of 1.24% each year.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eTabel 3.\u003c/b\u003e Built-up Areas for Settlements\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003ctable float=\"No\" id=\"Tabc\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSub District\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSettlement Area (Ha)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSettlement Area (Ha)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePercentage Increase (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2011\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2022\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2011–2022\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMeuraxa\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e170.24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e312.88\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e83.78\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKuta Raja\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e65.27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e115.84\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e77.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKuta Alam\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e228.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e375.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e64.45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSyiah Kuala\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e210.30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e472.64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e124.74\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e673.86\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,276.40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e89.41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cp\u003eBased on Table\u0026nbsp;3, the average increase in built-up area for settlements in each respective region is approximately 89.41%. The Syiah Kuala Sub-district experienced a sharp growth in settlements, reaching 124.74%. Administratively, Syiah Kuala Sub-district has the largest land area, with settlement development primarily consisting of subsidized housing built in several locations such as Rukoh Village, Jeulingke, Tibang, and Alue Naga.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThese findings support the proposal that vertical housing models can serve as a suitable solution to mitigate the potential impacts of a tsunami disaster and protect the lives of residents in tsunami-prone areas of Banda Aceh City. Therefore, multi-story housing models, as depicted in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e, offer several advantages over existing terrace houses. This model enhances resilience against disasters in tsunami-prone areas. It's crucial to consider alternative housing models that provide elevated living spaces above potential tsunami inundation zones. Vertical housing forms like apartments present a viable solution to reduce risks associated with single-story houses.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe implementation of vertical housing models can contribute to the efficient use of land in tsunami-prone areas, ensuring more effective land utilization and higher population density without compromising safety. Furthermore, housing models like these can serve as vertical evacuation locations during tsunamis, providing occupants with evacuation facilities to higher ground during emergencies (FEMA P-646, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). Multi-story buildings offer an effective and efficient building approach that includes building height, sturdy structures, serving as shelters, providing self-sustaining capacities, and city planning.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eBased on the experience of the 2004 tsunami disaster, the tsunami inundation height in the study area is categorized as high at 67.44%, moderate at 25.58%, and low at 6.97% (Fauziah et al., 2017). Therefore, the design of minimally tall vertical housing in high-risk tsunami areas requires a minimum of 3 floors for the Kuta Alam and Syiah Kuala Sub-districts, and a minimum of 4 floors for the Meuraxa and Kuta Raja Sub-districts. The results of the calculation for the minimum number of building floors are presented in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMinimum Number of Floors for Building in High Tsunami Risk Areas\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSub District\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\({H}_{tsunami pole min}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\({H}_{tsunami pole max}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\({H}_{min.flat }\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMinimum Number of Building Floors\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMeuraxa\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10,1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKuta Raja\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10,1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKuta Alam\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.98\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSyiah Kuala\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5,81\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cp\u003eTo further enhance disaster preparedness and response capabilities, it is crucial to implement comprehensive urban planning that integrates vertical housing structures, public facilities, and designated evacuation zones. A well-coordinated approach can significantly increase a city's resilience against future disaster events, ensuring the safety and well-being of its residents in the face of potential hazards. Multi-story dwellings can be developed to transform the cultural housing typology of Banda Aceh's society from traditional terrace houses to a more modern lifestyle in the future (Tania, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR54\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"CONCLUSIONS","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe benchmark for the height of residential buildings in coastal areas can be based on the tsunami monument which is the reference for the minimum floor height. This approach can reduce public exposure in tsunami-prone areas and minimize the impact of damage to houses due to disasters, because it is designed with a more resistant building structure. The need for vertical disaster evacuation facilities is a crucial aspect that must be considered by the Banda Aceh government to protect and save lives. Because tsunamis can only be predicted immediately after an earthquake occurs, horizontal evacuation activities take longer and are more complex than vertical evacuations. An increase in the built-up area for settlements reaching 89.41%, over 10 years will have an impact on diminishing land availability, so that land use that is at high risk of a tsunami disaster is an option for people to live in. This can increase vulnerability to tsunami disasters, if safe places are not provided for vertical tsunami evacuation.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eConstruction of houses that adopt a vertical housing model such as apartments or flats can be used as a tsunami evacuation facility, as well as optimizing land use in the City of Banda Aceh. Therefore, a policy is needed that directs the construction of vertical model houses in the coastal area of Banda Aceh City as a tsunami disaster mitigation strategy. Vertical housing is expected to function as a vertical disaster evacuation facility while at the same time providing more space for communities along the coast of Banda Aceh City.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAbunyewah M, Gajendran T, Maund K (2018) Profiling Informal Settlements for Disaster Risks. \u003cem\u003eProcedia Engineering\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e212\u003c/em\u003e(2017), 238\u0026ndash;245. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2018.01.031\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/j.proeng.2018.01.031\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAchmad A, Hasyim S, Dahlan B, Aulia DN (2015) Modeling of urban growth in tsunami-prone city using logistic regression: Analysis of Banda Aceh, Indonesia. \u003cem\u003eApplied Geography\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e62\u003c/em\u003e(2015), 237\u0026ndash;246. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2015.05.001\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/j.apgeog.2015.05.001\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAkbar A, Ma\u0026rsquo;rif S (2014) Arah Perkembangan Kawasan Perumahan Pasca Bencana Tsunami di Kota Banda Aceh. 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The majority of the constructed residences adhere to one-story and two-story house models. However, housing designed for single families requires larger land areas compared to apartment options, even though it can only accommodate a limited number of family members. Consequently, the availability of land for housing development is becoming increasingly constrained. Furthermore, single-family homes located in tsunami disaster risk zones are vulnerable to the impacts generated by such events. The development of housing models in regions with potential tsunami risks aims to minimize land utilization while still maintaining community well-being. Therefore, government policies are necessary to direct the development of vertically-conceptualized housing models as alternative dwellings for communities in tsunami-prone areas. These vertical housing models also serve as evacuation facilities during tsunami disasters, with the hope of safeguarding lives and reducing larger-scale losses in the future.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Optimizing Land Use and Tsunami Risk Mitigation Through Vertical Housing Development in Tsunami-prone Areas, Case Study: Banda Aceh City","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2023-11-09 17:21:18","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3566846/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"9ad97720-0b29-46e0-a975-ba7bd9b9803e","owner":[],"postedDate":"November 9th, 2023","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-02-13T13:01:27+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2023-11-09 17:21:18","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-3566846","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-3566846","identity":"rs-3566846","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"7rjqhiLT3MXkJMwkYKINL","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}