Fully Non-conjugated Phosphorylated Chitosan Enhances Hole Injection for Efficient Perovskite Light-Emitting Diodes

Fully Non-conjugated Phosphorylated Chitosan Enhances Hole Injection for Efficient Perovskite Light-Emitting Diodes | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article Fully Non-conjugated Phosphorylated Chitosan Enhances Hole Injection for Efficient Perovskite Light-Emitting Diodes Xinhua Ouyang, Hao Yao, Enbo Zhou, Xingye Zhang This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8217294/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Perovskite light-emitting diodes (PeLEDs) show great promise for next-generation displays, offering high efficiency and excellent color purity. However, imbalanced charge injection limits performance due to the energy barrier between the indium tin oxide (ITO) anode and the perovskite layer. To address this, a fully non-conjugated phosphorylated chitosan (NCPC), derived from biomass polymers, is introduced as an efficient hole injection layer (HIL) in PeLEDs for the first time. This material enhances interface interactions with both ITO and hole-transport layer (HTL), significantly improving device performance. The incorporation of NCPC as a HIL aligns energy levels favorably between ITO and the HOMO of poly(9-vinylcarbazole) (PVK), reducing both hole injection barriers and non-radiative charge recombination at the interface. Red, green, and blue PeLEDs utilizing NCPC as a HIL achieved maximum external quantum efficiency (EQEmax) values of 25.35% (670 nm), 25.45% (512 nm), and 14.22% (489 nm), representing relative enhancements of 55.05%, 61.59%, and 58.53% compared to PEDOT-based devices. Notably, the EQEmax of 25.35% for red PeLEDs at 670 nm is among the highest two reported values to date. Furthermore, NCPC-based PeLEDs exhibited reduced turn-on voltages due to facilitated hole injection. These findings pave new paths for designing high-efficiency HIL materials for PeLEDs while promoting environmentally friendly natural products. Physical sciences/Materials science/Materials for devices/Electronic devices Physical sciences/Optics and photonics/Lasers, LEDs and light sources/Inorganic LEDs Full Text Additional Declarations There is NO Competing Interest. Supplementary Files SupportingInformationNS.docx Fully Non-conjugated Phosphorylated Chitosan Enhances Hole Injection for Efficient Perovskite Light-Emitting Diodes Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-8217294","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":551468273,"identity":"5dcd1870-c5db-4572-b382-29427aa40398","order_by":0,"name":"Xinhua Ouyang","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA5klEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBCDBH7mAwwfgAzGBqK1SLYlMM4gTYvBMWK18EvkGH4u+HU4z/gY88NmHgYb2Q0HmJ89wKdFckaOsfTMvrRis2NshkAtacYbDrCZG+DTYnAjx0Cat8cmcdv9BvPHPAyHEzcc4GGTIKDF+Ddvj0Ti5jb2j0Bb/hOlxUya54dN4gY2HpDDDhDWItnzrMyatyEtccYxnsLGOQbJxjMPs5nh1cLPnrz5Ns+fw4n9bewbG95U2Mn2HW9+hlcLAwOHAQNjG9ydQMyMXz0QsD9gYPhDUNUoGAWjYBSMZAAAsOxKxz2dL6sAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2911-8283","institution":"Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Xinhua","middleName":"","lastName":"Ouyang","suffix":""},{"id":551468274,"identity":"16d28714-f664-44a4-8c5f-627f642f3ed2","order_by":1,"name":"Hao Yao","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Hao","middleName":"","lastName":"Yao","suffix":""},{"id":551468275,"identity":"8c34849f-dadb-4ec1-95bd-4d2d9db661e9","order_by":2,"name":"Enbo Zhou","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Enbo","middleName":"","lastName":"Zhou","suffix":""},{"id":551468276,"identity":"5f41e6f7-c608-41c4-9838-35cc9913ec65","order_by":3,"name":"Xingye Zhang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"South China University of Technology","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Xingye","middleName":"","lastName":"Zhang","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-11-27 03:00:44","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8217294/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8217294/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":97140253,"identity":"c442fe4c-debd-41e9-a4ad-eed2a40efda0","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-01 10:04:20","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1289506,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"ManuscriptforNS.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8217294/v1_covered_37273014-57be-4724-bf22-9000226e3169.pdf"},{"id":96976096,"identity":"93de7c4e-78f7-4d0f-b338-673021dc7d92","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-28 08:36:39","extension":"docx","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":2562286,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"Fully Non-conjugated Phosphorylated Chitosan Enhances Hole Injection for Efficient Perovskite Light-Emitting Diodes","description":"","filename":"SupportingInformationNS.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8217294/v1/66039341f93d36e00d7cb170.docx"}],"financialInterests":"There is \u003cb\u003eNO\u003c/b\u003e Competing Interest.","formattedTitle":"Fully Non-conjugated Phosphorylated Chitosan Enhances Hole Injection for Efficient Perovskite Light-Emitting Diodes","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8217294/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8217294/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"Perovskite light-emitting diodes (PeLEDs) show great promise for next-generation displays, offering high efficiency and excellent color purity. However, imbalanced charge injection limits performance due to the energy barrier between the indium tin oxide (ITO) anode and the perovskite layer. To address this, a fully non-conjugated phosphorylated chitosan (NCPC), derived from biomass polymers, is introduced as an efficient hole injection layer (HIL) in PeLEDs for the first time. This material enhances interface interactions with both ITO and hole-transport layer (HTL), significantly improving device performance. The incorporation of NCPC as a HIL aligns energy levels favorably between ITO and the HOMO of poly(9-vinylcarbazole) (PVK), reducing both hole injection barriers and non-radiative charge recombination at the interface. Red, green, and blue PeLEDs utilizing NCPC as a HIL achieved maximum external quantum efficiency (EQEmax) values of 25.35% (670 nm), 25.45% (512 nm), and 14.22% (489 nm), representing relative enhancements of 55.05%, 61.59%, and 58.53% compared to PEDOT-based devices. 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