Waste minimization in the poultry industry through Black Soldier Fly larvae cultivation to improve the bio-conversion

Waste minimization in the poultry industry through Black Soldier Fly larvae cultivation to improve the bio-conversion | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Waste minimization in the poultry industry through Black Soldier Fly larvae cultivation to improve the bio-conversion Agus Prasetya, Mohammad Afif Prabowo, Tiara Dina Hanifah, Abiyyu Ilham Adyaksa, and 3 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7175805/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Chicken manure or litter has great potential to serve as a substrate for black soldier fly (BSF) larvae, particularly in terms of its availability and nutrient composition. However, chicken manure substrate has lower substrate reduction and bioconversion values compared to other organic wastes in BSF cultivation. The study combined chicken manure and sausage waste derived from the poultry industry to enhance the substrate reduction and bioconversion values in the cultivation of BSF larvae. The BSF cultivation substrates, chicken manure and sausage waste, were supplied by PT Japfa Comfeed Indonesia, Tbk, while the restaurant waste was obtained from Rindu PIAT of Gadjah Mada University. Therefore, the findings could support the circular economy and the material of the poultry industry by improving the bio-conversion process. High substrate reduction and bioconversion were achieved at 63.5% and 58.7%, respectively. The high protein content (> 30%) of BSF larvae was produced during the cultivation process in this study, as indicated by the proximate analysis. Black soldier fly larvae poultry industry chicken manure circular economy bio-conversion Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 1. Introduction The sustainable solution of waste management in the poultry industry offers environmental benefits, particularly with increasing poultry production, as poultry litter can be converted into valuable by-products, such as protein-rich animal feed, through the cultivation of black soldier fly (BSF) larvae, Hermetia illucens . On the other hand, unprocessed poultry litter caused several environmental impacts on water, soil, and air (Gržinić et al., 2023 ). The spreading of pathogens such as Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. poses a significant threat to the surrounding water source (Abd El-Hack et al., 2021 ; Kyakuwaire et al., 2019 ). While heavy metal and antibiotic contamination in poultry litter poses a potential future threat, several researchers have stated that soil properties have improved with the introduction of chicken manure as a fertilizer (Agyare et al., 2018 ; Dróżdż et al., 2020 ; Oyewale et al., 2019 ). Chicken litter also produces methane gas in the environment and generates approximately 111 kg CO 2 -eq/ton of waste when a composting process is implemented, resulting in a strong odour release into the atmosphere (Mertenat et al., 2019 ). Table 1 The feed composition in BSF cultivation of the study. Parameter chicken manure (Gu et al., 2023 ; Liu et al., 2017 ; Puteri et al., 2022 ; Rifai et al., 2018 ) restaurant waste (Naser El Deen et al., 2023 ) sausage sludge (C. H. Lalander et al., 2015 ) Carbohydrate 63 N/A 55 Crude protein 13 26.6 18.09 Total fat 3 27.38 27.74 Ash 0.13 3.49 3.13 Crude fiber 31.64 26.5 1.13 pH 6.72 5.67 6.5 Dry matter 22.8 24.3 38.33 The utilization of BSF larvae potentially reduces the CO 2 -eq/ton waste by almost 70% to 35 kg CO 2 -eq/ton waste (Mertenat et al., 2019 ). These values show a lower global warming potential (GWP) compared to protein sources such as soybean meal or lipids from rapeseed (Li et al., 2011 ; Pimentel et al., 2004 ). On the other hand, up to 87% of odorous compounds had been significantly reduced in poultry, swine, and dairy manures (Beskin et al., 2018 ). However, BSF larvae utilization has only a 7.1% bioconversion rate according to C. Lalander et al. ( 2019 ), despite reducing poultry manure by as much as 60%. A higher degree of bioconversion has been reported when combining manure with several organic wastes, such as vegetable canteen waste and food waste (Ermolaev et al., 2019 ; Gold et al., 2020 ). Several factors influence the bioconversion rate, including the fed nutrient composition, pH, moisture content, and feeding rate (Banks et al., 2014 ; Dortmans et al., 2017 ; Gold et al., 2020 ). Therefore, well-organized chicken litter management can be beneficial for the poultry industry, both sustainably and economically. Moreover, the increasing demand on the poultry industry, especially in Indonesia, as shown in Fig. 1 , should be highlighted as a prospective sustainable process for bioconversion, rather than poor waste management, which leads to environmental impacts. According to Abdeshahian et al. ( 2016 ), the poultry industry typically produces 3–4% manure from its body weight, as shown in Fig. 1 . Therefore, waste reduction and bioconversion could be optimized by combining the feed composition of chicken manure with higher-nutrient materials such as restaurant waste and chicken sausage sludge, as demonstrated in this study. Chicken sausage sludge and restaurant waste could be generated from the poultry industry, which still contains high levels of nutrients, as shown in Table 1 . The low protein and fat content in the chicken manure plays a significant role in the bioconversion of BSF larvae. Therefore, suitable organic waste should be mixed complementarily with chicken manure to gain a higher bioconversion rate. Moreover, the feed residue from BSF cultivation could be further composted to improve the circular economy and sustainability, as also stated by Xiao et al. ( 2018 ). The study tried to evaluate the feed composition of chicken manure, restaurant waste, and sausage sludge waste for BSF cultivation. 2. Materials and methods 2.1 Materials The experiment was conducted at Pusat Inovasi Agro Teknologi (PIAT) of Gadjah Mada University. The chicken manure and sausage sludge were supplied by PT Japfa Comfeed Indonesia, Tbk, while the restaurant waste was obtained from Rindu PIAT of Gadjah Mada University. On the other hand, the fermented solution of EM 4 and molasses, along with the BSF eggs, was supplied by Diant Organic Farm, Indonesia. 2. 2. Larvae growth The BSF larvae eggs, 1 g, were hatched in a modified 60 cm x 38 cm x 15 cm container with 2 kg of hatched media addition; 0.5 kg bran, 0.5 kg carrot, 0.5 kg long beans, 0.25 mustard green, and 0.25 kg cabbage, for 3 days which adapted from the study by Hakim et al. ( 2017 ). As the eggs hatched, the larvae were cultivated for six days and then used as bioconversion agents for the poultry industry waste stream. The larvae were monitored every 3 days for 21 days and placed under the shade to protect them from direct sunlight. Several parameters were analyzed during the experiment, including residual substrate weight, larvae weight, pH, sex ratio, and temperature. The sausage sludge was initially treated by a heating process for 2 hours, using medium heat, to decrease its moisture content. To reduce the moisture content in chicken manure, rice husk was introduced using a 1:1 ratio. While restaurant waste only requires a size reduction process by a crusher. The BSF feed substrate was later treated using EM 4 and molasses for 14 days at a ratio of 15:30 mL per 12 kg of substrate. The fermentation process was implemented to decrease the ammonia content in the chicken manure, which will be effectively applied as a substrate in the BSF larvae cultivation process. Several figures of merit were investigated in this study, according to several studies (Diener et al., 2009 ; C. Lalander et al., 2019 ): $$\:Substrate\:reduction\left(\%\right)=\frac{Final\:substrate\:mass-Initial\:substrate\:mass}{Initial\:substrate\:mass}\times\:100$$ 1 $$\:Bioconversion\:\left(\%\right)=\frac{Maggot\:mass}{Final\:substrate\:mass-Initial\:substrate\:mass}\times\:100$$ 2 The substrate reduction and bioconversion are essential parameters for evaluating BSF cultivation. The purpose of this study is to reduce the organic waste stream from the poultry industry while producing a high-protein substrate for BSF larvae, thereby supporting material and economic circularity. 3. Results and Discussions In our study, rice husk was introduced into the feed pre-treatment process to address the high water content and balance the C/N ratio of the fresh manure as the maggot feed. During the pre-treatment process, the manure was fermented using EM4 and molasses to support microbial activity and improve nutrient availability. The manure (M), sausage sludge (S), and restaurant waste (R) are symbolized in the study to simplify the notation described in Fig. 3 . The combination of chicken manure and restaurant waste, MR, was considered the best condition in terms of total larvae weight, as seen in Fig. 3 a. On the other hand, the optimum cultivation day in this study was observed at 16 days, as indicated by the larvae weight, which is consistent with other studies (Liu et al., 2017 ; Prasetya et al., 2025 ). As the BSF weight will decrease hereinafter due to the natural lifecycle of BSF larvae, which typically lasts around 25 days (Prasetya et al., 2021 ). Therefore, the study analyzed the BSF larvae every 3 days for a total of 21 days. In terms of substrate reduction, the MR feed combination also showed the best condition, 48.6%, according to Fig. 3 b at 16 days. In general, the SR values were increased over time due to the higher consumption of substrate by BSF larvae. However, the higher substrate consumption could also be contributed to by the composting and dehydration process of the feed, which reduces the feed weight. However, MR had the highest slope of substrate reduction versus larvae weight, as seen in Fig. 3 c, even though the feed combination had the lowest moisture content value, as indicated in Table 1 . The data showed that most of the substrate reduction was bio-converted into larvae weight, rather than undergoing the composting and dehydration processes in this study. Table 2 The bioconversion rate of BSF using manure, sausage sludge, and restaurant waste feed combination. Time (days) Bioconversion (%) of feed variations MS MR RS 3 45.0 ± 1.7 b 57.3 ± 2.1 a 53.3 ± 6.6 a 6 27.4 ± 0.6 c 46.8 ± 1.5 a 40.2 ± 7.0 a 9 23.5 ± 1.5 c 40.7 ± 1.0a 38.1 ± 5.4 a 12 20.5 ± 2.7 b 35.0 ± 0.8 a 32.3 ± 6.7 a 15 18.7 ± 1.5 b 29.4 ± 0.1 a 25.7 ± 3.9 a 18 15.9 ± 1.1 a 23.1 ± 0.4 a 22.4 ± 2.1 a 21 13.0 ± 0.3 a 17.0 ± 0.1 a 17.4 ± 1.2 a One of the purposes of the study is to increase the bioconversion rate of chicken manure with the addition of potential substrate (sausage sludge or restaurant waste). The study successfully improved the bioconversion rate from 7.1% (C. Lalander et al., 2019 ) to 13.0% which is the lowest value according to Table 2 . Generally, the bioconversion was decreased over time during the BSF larvae cycle: (0 day)–Larvae stage (7 days)–Pre-pupa stage (13 days)–Pupa stage (19 days), and reached optimum condition at the initial stage (larvae stage) as seen in Table 2 . The within-group significance between treatments was evaluated using the least significant difference method, denoted by letters ( a , b , and c ) in Table 2 , as determined by one-way ANOVA followed by post hoc tests (Setiawan et al., 2024 ). As the optimum condition for BSF cultivation was 16 days, it could be predicted that the highest bioconversion rate was approximately 29% for the MR feed combination. Table 3 Several parameters were measured during the feed variations experiments Feed variations Female-to-male ratio pH Temperature (°C) MS 1.13 8.2 ± 0.5 28.0 ± 1.4 MR 1.78 7.0 ± 0.3 30.1 ± 2.6 RS 1.27 6.7 ± 0.6 30.3 ± 2.8 The study also evaluated the sex ratio of BSF larvae to predict the continuity of bioconversion in relation to egg availability. The optimum condition, MR feed variation, had the highest female-to-male ratio, 1.78, compared to the other feed combinations. The highest female-to-male ratio contributes to the highest larval weight in the study because female BSF are, on average, heavier than males as larvae (Slagboom et al., 2024 ; Tomberlin et al., 2009 ; Zhou et al., 2013 ). The sex ratio is influenced by several parameters, including light intensity, temperature, substrate composition, and pH (Gobbi et al., 2013 ; Ma et al., 2018 ). Ma et al. ( 2018 ) stated that the initial substrate pH (7–8) significantly contributes to the female-to-male ratio (1.33–1.47). Therefore, maintaining the substrate acidity at 7–8 is a crucial factor in improving the female-to-male ratio and the weight of BSF larvae, as also demonstrated by this study. In general, the temperature of the experiments was higher than that of the surroundings, at 26.7 ± 0.8 °C, due to the exothermic reaction of the aerobic composting process. Even the combination of chicken manure and restaurant waste, the MR feed combination, yielded an optimum result in this study. We attempted to maximize the utilization of sausage sludge in the poultry industry to cultivate the BSF larvae. It is mainly due to several reason such as: ( i ) the availability in the poultry industry supporting the material circular process, ( ii ) the underutilized of sausage sludge, ( iii ) its high protein content, ( iv ) standardized nutrient content, and ( v ) lower contamination of non-organic material, salts, and spices. Therefore, a thorough analysis was carried out to evaluate the BSF cultivation process. The study revealed that the addition of rice husk to the pre-treatment process could negatively affect the growth of BSF larvae. The high levels of silica and lignin in rice husk are poorly digestible and fibrous, posing challenges to efficient nutrient assimilation for larvae. A scientific comparison of rice husk addition along with the chicken manure and sausage sludge ratio was investigated in Fig. 4 . The addition of rice husk resulted in a lower total larval mass compared to the process without rice husk pre-treatment. The addition of rice husk also had a negative effect on the substrate reduction values. The highest substrate reduction was achieved at 63.5% with a 3:2 chicken manure-to-sausage sludge ratio, improving from the control value of chicken manure feed at 34.7%. Meanwhile, the addition of sausage sludge had a positive effect compared to the control experiment, which used 100% chicken manure, as shown in Fig. 4 . However, the addition of rice husk could not enhance the maggot mass cultivation process, even with the inclusion of sausage as a high-protein source. Table 4 The bio-conversion rate of several feed variations and pre-treatment processes with the supplementation data of larvae D-average analysis M:S/R ratio With rice husk Without rice husk MR (optimum) MS MS D-average 1:0 14.7 ± 0.7 1.5 ± 0.1 4:1 19.3 ± 1.3 1.7 ± 0.1 3:1 22.4 ± 0.4 14.9 ± 0.4 3:2 21.2 ± 1.5 2.2 ± 0.1 1:1 24.1 ± 0.6 18.2 ± 0.6 2:3 58.7 ± 5.4 2.8 ± 0.0 1:3 23.0 ± 0.4 14.7 ± 0.4 1:4 43.3 ± 11.7 3.0 ± 0.1 Furthermore, the bio-conversion term was applied to compare the pre-treatment process. The addition of rice husk clearly hampered BSF cultivation in terms of bioconversion values, as listed in Table 4 . The removal of rice husk in the pre-treatment process could significantly improve the bio-conversion rate. Moreover, the higher the sausage sludge addition, the higher the bio-conversion rate was. The maximum bio-conversion was obtained at 58.7% with the combination of chicken manure and sausage sludge ratio (2:3 ratio). Therefore, the study successfully improved the bioconversion rate of chicken manure as BSF feed cultivation by adding sausage sludge waste. A further experiment could be conducted to improve the bioconversion rate of chicken manure and restaurant waste without the addition of rice husk in the pre-treatment process. Table 5 Proximate analysis of BSF larvae Feed variations Ratio Water content (%) Ash content (%) Crude fat (%) Protein (%) Carbohydrate (%) Ref M:S 1:0 11.2 12.8 15.2 28.0 32.8 TS M:S 4:1 26.3 10.3 13.8 24.5 24.9 TS R:S 3:1 7.72 10.5 20.1 37.0 19.5 TS M:S 3:2 9.32 15.3 24.8 32.5 17.9 TS M:S 2:3 13.2 17.4 14.1 32.1 23.0 TS M:S 1:4 21.1 17.5 5.23 33.1 22.9 TS F:V 4:1 2.08 7.59 40.08 37.81 7.9 (Hartati et al., 2022 ) M:S 1:0 - 14.6 34.8 42.1 - (Newton et al., 2005 ) HM:S 1:0 - 19.6 3.9 35.6 28.7 (Julita et al., 2018 ) M: chicken manure, S: sausage sludge, R: restaurant waste, Fi: fish, V: vegetable, HM: horse manure The BSF larval size, D-average, was analyzed using the standard mesh experiment and sieve shaker, as listed in Table 4 . The higher bioconversion resulted in a higher D-average value of BSF larvae, which is closely related to the BSF female-to-male ratio. As the BSF larva size is heavier and bigger, it aligns with the female-to-male ratio value. Lastly, proximate analysis of the BSF larvae is presented in Table 5 . The high protein and low water content of BSF larvae were observed during the study. The proximate content of BSF larvae is mainly affected by the organic waste substrate (St-Hilaire et al., 2007 ). BSF larvae have protease, lipase, and amylase enzymes to consume protein, fat, or carbohydrate (Kim et al., 2011 ). Therefore, chicken manure and sausage sludge can be bio-converted into valuable protein using the BSF larvae cultivation method. The study could be beneficial in supporting the material circularity of the poultry industry by converting waste into a high-protein feed for chickens. 4. Conclusions The study has successfully combined chicken manure and sausage sludge waste as feed for black soldier fly (BSF) larvae to improve bioconversion and reduce substrate. These findings could support the circular economy and materials of the poultry industry by utilizing the waste stream into a valuable, protein-rich substrate, such as BSF larvae. A high bioconversion rate of 58.7% was obtained with the addition of sausage sludge after 18 days of BSF cultivation. On the other hand, the substrate reduction had an average value of 50% using chicken manure and sausage sludge as the substrate for the BSF larvae. The substrate pH evidently affected the female-to-male ratio, with the optimal value at 1.78 in the pH range of 7–8. Declarations Compliance with Ethical Standards The authors have no competing interests to declare that are relevant to the content of this article. Acknowledgement The support of the Chemical Engineering Department of Gadjah Mada University, Indonesia, and the Ministry of Research and Technology, Indonesia, is gratefully acknowledged. References Abd El-Hack, M. E., El-Saadony, M. T., Shehata, A. M., Arif, M., Paswan, V. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7175805","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":500139128,"identity":"74ce03da-8136-40e2-bf92-ee0d963cf642","order_by":0,"name":"Agus Prasetya","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA2ElEQVRIiWNgGAWjYDADfhiDjSGBSC2SDSRrMTgAZxLQwt+/xvhz4R47e+Mb6Vc3MNTYMfCxE9AiceONmfSMZ8mJ227klN1gOJbMwMbzgICDbpwxY+Y5wJxgdiMn7QYD2wEGNgkCtsjfOGP8medAvb3xDJCWf0RoMTjfYyDNc+Aw4waJ9GM3GNuI0GJ4g61MesaB44kzzrxhu5HYl8xD0C9y5w9v/lxwoNqevz392Y0P3+zk5NsJ2MIAdAYzhMVjAIoRHgLqgYD/AEwLOwEHjYJRMApGwYgFAIYgRLjaX8yLAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5126-6253","institution":"Universitas Gadjah Mada Fakultas Teknik","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Agus","middleName":"","lastName":"Prasetya","suffix":""},{"id":500139129,"identity":"cce79f56-df06-43e4-8d26-6d546c45bdb3","order_by":1,"name":"Mohammad Afif Prabowo","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Universitas Gadjah Mada Fakultas Teknik","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Mohammad","middleName":"Afif","lastName":"Prabowo","suffix":""},{"id":500139130,"identity":"3ad48c84-0870-45a9-b52e-04cfa9e18723","order_by":2,"name":"Tiara Dina Hanifah","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Universitas Gadjah Mada Fakultas Teknik","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Tiara","middleName":"Dina","lastName":"Hanifah","suffix":""},{"id":500139131,"identity":"335f0e0a-8432-45d5-974d-b686c4d15f8e","order_by":3,"name":"Abiyyu Ilham Adyaksa","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Universitas Gadjah Mada Fakultas Teknik","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Abiyyu","middleName":"Ilham","lastName":"Adyaksa","suffix":""},{"id":500139132,"identity":"42a31e22-88d4-40a2-b2da-811b6d0196c4","order_by":4,"name":"Chandra Wahyu Purnomo","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Universitas Gadjah Mada Fakultas Teknik","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Chandra","middleName":"Wahyu","lastName":"Purnomo","suffix":""},{"id":500139133,"identity":"5ddc5ce8-0b5b-4ac1-939d-ceb4782bbd57","order_by":5,"name":"Felix Arie Setiawan","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Jember University Faculty of Engineering: Universitas Jember Fakultas Teknik","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Felix","middleName":"Arie","lastName":"Setiawan","suffix":""},{"id":500139134,"identity":"57d01a0b-d328-4af4-8142-9ab61e2cd5b8","order_by":6,"name":"Himawan Tri Bayu Murti Petrus","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Universitas Gadjah Mada Fakultas Teknik","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Himawan","middleName":"Tri Bayu Murti","lastName":"Petrus","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-07-21 09:44:04","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7175805/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7175805/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":89570039,"identity":"4f50bfbe-cf8d-4e44-8461-e3fb19511d9b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-21 11:59:32","extension":"jpg","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":590560,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThe increasing demand in the poultry industry is leading to higher chicken manure production in Indonesia. (BPS, 2025)\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"image1.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7175805/v1/b38e0766397c4982c1751859.jpg"},{"id":89570038,"identity":"f9d2a286-998c-41da-99af-247be81c680b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-21 11:59:32","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":101022,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFigure 3.\u003c/strong\u003e The BSF larvae profile of (a) larvae weight, (b) substrate reduction (SR), and (c) relationship of substrate reduction versus larvae weight using manure, sausage sludge, and restaurant waste feed combination.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"image2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7175805/v1/5c64ff7afe98b6cb0e25539b.png"},{"id":89571198,"identity":"3284a8fb-9016-49e7-8f2a-55c87282fad2","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-08-21 12:15:32","extension":"jpeg","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":262716,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFigure 4.\u003c/strong\u003e The effect of rice husk addition on the chicken manure and sausage sludge ratio as the substrate for BSF larvae.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"image5.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7175805/v1/ceda93c1edcb1ea8b1fe2c2b.jpeg"},{"id":91776497,"identity":"bcd1978d-8b5c-4510-a068-a815ab09ac1a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-20 19:55:16","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1699104,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7175805/v1/0a0a8d27-03c0-4b57-bd24-b74f0e1afbd8.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"","formattedTitle":"Waste minimization in the poultry industry through Black Soldier Fly larvae cultivation to improve the bio-conversion","fulltext":[{"header":"1. Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe sustainable solution of waste management in the poultry industry offers environmental benefits, particularly with increasing poultry production, as poultry litter can be converted into valuable by-products, such as protein-rich animal feed, through the cultivation of black soldier fly (BSF) larvae, \u003cem\u003eHermetia illucens\u003c/em\u003e. On the other hand, unprocessed poultry litter caused several environmental impacts on water, soil, and air (Gržinić et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). The spreading of pathogens such as \u003cem\u003eEscherichia coli\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eSalmonella spp.\u003c/em\u003e poses a significant threat to the surrounding water source (Abd El-Hack et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Kyakuwaire et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). While heavy metal and antibiotic contamination in poultry litter poses a potential future threat, several researchers have stated that soil properties have improved with the introduction of chicken manure as a fertilizer (Agyare et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; Dr\u0026oacute;żdż et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Oyewale et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). Chicken litter also produces methane gas in the environment and generates approximately 111 kg CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e-eq/ton of waste when a composting process is implemented, resulting in a strong odour release into the atmosphere (Mertenat et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe feed composition in BSF cultivation of the study.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eParameter\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003echicken manure\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(Gu et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e; Liu et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Puteri et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e; Rifai et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003erestaurant waste (Naser El Deen et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003esausage sludge\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(C. H. Lalander et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCarbohydrate\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e63\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eN/A\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e55\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCrude protein\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e26.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18.09\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTotal fat\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e27.38\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e27.74\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAsh\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.13\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.49\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.13\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCrude fiber\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e31.64\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e26.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.13\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003epH\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.72\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.67\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDry matter\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e38.33\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe utilization of BSF larvae potentially reduces the CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e-eq/ton waste by almost 70% to 35 kg CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e-eq/ton waste (Mertenat et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). These values show a lower global warming potential (GWP) compared to protein sources such as soybean meal or lipids from rapeseed (Li et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e; Pimentel et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e). On the other hand, up to 87% of odorous compounds had been significantly reduced in poultry, swine, and dairy manures (Beskin et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). However, BSF larvae utilization has only a 7.1% bioconversion rate according to C. Lalander et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e), despite reducing poultry manure by as much as 60%. A higher degree of bioconversion has been reported when combining manure with several organic wastes, such as vegetable canteen waste and food waste (Ermolaev et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e; Gold et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). Several factors influence the bioconversion rate, including the fed nutrient composition, pH, moisture content, and feeding rate (Banks et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e; Dortmans et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Gold et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). Therefore, well-organized chicken litter management can be beneficial for the poultry industry, both sustainably and economically. Moreover, the increasing demand on the poultry industry, especially in Indonesia, as shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, should be highlighted as a prospective sustainable process for bioconversion, rather than poor waste management, which leads to environmental impacts. According to Abdeshahian et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e), the poultry industry typically produces 3\u0026ndash;4% manure from its body weight, as shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTherefore, waste reduction and bioconversion could be optimized by combining the feed composition of chicken manure with higher-nutrient materials such as restaurant waste and chicken sausage sludge, as demonstrated in this study. Chicken sausage sludge and restaurant waste could be generated from the poultry industry, which still contains high levels of nutrients, as shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e. The low protein and fat content in the chicken manure plays a significant role in the bioconversion of BSF larvae. Therefore, suitable organic waste should be mixed complementarily with chicken manure to gain a higher bioconversion rate. Moreover, the feed residue from BSF cultivation could be further composted to improve the circular economy and sustainability, as also stated by Xiao et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). The study tried to evaluate the feed composition of chicken manure, restaurant waste, and sausage sludge waste for BSF cultivation.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. Materials and methods","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2.1 Materials\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe experiment was conducted at Pusat Inovasi Agro Teknologi (PIAT) of Gadjah Mada University. The chicken manure and sausage sludge were supplied by PT Japfa Comfeed Indonesia, Tbk, while the restaurant waste was obtained from Rindu PIAT of Gadjah Mada University. On the other hand, the fermented solution of EM\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e and molasses, along with the BSF eggs, was supplied by Diant Organic Farm, Indonesia.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e2. 2. Larvae growth\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe BSF larvae eggs, 1 g, were hatched in a modified 60 cm x 38 cm x 15 cm container with 2 kg of hatched media addition; 0.5 kg bran, 0.5 kg carrot, 0.5 kg long beans, 0.25 mustard green, and 0.25 kg cabbage, for 3 days which adapted from the study by Hakim et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). As the eggs hatched, the larvae were cultivated for six days and then used as bioconversion agents for the poultry industry waste stream. The larvae were monitored every 3 days for 21 days and placed under the shade to protect them from direct sunlight. Several parameters were analyzed during the experiment, including residual substrate weight, larvae weight, pH, sex ratio, and temperature.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe sausage sludge was initially treated by a heating process for 2 hours, using medium heat, to decrease its moisture content. To reduce the moisture content in chicken manure, rice husk was introduced using a 1:1 ratio. While restaurant waste only requires a size reduction process by a crusher. The BSF feed substrate was later treated using EM\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e and molasses for 14 days at a ratio of 15:30 mL per 12 kg of substrate. The fermentation process was implemented to decrease the ammonia content in the chicken manure, which will be effectively applied as a substrate in the BSF larvae cultivation process.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSeveral figures of merit were investigated in this study, according to several studies (Diener et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e; C. Lalander et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e):\u003cdiv id=\"Equ1\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equ1\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$$\\:Substrate\\:reduction\\left(\\%\\right)=\\frac{Final\\:substrate\\:mass-Initial\\:substrate\\:mass}{Initial\\:substrate\\:mass}\\times\\:100$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"EquationNumber\"\u003e1\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Equ2\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equ2\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$$\\:Bioconversion\\:\\left(\\%\\right)=\\frac{Maggot\\:mass}{Final\\:substrate\\:mass-Initial\\:substrate\\:mass}\\times\\:100$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"EquationNumber\"\u003e2\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe substrate reduction and bioconversion are essential parameters for evaluating BSF cultivation. The purpose of this study is to reduce the organic waste stream from the poultry industry while producing a high-protein substrate for BSF larvae, thereby supporting material and economic circularity.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"3. Results and Discussions","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn our study, rice husk was introduced into the feed pre-treatment process to address the high water content and balance the C/N ratio of the fresh manure as the maggot feed. During the pre-treatment process, the manure was fermented using EM4 and molasses to support microbial activity and improve nutrient availability. The manure (M), sausage sludge (S), and restaurant waste (R) are symbolized in the study to simplify the notation described in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e. The combination of chicken manure and restaurant waste, MR, was considered the best condition in terms of total larvae weight, as seen in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003ea. On the other hand, the optimum cultivation day in this study was observed at 16 days, as indicated by the larvae weight, which is consistent with other studies (Liu et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Prasetya et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e). As the BSF weight will decrease hereinafter due to the natural lifecycle of BSF larvae, which typically lasts around 25 days (Prasetya et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Therefore, the study analyzed the BSF larvae every 3 days for a total of 21 days.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e In terms of substrate reduction, the MR feed combination also showed the best condition, 48.6%, according to Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003eb at 16 days. In general, the SR values were increased over time due to the higher consumption of substrate by BSF larvae. However, the higher substrate consumption could also be contributed to by the composting and dehydration process of the feed, which reduces the feed weight. However, MR had the highest slope of substrate reduction versus larvae weight, as seen in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003ec, even though the feed combination had the lowest moisture content value, as indicated in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e. The data showed that most of the substrate reduction was bio-converted into larvae weight, rather than undergoing the composting and dehydration processes in this study.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe bioconversion rate of BSF using manure, sausage sludge, and restaurant waste feed combination.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTime (days)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBioconversion (%) of feed variations\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMR\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e45.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.7\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003eb\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e57.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.1\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003ea\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e53.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.6\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003ea\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e27.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.6\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003ec\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e46.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.5\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003ea\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e40.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.0\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003ea\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e23.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.5\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003ec\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e40.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.0a\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e38.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.4\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003ea\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.7\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003eb\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e35.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.8\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003ea\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e32.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.7\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003ea\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.5\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003eb\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e29.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003ea\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e25.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.9\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003ea\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.1\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003ea\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e23.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.4\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003ea\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.1\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003ea\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.3\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003ea\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003ea\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.2\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003ea\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eOne of the purposes of the study is to increase the bioconversion rate of chicken manure with the addition of potential substrate (sausage sludge or restaurant waste). The study successfully improved the bioconversion rate from 7.1% (C. Lalander et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e) to 13.0% which is the lowest value according to Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e. Generally, the bioconversion was decreased over time during the BSF larvae cycle: (0 day)\u0026ndash;Larvae stage (7 days)\u0026ndash;Pre-pupa stage (13 days)\u0026ndash;Pupa stage (19 days), and reached optimum condition at the initial stage (larvae stage) as seen in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e. The within-group significance between treatments was evaluated using the least significant difference method, denoted by letters (\u003cb\u003ea\u003c/b\u003e, \u003cb\u003eb\u003c/b\u003e, and \u003cb\u003ec\u003c/b\u003e) in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, as determined by one-way ANOVA followed by post hoc tests (Setiawan et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). As the optimum condition for BSF cultivation was 16 days, it could be predicted that the highest bioconversion rate was approximately 29% for the MR feed combination.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSeveral parameters were measured during the feed variations experiments\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFeed variations\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFemale-to-male ratio\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003epH\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTemperature (\u0026deg;C)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.13\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e28.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMR\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.78\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e30.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.27\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e30.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe study also evaluated the sex ratio of BSF larvae to predict the continuity of bioconversion in relation to egg availability. The optimum condition, MR feed variation, had the highest female-to-male ratio, 1.78, compared to the other feed combinations. The highest female-to-male ratio contributes to the highest larval weight in the study because female BSF are, on average, heavier than males as larvae (Slagboom et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e; Tomberlin et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e; Zhou et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e). The sex ratio is influenced by several parameters, including light intensity, temperature, substrate composition, and pH (Gobbi et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e; Ma et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). Ma et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e) stated that the initial substrate pH (7\u0026ndash;8) significantly contributes to the female-to-male ratio (1.33\u0026ndash;1.47). Therefore, maintaining the substrate acidity at 7\u0026ndash;8 is a crucial factor in improving the female-to-male ratio and the weight of BSF larvae, as also demonstrated by this study. In general, the temperature of the experiments was higher than that of the surroundings, at 26.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.8 \u0026deg;C, due to the exothermic reaction of the aerobic composting process.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eEven the combination of chicken manure and restaurant waste, the MR feed combination, yielded an optimum result in this study. We attempted to maximize the utilization of sausage sludge in the poultry industry to cultivate the BSF larvae. It is mainly due to several reason such as: (\u003cem\u003ei\u003c/em\u003e) the availability in the poultry industry supporting the material circular process, (\u003cem\u003eii\u003c/em\u003e) the underutilized of sausage sludge, (\u003cem\u003eiii\u003c/em\u003e) its high protein content, (\u003cem\u003eiv\u003c/em\u003e) standardized nutrient content, and (\u003cem\u003ev\u003c/em\u003e) lower contamination of non-organic material, salts, and spices. Therefore, a thorough analysis was carried out to evaluate the BSF cultivation process. The study revealed that the addition of rice husk to the pre-treatment process could negatively affect the growth of BSF larvae. The high levels of silica and lignin in rice husk are poorly digestible and fibrous, posing challenges to efficient nutrient assimilation for larvae.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eA scientific comparison of rice husk addition along with the chicken manure and sausage sludge ratio was investigated in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e. The addition of rice husk resulted in a lower total larval mass compared to the process without rice husk pre-treatment. The addition of rice husk also had a negative effect on the substrate reduction values. The highest substrate reduction was achieved at 63.5% with a 3:2 chicken manure-to-sausage sludge ratio, improving from the control value of chicken manure feed at 34.7%. Meanwhile, the addition of sausage sludge had a positive effect compared to the control experiment, which used 100% chicken manure, as shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e. However, the addition of rice husk could not enhance the maggot mass cultivation process, even with the inclusion of sausage as a high-protein source.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe bio-conversion rate of several feed variations and pre-treatment processes with the supplementation data of larvae D-average analysis\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eM:S/R ratio\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWith rice husk\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWithout rice husk\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMR (optimum)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eD-average\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1:0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4:1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e19.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3:1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3:2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1:1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2:3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e58.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1:3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e23.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1:4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e43.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;11.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFurthermore, the bio-conversion term was applied to compare the pre-treatment process. The addition of rice husk clearly hampered BSF cultivation in terms of bioconversion values, as listed in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e. The removal of rice husk in the pre-treatment process could significantly improve the bio-conversion rate. Moreover, the higher the sausage sludge addition, the higher the bio-conversion rate was. The maximum bio-conversion was obtained at 58.7% with the combination of chicken manure and sausage sludge ratio (2:3 ratio). Therefore, the study successfully improved the bioconversion rate of chicken manure as BSF feed cultivation by adding sausage sludge waste. A further experiment could be conducted to improve the bioconversion rate of chicken manure and restaurant waste without the addition of rice husk in the pre-treatment process.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eProximate analysis of BSF larvae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"8\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFeed variations\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRatio\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWater content\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAsh content (%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCrude fat\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eProtein\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCarbohydrate\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e(%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eM:S\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1:0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e28.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e32.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eM:S\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4:1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e26.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eR:S\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3:1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.72\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e37.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e19.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eM:S\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3:2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.32\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e32.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eM:S\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2:3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e32.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e23.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eM:S\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1:4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.23\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e33.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eF:V\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4:1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.08\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.59\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e40.08\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e37.81\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e(Hartati et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eM:S\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1:0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e34.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e42.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e(Newton et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHM:S\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1:0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e19.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e35.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e28.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e(Julita et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003ctfoot\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"8\"\u003e\u003cem\u003eM: chicken manure, S: sausage sludge, R: restaurant waste, Fi: fish, V: vegetable, HM: horse manure\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tfoot\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe BSF larval size, D-average, was analyzed using the standard mesh experiment and sieve shaker, as listed in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e. The higher bioconversion resulted in a higher D-average value of BSF larvae, which is closely related to the BSF female-to-male ratio. As the BSF larva size is heavier and bigger, it aligns with the female-to-male ratio value.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eLastly, proximate analysis of the BSF larvae is presented in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e. The high protein and low water content of BSF larvae were observed during the study. The proximate content of BSF larvae is mainly affected by the organic waste substrate (St-Hilaire et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e). BSF larvae have protease, lipase, and amylase enzymes to consume protein, fat, or carbohydrate (Kim et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e). Therefore, chicken manure and sausage sludge can be bio-converted into valuable protein using the BSF larvae cultivation method. The study could be beneficial in supporting the material circularity of the poultry industry by converting waste into a high-protein feed for chickens.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"4. Conclusions","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe study has successfully combined chicken manure and sausage sludge waste as feed for black soldier fly (BSF) larvae to improve bioconversion and reduce substrate. These findings could support the circular economy and materials of the poultry industry by utilizing the waste stream into a valuable, protein-rich substrate, such as BSF larvae. A high bioconversion rate of 58.7% was obtained with the addition of sausage sludge after 18 days of BSF cultivation. On the other hand, the substrate reduction had an average value of 50% using chicken manure and sausage sludge as the substrate for the BSF larvae. The substrate pH evidently affected the female-to-male ratio, with the optimal value at 1.78 in the pH range of 7\u0026ndash;8.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003ch2\u003eCompliance with Ethical Standards\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe authors have no competing interests to declare that are relevant to the content of this article.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAcknowledgement\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe support of the Chemical Engineering Department of Gadjah Mada University, Indonesia, and the Ministry of Research and Technology, Indonesia, is gratefully acknowledged.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAbd El-Hack, M. E., El-Saadony, M. T., Shehata, A. M., Arif, M., Paswan, V. K., Batiha, G. E.-S., Khafaga, A. F., \u0026amp; Elbestawy, A. R. (2021). 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M. (2009). Development of the black soldier fly (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) in relation to temperature. \u003cem\u003eEnvironmental entomology, 38\u003c/em\u003e(3), 930-934. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eXiao, X., Mazza, L., Yu, Y., Cai, M., Zheng, L., Tomberlin, J. K., Yu, J., van Huis, A., Yu, Z., \u0026amp; Fasulo, S. (2018). Efficient co-conversion process of chicken manure into protein feed and organic fertilizer by Hermetia illucens L.(Diptera: Stratiomyidae) larvae and functional bacteria. \u003cem\u003eJournal of environmental management, 217\u003c/em\u003e, 668-676. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eZhou, F., Tomberlin, J. K., Zheng, L., Yu, Z., \u0026amp; Zhang, J. (2013). Developmental and waste reduction plasticity of three black soldier fly strains (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) raised on different livestock manures. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Medical Entomology, 50\u003c/em\u003e(6), 1224-1230. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Black soldier fly larvae, poultry industry, chicken manure, circular economy, bio-conversion","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7175805/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7175805/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eChicken manure or litter has great potential to serve as a substrate for black soldier fly (BSF) larvae, particularly in terms of its availability and nutrient composition. However, chicken manure substrate has lower substrate reduction and bioconversion values compared to other organic wastes in BSF cultivation. The study combined chicken manure and sausage waste derived from the poultry industry to enhance the substrate reduction and bioconversion values in the cultivation of BSF larvae. The BSF cultivation substrates, chicken manure and sausage waste, were supplied by PT Japfa Comfeed Indonesia, Tbk, while the restaurant waste was obtained from Rindu PIAT of Gadjah Mada University. Therefore, the findings could support the circular economy and the material of the poultry industry by improving the bio-conversion process. High substrate reduction and bioconversion were achieved at 63.5% and 58.7%, respectively. The high protein content (\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;30%) of BSF larvae was produced during the cultivation process in this study, as indicated by the proximate analysis.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Waste minimization in the poultry industry through Black Soldier Fly larvae cultivation to improve the bio-conversion","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-08-21 11:59:27","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7175805/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"4da9ec93-67f5-4714-87ea-a5d1bad2f74c","owner":[],"postedDate":"August 21st, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-09-20T19:47:08+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-08-21 11:59:27","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7175805","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7175805","identity":"rs-7175805","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}