A new hotspot of macro-litter in the Rutland Island, South Andaman, India: Menace from IORC

A new hotspot of macro-litter in the Rutland Island, South Andaman, India: Menace from IORC | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article A new hotspot of macro-litter in the Rutland Island, South Andaman, India: Menace from IORC Venkatesan Shiva Shankar, Neelam Purti, Ramakirushnan Sivasankar, and 3 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-1595002/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 15 Jun, 2023 Read the published version in Environmental Science and Pollution Research → Version 1 posted 5 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Thirteen sandy beaches of remote Rutland Island were divided into three zones to identify the litter pollution, their source, pathway of plastic transport, to determine the level of macro litter contamination, and its impact on coastal biota. The total area surveyed was 0.52 km 2 (5,20,020.79 m 2 ), and the total number of litter items enumerated was 3,17,565 belonging to twenty-seven distinct litter types. The beaches in Zone II and Zone III were clean and Zone I were very dirty. The maximum litter density (1.03 items/ m 2 ) was observed in Photo Nallah 1 and Photo Nallah 2, whereas the lowest (0.09 items/ m 2 ) was observed in Jahaji beach. The primary contributor of litter on Rutland’s beaches was plastics (60%-99%), presumed to originate from the Indian Ocean Rim Countries (IORC). A collective solid waste management initiative by the IORC is essential in preventing littering on remote islands. Clean Coast Index Marine Litter MGMNP Oceanic Currents Plastic Turtle Nesting Waste management Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 1. Introduction Sixty to ninety-nine million tons of litter are disposed into the environment each year and a predictive assessment articulates that the quantity is likely to increase threefold by 2060 (Lebreton and Andrady 2019 ). The marine litter was classified into macro (> 2.5cm to 1m), meso (5mm to 2.5cm), and micro-plastics (< 5mm) based on their size. Macro litter was further categorized based on its origin as land-derived or oceanic (Galgani et al. 2015 ; GESAMP 2020 ). Land-derived litter is associated with agricultural, industrial, and recreational activities. In contrast, ocean-derived litter is typically associated with commercial shipping, fisheries, and recreational boating. 192 coastal countries are predicted to create 275 million metric tonnes of plastic garbage, with large volumes (4.8–12.7 million metric tonnes) entering marine systems (Cheshire et al. 2009 ; Jambeck et al. 2016 ). A voluminous quantity of these plastics enters marine systems since 40% of the global population (80 persons/km 2 ) live within one hundred kilometers of the coastlines, posing a severe threat to the marine faunal diversity (Gall and Thompson 2015 ; Galgani et al. 2015 ; Cavalcante et al. 2020 ). Consequently, mid-ocean garbage patches, plastic deposition on remote islands, entanglement, plastic ingestion, and mortality of marine animals have been increased globally (Miralles et al. 2018 ; Rodríguez-Díaz et al. 2020 ; Kaviarasan et al. 2020 ). Multiple factors influence the prevalence of litter on beaches, including the location and topography of the beach, the existence of rivers and streams, floods, and winds (Ryan et al. 2018 ). Sandy beaches are often assumed to be significant sinks for floating litter, and their occurrence may be detrimental to biotic communities, and turtle nesting sites (Nelms et al. 2015 ). Once plastic litter reaches the vast expanse of the ocean, it may either be deposited on the adjacent coast or carried long distances (due to its low density) by the wind and current patterns. Plastic litter may get stranded on open ocean Islands during this transport, and secluded island systems may serve as a prospective basin (Lavers and Bond 2017 ; Lebreton et al. 2018 ; Kaviarasan et al. 2020 ). The Indian Ocean (IO) has several remote islands. Among these, the Andaman and Nicobar Islands (ANI's) are a territorial extension on the east coast of India remotely situated in the North-Eastern Indian Ocean in the Bay of Bengal (BoB); it hosts a dynamic and vibrant biodiversity hotspot (FSI, 2019). The Rutland Island is located in the southern region of the south Andaman and is encompassed by Mahatma Gandhi Marine National Park (MGMNP), turtle nesting grounds, the largest saltwater crocodile congregation, and endemic Andaman water monitor lizards. Investigations of macro-litters in ANI’s suggests a paucity of comprehensive studies on unmanaged marine macro litters in Rutland Island (Dharani et al. 2003 ; Mohan and Dhivya 2013 ; Kaladharan et al. 2017 ; Kaviarasan and James 2017 ; Goswami et al. 2020 ; Krishnakumar et al. 2020 ; Patchaiyappan et al. 2020 ; Goswami et al. 2021 ; Saravanan et al. 2021 ). In view of this, the litters were counted, classified, and identified their origin on Rutland Island. The present investigation would provide first-hand data to promulgate a litter management strategy for conserving pristine beaches in Rutland and adjacent Islands. 2. Materials And Methods 2. 1. Rutland Island Rutland Island (11⁰20'00" N-11⁰32'00" N, 92⁰34'00" E-92⁰43'00" E) is one among the largest of the labyrinth group of islands in the southern region of the Andaman, separated by Duncan Passage from Little Andaman Island (Fig. 1 ). The island's total geographic area is about 120 Km 2 , with a shoreline of approximately 71 km. The study area has an estimated population of 347 people (Census 2011), with the primary occupations being farming and fishing. The study area is characterized by a tropical, hot, and humid climate with 3074.3 mm of rainfall on average per year. Besides, Rutland Island often encounters heavy gales, storms, and cyclones, unlike the rest of ANI’s (Goswami et al. 2020 ). The South-East Monsoon (SWM) brings substantial rainfall (76.35%) from May to September, followed by a short (22%) North-East Monsoon (NEM) from October to December, and a dry spell during the Pre-Monsoon (PM) between January and April (1.64%). The study area receives minimum rainfall during the Pre-Monsoon as well. The wind speed would be 5 knots/hour in good weather conditions. However, during cyclonic storms, the wind speeds may exceed 120 to 130 knots/hour. The average annual relative humidity and air temperatures range is about 81%, and 23.9°C to 30.2°C respectively. Rutland Island experiences strong tidal currents ranging from 0.543 m/s (August) to 0.0109 m/s (April) due to the complex hydrological condition ( https://marine.copernicus.eu ). The study area also experiences semidiurnal tides (12hr and 20min), with mean wave heights of 1.90m and 0.5m during spring and neap tides, respectively. The tidal currents flow north to south during ebb tide and vice versa during flood tide. Due to the channels between the Labyrinth islands and cumulative effects of tidal range, strong surface currents are generated between 1) Rutland-Cinque Island (Manners Strait), 2) Twins island-Jahaji beach (Rutland), and 3) Labyrinth islands, South Andaman- Rutland (Mac Pherson Strait). As a result, the coastal waters around the study area are always turbulent. The study area is a habitat for diverse fauna and an area of high biological productivity. Coral reefs, mangroves, sandy beaches, rocky shores, tropical evergreen forests, littoral forests, and deciduous forests exist within the study area. It also includes Mahatma Gandhi Marine National Park (MGMNP), established in 1983 to conserve varied fringing coral reef habitats and sea turtle nesting sites. The nesting ground of turtle species, saltwater crocodiles, and the Andaman water monitor lizard was commonly sighted in the study area and across the South Andaman Islands (Sivaperuman 2015 ; Samarasinghe et al. 2020 ). 2.2. Sampling strategies and macro litter survey A macro litter survey (2.5cm to 1m) was carried out on thirteen sandy beaches on Rutland Island between February 2020 and March 2021. Three zones were established for the thirteen sandy beaches based on monsoonal currents. Katla Dera, Photo Nallah 1, Photo Nallah 2, Dhani Nallah, and Bakra Balu were all located in Zone I. Zone II included two beaches, Pharsa Dera and Machi Dera. Niranjan Balu, Kichad Nallah, Hathi level, Kumda Nallah, Bada Khari, and Jahaji were all included in Zone-III. The survey was conducted only under favorable weather conditions. The results were expressed as items per meter square for better understanding and comparison with earlier findings in India and worldwide. During the study period, a five-member reconnaissance team organized an orientation visit to each beach for planning the litter survey. Later, five members examined beaches with a coast length of less than 1 km in a day. On the other hand, a fifteen-member team inspected the beaches with more than 1km coastline in three to five days. The litters were counted, categorized (country-wise using the labels), and classified into six main groups (plastic, foam plastic, glass and ceramics, rubbers, cloths, and others) according to UNEP/IOC (Marine Conservation Society 2002 ; Cheshire et al. 2009 ). 2.3 Typology of macro litter Several distinct litter types were distinguished according to material types and origin: plastics such as polyethylene terephthalate-PET (beverage bottles), packed drinking water plastic bottles, plastic buoys, foam buoys, engine oil jerry cans, polyvinyl chloride-PVC (toys and pipes), and fishing gears (ropes, nets, lures). The minor debris was the tube lights, light bulbs, liquor glass bottles, medicine glass bottles, cigarette lighters, toys, footwear, and toothbrushes. All litter items were counted individually. 2.4. Clean Coast Index The data was compiled to assess the tidiness of the beach using the Clean Coast Index (CCI) (Alkalay et al. 2007 ) with minor modifications (instead of total plastic items, total litter items found on the beach were used). CCI = (Total litter items on the beach/ Total area of the beach in Sqm) ×K Coefficient K = 20 is a constant applied for statistical and convenience. According to the CCI, the following are the criteria: 1) 0–2: very clean-no litter observed, 2) 2–5: clean-no litter is witnessed over a large area, 3) 5–10: moderate-a few pieces of litter detected, 4) 10–20: dirty-much debris seen, 5) 20+: extremely dirty-most availability of litters on the beach. 3. Results And Discussion 3.1. Abundance and composition of macro litter Macro litter was counted on thirteen sandy beaches on Rutland Island, covering 0.52 km 2 (5,20,020.79 m2) and totaling 3,17,565 litter items. The litter density in Zone-III and Zone-II ranged between 0.09 items/ m 2 (Jahaji) and 0.18 items/m 2 (Machi Dera) respectively. On the other hand, the litter density in Zone-I ranged from 0.87 items/m 2 (Katla Dera) to 1.03 items/m 2 (Photo Nallah 1 and Photo Nallah 2). Twenty-seven different types of macro litter were identified from the surveyed beaches (Table 1 ). Macro litter enumerated were predominantly plastic bottles, plastic buoy, foam buoy, engine oil jerry can, polyvinyl chloride-PVC (toys and pipes), fishing gears (ropes, nets, lures). Tube lights, light bulbs, liquor glass bottles, and medication glass bottles were the minor litters. Cigarette lighters, toys, footwear, and toothbrushes were also recorded during the survey. It was observed that plastic bottles (1 lt and > 1 lt) were found lavishly on all studied beaches, Bada Khari (79.04%) and Kumda Nallah (71.37%) showed the highest number of 1 lt plastic water bottles (Table 1 ). Collinpur and Carbyn's Cove beaches in South Andaman also showed a dominant prevalence of water bottles (Mohan and Dhivya 2013 ; Kaviarasan and James 2017 ). The site-wise distribution of plastics and non-plastics demonstrated the ubiquitous presence of plastic litter as an inadvertent contaminant in Rutland Island (Fig. 2 a). It was noticed that the different plastic litter was lavishly encountered in all the zones (I to III) owing to its buoyancy (Fig. 2 b). Less human occupancy i.e., 347 individuals (Census of India, 2011 ) in the study area would not have littered this massive quantity of macro litter. In light of the above, it is possible to infer that these litters originated in the neighboring countries and peninsular India as confirmed by the labels on the encountered macro litters (Fig. 6 ). Several studies conducted on remote islands worldwide corroborate the prevalence of plastics (Pieper et al. 2015 ; Lavers and Bond 2017 ; Ryan et al. 2018 ; Ríos et al. 2018 ; Kaviarasan et al. 2020 ; Krishnakumar et al. 2020 ; Patchaiyappan et al. 2020 ; Goswami et al. 2020 ; Goswami et al. 2021 ). According to Kaladharan et al. ( 2017 ), the Andaman archipelago confronts 47% of plastic litter compared to the national average of 14% in India. Table 1 Percentage composition of individual macro litter observed in Rutland Island in different zones Zone-I Zone-II Zone-III UNEP CODE DESCRIPTION Katla Dera Photo Nallah 1 Photo Nallah 2 Dhani Nallah Bakra Balu Pharsa Dera Machi Dera Niranjan Balu Kichad Nallah Hathi Level Kumda Nallah Bada Khari Jahaji Area of the coast (Sq m) 68995.16 44536.81 47486.84 116028.08 22837.97 7292.55 5530.34 4006.90 2077.06 36072.44 27086.11 44184.85 93885.69 Length of coast (m) 3386.76 1728.12 1691.07 3103.33 992.18 685.05 522.44 275.37 288.03 1860.68 1719.76 2212.53 2474.28 PL02 Plastic water bottle (1 Lt) 49.20 61.00 61.33 46.93 46.17 28.02 34.90 46.68 8.02 65.13 71.37 79.04 57.32 PL02 Plastic water bottle (> 1 Lt) 33.26 22.37 23.31 34.15 34.98 21.55 15.05 4.98 8.02 16.41 7.96 5.71 28.66 PL02 Plastic Juice bottle (1 Lt) 14.59 12.76 11.82 16.98 11.85 4.22 3.99 1.18 2.95 2.31 2.61 1.69 4.80 PL03 Engine oil jerry can ( 5 Lt) 0.02 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.05 0.09 0.10 0.00 0.00 0.05 0.03 0.21 0.13 PL03 Plastic drums (50 Lt) 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.43 0.51 0.71 1.27 0.13 0.06 0.13 0.11 PL08 Toys 0.05 0.07 0.10 0.04 0.16 1.47 0.92 0.71 0.84 0.62 1.08 0.67 0.35 PL10 Cigarette lighter 0.29 0.41 0.33 0.12 0.61 2.67 2.15 5.45 9.28 1.45 1.69 0.93 0.40 PL13 Plastic fishing tray 0.03 0.04 0.03 0.01 0.05 0.17 0.20 0.24 0.42 0.13 0.22 0.17 0.16 PL14 Plastic buoy 0.25 0.28 0.29 0.21 0.61 3.71 3.17 3.55 7.17 1.04 0.95 0.74 0.45 PL17 Fishing lures 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.06 0.13 1.29 1.54 3.08 4.64 0.44 0.58 0.32 0.18 PL19 Plastic rope 0.08 0.10 0.09 0.05 0.18 1.81 2.35 2.61 5.06 0.44 0.40 0.25 0.20 PL20 Plastic fishing net 0.08 0.12 0.08 0.05 0.17 0.95 1.43 2.84 4.64 0.13 0.28 0.25 0.18 PL24 Cosmetic 0.10 0.14 0.10 0.04 0.16 3.02 3.99 4.50 8.02 0.86 0.95 0.55 0.45 PL24 Plastic helmet 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 PL24 Plastic chair 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.02 0.09 0.10 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.08 0.06 PL24 Fishing floats 0.04 0.04 0.05 0.03 0.09 1.29 1.54 3.08 5.06 0.60 0.65 0.48 0.31 FP04 Foam buoy 0.21 0.27 0.25 0.16 0.50 3.88 5.02 2.61 2.95 1.17 1.32 0.95 0.68 GC01 PVC pipe 0.12 0.16 0.14 0.04 0.19 1.21 1.33 2.61 4.64 0.55 0.40 0.32 0.18 GC02 Medicine glass bottle 0.25 0.32 0.29 0.13 0.65 8.53 7.78 2.61 5.49 0.75 0.83 0.93 0.66 GC02 Liquor glass bottle 0.55 0.69 0.78 0.42 1.58 4.91 6.04 3.55 5.06 1.79 2.43 2.72 2.14 GC04 Bulb 0.13 0.13 0.11 0.04 0.21 4.31 1.33 0.95 2.11 1.95 1.85 1.01 0.57 GC05 Tube light 0.06 0.09 0.08 0.03 0.17 1.29 0.31 0.47 0.42 0.31 0.37 0.36 0.18 GC08 Perfume glass bottle 0.23 0.28 0.24 0.10 0.52 0.95 1.13 1.90 3.80 0.34 0.46 0.42 0.35 ME05 Gas cylinder 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.02 OT02 Toothbrush 0.13 0.18 0.11 0.06 0.21 0.86 1.54 1.42 2.53 1.17 1.20 0.82 0.50 RB02 Foot wear 0.20 0.31 0.29 0.11 0.59 2.16 2.35 1.18 3.80 1.84 1.91 1.01 0.70 Total litter items 59981 45861 48688 116397 23303 1160 977 422 237 3852 3252 5254 8181 Litter items/sq m 0.87 1.03 1.03 1.00 1.02 0.16 0.18 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.12 0.12 0.09 Clean coast index 17.39*** 20.59**** 20.51**** 20.06**** 20.41**** 3.18** 3.53** 2.11** 2.28** 2.14** 2.40** 2.38** 1.74* D VD VD VD VD C C C C C C C VC *- Very Clean, **- Clean, ***- Dirty, ****-Very Dirty Public, fishing, and shipping are the primary sources of macro litter in Rutland island (Fig. 4 ). The results coherent the impact of the public utility litter, which was invariably present in all three zones (Fig. 3 a). A similar impact was observed Lakshadweep Islands (Kaviarasan et al. 2020 ). Zones I and II are active fishing sites, due to the remoteness and absence of collection facilities, debris buildup was remarkably higher in these zones (Table 1 ). Although the fishing potential in Zone-I is higher than Zone-II, adverse weather conditions, strong oceanic currents, and most importantly, the grave threat by the salt-water crocodile restricts fishing activity in Zone-I. Since Zone-III is a protected area under the MGMNP, fishing activities are prohibited and punishable. Therefore, it is reasonable to presume that the fishing debris washed ashore from a different distant destination through the oceanic currents. 3.2. Beach quality assessment The CCI is an ideal tool for gauging the quality of the beaches. The CCI results indicate that the beaches in Zones II (Machi Dera and Pharsa Dera) and III (Niranjan Balu, Kichad Nallah, Hati level, Kumda Nallah, and Bada Khari) are clean. The CCI values vary from 2.11 (Niranjan Balu) to 3.53 (Machi Dera). Jahaji beach (Zone-III) was the very cleanest beach in the study area (1.74). Among the five beaches of Zone-I, Dhani Nallah (20.06), Bakra Balu (20.41), Photo Nallah 2 (20.51), and Photo Nallah 1 (20.59) was extremely dirty, while Katla Dera (17.39) was found to be dirty (Fig. 3 b). 3.3. Factors influencing litter arrival The ANIs, as well as other remote island systems, serve as prospective catchment areas for ubiquitous marine anthropogenic waste in the open ocean (Krishnakumar et al. 2020 ; Goswami et al. 2020 ; Patchaiyappan et al. 2020 ; Goswami et al. 2021 ). Litter entering the marine environment through riverine discharge is improbable since the study area is in pristine condition with a small population. It would not have created the massive quantum of litter to be disposed of in the island’s stream. Therefore, multiple pathways such as strong winds, diurnal tides, oceanic currents, and storms are the significant introducing vectors from the adjacent countries into the study area (Dharani et al. 2003 ; Patchaiyappan et al. 2020 ; Krishnakumar et al. 2020 ). The landfall of foreign-origin litter was emplaced (2m width) all along the foreshore berms (highest high tide line). The text and language were used to identify the country of origin based on the encountered labeling ( Fig. 4 ). Zone-I exhibited diversified litter from nine countries, including Sri Lanka, the Maldives, the UAE, Somalia, Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, Myanmar, and Bangladesh. These highly diversified litters are indicative of the movement of South West Monsoon Currents (SMC) and North East Monsoon Currents (NMC) via the Duncan strait, which connects Rutland and Little Andaman (Fig. 1 ). On the other hand, Zone-II encountered diversified litters from Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, Myanmar, and Bangladesh. In contrast, macro-debris from Sri Lanka, the Maldives, the UAE, and Somalia are encountered in Zone-III (Fig. 5 ). The stratification of Indian Ocean Rim Countries (IORC) macro debris in Zone-II and Zone-III can be attributed to the predominance of NMC and SMC. Apart from the IORC, macro debris from India’s eastern and western coastal regions was encountered. The West Indian Coast Current (WICC) carries litter from western Indian coastal states such as Gujarat, Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka, Kerala, and Kanyakumari. Particles tend to follow a similar path: They move northeastward into the Arabian Sea, then into the BoB, and then eastward following the Equatorial Counter Current, depending on monsoon currents in the north Indian Ocean (Shankar et al. 2002 ; Tomczak and Godfrey 2003 ; Chassignet et al. 2021 ). The BoB is most likely to be a hotspot of macro litter due to the multiple-scale recirculation gyre and vast input of land-based plastic litter (Li et al. 2021 ). Besides, the SMC and NMC play a vital role in the emplacement of plastic litter from the IORC in the BoB (Mheen et al. 2020 ). Apart from oceanic currents, the northern Indian Ocean is well-known for heavy passenger and commercial ships sailing from a variety of locations. As a result, shipping is likely a source of trash in the research area (Smith et al. 2018 ; Ryan et al., 2018 , 2020 , 2021 ). The quantity of plastics produced, used, and unmanaged debris are a good indicator of a country's socioeconomic status (Hardesty et al. 2017 ). The Indian Ocean receives millions of metric tons (MMT) of unmanaged plastic debris each year from countries including Indonesia (0.48–1.29 MMT/ year), Sri Lanka (0.24–0.64 MMT/year), Thailand (0.15–0.41 MMT/year), Malaysia (0.14–0.37 MMT/year), Bangladesh (0.12–0.31 MMT/year) and India (0.09–0.24 MMT/year) (Jambeck et al. 2016 ). The IORC collective solid waste management initiative would pave the way for litter prevention on remote islands. 3.4. Exposure of sensitive receptors The magnanimity of buoyant plastic litter in the water column of the study area may limit light penetration; alter primary production, resulting in dissolved oxygen depletion and habitat structure modification. Reducing macro-plastic to micro-plastic will lure zooplanktons to ingest, thus magnifying and amplifying throughout the food web. This bio-magnification and bio-amplification would also imperil the sensitive benthic ecosystem (Goswami et al. 2021 ). Furthermore, microplastics may aid in the sorption of hazardous compounds such as heavy metals, polychlorinated biphenyls, and polyaromatic hydrocarbons, and raising their background value. (Allen et al. 2018 ; Tang et al. 2018 ). The abandoned fishing gear may cause physical damage to corals ( Fig. 6 c ) and associated species of the coral reef ecosystem (Wilcox et al. 2013 ; Stelfox et al. 2016 ; Ballesteros et al. 2018 ). The mangroves are likely to deteriorate as a result of plastic litter. The camouflaging green, blue and whitish transparent fishing gears will cause turtle ( Fig. 6 a ) and saltwater crocodile ( Fig. 6 b ) entanglement. Turtles may be accidentally ingested if the litter is coupled with macroalgae (Di Beneditto and Awabdi 2014 ). Furthermore, turtles mistake transparent floating debris for prey and consume it directly, resulting in death. The beached plastic litter (Fig. 6 d and 6 e ) may enhance the soil’s permeability while reducing the thermal diffusivity of the turtle nesting ground, resulting in all-male hatchlings (Nelms et al. 2015 ). Similarly, the nesting site of the saltwater crocodile might be disrupted. It is worth noting the outstanding conservation efforts of the South Andaman forest division, which every October, before the commencement of the nesting season, conducts extensive surface beach cleanup initiatives at Jahaji, Rutland (Fig. 6 f and Fig. 7 ). 4. Conclusion Macro litter studies on remote islands could be essential for gaining insight into ocean-sourced litter on the coast and clarifying doubts about the missing plastics from the ocean. Although the study area is a part of MGMNP and has a limited human occupancy under restricted legislation, litter carried by oceanic currents from neighboring nations poses a serious threat to the protected marine national park. The present study identifies diversified plastics from nine Indian Ocean Rim Countries, including Sri Lanka, Maldives, the UAE, Somalia, Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, Myanmar, and Bangladesh, apart from India’s mainland. The Indian Ocean Rim countries shall collaborate to implement an effective solid waste management program to minimize plastic littering. The forest department of the Andaman and Nicobar Administration made an effort to clean the selected beach (Jahaji) annually before the start of turtle nesting season. It is recommended that beaches identified as dirty, such as BakraBalu, DhaniNallah, Photo Nallah 1, and Photo Nallah 2 should be cleaned regularly since they serve as the nesting ground for sea turtles, saltwater crocodiles, and Andaman water monitor lizards. The accumulating litter on the aforementioned beaches may result in the loss of nesting grounds. The present study establishes a new avenue for future research endeavors in Rutland such as 1) quantification of micro-plastics in various locations, 2) impact of beach buried plastics on the sex ratio of turtles, saltwater crocodiles, and Andaman water monitor lizard, 3) bio-accumulation of microplastics by various life forms, and 4) seasonal monitoring and modeling study for source and fate of marine litter in this region. Declarations Acknowledgment The authors express gratitude to all the staffs and mazdoors of Mangultan Forest Range, South Andaman Forest Division for extending their support throughout the investigation. Ethical Approval: 1) This material is the authors' own original work, which has not been previously published elsewhere. 2) The paper is not currently being considered for publication elsewhere. 3) The paper reflects the authors' own research and analysis in a truthful and complete manner. 4) The paper properly credits the meaningful contributions of co-authors and co-researchers. 5) The results are appropriately placed in the context of prior and existing research. 6) All sources used are properly disclosed (correct citation). Literally copying of text must be indicated as such by using quotation marks and giving proper reference. 7) All authors have been personally and actively involved in substantial work leading to the paper, and will take public responsibility for its content. 8) The manuscript was checked for plagiarism as well. Consent to Participate: The results from the present research was originally generated from the fieldwork in the study area by the first and second authors. No data from any other sources/individuals/organization were used in the present research. Consent to Publish: All the authors actively participated in the present research activity. Those extended the support are been acknowledged Authors Contributions: V. Shiva Shankar & Neelam Purti: Field work, design of framework of methodology, Mapping and drafting of manuscript. Neelam Purti: Supervision of field work, compilation of field data and photography. R.Sivasankar: Language editing, fine-tuning, and review of the manuscript. T Kaviarasan: Data compilation, analysis and fine-tuning the manuscript TR Satyakeerthy & Sunil Jacob: collection of literature and marking the vital informations relevant to the manuscript. Funding: No grants been received either from national or international agencies for carrying this research. Incidentals for field visit was shared by the authors. Competing Intresets: I on behalf of all the co-authors declare that we do not have any competing or conflict of interest financially and non-financially with any national or international agencies. Availability of data and materials: All the data and materials are presented as tables and figures. References Alkalay R, Pasternak G, Zask A (2007) Clean-coast index-a new approach for beach cleanliness assessment. Ocean Coast Manag 50:352–362. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.ocecoaman.2006.10.002 Allen T, Farley S, Draper J, Clement C, Polidoro B (2018) Variations in sorption of organo-chlorine pesticides and PCBs across six different plastic polymers. Environ Toxicol Stud 2:1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.16966/2576-6430.109 Ballesteros VL, Matthews JL, Hoeksema BW (2018) Pollution and coral damage caused by derelict fishing gear on coral reefs around Koh Tao, Gulf of Thailand. 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ICES J Mar Sci 73:165–181. https://doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsv165 Patchaiyappan A, Zaki S, Dowarah K, Jaykumar S, Suja P, Devipriya (2020) Occurrence, distribution and composition of microplastics in the sediments of South Andaman beaches. Mar Pollut Bull 111227. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111227 Pieper C, Ventura MA, Martins A, Cunha RT (2015) Beach debris in the Azores (NE Atlantic): Faial Island as a first case study. Mar Pollut Bull 101:575–582. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.10.056 Ríos N, Frias JPGL, Rodríguez Y, Carriço R, Garcia SM, Juliano M, Pham CK (2018) Spatio-temporal variability of beached macro-litter on remote islands of the North Atlantic. Mar Pollut Bull 133:304–311. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.05.038 Rodríguez-Díaz L, Gómez-Gesteira JL, Costoya X, Gómez-Gesteira M, Gago J (2020) The Bay of Biscay as a trapping zone for exogenous plastics of different sizes. 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Environ Pollut 288:117729 ) Samarasinghe JSD, Koch A, Harikrishnan S, Arachchi MK, Chandi M (2020) On the taxonomy and distribution of Varanus salvator andamanensis Deraniyagala, 1944 (Reptilia: Varanidae), including a redescription of the type specimens and a discussion about its allopatric co-occurrence with V. s. macromaculatus . on the Nicobar Islands Zootaxa 4743(1):061–064. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4743.1.5 Saravanan K, Kiruba-Sankar R, Junaid Khan M, Hashmi SA, Velmurgan A, Haridas H, Prakasan S, Deepitha RP, Laxmi VNM (2021) Baseline assessment of marine debris with soil, sediment, and water quality characteristics from the fish landing centres of South Andaman, Andaman archipelago, India. Mar Pollut Bull 172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112879 Shankar D, Vinayashandran PN, Unnikrishnan AS (2002) The monsoon currents in the north Indian Ocean. Prog Oceanogr 52:63–120. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0079-6611(02)00024-1 Sivaperuman C(2015) Saltwater Crocodiles in Andaman and Nicobar Islands, with Special Reference to Human–Crocodile Conflict. Marine Faunal Diversity in India (Eds: Venkatraman and Sivaperuman), 453–460, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-801948-1.00026-4 Smith SD, Banister K, Fraser N, Edgar RJ (2018) Tracing the source of marine debris on the beaches of northern New South Wales, Australia: The bottles on beaches program. Mar Pollut Bull 126:304–307. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.11.022 Stelfox M, Hudgins J, Sweet M (2016) A review of ghost gear entanglement amongst marine mammals, reptiles and elasmobranchs. Mar Pollut Bull 111:6–17. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.06.034 Tang G, Liu M, Zhou Q, He H, Chen K, Zhang H, Hu J, Huang Q, Luo Y, Ke H, Chen B, Xu X, Chen B (2018) Microplastics and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Xiamen coastal areas: implications for anthropogenic impacts. Sci Total Environ 634:811–820. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.03.336 Tomczak M, Godfrey JS (2003) Regional Oceanography: an Introduction, 2ndEdn. Daya Publishing House, New Delhi Wilcox C, Hardesty BD, Sharples R, Griffin DA, Lawson TJ, Gunn R (2013) Ghost net impacts on globally threatened turtles, a spatial risk analysis for northern Australia. Conserv Lett 6:247–254. https://doi.org/10.1111/conl.12001 Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 15 Jun, 2023 Read the published version in Environmental Science and Pollution Research → Version 1 posted Reviewers agreed at journal 19 Jun, 2022 Reviewers invited by journal 05 Jun, 2022 Editor invited by journal 31 May, 2022 Editor assigned by journal 16 May, 2022 First submitted to journal 25 Apr, 2022 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-1595002","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":111188253,"identity":"356084ec-5fdb-40e9-8d0e-1a81d6e561e2","order_by":0,"name":"Venkatesan Shiva 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01:46:39","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-1595002/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-1595002/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-28024-8","type":"published","date":"2023-06-15T21:13:08+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":22524169,"identity":"ae41c655-8efc-47be-b313-2c2c039533b1","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2022-06-10 20:29:39","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":353472,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSampling locations and different zones of Rutland Island\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-1595002/v1/39b4ae6baf05139163cafde0.png"},{"id":22524167,"identity":"3b609a00-6545-4720-9ee8-6d1da5305691","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2022-06-10 20:29:39","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":394809,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ea) Diversity and distribution of\u0026nbsp;major categories of litter b) Percentage contribution of individual litters in Zone I, II and III.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-1595002/v1/3c8f258ff07f465d20091d6b.png"},{"id":22524634,"identity":"130eb219-5d0c-4754-a273-d41f0b14354c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2022-06-10 20:34:39","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":380559,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ea) Major sources of macro litters in three different zones of Rutland Island and b) Spatial distribution of Clean Coast Index at different sites in Rutland Island\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-1595002/v1/43834a17f6ca1204a54e30f6.png"},{"id":22524172,"identity":"6ed373cf-01ee-4ffe-8255-2df2f97ed09e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2022-06-10 20:29:39","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":1587576,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLitters encountered in the different zones of Rutland Island a) Bangladesh, b) Maldives, c) Indonesia, d) Malaysia, e) Myanmar, f) Srilanka, g) Thailand, h) UAE, i) Somalia, j) Miscellaneous (1-England, 2-USA, 3-Iran, 4-Japan, 5-Ireland, 6-Turkey)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-1595002/v1/b0008eb9531784f12c7b30e2.png"},{"id":22524171,"identity":"54e8a1cb-c222-4a8b-8460-22d11cfc488f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2022-06-10 20:29:39","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":309042,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSite-wise percentage distribution of litters from adjacent countries to Rutland Island\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-1595002/v1/3b585617706722b9dacbd169.png"},{"id":22524170,"identity":"019f0d8a-2afd-4393-929b-f3f2708d5546","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2022-06-10 20:29:39","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":581900,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eImpacts of litter on the Rutland’s ecosystem a) Olive Ridley juvenile being rescued at Jahaji Beach by forest official, b) Saltwater crocodile juvenile being rescued at JahajiBeach by forest official, c) Entangled fishing gear on the coral reef of MGMNP being removed by forest guard d) Plastic debris at high tide line of Photo Nallah Beach, e) Fishing gears washed ashore at KatlaDera Beach, and f) Debris pile after beach cleaning at Jahaji.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-1595002/v1/b64d3ed9b8875a5493667651.png"},{"id":22524173,"identity":"1c4803e0-7013-4991-940a-c2df965c83aa","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2022-06-10 20:29:39","extension":"png","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":536695,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEcological importance of the Rutland Island a) Jahaji Beach, b) Foraging Olive Ridley turtle at Jahaji Beach, c) Olive Ridley turtle laying eggs at Jahaji Beach, d) Turtle trail at Jahaji Beach, e) In-situ conservation of turtle eggs at Jahaji Beach, and f) Madien voyage of Olive Ridley hatchlings at Jahaji Beach\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-1595002/v1/11f0dac74b81e7fa79351cdd.png"},{"id":44731111,"identity":"9ed60c8a-e85e-420b-8a73-967fb7389e40","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-10-16 21:39:45","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":4338431,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-1595002/v1/dcfe5bfc-b631-4b63-b834-f513b758c926.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"","formattedTitle":"A new hotspot of macro-litter in the Rutland Island, South Andaman, India: Menace from IORC","fulltext":[{"header":"1. Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eSixty to ninety-nine million tons of litter are disposed into the environment each year and a predictive assessment articulates that the quantity is likely to increase threefold by 2060 (Lebreton and Andrady \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). The marine litter was classified into macro (\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;2.5cm to 1m), meso (5mm to 2.5cm), and micro-plastics (\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;5mm) based on their size. Macro litter was further categorized based on its origin as land-derived or oceanic (Galgani et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e; GESAMP \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). Land-derived litter is associated with agricultural, industrial, and recreational activities. In contrast, ocean-derived litter is typically associated with commercial shipping, fisheries, and recreational boating. 192 coastal countries are predicted to create 275\u0026nbsp;million metric tonnes of plastic garbage, with large volumes (4.8\u0026ndash;12.7\u0026nbsp;million metric tonnes) entering marine systems (Cheshire et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e; Jambeck et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). A voluminous quantity of these plastics enters marine systems since 40% of the global population (80 persons/km\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e) live within one hundred kilometers of the coastlines, posing a severe threat to the marine faunal diversity (Gall and Thompson \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e; Galgani et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e; Cavalcante et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). Consequently, mid-ocean garbage patches, plastic deposition on remote islands, entanglement, plastic ingestion, and mortality of marine animals have been increased globally (Miralles et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; Rodr\u0026iacute;guez-D\u0026iacute;az et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Kaviarasan et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMultiple factors influence the prevalence of litter on beaches, including the location and topography of the beach, the existence of rivers and streams, floods, and winds (Ryan et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). Sandy beaches are often assumed to be significant sinks for floating litter, and their occurrence may be detrimental to biotic communities, and turtle nesting sites (Nelms et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOnce plastic litter reaches the vast expanse of the ocean, it may either be deposited on the adjacent coast or carried long distances (due to its low density) by the wind and current patterns. Plastic litter may get stranded on open ocean Islands during this transport, and secluded island systems may serve as a prospective basin (Lavers and Bond \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Lebreton et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; Kaviarasan et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). The Indian Ocean (IO) has several remote islands. Among these, the Andaman and Nicobar Islands (ANI's) are a territorial extension on the east coast of India remotely situated in the North-Eastern Indian Ocean in the Bay of Bengal (BoB); it hosts a dynamic and vibrant biodiversity hotspot (FSI, 2019). The Rutland Island is located in the southern region of the south Andaman and is encompassed by Mahatma Gandhi Marine National Park (MGMNP), turtle nesting grounds, the largest saltwater crocodile congregation, and endemic Andaman water monitor lizards. Investigations of macro-litters in ANI\u0026rsquo;s suggests a paucity of comprehensive studies on unmanaged marine macro litters in Rutland Island (Dharani et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e; Mohan and Dhivya \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e; Kaladharan et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Kaviarasan and James \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Goswami et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Krishnakumar et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Patchaiyappan et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Goswami et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Saravanan et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). In view of this, the litters were counted, classified, and identified their origin on Rutland Island. The present investigation would provide first-hand data to promulgate a litter management strategy for conserving pristine beaches in Rutland and adjacent Islands.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. Materials And Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003e2. 1.\u003c/b\u003e Rutland Island\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRutland Island (11⁰20'00\" N-11⁰32'00\" N, 92⁰34'00\" E-92⁰43'00\" E) is one among the largest of the labyrinth group of islands in the southern region of the Andaman, separated by Duncan Passage from Little Andaman Island (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). The island's total geographic area is about 120 Km\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e, with a shoreline of approximately 71 km. The study area has an estimated population of 347 people (Census 2011), with the primary occupations being farming and fishing. The study area is characterized by a tropical, hot, and humid climate with 3074.3 mm of rainfall on average per year. Besides, Rutland Island often encounters heavy gales, storms, and cyclones, unlike the rest of ANI\u0026rsquo;s (Goswami et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). The South-East Monsoon (SWM) brings substantial rainfall (76.35%) from May to September, followed by a short (22%) North-East Monsoon (NEM) from October to December, and a dry spell during the Pre-Monsoon (PM) between January and April (1.64%).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe study area receives minimum rainfall during the Pre-Monsoon as well. The wind speed would be 5 knots/hour in good weather conditions. However, during cyclonic storms, the wind speeds may exceed 120 to 130 knots/hour. The average annual relative humidity and air temperatures range is about 81%, and 23.9\u0026deg;C to 30.2\u0026deg;C respectively. Rutland Island experiences strong tidal currents ranging from 0.543 m/s (August) to 0.0109 m/s (April) due to the complex hydrological condition (\u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://marine.copernicus.eu\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://marine.copernicus.eu\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e). The study area also experiences semidiurnal tides (12hr and 20min), with mean wave heights of 1.90m and 0.5m during spring and neap tides, respectively. The tidal currents flow north to south during ebb tide and \u003cem\u003evice versa\u003c/em\u003e during flood tide. Due to the channels between the Labyrinth islands and cumulative effects of tidal range, strong surface currents are generated between 1) Rutland-Cinque Island (Manners Strait), 2) Twins island-Jahaji beach (Rutland), and 3) Labyrinth islands, South Andaman- Rutland (Mac Pherson Strait). As a result, the coastal waters around the study area are always turbulent.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe study area is a habitat for diverse fauna and an area of high biological productivity. Coral reefs, mangroves, sandy beaches, rocky shores, tropical evergreen forests, littoral forests, and deciduous forests exist within the study area. It also includes Mahatma Gandhi Marine National Park (MGMNP), established in 1983 to conserve varied fringing coral reef habitats and sea turtle nesting sites. The nesting ground of turtle species, saltwater crocodiles, and the Andaman water monitor lizard was commonly sighted in the study area and across the South Andaman Islands (Sivaperuman \u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e; Samarasinghe et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.2. Sampling strategies and macro litter survey\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eA macro litter survey (2.5cm to 1m) was carried out on thirteen sandy beaches on Rutland Island between February 2020 and March 2021. Three zones were established for the thirteen sandy beaches based on monsoonal currents. Katla Dera, Photo Nallah 1, Photo Nallah 2, Dhani Nallah, and Bakra Balu were all located in Zone I. Zone II included two beaches, Pharsa Dera and Machi Dera. Niranjan Balu, Kichad Nallah, Hathi level, Kumda Nallah, Bada Khari, and Jahaji were all included in Zone-III. The survey was conducted only under favorable weather conditions. The results were expressed as items per meter square for better understanding and comparison with earlier findings in India and worldwide. During the study period, a five-member reconnaissance team organized an orientation visit to each beach for planning the litter survey. Later, five members examined beaches with a coast length of less than 1 km in a day. On the other hand, a fifteen-member team inspected the beaches with more than 1km coastline in three to five days. The litters were counted, categorized (country-wise using the labels), and classified into six main groups (plastic, foam plastic, glass and ceramics, rubbers, cloths, and others) according to UNEP/IOC (Marine Conservation Society \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2002\u003c/span\u003e; Cheshire et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.3 Typology of macro litter\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eSeveral distinct litter types were distinguished according to material types and origin: plastics such as polyethylene terephthalate-PET (beverage bottles), packed drinking water plastic bottles, plastic buoys, foam buoys, engine oil jerry cans, polyvinyl chloride-PVC (toys and pipes), and fishing gears (ropes, nets, lures). The minor debris was the tube lights, light bulbs, liquor glass bottles, medicine glass bottles, cigarette lighters, toys, footwear, and toothbrushes. All litter items were counted individually.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.4. Clean Coast Index\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe data was compiled to assess the tidiness of the beach using the Clean Coast Index (CCI) (Alkalay et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e) with minor modifications (instead of total plastic items, total litter items found on the beach were used).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCCI = (Total litter items on the beach/ Total area of the beach in Sqm) \u0026times;K\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCoefficient K\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;20 is a constant applied for statistical and convenience. According to the CCI, the following are the criteria: 1) 0\u0026ndash;2: very clean-no litter observed, 2) 2\u0026ndash;5: clean-no litter is witnessed over a large area, 3) 5\u0026ndash;10: moderate-a few pieces of litter detected, 4) 10\u0026ndash;20: dirty-much debris seen, 5) 20+: extremely dirty-most availability of litters on the beach.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"3. Results And Discussion","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.1. Abundance and composition of macro litter\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eMacro litter was counted on thirteen sandy beaches on Rutland Island, covering 0.52 km\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e (5,20,020.79 m2) and totaling 3,17,565 litter items. The litter density in Zone-III and Zone-II ranged between 0.09 items/ m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e (Jahaji) and 0.18 items/m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e (Machi Dera) respectively. On the other hand, the litter density in Zone-I ranged from 0.87 items/m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e (Katla Dera) to 1.03 items/m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e (Photo Nallah 1 and Photo Nallah 2). Twenty-seven different types of macro litter were identified from the surveyed beaches (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). Macro litter enumerated were predominantly plastic bottles, plastic buoy, foam buoy, engine oil jerry can, polyvinyl chloride-PVC (toys and pipes), fishing gears (ropes, nets, lures). Tube lights, light bulbs, liquor glass bottles, and medication glass bottles were the minor litters. Cigarette lighters, toys, footwear, and toothbrushes were also recorded during the survey. It was observed that plastic bottles (1 lt and \u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;1 lt) were found lavishly on all studied beaches, Bada Khari (79.04%) and Kumda Nallah (71.37%) showed the highest number of 1 lt plastic water bottles (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). Collinpur and Carbyn's Cove beaches in South Andaman also showed a dominant prevalence of water bottles (Mohan and Dhivya \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e; Kaviarasan and James \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). The site-wise distribution of plastics and non-plastics demonstrated the ubiquitous presence of plastic litter as an inadvertent contaminant in Rutland Island (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003ea). It was noticed that the different plastic litter was lavishly encountered in all the zones (I to III) owing to its buoyancy (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003eb). Less human occupancy i.e., 347 individuals (Census of India, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e) in the study area would not have littered this massive quantity of macro litter. In light of the above, it is possible to infer that these litters originated in the neighboring countries and peninsular India as confirmed by the labels on the encountered macro litters (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e). Several studies conducted on remote islands worldwide corroborate the prevalence of plastics (Pieper et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e; Lavers and Bond \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Ryan et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; R\u0026iacute;os et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; Kaviarasan et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Krishnakumar et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Patchaiyappan et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Goswami et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Goswami et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). According to Kaladharan et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e), the Andaman archipelago confronts 47% of plastic litter compared to the national average of 14% in India.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePercentage composition of individual macro litter observed in Rutland Island in different zones\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"15\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c12\" colnum=\"12\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c13\" colnum=\"13\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c14\" colnum=\"14\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c15\" colnum=\"15\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eZone-I\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eZone-II\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\" nameend=\"c15\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eZone-III\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUNEP CODE\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDESCRIPTION\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKatla Dera\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhoto Nallah 1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhoto Nallah 2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDhani Nallah\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBakra Balu\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePharsa Dera\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMachi Dera\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNiranjan Balu\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKichad Nallah\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHathi Level\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKumda Nallah\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBada Khari\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJahaji\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eArea of the coast (Sq m)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e68995.16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44536.81\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47486.84\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e116028.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22837.97\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7292.55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5530.34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4006.90\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2077.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36072.44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27086.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44184.85\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e93885.69\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLength of coast (m)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3386.76\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1728.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1691.07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3103.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e992.18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e685.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e522.44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e275.37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e288.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1860.68\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1719.76\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2212.53\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2474.28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePL02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePlastic water bottle (1 Lt)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e61.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e61.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46.93\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.90\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46.68\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e65.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e71.37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e79.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57.32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePL02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePlastic water bottle (\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;1 Lt)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.98\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.98\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.96\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.71\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.66\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePL02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePlastic Juice bottle (1 Lt)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.59\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.76\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.82\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.98\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.85\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.99\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.95\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.61\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.69\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePL03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEngine oil jerry can (\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;5 Lt)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePL03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEngine oil jerry can (\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;5 Lt)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePL03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePlastic drums (50 Lt)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.71\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePL08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eToys\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.92\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.71\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.84\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePL10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCigarette lighter\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.61\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.69\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.93\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePL13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePlastic fishing tray\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePL14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePlastic buoy\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.61\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.71\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.95\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.74\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePL17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFishing lures\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePL19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePlastic rope\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.81\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.61\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePL20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePlastic fishing net\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.95\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.84\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePL24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCosmetic\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.99\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.86\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.95\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePL24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePlastic helmet\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePL24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePlastic chair\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePL24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFishing floats\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFP04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFoam buoy\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.88\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.61\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.95\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.95\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.68\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGC01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePVC pipe\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.61\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGC02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMedicine glass bottle\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.53\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.78\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.61\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.83\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.93\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.66\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGC02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLiquor glass bottle\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.69\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.78\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.91\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.79\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.72\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGC04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBulb\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.95\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.95\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.85\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.57\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGC05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTube light\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGC08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePerfume glass bottle\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.95\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.90\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eME05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGas cylinder\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOT02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eToothbrush\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.86\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.53\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.82\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRB02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFoot wear\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.59\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.84\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.91\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTotal litter items\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e59981\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45861\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48688\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e116397\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23303\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1160\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e977\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e422\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e237\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3852\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3252\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5254\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8181\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLitter items/sq m\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.87\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eClean coast index\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e17.39***\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e20.59****\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e20.51****\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e20.06****\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e20.41****\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.18**\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.53**\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2.11**\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2.28**\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2.14**\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2.40**\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2.38**\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1.74*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eD\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eVD\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eVD\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eVD\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eVD\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eC\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eC\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eC\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eC\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eC\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eC\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eC\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eVC\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"14\" nameend=\"c15\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e*- Very Clean, **- Clean, ***- Dirty, ****-Very Dirty\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePublic, fishing, and shipping are the primary sources of macro litter in Rutland island (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). The results coherent the impact of the public utility litter, which was invariably present in all three zones (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003ea). A similar impact was observed Lakshadweep Islands (Kaviarasan et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). Zones I and II are active fishing sites, due to the remoteness and absence of collection facilities, debris buildup was remarkably higher in these zones (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). Although the fishing potential in Zone-I is higher than Zone-II, adverse weather conditions, strong oceanic currents, and most importantly, the grave threat by the salt-water crocodile restricts fishing activity in Zone-I. Since Zone-III is a protected area under the MGMNP, fishing activities are prohibited and punishable. Therefore, it is reasonable to presume that the fishing debris washed ashore from a different distant destination through the oceanic currents.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.2. Beach quality assessment\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe CCI is an ideal tool for gauging the quality of the beaches. The CCI results indicate that the beaches in Zones II (Machi Dera and Pharsa Dera) and III (Niranjan Balu, Kichad Nallah, Hati level, Kumda Nallah, and Bada Khari) are clean. The CCI values vary from 2.11 (Niranjan Balu) to 3.53 (Machi Dera). Jahaji beach (Zone-III) was the very cleanest beach in the study area (1.74). Among the five beaches of Zone-I, Dhani Nallah (20.06), Bakra Balu (20.41), Photo Nallah 2 (20.51), and Photo Nallah 1 (20.59) was extremely dirty, while Katla Dera (17.39) was found to be dirty (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003eb).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.3. Factors influencing litter arrival\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe ANIs, as well as other remote island systems, serve as prospective catchment areas for ubiquitous marine anthropogenic waste in the open ocean (Krishnakumar et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Goswami et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Patchaiyappan et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Goswami et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Litter entering the marine environment through riverine discharge is improbable since the study area is in pristine condition with a small population. It would not have created the massive quantum of litter to be disposed of in the island\u0026rsquo;s stream. Therefore, multiple pathways such as strong winds, diurnal tides, oceanic currents, and storms are the significant introducing vectors from the adjacent countries into the study area (Dharani et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e; Patchaiyappan et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Krishnakumar et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). The landfall of foreign-origin litter was emplaced (2m width) all along the foreshore berms (highest high tide line). The text and language were used to identify the country of origin based on the encountered labeling \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eFig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eZone-I exhibited diversified litter from nine countries, including Sri Lanka, the Maldives, the UAE, Somalia, Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, Myanmar, and Bangladesh. These highly diversified litters are indicative of the movement of South West Monsoon Currents (SMC) and North East Monsoon Currents (NMC) via the Duncan strait, which connects Rutland and Little Andaman (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). On the other hand, Zone-II encountered diversified litters from Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, Myanmar, and Bangladesh. In contrast, macro-debris from Sri Lanka, the Maldives, the UAE, and Somalia are encountered in Zone-III (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e). The stratification of Indian Ocean Rim Countries (IORC) macro debris in Zone-II and Zone-III can be attributed to the predominance of NMC and SMC. Apart from the IORC, macro debris from India\u0026rsquo;s eastern and western coastal regions was encountered.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe West Indian Coast Current (WICC) carries litter from western Indian coastal states such as Gujarat, Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka, Kerala, and Kanyakumari. Particles tend to follow a similar path: They move northeastward into the Arabian Sea, then into the BoB, and then eastward following the Equatorial Counter Current, depending on monsoon currents in the north Indian Ocean (Shankar et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2002\u003c/span\u003e; Tomczak and Godfrey \u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e; Chassignet et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). The BoB is most likely to be a hotspot of macro litter due to the multiple-scale recirculation gyre and vast input of land-based plastic litter (Li et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Besides, the SMC and NMC play a vital role in the emplacement of plastic litter from the IORC in the BoB (Mheen et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). Apart from oceanic currents, the northern Indian Ocean is well-known for heavy passenger and commercial ships sailing from a variety of locations. As a result, shipping is likely a source of trash in the research area (Smith et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; Ryan et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe quantity of plastics produced, used, and unmanaged debris are a good indicator of a country's socioeconomic status (Hardesty et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). The Indian Ocean receives millions of metric tons (MMT) of unmanaged plastic debris each year from countries including Indonesia (0.48\u0026ndash;1.29 MMT/ year), Sri Lanka (0.24\u0026ndash;0.64 MMT/year), Thailand (0.15\u0026ndash;0.41 MMT/year), Malaysia (0.14\u0026ndash;0.37 MMT/year), Bangladesh (0.12\u0026ndash;0.31 MMT/year) and India (0.09\u0026ndash;0.24 MMT/year) (Jambeck et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). The IORC collective solid waste management initiative would pave the way for litter prevention on remote islands.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.4. Exposure of sensitive receptors\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe magnanimity of buoyant plastic litter in the water column of the study area may limit light penetration; alter primary production, resulting in dissolved oxygen depletion and habitat structure modification. Reducing macro-plastic to micro-plastic will lure zooplanktons to ingest, thus magnifying and amplifying throughout the food web. This bio-magnification and bio-amplification would also imperil the sensitive benthic ecosystem (Goswami et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Furthermore, microplastics may aid in the sorption of hazardous compounds such as heavy metals, polychlorinated biphenyls, and polyaromatic hydrocarbons, and raising their background value. (Allen et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; Tang et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). The abandoned fishing gear may cause physical damage to corals \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eFig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003ec\u003cb\u003e)\u003c/b\u003e and associated species of the coral reef ecosystem (Wilcox et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e; Stelfox et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e; Ballesteros et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). The mangroves are likely to deteriorate as a result of plastic litter. The camouflaging green, blue and whitish transparent fishing gears will cause turtle \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eFig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003ea\u003cb\u003e)\u003c/b\u003e and saltwater crocodile \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003eFig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003eb\u003cb\u003e)\u003c/b\u003e entanglement. Turtles may be accidentally ingested if the litter is coupled with macroalgae (Di Beneditto and Awabdi \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e). Furthermore, turtles mistake transparent floating debris for prey and consume it directly, resulting in death.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe beached plastic litter (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003ed and \u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003ee\u003cb\u003e)\u003c/b\u003e may enhance the soil\u0026rsquo;s permeability while reducing the thermal diffusivity of the turtle nesting ground, resulting in all-male hatchlings (Nelms et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e). Similarly, the nesting site of the saltwater crocodile might be disrupted. It is worth noting the outstanding conservation efforts of the South Andaman forest division, which every October, before the commencement of the nesting season, conducts extensive surface beach cleanup initiatives at Jahaji, Rutland (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003ef \u003cb\u003eand\u003c/b\u003e Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"4. Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eMacro litter studies on remote islands could be essential for gaining insight into ocean-sourced litter on the coast and clarifying doubts about the missing plastics from the ocean. Although the study area is a part of MGMNP and has a limited human occupancy under restricted legislation, litter carried by oceanic currents from neighboring nations poses a serious threat to the protected marine national park. The present study identifies diversified plastics from nine Indian Ocean Rim Countries, including Sri Lanka, Maldives, the UAE, Somalia, Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, Myanmar, and Bangladesh, apart from India\u0026rsquo;s mainland. The Indian Ocean Rim countries shall collaborate to implement an effective solid waste management program to minimize plastic littering. The forest department of the Andaman and Nicobar Administration made an effort to clean the selected beach (Jahaji) annually before the start of turtle nesting season. It is recommended that beaches identified as dirty, such as BakraBalu, DhaniNallah, Photo Nallah 1, and Photo Nallah 2 should be cleaned regularly since they serve as the nesting ground for sea turtles, saltwater crocodiles, and Andaman water monitor lizards. The accumulating litter on the aforementioned beaches may result in the loss of nesting grounds. The present study establishes a new avenue for future research endeavors in Rutland such as 1) quantification of micro-plastics in various locations, 2) impact of beach buried plastics on the sex ratio of turtles, saltwater crocodiles, and Andaman water monitor lizard, 3) bio-accumulation of microplastics by various life forms, and 4) seasonal monitoring and modeling study for source and fate of marine litter in this region.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgment\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors express gratitude to all the staffs and mazdoors of Mangultan Forest Range, South Andaman Forest Division for extending their support throughout the investigation.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthical Approval:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e1)\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eThis material is the authors\u0026apos; own original work, which has not been previously published elsewhere.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2) The paper is not currently being considered for publication elsewhere.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3) The paper reflects the authors\u0026apos; own research and analysis in a truthful and complete manner.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4) The paper properly credits the meaningful contributions of co-authors and co-researchers.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5) The results are appropriately placed in the context of prior and existing research.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6) All sources used are properly disclosed (correct citation). Literally copying of text must be indicated as such by using quotation marks and giving proper reference.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7) All authors have been personally and actively involved in substantial work leading to the paper, and will take public responsibility for its content.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8) The manuscript was checked for plagiarism as well.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent to Participate:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eThe results from the present research was originally generated from the fieldwork in the study area by the first and second authors. No data from any other sources/individuals/organization were used in the present research.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent to Publish:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eAll the authors actively participated in the present research activity. Those extended the support are been acknowledged\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors Contributions:\u003c/strong\u003e V. Shiva Shankar \u0026amp; Neelam Purti: Field work, design of framework of methodology, Mapping and drafting of manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNeelam Purti: Supervision of field work, compilation of field data and photography.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eR.Sivasankar: Language editing, fine-tuning, and review of the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eT Kaviarasan: Data compilation, analysis and fine-tuning the manuscript\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTR\u0026nbsp;Satyakeerthy \u0026amp; Sunil Jacob: collection of literature and marking the vital informations relevant to the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eNo grants been received either from national or international agencies for carrying this research. Incidentals for field visit was shared by the authors.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting Intresets:\u003c/strong\u003e I on behalf of all the co-authors declare that we do not have any competing or conflict of interest financially and non-financially with any national or international agencies.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of data and materials:\u003c/strong\u003e All the data and materials are presented as tables and figures.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAlkalay R, Pasternak G, Zask A (2007) Clean-coast index-a new approach for beach cleanliness assessment. Ocean Coast Manag 50:352\u0026ndash;362. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.ocecoaman.2006.10.002\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAllen T, Farley S, Draper J, Clement C, Polidoro B (2018) Variations in sorption of organo-chlorine pesticides and PCBs across six different plastic polymers. 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Conserv Lett 6:247\u0026ndash;254. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1111/conl.12001\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1111/conl.12001\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":true,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"environmental-science-and-pollution-research","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"espr","sideBox":"Learn more about [Environmental Science and Pollution Research](https://www.springer.com/journal/11356)","snPcode":"11356","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/11356/3","title":"Environmental Science and Pollution Research","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"Clean Coast Index, Marine Litter, MGMNP, Oceanic Currents, Plastic, Turtle Nesting, Waste management ","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-1595002/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-1595002/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThirteen sandy beaches of remote Rutland Island were divided into three zones to identify the litter pollution, their source, pathway of plastic transport, to determine the level of macro litter contamination, and its impact on coastal biota. The total area surveyed was 0.52 km\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e (5,20,020.79 m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e), and the total number of litter items enumerated was 3,17,565 belonging to twenty-seven distinct litter types. The beaches in Zone II and Zone III were clean and Zone I were very dirty. The maximum litter density (1.03 items/ m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e) was observed in Photo Nallah 1 and Photo Nallah 2, whereas the lowest (0.09 items/ m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e) was observed in Jahaji beach. The primary contributor of litter on Rutland\u0026rsquo;s beaches was plastics (60%-99%), presumed to originate from the Indian Ocean Rim Countries (IORC). A collective solid waste management initiative by the IORC is essential in preventing littering on remote islands.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"A new hotspot of macro-litter in the Rutland Island, South Andaman, India: Menace from IORC","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2022-06-10 20:29:37","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-1595002/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"","date":"2022-06-19T04:29:39+00:00","index":0,"fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2022-06-05T08:44:11+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"Environmental Science and Pollution Research","date":"2022-05-31T17:21:50+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2022-05-16T05:25:05+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Environmental Science and Pollution Research","date":"2022-04-25T21:45:39+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"environmental-science-and-pollution-research","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"espr","sideBox":"Learn more about [Environmental Science and Pollution Research](https://www.springer.com/journal/11356)","snPcode":"11356","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/11356/3","title":"Environmental Science and Pollution Research","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"118d7bf7-1c20-4357-a98c-774885000cac","owner":[],"postedDate":"June 10th, 2022","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2023-10-16T21:22:40+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-1595002","link":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-28024-8","journal":{"identity":"environmental-science-and-pollution-research","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Environmental Science and Pollution Research"},"publishedOn":"2023-06-15 21:13:08","publishedOnDateReadable":"June 15th, 2023"},"versionCreatedAt":"2022-06-10 20:29:37","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1007/s11356-023-28024-8","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-28024-8","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-1595002","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-1595002","identity":"rs-1595002","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"WrCJVZZCHTDjtuVLN7oU0","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}