Mirror-image Streptavidin with Specific Binding to “Non-natural” L-biotin

Mirror-image Streptavidin with Specific Binding to “Non-natural” L-biotin | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Mirror-image Streptavidin with Specific Binding to “Non-natural” L-biotin Masatoshi Suganuma, Takuya Kubo, Kengo Ishiki, Kota Tanaka, Kouzou Suto, and 5 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-1314454/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 8 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The streptavidin-biotin system is known to have a very high affinity and specificity and is widely used in biochemical immunoassays and diagnostics. However, this method is affected by endogenous D-biotin in serum sample measurements (biotin interference). While several efforts using alternative high-affinity binding systems (e.g., genetically modified streptavidin and biotin derivatives) have been attempted, these efforts have all led to reduction in affinity. To solve this interference issue, the enantiomer of streptavidin was synthesized, which enabled specific binding to L-biotin. We successfully obtained a functional streptavidin molecule by peptide synthesis using D-amino acids and an in vitro refolding technique. Several characterizations, including size exclusion chromatography (SEC), circular dichroism spectra (CD), and heat denaturation experiments collectively confirmed the higher-order enantiomer of natural streptavidin had been formed with comparable stability to the natural protein. Non-natural L-biotin specific binding of this novel molecule enabled us to avoid biotin interference in affinity measurements using the Biacore system and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). We propose the enantiomer of streptavidin as a potential candidate to replace the natural streptavidin-biotin system, even for in vivo use. Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Introduction Avidin and streptavidin are known to bind to natural biotin with high affinity and specificity 1 – 2 . Core streptavidin 3 – 4 , which consists of the core region of natural streptavidin, has particularly high stability against thermal and chemical denaturation, as well as protease degradation, and has therefore been used for various purposes in the life sciences field 5 . Its most widely used application is for highly sensitive quantification, exploiting the molecule’s high affinity for D-biotin for biological analysis. Numerous immunoassay systems using the streptavidin-biotin reaction for signal amplification or bound/free (BF) separation have been proposed 6 – 7 . However, the current limitation to the use of the streptavidin-biotin reaction is that endogenous biotin from human samples binds to streptavidin used in these biological assays, phenomena referred to as “biotin interference”, which may lead to false negative or false positive results depending on the assay. The unusually high concentrations of endogenous biotin in human samples are results of excess intake of foods or supplements containing D-biotin. Regulatory authorities, including the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), required reliable action to be taken by diagnostic companies to solve this misinterpretation of results caused by biotin interference in clinical assays 8 . Streptavidin variants with low affinity for D-biotin and high affinity for biotin derivatives have been proposed 9 – 11 . However, the affinity for these biotin derivatives have so far proved to be inferior to the affinity of natural streptavidin for D-biotin, showing insufficient applicability of these newly proposed biotin derivatives for avoiding biotin interference. In this study, we chose another approach to solve the biotin interference issue. Chirality works as an important factor in determining biomolecular interactions in broad range of scales, from small molecules to nanoparticles 12 . The key to our approach is to create a protein composed of D-amino acids, instead of L-amino acids, creating a high-order enantiomer of the natural protein. This approach would provide us the same interaction of a set of natural partner molecules because no structural modifications were made except for the optical isomer relationship. We expect that this approach would provide high selectivity to L-biotin, instead of D-biotin, thereby avoiding biotin interference in the biological samples. This assumption is based on the strict molecular recognition formerly confirmed by the X-ray crystallography of natural streptavidin and the D-biotin complex. Very few studies have reported the application of D-amino acids for enzymes. Such studies involved HIV protease and DNA ligase, composed of D-amino acids, which were prepared and characterized for these functions 13 – 15 and the effects of protein chirality on the interface between larger biomolecules was evaluated. Molecular chaperones can fold L- and D-substrate proteins, indicative of the promiscuous chiral recognition formed on protein interfaces 14 . In contrast, candidates for use as therapeutic peptides were found to show the potential applicability of reciprocal chiral specificity; L-peptides acted as antagonists against the D-target protein, whilst the D-peptide strictly antagonized the natural L-target form of the protein 16 . These studies addressed the stereoisomeric relationship at the interfaces of protein/peptide complexes; however, such chiral recognition tendencies observed on large interaction surfaces should be discussed on a case-by-case basis. Promiscuous molecular recognition is common in nature, for example enzyme/substrate, antigen/antibody, and ligand/receptor systems 17 . Therefore, we should carefully evaluate the rigidity of chiral specificity in each protein and peptide system. In our study, we expected strict chiral-specific recognition in the streptavidin-biotin system based on the accurate molecular packing and ultra-high affinity observed for natural streptavidin and D-biotin. We synthesized core streptavidin peptide consisting of D-amino acids, in place of L-amino acids, using peptide synthesis, which gave rise to a functional form (D-core streptavidin) which displayed a native high-order structure. The high-order structure and thermal stability of the obtained D-core streptavidin were compared with those of the natural core streptavidin. Furthermore, the functions of D-core streptavidin, in particular the L-biotin binding affinity and suppression of D-biotin interference in the immunoassay for biological samples, were evaluated. Finally, the applicability of this novel interaction using the D-core streptavidin and L-biotin are discussed. Results And Discussion Synthesis. The core streptavidin sequence is known to be 127 amino acid residues, as shown in Table 1 . The core streptavidin peptide composed of D-amino acids was synthesized using GlyTech Inc. peptide synthesis service. The entire core streptavidin sequence was divided into five segments and each segment was prepared by Fmoc solid-phase synthesis with D-amino acids and glycine. As for immunoassay evaluation, the core streptavidin sequence was divided into 2 segments to accelerate its synthetic process. Full-length D-amino acid peptides were obtained by linking the segments using the general ligation method. The sequence corresponded to residues 37–163 in the amino acid sequence of natural streptavidin. The Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectroscopy (ESI-MS) spectrum was shown in Figure S1. Table 1 Refolding recovery of each core-streptavidin AEAGITGTWYNQLGSTFIVTAGADGALTGTYESAVGNAESRYVLTGRYDSAPATDGSGTALGWTVAWKNNYRNAHSATTWSGQYVGGAEARINTQWLLTSGTTEANAWKSTLVGHDTFTKVKPSAAS We also prepared L-biotin and its derivatives. L-biotin was obtained by performing optical resolution from racemic biotin synthesized according to a previous report 18 . Furthermore, 2,5-dioxopyrrolidin-1-yl 6-(5-((3a R ,4 R ,6a S )-2-oxohexahydro-1 H -thieno[3,4- d ]imidazol-4-yl)pentanamido)hexanoate (L-biotin-AC5-OSu) was synthesized from L-biotin as a material for L-biotin modification to the ε-amino group of proteins. A synthetic route of L-biotin-AC5-OSu is shown in Figure 1 . The 1 H NMR spectrum of L-biotin-AC5-OSu was sown in Figure S2. Refolding of D-core streptavidin and natural core streptavidin. Tetrameric high-order structures of D-core streptavidin and the natural core streptavidin were obtained by well-known dilution refolding 19 with some modifications (Table 2 ). Representatively, D-core streptavidin peptide (28.8 mg; synthesized) and natural core streptavidin powder (10.1 mg; Roche diagnostics) were solubilized and denatured in 6 M guanidine hydrochloride at a protein concentration of approximately 20 mg/ml for 45 min at 85°C, and then diluted 6-fold with 80 mM Tris-HCl buffer to 1 M guanidine hydrochloride and kept for 30 minutes at room temperature. Small amounts of insoluble aggregates were observed during this step. Diluted solutions were then concentrated 6-fold and applied to the second 100-fold dilution with 80 mM Tris-HCl buffer, pH 8.0. Diluted solutions were then concentrated 200-fold by centrifugation at 4°C. Obtained supernatants were kept at 4°C for 12 hours to remove non-native by-products as insoluble aggregates. Finally, protein mixtures were centrifuged at 4°C to yield natively refolded core streptavidin proteins with no aggregates. Approximately 28.8 mg and 10.1 mg of refolded D-core streptavidin and natural core streptavidin were obtained with recovery yields of 25% and 50%, respectively. The suppression of the recovery yield for D-core streptavidin (25%) may be due to less pure refolding materials compared to the purchased recombinant protein, the natural core streptavidin (Roche Diagnostics). Each streptavidin sample was subjected to buffer exchange to 20 mM phosphate buffer (pH 8.0) and then used in the following experiments. The representative protein recoveries during denaturation and dilution refolding are summarized in Table 2 . Table 2 Core streptavidin amino acid sequence Step Dilution fold (from Step 1) Buffer condition Temperature (℃) duration (hour) D-core streptavidin (mg) natural core streptavidin (mg) 1 1 80 mM Tris-HCl, 1 mM EDTA, 6 M guanidine hydrochloride, pH 8.0 85 0.75 28.8 *1 10.1 *1 2 6 80 mM Tris-HCl, 1 mM EDTA, 1 M guanidine hydrochloride, pH 8.0 25 0.50 (-) *2 (-) *2 3 600 80 mM Tris-HCl, 1 mM EDTA, 10 mM guanidine hydrochloride, pH 8.0 4 18 (-) *2 (-) *2 4 3 (200-fold concentration in the same buffer above) 4 12 *3 7.2 *1 5.1 *1 *1: quantitated by UV absorption at 280 nm *2: not determined *3: duration time after the final concentration Monitoring of tetrameric structure formation. The tertiary structures of refolded D-core streptavidin and the refolded natural core streptavidin were confirmed by analytical SEC (Figure 2 a). Both refolded streptavidins in 20 mM phosphate buffer showed symmetrical peak shapes with retention times comparable to that of the active streptavidin reagent (Figure S3). No other peaks with longer retention times were observed for either streptavidin, therefore only the tetramer was present. Peak areas of both streptavidins accounted for protein concentrations calculated by UV absorbance, meaning there were no aggregates or unfolded forms that could not be eluted from the SEC column. After storage under refrigerated temperature or repetitive freeze-thaw, both streptavidins showed unchanged SEC peak shapes (data not shown). These observations collectively suggest that our two-step refolding was successful in the formation of a natively folded tetramer structure. Tertiary structures of refolded core streptavidin proteins. The higher-order structures of refolded D-core streptavidin and its natural enantiomer, L-core streptavidin, in phosphate buffer were compared using circular dichroism spectra (CD spectra). CD spectra of natural core streptavidin have been reported 20 with a negative ellipticity peak at 216 nm (derived from the β-sheet structures) and a positive ellipticity peak at 232 nm (presumably derived from the β-turn structures). In our studies, CD spectra (wavelength, 190 nm-260 nm) of refolded D-core streptavidin and the natural, L-core streptavidin are shown in Figure 2 b. These spectra showed characteristic ellipticities at 216 and 232 nm as seen in literature 20 ), but with axial symmetry. It is well known that the CD spectra of compounds with optical isomerism show axial symmetry, especially in the case of low molecular weight chemicals with simple structures. However, it is not trivial whether a mirror image of the CD spectra is always the case with protein pairs composed of D- and L-amino acids, respectively. In proteins and peptides, for example, additional CD spectra at around 230 to 250 nm, which are derived from the side chains of aromatic amino acids, might overlap with the CD spectra of the main chains 21 . These situations might break the CD axial symmetries of L- and D-amino acid protein pairs. For example, DNA ligases composed of L- and D-amino acids, could not show accurate mirror images of CD spectra (axial symmetries) at around 230 to 250 nm 15 , where the influence of the aromatic amino acid side chains might occur. In contrast, in our study, obvious enantiomeric characteristics were observed between the CD spectra of the D-core streptavidin and the natural core streptavidin. The positive and negative ellipticities were clearly reversed at 216 nm and 232 nm, suggesting that numerous β-turn structures in D-core streptavidin have intense negative ellipticities at approximately 232 nm. Even if ellipticities derived from the aromatic side chains of D-core streptavidin overlap with ellipticities from its main chains, these effects would be minor. As for natural core streptavidin, CD spectra would be reversed compared to D-core streptavidin. As a result, we considered that mirror-image, higher-order structures of these two core streptavidin molecules showed substantial mirror image CD spectra. In addition, axial symmetries were observed even in the near-ultraviolet region of 250 nm-300 nm (Figure S4). These results strongly suggest a mirror image of the secondary and tertiary structures of the D- and natural core streptavidin molecules. Thermal stabilities of refolded streptavidin proteins. Thermal stability studies were performed using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Heat denaturation curves and heat denaturation midpoint temperature (T m ) of D-core streptavidin and natural core-streptavidin are shown in Figure 2 c. These two heat denaturation curves seemed to be quite similar and were estimated to have substantially comparable Tm values. The similar thermal stabilities observed here support the mirror image structures of the D-core and the natural core streptavidin molecules shown by CD spectra. Affinity and specificity of refolded streptavidin proteins to biotin by kinetic analysis. Affinity analyses by Biacore were performed for refolded core streptavidin molecules to determine their affinities with L- and D-biotin. We used D- and L-biotin-labeled bovine serum albumin (BSA) as ligands and D-core and natural core streptavidin as analytes. BSA was labelled by a commercially available D-biotin-AC5-OSu and above L-biotin-AC5-OSu. We first evaluated the appropriate BSA labelling conditions with biotin to obtain almost 1:1 binding between one streptavidin tetramer and one biotin on the surface of BSA. It was finally found that about 1.7 biotin molecules should react with one BSA molecule to avoid the avidity effect on binding. Sensorgrams of D-core streptavidin with L-/D-biotin are shown in figure 2 d. While D-core streptavidin expectedly bound to L-biotin with sufficiently high affinity, no D-biotin binding was seen on the sensorgram. The equilibrium dissociation constant, KD, of core streptavidin to the ligand, L-biotin, determined by fitting curve analysis was 6.29 × 10 −14 M. On the other hand, the KD of the natural core streptavidin reagent (11520679, Roche Diagnostics) for D-biotin was 6.85 × 10 −14 M, measured under the same conditions. In this study, the binding affinity observed between D-core streptavidin and L-biotin was comparable to natural core streptavidin and D-biotin. Importantly, the fact that D-core streptavidin did not show any binding affinity for D-biotin supported our hypothesis that stringent molecular recognition between streptavidin and biotin can exploit chiral specificity. Namely, D-core streptavidin proved to have a mirror image property in biotin binding. Evaluation of biotin interference on D-core streptavidin in immunoassay. The streptavidin-biotin reaction is a commonly used system in immunoassays 6 – 7 . We set up a streptavidin-biotin sandwich chemical luminescent enzyme immunoassay (CLEIA) system for thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) to evaluate our D-core streptavidin capabilities. L-biotin labeled anti-TSH antibodies were prepared to capture TSH as the target antigen. D-core streptavidin reagents, as binding partners to biotin labeled anti-TSH antibodies, were immobilized in a 96-well plate for the immunosorbent assay. ALP-labeled anti-TSH antibodies were used for the sandwich detection. Various concentrations of D-biotin were added to TSH antigen specimens at a final concentration of 1 nM to 100 nM to observe the interference on its valid chemical luminescent signal. The architecture of the assay system is shown in Figure 3 . The results of signal interference are shown in Figure 4 . In the natural core streptavidin (reagent, 11520679, Roche Diagnostics)/D-biotin system, the signal decreased depending on the amount of D-biotin added, showing similar signal interferences seen in clinical diagnostics. However, no significant changes (signal decreases) in the D-core streptavidin/L-biotin system were observed, regardless of the amount of D-biotin added (± <5%). We found that a strict molecular recognition system in streptavidin and biotin enabled us to avoid biotin interference through chiral specificity. Conclusion The physicochemical properties shown by the SEC and CD spectra suggested that D-core streptavidin had a tetrameric and natively folded structure and was the enantiomer of a natural core streptavidin. In addition, the thermal stability shown by the DSF analysis supported this conclusion. We observed a very high binding affinity and specificity to L-biotin for D-core streptavidin. We also showed our D-core streptavidin together with L-biotin would be a solution to the issue of biotin interference, awaited in clinical diagnostics to be solved. We expect that our D-core streptavidin would have broader applicability, ranging from in vitro biochemical as-says to in vivo diagnostics, without endogenous biotin interference. Methods Synthesis of L-biotin derivatives General. Unless otherwise noted, all reactions were performed in heat gun dried glassware, sealed with a rubber septum under an atmosphere of nitrogen or argon. Materials were obtained from suppliers and used without further purification. Flash column chromatography was carried out using Cica Slica Gel 60 N (spherical/40-50 µm). Reactions and chromatography fractions were analyzed employing precoated silica gel 60 F 254 plates (Merck). Compounds were visualized using an ultraviolet lamp (254 nm) and/or by staining with p -anisaldehyde (in EtOH), potassium permanganate (in water containing NaOH and K 2 CO 3 ) or ammonium molybdate (in 10% H 2 SO 4 ). 1 H NMR spectra were recorded on a Varian 400 MR (400 MHz) spectrometer and chemical shifts were reported relative to residual DMSO (2.50 ppm). 2,5-Dioxopyrrolidin-1-yl 5-((3a R , 4 R , 6a S )-2-oxohexahydro-1 H -thieno[3,4- d ]imidazol-4-yl)pentaneate (2). To a stirred solution of L-biotin (1) (123 mg, 0.503 mmol) and NHS (69.4 mg, 0.603 mmol) in DMF (3.40 mL) was added EDC (116 mg, 0.603 mmol) at room temperature. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 24 h. The solvent was evaporated in vacuo to give a pale brown syrup. The crude was recrystallized from EtOH/AcOH/H 2 O (95:1:4 v/v) to afford 2 (166 mg, 91%) as a white solid. 6-(5-((3a R , 4 R , 6a S )-2-Oxohexahydro-1 H -thieno[3,4- d ]imidazol-4-yl)pentanamido)hexanoic acid (3). To a stirred solution of 2 (166 mg, 0.458 mmol) in DMF (2.60 mL) were added 6-aminohexanoic acid (63.0 mg, 0.481 mmol) and 0.25 M aqueous Na 2 CO 3 solution (1.00 mL) at room temperature. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 24 h. The solvent was evaporated in vacuo. The resulting white solid was dissolved in water. The aqueous layer was acidified with 4 M HCl solution at 0 ˚C. The precipitate was collected by filtration to afford 3 (159 mg, 89%) as a white solid. This material was used in the following reaction without purification. 2,5-Dioxopyrrolidin-1-yl 6-(5-((3a R , 4 R , 6a S )-2-oxohexahydro-1 H -thieno[3,4- d ]imidazol-4-yl)-pentanamido)hexanoate (L-biotin-AC5-OSu) (4). To a stirred solution of 3 (159 mg, 0.408 mmol) and NHS (93.9 mg, 0.816 mmol) in DMF (7.60 mL) was added EDC (157 mg, 0.816 mmol) at room temperature. The reaction mixture was stirred at 35 ˚C for 23 h. The solvent was evaporated in vacuo to give a pale brown syrup. The crude product was purified by flash column chromatography with CH 2 Cl 2 /MeOH (8:1 v/v) to afford 4 (141 mg, 76%) as a white solid. 1 H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d 6 ) δ 1.22-1.65 (m, 12H), 2.04 (t, J = 7.2 Hz, 2H), 2.57 (d, J = 12.8 Hz, 1H), 2.65 (t, J = 7.2 Hz, 2H), 2.81 (s, 4H), 2.78-2.85 (m, 1H), 2.98-3.04 (m, 2H), 3.07-3.12 (m, 1H), 4.10-4.14 (m, 1H), 4.28-4.32 (m, 1H), 6.29 (s, 1H), 6.40 (s, 1H), 7.75 (t, J = 1.8 Hz, 1H). ESI-MS m/z 455.1967 [M+H] + ( calcd for C 20 H 31 N 4 O 6 S, 455.1959). Refolding D-core streptavidin peptide and natural core streptavidin (Roche Diagnostics, 11520679) as lyophilized compounds were dissolved in 80 mM Tris-HCl, 1 mM EDTA, 6 M guanidine hydrochloride, pH 8.0. Each dissolved sample was heat-denatured at 85°C for 45 min. The sample solution was diluted 6-fold in the refolding buffer (80 mM Tris-HCl, 1 mM EDTA, pH 8.0) at 25°C for 30 min and re-diluted 100-fold in the same buffer at 4°C for 18 h. Each diluted sample was concentrated 200-fold using a centrifugal filter unit (Merck Millipore) and kept at 4°C for 12 h. Analytical SEC SEC was run using a Hitachi HPLC system equipped with a Chromaster HPLC pump 5110, UV-VIS detector 5420, and autosampler 5210 (Hitachi High-Technologies). UV absorbance at 280 nm was analyzed using Chromaster System Manager version 1.1 (Hitachi High-Technologies). A SEC column (Superdex200 Increase 10/300, 10 mmφx 300 mm, Cytiva) was equilibrated with arginine-based SEC eluent buffer (Arg-SEC Mobile Phase standard type, NACALAI TESQUE) at a flow rate of 0.8 mL/min at 25°C for more than 2 h. A column was loaded with 10 µg (in 20–50 µL) of core streptavidin samples and protein concentrations of detected peaks at 280 nm were quantified using a standard peak area (10 µg) of reagent core streptavidin (Roche Diagnostics, 11520679). Far ultra-violet CD spectrum analysis The measurement samples were prepared by dilution to 300 µg/mL in 20 mM phosphate buffer. CD spectra (Far ultra-violet region: 190-260 nm) were acquired at 25°C using a CD spectrometer (JASCO, J-1500). The path length was set to 1 mm. The data pitch was set to 0.1 mm. The scanning speed was set to 100 nm/min, and the spectra were averaged from three scans. The spectral baseline was recorded using a 20 mM phosphate buffer. Each data point was baseline-subtracted. SPR analysis Preparation of biotin labeled albumin. 50 mg/ml of bovine serum albumin (2.8 ml; Proliant Biologicals, 68700) was added to 10 mg/mL of L-biotin-AC5-OSu in N, N-dimethylformamide solution (163 µL) and the mixture was incubated at 35°C for 1 h. The mixture was buffer-exchanged to 0.1 M phosphate buffer (pH 7.5) with PD-10 column (Cytiva). D-biotin labeled albumin was produced under the same conditions using D-biotin-AC5-OSu (Dojin Chemical) Measurement. The Surface plasmon resonance was measured using a Biacore T200 instrument (Cytiva). Each prepared biotin labeled bovine serum albumin was immobilized on each flow cell of a CM5 sensor chip by the amine coupling method to a final targeted resonance unit of 400. Non-biotin labeled bovine serum albumin (Proliant Biologicals, 68700) was immobilized on a reference flow cell under the same condition. Next, five concentrations (0.05, 0.15, 0.45, 1.35, and 4.05 nM) of D-core streptavidin in HBS-EP+ (Cytiva) buffer were passed over the chip using a single cycle method. The sensorgram data were analyzed using Biacore T200 evaluation software version 3.1, with 1:1 binding kinetics. Immunoassay Preparation. (1) D-core streptavidin (1 µg/mL PBS, 100 µL) was added to a 96-well ELISA plate (Thermo Fisher Scientific, 436110) and incubated at 4°C overnight. After washing three times with PBS, PBS buffer containing 2% bovine serum albumin (200 µL; Proliant Biologicals, 68700) was added and shaken for 2 h at 25°C with a rotation speed of 600 rpm. The natural core streptavidin immune assay plate was prepared under the same conditions using reagent core streptavidin (Roche Diagnostics, 11520679). (2) 5.1 mg/mL thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) antibody (25 µL, Kitayama Labs, T 2-194) was added to 16.7 mg/mL of L-biotin-AC5-OSu in DMSO solution and the mixture was incubated at 35°C for 1 h. The mixture was equilibrated with 0.1 M phosphate buffer (pH 7.5) PD-10 (Cytiva), and 500 µL fractions were separated and the fractions absorbing at 280 nm wavelength were collected. D-biotin labeled TSH antibody was produced under the same conditions using D-biotin-AC 5-OSu (Dojin Chemical). Evaluation of the effect on the measurement system in the presence of biotin. (1) In a 1.5 mL tube, as a sample, HISCL TSH calibrator C3 (Sysmex) 400 µL and HISCL TSH R1 reagent (Sysmex) was added to 400 µL, and the reaction was carried out at 37°C The reaction was carried out under the condition of 37°C and 600 rpm for 30 minutes. To evaluate the influence of D-biotin, 0 ng/mL, 1 ng/mL, 10 ng/mL, 1 ng/mL, 10 ng/mL, 100 ng/mL, or 100 ng/mL of D-biotin was added to the samples and reacted. (2) The streptavidin-immobilized plate was washed three times with HISCL wash solution, and 60 µL of the reacted solution was added to each well (1.5-mL. The plates were washed three times with HISCL wash solution (Sysmex), and 60 µL of the reacted solution was added to each well. The reaction was carried out at 37°C and 600 rpm for 20 min. Biotin-labeled TSH antibody prepared above was added, and the reaction was carried out at 37°C and 600 rpm for 30 min. (3) The plate was washed five times with HISCL wash solution, and 50 µL of HISCL R4 Reagent (Sysmex) and 100 µL HISCL R5 Reagent (Sysmex) were added, and the reaction was carried out at 37°C and 600 rpm for 3 min. After the reaction, luminescence was detected using a microplate reader (Infinite 2000 PRO, TECAN). The streptavidin-conjugated plate and biotin-labeled TSH antibody after blocking were also measured in the same way. Statistics All values in Figure 3 are expressed as mean from duplicated analysis. Declarations Data availability The data that support this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. Competing interests The authors declare no competing interests. Acknowledgements The authors thank Keiko Miwa and Kazuki Uchida (Sysmex Corporation) for their technical support. Author contributions M.S. performed the DSF analysis; T.K. and K.I. performed the immunoassay; M.S. and Kota.T. performed the SPR and CD analysis; M.S. and D.E. performed the in vitro refolding; D.E. performed SEC analysis; M.T. and Y.N. synthesized L-biotin derivatives; Kouhei.T., K.S., T.S. and Y.N. provided supervisory supports for the study design and manuscript preparation; M.S. wrote the paper. References 1.Green, N. M. Avidin. Adv. Protein Chem . 29 , 85-133 (1975). 2.Chaiet, L. & Wolf, F. J. The properties of streptavidin, a biotin-binding protein produced by streptomycetes. Arch. Biochem. Biophys . 106 , 1–5 (1964). 3.Pähler, A., Hendrickson, W. A., Kolks, M. A., Argaraña, C. E. & Cantor, C. R. Characterization and Crystallization of Core Streptavidin. J. Biol. Chem. 262 , 13933-13937 4.Sano, T., Pandori, M. W., Chen, X., Smith, C. L. & Cantor, C. R. Recombinant core streptavidins. A minimum-sized core streptavidin has enhanced structural stability and higher accessibility to biotinylated macromolecules. J. Biol. Chem . 270 (47), 28204-28209 (1995). 5.Diamandis, E.P. &Christopoulos, T.K. The biotin-(strept)avidin system: principles and applications in biotechnology. Clin. Chem. 37 , 625–636 (1991). 6.Wilchek, M. & Bayer, E. A. Avidin-biotin mediated immunoassays: Overview. Methods in Enzymology. 184 , 467-469 (1990). 7.Ternynck, T. &Avrameas, S. Avidin-biotin system in enzyme immunoassays. Methods in Enzymology . 184 , 469-481 (1990). 8.Colon, P. J. & Greene, D. N. Biotin Interference in Clinical Immunoassays. J. Appl. Lab. Med. 2 (6), 941-951 (2018). 9.Reznik, G. O., Vajda, S., Sano, T. & Cantor, C. R. A streptavidinmutant with altered ligand-binding specificity. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 95 , 13525−13530 (1998). 10.Kawato, T. et al . Structure-based design of a streptavidin mutant specific for an artificial biotin analogue. J. Biochem. , 157 (6), 467-475 (2015). 11.Kawato, T. et al , A. Structure-based design and synthesis of a bivalent iminobiotin analog showing strong affinity toward a low immunogenic streptavidin mutant. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 79 (4), 640-642 (2015). 12.Xu, L., Wang, X., Wang, W. et al. Enantiomer-dependent immunological response to chiral nanoparticles. Nature 601 , 366–373 (2022). 13.Milton, R. C., Milton, S. C. & Kent, S. B. Total Chemical Synthesis of a D-Enzyme: The Enantiomers of HIV-1 Protease Show Reciprocal Chiral Substrate Specificity. Science 256 , 1445-1448 (1992). 14.Weinstock, M. T., Jacobsen, M. T. & Kay, M. S. Synthesis and folding of a mirror-image enzyme reveals ambidextrous chaperone activity. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 111 , 11679-11684 (2014). 15.Weidmann, J., Schnölzer, M., Dawson, P. E. &Hoheisel, J. D. Synthesis of an Enzymatically Active Mirror-Image DNA-Ligase Made of D-Amino Acids. Cell Chem. Biol. 26 (5), 645-651 (2019). 16.Uppalapati, M. et al . A Potent D-Protein Antagonist of VEGF-A is Nonimmunogenic, Metabolically Stable, and Longer-Circulating in Vivo . ACS Chem. Biol. 11 , 1058-1065 (2016). 17.Schreiber, G. & Keating, A. E. Protein binding specificity versus promiscuity. Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol. 21 , 50–61 (2011). 18.Lavielle, S., Bory, S., Moreau, B., Luche, M. J. &Marquet, A. A total synthesis of biotin based on the stereoselective alkylation of sulfoxides. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 100 , 1558-1563 (1978). 19.Chua, L. H., Tan, S. C. & Liew, M. W. O. Process intensification of core streptavidin production through high-cell-density cultivation of recombinant E. coli and a temperature-based refolding method. J. Biotechnol. 276-277 , 34-41 (2018). 20.Green, N. M. & Melamed, M. D. Optical rotatory dispersion, circular dichroism and far-ultraviolet spectra of avidin and streptavidin. Biochem J . 100 , 614-621 (1966). 21.Manning, M. C. & Woody, R. W. Theoretical study of the contribution of aromatic side chains to the circular dichroism of basic bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor. Biochemistry , 28 , 8609-8613 (1989). Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Supplementary Files 20220131Sup2.pdf Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Major revision 04 Apr, 2022 Reviews received at journal 15 Mar, 2022 Reviewers agreed at journal 13 Mar, 2022 Reviewers invited by journal 12 Mar, 2022 Editor assigned by journal 10 Mar, 2022 Editor invited by journal 02 Feb, 2022 Submission checks completed at journal 02 Feb, 2022 First submitted to journal 31 Jan, 2022 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-1314454","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":80964743,"identity":"f6c5b3f6-c1cc-469d-b30a-de1b756e281b","order_by":0,"name":"Masatoshi Suganuma","email":"data:image/png;base64,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","orcid":"","institution":"Sysmex Corporation","correspondingAuthor":true,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Masatoshi","middleName":"","lastName":"Suganuma","suffix":""},{"id":80964744,"identity":"b4b3e33a-c136-4d39-9371-13c49541ab52","order_by":1,"name":"Takuya Kubo","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Sysmex Corporation","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Takuya","middleName":"","lastName":"Kubo","suffix":""},{"id":80964745,"identity":"304da8ab-1ac8-48ab-be09-bf931297bcf1","order_by":2,"name":"Kengo Ishiki","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Sysmex Corporation","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Kengo","middleName":"","lastName":"Ishiki","suffix":""},{"id":80964746,"identity":"e49efa5b-097e-4080-ba97-1fedc2f5df20","order_by":3,"name":"Kota Tanaka","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Sysmex Corporation","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Kota","middleName":"","lastName":"Tanaka","suffix":""},{"id":80964747,"identity":"d480f0a5-6959-45a3-8d60-84a719f5fdd4","order_by":4,"name":"Kouzou Suto","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Sysmex Corporation","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Kouzou","middleName":"","lastName":"Suto","suffix":""},{"id":80964748,"identity":"50d2b5fa-3c16-4839-8244-7b48e4e3e73a","order_by":5,"name":"Daisuke Ejima","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Sysmex Corporation","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Daisuke","middleName":"","lastName":"Ejima","suffix":""},{"id":80964749,"identity":"fc97c153-6717-4bd2-9882-698f7007c114","order_by":6,"name":"Masahiro Toyota","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Osaka Prefecture University","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Masahiro","middleName":"","lastName":"Toyota","suffix":""},{"id":80964750,"identity":"b1ca5dc9-a797-48d6-b6a4-84386fba7b32","order_by":7,"name":"Kouhei Tsumoto","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"The University of Tokyo","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Kouhei","middleName":"","lastName":"Tsumoto","suffix":""},{"id":80964751,"identity":"e8a4eb01-f301-4764-81b1-fb8311909032","order_by":8,"name":"Toshiyuki Sato","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Sysmex Corporation","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Toshiyuki","middleName":"","lastName":"Sato","suffix":""},{"id":80964752,"identity":"268498f0-1747-4878-ab05-72d9358c099f","order_by":9,"name":"Youichi Nishikawa","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Sysmex Corporation","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Youichi","middleName":"","lastName":"Nishikawa","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2022-01-31 11:59:14","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-1314454/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-1314454/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":17905902,"identity":"1372e86c-ad70-454d-9876-9ad05311c940","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2022-02-03 14:30:30","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":45858,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSynthesis of L-biotin-AC5-OSu\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"fig1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-1314454/v1/fe752c2178745549cd90a367.png"},{"id":17905904,"identity":"6c0fb47a-72c5-448e-95da-5f81f7740ba0","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2022-02-03 14:30:30","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":91715,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e(a) SEC chart for core streptavidin. The horizontal axis shows the retention time (min), and the vertical axis shows the signal strength representing absorption at 280 nm. A: Refolded D-core streptavidin B: Refolded natural core streptavidin. (b) CD spectra of refolded core streptavidin molecules (190-260 nm). (c) DSF curves of folded core streptavidin molecules A: DSF curves of refolded D-core and natural core streptavidin molecules at concentrations of 0.5 mg/ml, B: Melting temperature (T\u003csub\u003em\u003c/sub\u003e) and onset temperature (T\u003csub\u003eonset\u003c/sub\u003e) of refolded natural core/D-core streptavidin. The concentrations of D-core streptavidin samples as analytes were 0.05, 0.15, 0.45, 1.35, 4.05 nM. (d) Biacoresensorgram for D-core streptavidin A: ligand, L-biotin; B: ligand, D-biotin\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"fig2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-1314454/v1/5dce45a5eaf891775abbc83a.png"},{"id":17905903,"identity":"f73836a7-e44f-41c9-9037-8fb53e19bbea","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2022-02-03 14:30:30","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":60229,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThe architecture of the streptavidin-biotin sandwich CLEIA for TSH\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"fig3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-1314454/v1/0637c5a410ac0634ca2341d2.png"},{"id":17906125,"identity":"a1b7f35f-5ba1-414c-9224-a33fc3d9fc91","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2022-02-03 14:33:30","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":37014,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThe effects of D-biotin added in the specimens for immunoassay. \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eHorizontal axis: D-Biotin concentration added in TSH specimens. Vertical axis: Relative signal intensities with various D-biotin concentrations added (D-biotin concentration: 0 nM, 100%).All values in the figure are expressed as mean from duplicated analysis.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"fig4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-1314454/v1/b5e09e9200fb3cdc5da65a38.png"},{"id":17906126,"identity":"c1a0c123-3c53-45d5-bbc4-86a9565eb636","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2022-02-03 14:33:33","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":672343,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-1314454/v1/85c85250-ef36-4064-b558-2afd1663e163.pdf"},{"id":17905906,"identity":"e288b165-0544-492e-a6f5-a2a3690a502c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2022-02-03 14:30:30","extension":"pdf","order_by":2,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":208375,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"20220131Sup2.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-1314454/v1/e85c9b0208f15d04435edd79.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003eMirror-image Streptavidin with Specific Binding to “Non-natural” L-biotin\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eAvidin and streptavidin are known to bind to natural biotin with high affinity and specificity\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Core streptavidin\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e, which consists of the core region of natural streptavidin, has particularly high stability against thermal and chemical denaturation, as well as protease degradation, and has therefore been used for various purposes in the life sciences field\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Its most widely used application is for highly sensitive quantification, exploiting the molecule\u0026rsquo;s high affinity for D-biotin for biological analysis. Numerous immunoassay systems using the streptavidin-biotin reaction for signal amplification or bound/free (BF) separation have been proposed\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. However, the current limitation to the use of the streptavidin-biotin reaction is that endogenous biotin from human samples binds to streptavidin used in these biological assays, phenomena referred to as \u0026ldquo;biotin interference\u0026rdquo;, which may lead to false negative or false positive results depending on the assay. The unusually high concentrations of endogenous biotin in human samples are results of excess intake of foods or supplements containing D-biotin. Regulatory authorities, including the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), required reliable action to be taken by diagnostic companies to solve this misinterpretation of results caused by biotin interference in clinical assays\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Streptavidin variants with low affinity for D-biotin and high affinity for biotin derivatives have been proposed\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR10\" citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. However, the affinity for these biotin derivatives have so far proved to be inferior to the affinity of natural streptavidin for D-biotin, showing insufficient applicability of these newly proposed biotin derivatives for avoiding biotin interference.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn this study, we chose another approach to solve the biotin interference issue. Chirality works as an important factor in determining biomolecular interactions in broad range of scales, from small molecules to nanoparticles\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. The key to our approach is to create a protein composed of D-amino acids, instead of L-amino acids, creating a high-order enantiomer of the natural protein. This approach would provide us the same interaction of a set of natural partner molecules because no structural modifications were made except for the optical isomer relationship. We expect that this approach would provide high selectivity to L-biotin, instead of D-biotin, thereby avoiding biotin interference in the biological samples. This assumption is based on the strict molecular recognition formerly confirmed by the X-ray crystallography of natural streptavidin and the D-biotin complex.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eVery few studies have reported the application of D-amino acids for enzymes. Such studies involved HIV protease and DNA ligase, composed of D-amino acids, which were prepared and characterized for these functions\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR14\" citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e and the effects of protein chirality on the interface between larger biomolecules was evaluated. Molecular chaperones can fold L- and D-substrate proteins, indicative of the promiscuous chiral recognition formed on protein interfaces\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. In contrast, candidates for use as therapeutic peptides were found to show the potential applicability of reciprocal chiral specificity; L-peptides acted as antagonists against the D-target protein, whilst the D-peptide strictly antagonized the natural L-target form of the protein\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. These studies addressed the stereoisomeric relationship at the interfaces of protein/peptide complexes; however, such chiral recognition tendencies observed on large interaction surfaces should be discussed on a case-by-case basis. Promiscuous molecular recognition is common in nature, for example enzyme/substrate, antigen/antibody, and ligand/receptor systems\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Therefore, we should carefully evaluate the rigidity of chiral specificity in each protein and peptide system.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn our study, we expected strict chiral-specific recognition in the streptavidin-biotin system based on the accurate molecular packing and ultra-high affinity observed for natural streptavidin and D-biotin. We synthesized core streptavidin peptide consisting of D-amino acids, in place of L-amino acids, using peptide synthesis, which gave rise to a functional form (D-core streptavidin) which displayed a native high-order structure. The high-order structure and thermal stability of the obtained D-core streptavidin were compared with those of the natural core streptavidin. Furthermore, the functions of D-core streptavidin, in particular the L-biotin binding affinity and suppression of D-biotin interference in the immunoassay for biological samples, were evaluated. Finally, the applicability of this novel interaction using the D-core streptavidin and L-biotin are discussed.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results And Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eSynthesis.\u003c/b\u003e The core streptavidin sequence is known to be 127 amino acid residues, as shown in Table \u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e. The core streptavidin peptide composed of D-amino acids was synthesized using GlyTech Inc. peptide synthesis service. The entire core streptavidin sequence was divided into five segments and each segment was prepared by Fmoc solid-phase synthesis with D-amino acids and glycine. As for immunoassay evaluation, the core streptavidin sequence was divided into 2 segments to accelerate its synthetic process. Full-length D-amino acid peptides were obtained by linking the segments using the general ligation method. The sequence corresponded to residues 37\u0026ndash;163 in the amino acid sequence of natural streptavidin. The Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectroscopy (ESI-MS) spectrum was shown in Figure S1.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRefolding recovery of each core-streptavidin\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"1\"\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAEAGITGTWYNQLGSTFIVTAGADGALTGTYESAVGNAESRYVLTGRYDSAPATDGSGTALGWTVAWKNNYRNAHSATTWSGQYVGGAEARINTQWLLTSGTTEANAWKSTLVGHDTFTKVKPSAAS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWe also prepared L-biotin and its derivatives. L-biotin was obtained by performing optical resolution from racemic biotin synthesized according to a previous report\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Furthermore, 2,5-dioxopyrrolidin-1-yl 6-(5-((3a\u003cem\u003eR\u003c/em\u003e,4\u003cem\u003eR\u003c/em\u003e,6a\u003cem\u003eS\u003c/em\u003e)-2-oxohexahydro-1\u003cem\u003eH\u003c/em\u003e-thieno[3,4-\u003cem\u003ed\u003c/em\u003e]imidazol-4-yl)pentanamido)hexanoate (L-biotin-AC5-OSu) was synthesized from L-biotin as a material for L-biotin modification to the ε-amino group of proteins. A synthetic route of L-biotin-AC5-OSu is shown in Figure \u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e. The \u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003eH NMR spectrum of L-biotin-AC5-OSu was sown in Figure S2.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eRefolding of D-core streptavidin and natural core streptavidin.\u003c/b\u003e Tetrameric high-order structures of D-core streptavidin and the natural core streptavidin were obtained by well-known dilution refolding\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e with some modifications (Table \u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). Representatively, D-core streptavidin peptide (28.8 mg; synthesized) and natural core streptavidin powder (10.1 mg; Roche diagnostics) were solubilized and denatured in 6 M guanidine hydrochloride at a protein concentration of approximately 20 mg/ml for 45 min at 85\u0026deg;C, and then diluted 6-fold with 80 mM Tris-HCl buffer to 1 M guanidine hydrochloride and kept for 30 minutes at room temperature. Small amounts of insoluble aggregates were observed during this step. Diluted solutions were then concentrated 6-fold and applied to the second 100-fold dilution with 80 mM Tris-HCl buffer, pH 8.0. Diluted solutions were then concentrated 200-fold by centrifugation at 4\u0026deg;C. Obtained supernatants were kept at 4\u0026deg;C for 12 hours to remove non-native by-products as insoluble aggregates. Finally, protein mixtures were centrifuged at 4\u0026deg;C to yield natively refolded core streptavidin proteins with no aggregates. Approximately 28.8 mg and 10.1 mg of refolded D-core streptavidin and natural core streptavidin were obtained with recovery yields of 25% and 50%, respectively. The suppression of the recovery yield for D-core streptavidin (25%) may be due to less pure refolding materials compared to the purchased recombinant protein, the natural core streptavidin (Roche Diagnostics). Each streptavidin sample was subjected to buffer exchange to 20 mM phosphate buffer (pH 8.0) and then used in the following experiments. The representative protein recoveries during denaturation and dilution refolding are summarized in Table \u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCore streptavidin amino acid sequence\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStep\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDilution fold\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(from Step 1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBuffer condition\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTemperature\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(℃)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eduration\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(hour)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eD-core streptavidin \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(mg)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003enatural core streptavidin\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e (mg)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e80 mM Tris-HCl, 1 mM EDTA, \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e6 M guanidine hydrochloride, pH 8.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e85\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.8\u003csup\u003e*1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1\u003csup\u003e*1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e80 mM Tris-HCl, 1 mM EDTA, \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 M guanidine hydrochloride, pH 8.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(-)\u003csup\u003e*2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(-)\u003csup\u003e*2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e600\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e80 mM Tris-HCl, 1 mM EDTA,\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e 10 mM guanidine hydrochloride, pH 8.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(-)\u003csup\u003e*2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(-)\u003csup\u003e*2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(200-fold concentration in the same buffer above)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003csup\u003e*3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2\u003csup\u003e*1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1\u003csup\u003e*1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"7\"\u003e*1: quantitated by UV absorption at 280 nm\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"7\"\u003e*2: not determined\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"7\"\u003e*3: duration time after the final concentration\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eMonitoring of tetrameric structure formation.\u003c/b\u003e The tertiary structures of refolded D-core streptavidin and the refolded natural core streptavidin were confirmed by analytical SEC (Figure \u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003ea). Both refolded streptavidins in 20 mM phosphate buffer showed symmetrical peak shapes with retention times comparable to that of the active streptavidin reagent (Figure S3). No other peaks with longer retention times were observed for either streptavidin, therefore only the tetramer was present. Peak areas of both streptavidins accounted for protein concentrations calculated by UV absorbance, meaning there were no aggregates or unfolded forms that could not be eluted from the SEC column. After storage under refrigerated temperature or repetitive freeze-thaw, both streptavidins showed unchanged SEC peak shapes (data not shown). These observations collectively suggest that our two-step refolding was successful in the formation of a natively folded tetramer structure.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eTertiary structures of refolded core streptavidin proteins.\u003c/b\u003e The higher-order structures of refolded D-core streptavidin and its natural enantiomer, L-core streptavidin, in phosphate buffer were compared using circular dichroism spectra (CD spectra). CD spectra of natural core streptavidin have been reported\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e with a negative ellipticity peak at 216 nm (derived from the β-sheet structures) and a positive ellipticity peak at 232 nm (presumably derived from the β-turn structures). In our studies, CD spectra (wavelength, 190 nm-260 nm) of refolded D-core streptavidin and the natural, L-core streptavidin are shown in Figure \u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003eb. These spectra showed characteristic ellipticities at 216 and 232 nm as seen in literature\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e), but with axial symmetry. It is well known that the CD spectra of compounds with optical isomerism show axial symmetry, especially in the case of low molecular weight chemicals with simple structures. However, it is not trivial whether a mirror image of the CD spectra is always the case with protein pairs composed of D- and L-amino acids, respectively. In proteins and peptides, for example, additional CD spectra at around 230 to 250 nm, which are derived from the side chains of aromatic amino acids, might overlap with the CD spectra of the main chains\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. These situations might break the CD axial symmetries of L- and D-amino acid protein pairs. For example, DNA ligases composed of L- and D-amino acids, could not show accurate mirror images of CD spectra (axial symmetries) at around 230 to 250 nm\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e, where the influence of the aromatic amino acid side chains might occur. In contrast, in our study, obvious enantiomeric characteristics were observed between the CD spectra of the D-core streptavidin and the natural core streptavidin. The positive and negative ellipticities were clearly reversed at 216 nm and 232 nm, suggesting that numerous β-turn structures in D-core streptavidin have intense negative ellipticities at approximately 232 nm. Even if ellipticities derived from the aromatic side chains of D-core streptavidin overlap with ellipticities from its main chains, these effects would be minor. As for natural core streptavidin, CD spectra would be reversed compared to D-core streptavidin. As a result, we considered that mirror-image, higher-order structures of these two core streptavidin molecules showed substantial mirror image CD spectra. In addition, axial symmetries were observed even in the near-ultraviolet region of 250 nm-300 nm (Figure S4). These results strongly suggest a mirror image of the secondary and tertiary structures of the D- and natural core streptavidin molecules. Thermal stabilities of refolded streptavidin proteins.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eThermal stability studies were performed using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC).\u003c/b\u003e Heat denaturation curves and heat denaturation midpoint temperature (T\u003csub\u003em\u003c/sub\u003e) of D-core streptavidin and natural core-streptavidin are shown in Figure \u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003ec. These two heat denaturation curves seemed to be quite similar and were estimated to have substantially comparable Tm values. The similar thermal stabilities observed here support the mirror image structures of the D-core and the natural core streptavidin molecules shown by CD spectra.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eAffinity and specificity of refolded streptavidin proteins to biotin by kinetic analysis.\u003c/b\u003e Affinity analyses by Biacore were performed for refolded core streptavidin molecules to determine their affinities with L- and D-biotin. We used D- and L-biotin-labeled bovine serum albumin (BSA) as ligands and D-core and natural core streptavidin as analytes. BSA was labelled by a commercially available D-biotin-AC5-OSu and above L-biotin-AC5-OSu. We first evaluated the appropriate BSA labelling conditions with biotin to obtain almost 1:1 binding between one streptavidin tetramer and one biotin on the surface of BSA. It was finally found that about 1.7 biotin molecules should react with one BSA molecule to avoid the avidity effect on binding. Sensorgrams of D-core streptavidin with L-/D-biotin are shown in figure \u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003ed. While D-core streptavidin expectedly bound to L-biotin with sufficiently high affinity, no D-biotin binding was seen on the sensorgram. The equilibrium dissociation constant, KD, of core streptavidin to the ligand, L-biotin, determined by fitting curve analysis was 6.29 \u0026times; 10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;14\u003c/sup\u003e M. On the other hand, the KD of the natural core streptavidin reagent (11520679, Roche Diagnostics) for D-biotin was 6.85 \u0026times; 10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;14\u003c/sup\u003e M, measured under the same conditions. In this study, the binding affinity observed between D-core streptavidin and L-biotin was comparable to natural core streptavidin and D-biotin. Importantly, the fact that D-core streptavidin did not show any binding affinity for D-biotin supported our hypothesis that stringent molecular recognition between streptavidin and biotin can exploit chiral specificity. Namely, D-core streptavidin proved to have a mirror image property in biotin binding. Evaluation of biotin interference on D-core streptavidin in immunoassay.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe streptavidin-biotin reaction is a commonly used system in immunoassays\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. We set up a streptavidin-biotin sandwich chemical luminescent enzyme immunoassay (CLEIA) system for thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) to evaluate our D-core streptavidin capabilities. L-biotin labeled anti-TSH antibodies were prepared to capture TSH as the target antigen. D-core streptavidin reagents, as binding partners to biotin labeled anti-TSH antibodies, were immobilized in a 96-well plate for the immunosorbent assay. ALP-labeled anti-TSH antibodies were used for the sandwich detection. Various concentrations of D-biotin were added to TSH antigen specimens at a final concentration of 1 nM to 100 nM to observe the interference on its valid chemical luminescent signal. The architecture of the assay system is shown in Figure \u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e. The results of signal interference are shown in Figure \u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e. In the natural core streptavidin (reagent, 11520679, Roche Diagnostics)/D-biotin system, the signal decreased depending on the amount of D-biotin added, showing similar signal interferences seen in clinical diagnostics. However, no significant changes (signal decreases) in the D-core streptavidin/L-biotin system were observed, regardless of the amount of D-biotin added (\u0026plusmn; \u0026lt;5%). We found that a strict molecular recognition system in streptavidin and biotin enabled us to avoid biotin interference through chiral specificity.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe physicochemical properties shown by the SEC and CD spectra suggested that D-core streptavidin had a tetrameric and natively folded structure and was the enantiomer of a natural core streptavidin. In addition, the thermal stability shown by the DSF analysis supported this conclusion. We observed a very high binding affinity and specificity to L-biotin for D-core streptavidin. We also showed our D-core streptavidin together with L-biotin would be a solution to the issue of biotin interference, awaited in clinical diagnostics to be solved. We expect that our D-core streptavidin would have broader applicability, ranging from in vitro biochemical as-says to in vivo diagnostics, without endogenous biotin interference.\u003c/p\u003e "},{"header":"Methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eSynthesis of L-biotin derivatives\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eGeneral.\u003c/b\u003e Unless otherwise noted, all reactions were performed in heat gun dried glassware, sealed with a rubber septum under an atmosphere of nitrogen or argon.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMaterials were obtained from suppliers and used without further purification. Flash column chromatography was carried out using Cica Slica Gel 60 N (spherical/40-50 \u0026micro;m).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReactions and chromatography fractions were analyzed employing precoated silica gel 60 F\u003csub\u003e254\u003c/sub\u003e plates (Merck). Compounds were visualized using an ultraviolet lamp (254 nm) and/or by staining with \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e-anisaldehyde (in EtOH), potassium permanganate (in water containing NaOH and K\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eCO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e) or ammonium molybdate (in 10% H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eSO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003eH NMR spectra were recorded on a Varian 400 MR (400 MHz) spectrometer and chemical shifts were reported relative to residual DMSO (2.50 ppm).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003e2,5-Dioxopyrrolidin-1-yl 5-((3a\u003c/b\u003e \u003cspan type=\"BoldItalic\" class=\"BoldItalic\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eR\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cb\u003e4\u003c/b\u003e\u003cspan type=\"BoldItalic\" class=\"BoldItalic\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eR\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cb\u003e6a\u003c/b\u003e\u003cspan type=\"BoldItalic\" class=\"BoldItalic\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eS\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e)-2-oxohexahydro-1\u003c/b\u003e\u003cspan type=\"BoldItalic\" class=\"BoldItalic\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eH\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e-thieno[3,4-\u003c/b\u003e\u003cspan type=\"BoldItalic\" class=\"BoldItalic\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003ed\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e]imidazol-4-yl)pentaneate (2).\u003c/b\u003e To a stirred solution of L-biotin (1) (123 mg, 0.503 mmol) and NHS (69.4 mg, 0.603 mmol) in DMF (3.40 mL) was added EDC (116 mg, 0.603 mmol) at room temperature. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 24 h. The solvent was evaporated in vacuo to give a pale brown syrup. The crude was recrystallized from EtOH/AcOH/H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO (95:1:4 v/v) to afford 2 (166 mg, 91%) as a white solid.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003e6-(5-((3a\u003c/b\u003e \u003cspan type=\"BoldItalic\" class=\"BoldItalic\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eR\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cb\u003e4\u003c/b\u003e\u003cspan type=\"BoldItalic\" class=\"BoldItalic\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eR\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cb\u003e6a\u003c/b\u003e\u003cspan type=\"BoldItalic\" class=\"BoldItalic\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eS\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e)-2-Oxohexahydro-1\u003c/b\u003e\u003cspan type=\"BoldItalic\" class=\"BoldItalic\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eH\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e-thieno[3,4-\u003c/b\u003e\u003cspan type=\"BoldItalic\" class=\"BoldItalic\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003ed\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e]imidazol-4-yl)pentanamido)hexanoic acid (3).\u003c/b\u003e To a stirred solution of 2 (166 mg, 0.458 mmol) in DMF (2.60 mL) were added 6-aminohexanoic acid (63.0 mg, 0.481 mmol) and 0.25 M aqueous Na\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eCO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e solution (1.00 mL) at room temperature. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 24 h. The solvent was evaporated in vacuo. The resulting white solid was dissolved in water. The aqueous layer was acidified with 4 M HCl solution at 0 ˚C. The precipitate was collected by filtration to afford 3 (159 mg, 89%) as a white solid. This material was used in the following reaction without purification.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003e2,5-Dioxopyrrolidin-1-yl 6-(5-((3a\u003c/b\u003e \u003cspan type=\"BoldItalic\" class=\"BoldItalic\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eR\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cb\u003e4\u003c/b\u003e\u003cspan type=\"BoldItalic\" class=\"BoldItalic\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eR\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cb\u003e6a\u003c/b\u003e\u003cspan type=\"BoldItalic\" class=\"BoldItalic\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eS\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e)-2-oxohexahydro-1\u003c/b\u003e\u003cspan type=\"BoldItalic\" class=\"BoldItalic\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eH\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e-thieno[3,4-\u003c/b\u003e\u003cspan type=\"BoldItalic\" class=\"BoldItalic\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003ed\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e]imidazol-4-yl)-pentanamido)hexanoate (L-biotin-AC5-OSu) (4).\u003c/b\u003e To a stirred solution of 3 (159 mg, 0.408 mmol) and NHS (93.9 mg, 0.816 mmol) in DMF (7.60 mL) was added EDC (157 mg, 0.816 mmol) at room temperature. The reaction mixture was stirred at 35 ˚C for 23 h. The solvent was evaporated in vacuo to give a pale brown syrup. The crude product was purified by flash column chromatography with CH\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eCl\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e/MeOH (8:1 v/v) to afford 4 (141 mg, 76%) as a white solid. \u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003eH NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e) δ 1.22-1.65 (m, 12H), 2.04 (t, \u003cem\u003eJ\u003c/em\u003e = 7.2 Hz, 2H), 2.57 (d, \u003cem\u003eJ\u003c/em\u003e = 12.8 Hz, 1H), 2.65 (t, \u003cem\u003eJ\u003c/em\u003e = 7.2 Hz, 2H), 2.81 (s, 4H), 2.78-2.85 (m, 1H), 2.98-3.04 (m, 2H), 3.07-3.12 (m, 1H), 4.10-4.14 (m, 1H), 4.28-4.32 (m, 1H), 6.29 (s, 1H), 6.40 (s, 1H), 7.75 (t, \u003cem\u003eJ\u003c/em\u003e = 1.8 Hz, 1H). ESI-MS \u003cem\u003em/z\u003c/em\u003e 455.1967 [M+H]\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e (\u003cem\u003ecalcd for\u003c/em\u003e C\u003csub\u003e20\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e31\u003c/sub\u003eN\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003eS, 455.1959).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eRefolding\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eD-core streptavidin peptide and natural core streptavidin (Roche Diagnostics, 11520679) as lyophilized compounds were dissolved in 80 mM Tris-HCl, 1 mM EDTA, 6 M guanidine hydrochloride, pH 8.0. Each dissolved sample was heat-denatured at 85\u0026deg;C for 45 min. The sample solution was diluted 6-fold in the refolding buffer (80 mM Tris-HCl, 1 mM EDTA, pH 8.0) at 25\u0026deg;C for 30 min and re-diluted 100-fold in the same buffer at 4\u0026deg;C for 18 h. Each diluted sample was concentrated 200-fold using a centrifugal filter unit (Merck Millipore) and kept at 4\u0026deg;C for 12 h.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eAnalytical SEC\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eSEC was run using a Hitachi HPLC system equipped with a Chromaster HPLC pump 5110, UV-VIS detector 5420, and autosampler 5210 (Hitachi High-Technologies). UV absorbance at 280 nm was analyzed using Chromaster System Manager version 1.1 (Hitachi High-Technologies). A SEC column (Superdex200 Increase 10/300, 10 mmφx 300 mm, Cytiva) was equilibrated with arginine-based SEC eluent buffer (Arg-SEC Mobile Phase standard type, NACALAI TESQUE) at a flow rate of 0.8 mL/min at 25\u0026deg;C for more than 2 h. A column was loaded with 10 \u0026micro;g (in 20\u0026ndash;50 \u0026micro;L) of core streptavidin samples and protein concentrations of detected peaks at 280 nm were quantified using a standard peak area (10 \u0026micro;g) of reagent core streptavidin (Roche Diagnostics, 11520679).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eFar ultra-violet CD spectrum analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe measurement samples were prepared by dilution to 300 \u0026micro;g/mL in 20 mM phosphate buffer. CD spectra (Far ultra-violet region: 190-260 nm) were acquired at 25\u0026deg;C using a CD spectrometer (JASCO, J-1500). The path length was set to 1 mm. The data pitch was set to 0.1 mm. The scanning speed was set to 100 nm/min, and the spectra were averaged from three scans. The spectral baseline was recorded using a 20 mM phosphate buffer. Each data point was baseline-subtracted.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eSPR analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003ePreparation of biotin labeled albumin.\u003c/b\u003e 50 mg/ml of bovine serum albumin (2.8 ml; Proliant Biologicals, 68700) was added to 10 mg/mL of L-biotin-AC5-OSu in N, N-dimethylformamide solution (163 \u0026micro;L) and the mixture was incubated at 35\u0026deg;C for 1 h. The mixture was buffer-exchanged to 0.1 M phosphate buffer (pH 7.5) with PD-10 column (Cytiva). D-biotin labeled albumin was produced under the same conditions using D-biotin-AC5-OSu (Dojin Chemical)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eMeasurement.\u003c/b\u003e The Surface plasmon resonance was measured using a Biacore T200 instrument (Cytiva). Each prepared biotin labeled bovine serum albumin was immobilized on each flow cell of a CM5 sensor chip by the amine coupling method to a final targeted resonance unit of 400. Non-biotin labeled bovine serum albumin (Proliant Biologicals, 68700) was immobilized on a reference flow cell under the same condition. Next, five concentrations (0.05, 0.15, 0.45, 1.35, and 4.05 nM) of D-core streptavidin in HBS-EP+ (Cytiva) buffer were passed over the chip using a single cycle method. The sensorgram data were analyzed using Biacore T200 evaluation software version 3.1, with 1:1 binding kinetics.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eImmunoassay\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003ePreparation.\u003c/b\u003e(1) D-core streptavidin (1 \u0026micro;g/mL PBS, 100 \u0026micro;L) was added to a 96-well ELISA plate (Thermo Fisher Scientific, 436110) and incubated at 4\u0026deg;C overnight. After washing three times with PBS, PBS buffer containing 2% bovine serum albumin (200 \u0026micro;L; Proliant Biologicals, 68700) was added and shaken for 2 h at 25\u0026deg;C with a rotation speed of 600 rpm. The natural core streptavidin immune assay plate was prepared under the same conditions using reagent core streptavidin (Roche Diagnostics, 11520679).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(2) 5.1 mg/mL thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) antibody (25 \u0026micro;L, Kitayama Labs, T 2-194) was added to 16.7 mg/mL of L-biotin-AC5-OSu in DMSO solution and the mixture was incubated at 35\u0026deg;C for 1 h. The mixture was equilibrated with 0.1 M phosphate buffer (pH 7.5) PD-10 (Cytiva), and 500 \u0026micro;L fractions were separated and the fractions absorbing at 280 nm wavelength were collected. D-biotin labeled TSH antibody was produced under the same conditions using D-biotin-AC 5-OSu (Dojin Chemical).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eEvaluation of the effect on the measurement system in the presence of biotin.\u003c/b\u003e(1) In a 1.5 mL tube, as a sample, HISCL TSH calibrator C3 (Sysmex) 400 \u0026micro;L and HISCL TSH R1 reagent (Sysmex) was added to 400 \u0026micro;L, and the reaction was carried out at 37\u0026deg;C The reaction was carried out under the condition of 37\u0026deg;C and 600 rpm for 30 minutes. To evaluate the influence of D-biotin, 0 ng/mL, 1 ng/mL, 10 ng/mL, 1 ng/mL, 10 ng/mL, 100 ng/mL, or 100 ng/mL of D-biotin was added to the samples and reacted.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(2) The streptavidin-immobilized plate was washed three times with HISCL wash solution, and 60 \u0026micro;L of the reacted solution was added to each well (1.5-mL. The plates were washed three times with HISCL wash solution (Sysmex), and 60 \u0026micro;L of the reacted solution was added to each well. The reaction was carried out at 37\u0026deg;C and 600 rpm for 20 min. Biotin-labeled TSH antibody prepared above was added, and the reaction was carried out at 37\u0026deg;C and 600 rpm for 30 min.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(3) The plate was washed five times with HISCL wash solution, and 50 \u0026micro;L of HISCL R4 Reagent (Sysmex) and 100 \u0026micro;L HISCL R5 Reagent (Sysmex) were added, and the reaction was carried out at 37\u0026deg;C and 600 rpm for 3 min. After the reaction, luminescence was detected using a microplate reader (Infinite 2000 PRO, TECAN). The streptavidin-conjugated plate and biotin-labeled TSH antibody after blocking were also measured in the same way.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStatistics\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAll values in Figure \u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e are expressed as mean from duplicated analysis.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003eData availability\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe data that support this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCompeting interests\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors thank Keiko Miwa and Kazuki Uchida (Sysmex Corporation) for their technical support.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAuthor contributions\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eM.S. performed the DSF analysis; T.K. and K.I. performed the immunoassay; M.S. and Kota.T. performed the SPR and CD analysis; M.S. and D.E. performed the in vitro refolding; D.E. performed SEC analysis; M.T. and Y.N. synthesized L-biotin derivatives; Kouhei.T., K.S., T.S. and Y.N. provided supervisory supports for the study design and manuscript preparation; M.S. wrote the paper.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003cp\u003e1.Green, N. 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Theoretical study of the contribution of aromatic side chains to the circular dichroism of basic bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor. \u003cem\u003eBiochemistry\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cstrong\u003e28\u003c/strong\u003e, 8609-8613 (1989).\u003c/p\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"scientific-reports","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"scirep","sideBox":"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Scientific Reports","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Scientific Reports","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-1314454/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-1314454/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThe streptavidin-biotin system is known to have a very high affinity and specificity and is widely used in biochemical immunoassays and diagnostics. However, this method is affected by endogenous D-biotin in serum sample measurements (biotin interference). While several efforts using alternative high-affinity binding systems (e.g., genetically modified streptavidin and biotin derivatives) have been attempted, these efforts have all led to reduction in affinity. To solve this interference issue, the enantiomer of streptavidin was synthesized, which enabled specific binding to L-biotin. We successfully obtained a functional streptavidin molecule by peptide synthesis using D-amino acids and an in vitro refolding technique. Several characterizations, including size exclusion chromatography (SEC), circular dichroism spectra (CD), and heat denaturation experiments collectively confirmed the higher-order enantiomer of natural streptavidin had been formed with comparable stability to the natural protein. Non-natural L-biotin specific binding of this novel molecule enabled us to avoid biotin interference in affinity measurements using the Biacore system and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). We propose the enantiomer of streptavidin as a potential candidate to replace the natural streptavidin-biotin system, even for in vivo use.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Mirror-image Streptavidin with Specific Binding to “Non-natural” L-biotin","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2022-02-03 14:30:28","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-1314454/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Major revision","date":"2022-04-04T05:19:17+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2022-03-15T19:11:15+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"d6c729e0-4ca0-4675-aced-ee7a1df02b8c","date":"2022-03-13T21:22:04+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2022-03-12T18:12:26+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2022-03-10T20:57:10+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2022-02-02T11:49:11+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2022-02-02T11:47:05+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Scientific Reports","date":"2022-01-31T11:54:03+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"scientific-reports","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"scirep","sideBox":"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Scientific Reports","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Scientific Reports","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"05fe1e05-56fc-4bb7-b98e-ad3743e5ddaf","owner":[],"postedDate":"February 3rd, 2022","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2022-05-16T05:14:16+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2022-02-03 14:30:28","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-1314454","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-1314454","identity":"rs-1314454","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"7rjqhiLT3MXkJMwkYKINL","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}