The Helicobacter pylori- Early Gastrointestinal Cancer Screening Intention-Behaviour Gap: A Comparative Study of Two Chinese Populations

The Helicobacter pylori- Early Gastrointestinal Cancer Screening Intention-Behaviour Gap: A Comparative Study of Two Chinese Populations | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article The Helicobacter pylori- Early Gastrointestinal Cancer Screening Intention-Behaviour Gap: A Comparative Study of Two Chinese Populations Fengping Liu, Yiping Fang, Shuni Liu, Jingwen Gong, Junhui Lu, and 3 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7728490/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 5 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background Helicobacter pylori (Hp) infection, one of the most prevalent chronic bacterial infections globally, has been unequivocally established as a major risk factor for gastric cancer. Advances in digestive endoscopy have significantly enhanced the detection rate of early gastrointestinal cancers, thereby helping to alleviate the associated disease burden. Nevertheless, low public awareness and suboptimal screening adherence continue to pose significant challenges. Thus, a systematic assessment of current public knowledge and the optimization of screening strategies are of critical importance. Methods This study employed a cross-sectional survey design utilizing a combination of random sampling and snowball sampling techniques. A total of 1,038 valid questionnaires were collected. Data were analyzed using SPSS 27.0. Univariate analysis was first performed, and variables showing a significance level of p ≤ 0.05 were subsequently entered into a multinomial logistic regression model to identify independent factors associated with levels of awareness and behavior. Results Respondents from both regions demonstrated moderate to high overall awareness scores; however, a significant difference was observed in the structure of their awareness (p < 0.001). Despite a high expressed willingness to undergo screening and treatment for H. pylori and early gastrointestinal cancers (ranging from 71.3% to 84.4%), the actual screening rates were considerably low (36.0% for H. pylori testing and 28.9% for gastroscopy/colonoscopy). In terms of information acquisition, the desire for community health lectures registered the most substantial increase among residents in both areas. Furthermore, multivariate analysis identified low income, low education level, and unhealthy behaviors as common risk factors for lower awareness. Conclusion Residents in Shanghai and Shanxi possess a certain foundational awareness of H. pylori and early gastrointestinal cancers, but a widespread "intention-behavior gap" in screening exists. The current core challenge lies in effectively translating screening intention into actual action. Trial registration This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University (Approval No. KYLL2025322) and was performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.Registration Date August 15, 2025 Helicobacter pylori Early cancer screening Awareness Screening intention China Introduction Helicobacter pylori (Hp) infection is one of the most common chronic bacterial infections worldwide, and its close association with gastric cancer has been widely confirmed [1]. Epidemiological data indicate that the global Hp infection rate is approximately 43.1%. Although the infection rate is gradually declining in developed countries, it remains high in developing nations, posing a significant public health burden [2,3]. Hp infection can trigger the Correa cascade (chronic gastritis → atrophic gastritis → intestinal metaplasia → dysplasia → gastric cancer), ultimately leading to the development of gastric cancer [4]. Early eradication of Hp can delay or prevent the occurrence and progression of gastric mucosal atrophy and/or intestinal metaplasia, and may even reverse atrophy and metaplasia in some patients, thereby reducing the risk of gastric cancer [5]. Furthermore, increasing evidence suggests that Hp infection is also closely associated with colorectal cancer and its precancerous lesions. Infected individuals have a 59% and 47% increased risk of developing colorectal cancer and precancerous lesions, respectively, while anti-Hp therapy is associated with a 56% reduction in the overall risk of colorectal tumors [6]. Therefore, promoting early screening and treatment of Hp has become a key strategy for the primary prevention of gastrointestinal cancers. With significant advancements in digestive endoscopy technology, the early diagnosis rate of gastrointestinal cancers has continuously improved, which can help reduce the disease burden. As a crucial method for early screening, gastroscopy and colonoscopy have become core measures for the secondary prevention of gastrointestinal cancers. The five-year survival rate for patients with early gastric cancer (i.e., T1 tumors confined to the mucosa or submucosa) can exceed 90%, while it drops sharply to approximately 30% for advanced gastric cancer. According to the 2022 global cancer statistics, new gastric cancer cases in China account for 37.04% of the global total. However, the early diagnosis rate remains below 20%, far lower than that in Japan and South Korea (50%–60%), with a particularly pronounced diagnostic delay in rural areas [7]. Despite the gradual popularization of early screening technologies, public awareness of Hp and early gastrointestinal cancers in China remains inadequate, and compliance with screening and treatment is low [8]. Previous studies have indicated that improving awareness of the Hp-gastric cancer association can promote individual participation in screening and acceptance of treatment, as knowledge levels are significantly correlated with positive health attitudes and behaviors [9]. Therefore, enhancing public awareness and optimizing screening strategies are vital approaches to reducing the incidence and mortality of gastrointestinal cancers. Current research predominantly focuses on the association between Hp infection and risk factors for gastric cancer, or is limited to surveys of awareness in specific regions [10–14]. There is still a lack of in-depth exploration into the impact of factors such as socioeconomic levels, accessibility to medical resources, and information dissemination environments on awareness. Taking Shanghai and Shanxi as examples: Shanghai is a socioeconomically developed metropolitan area with relatively high health literacy among its residents, yet systematic research on awareness of Hp and early gastrointestinal cancers is lacking. Shanxi, conversely, is a high-risk region for early gastrointestinal cancers, and related awareness research is also scarce. This study, for the first time, employs a multidimensional evaluation framework to compare the awareness levels of Hp and early gastrointestinal cancers among the general populations in Shanghai and Shanxi, and analyzes the influencing factors. It aims to fill the research gap on awareness differences across different regional contexts and provide a scientific basis for developing targeted intervention strategies. Materials and methods Study Population: This study employed a cross-sectional survey design. Between August and September 2025, online and offline questionnaire surveys were conducted among permanent residents of Shanghai and Shanxi regions using the "Wenjuanxing" platform. The sampling method combined random sampling and "snowball" sampling to expand sample coverage and representativeness. Inclusion criteria were: (1) age 18 years or older; (2) ability to independently read and complete the questionnaire; (3) voluntary participation in the study. The exclusion criterion was: incomplete questionnaire responses. This study was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University’s human research ethics committee (ethical vote number KYLL-2025-322). All participants provided informed consent before their involvement. Sample Size Estimation: The sample size was estimated based on the formula for comparing two independent sample proportions. The significance level (α) was set at 0.05 (two-sided), and the test power (1-β) was set at 90%. According to pre-survey and previous study data [13], the estimated awareness rate of Hp was approximately 75% in Shanghai and 60% in Shanxi. Calculation using SPSS 27.0 software indicated a minimum required sample size of 250 per group. Considering a 20% non-response rate and invalid questionnaires, the sample size was increased to 300 per group. Ultimately, this study included 501 participants from Shanghai and 537 from Shanxi, totaling 1038 respondents, meeting statistical requirements. Questionnaire Design: Based on literature review [9-14] and expert consultation, a structured questionnaire was self-designed and revised/optimized through a pre-survey. The final questionnaire had a Cronbach's α coefficient greater than 0.7 and a KMO (Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin) value of 0.72, indicating good reliability and validity. The questionnaire consisted of the following six sections: (1) Socio-demographic characteristics: including gender, age, occupation, monthly income, education level, etc.; (2) Basic knowledge of Hp and early gastrointestinal cancer: covering transmission routes, preventive measures, diagnosis, and treatment methods, using single-choice and multiple-choice questions (correct answer=1 point, incorrect/unknown=0 points); (3) Health behavior habits: such as smoking, alcohol consumption, dietary regularity, etc.; (4) Past medical history and family history; (5) Screening and treatment willingness and past health check-up behaviors; (6) Health information acquisition channels and future preferred channels. The total knowledge score was 38 points. Knowledge levels were categorized into three groups based on scores: low (0–13 points), medium (14–25 points), and high (26–38 points). If respondents answered "Do not know about Hp" or "Do not know about early gastrointestinal cancer," the corresponding section knowledge score was 0. Statistical Analysis Data analysis was performed using SPSS 27.0 software. Categorical variables were described by frequency and composition ratio (%), and continuous variables were expressed as mean ± standard deviation. The knowledge levels served as an ordinal dependent variable. The Kruskal-Wallis test was used to analyze the influence of ordinal or continuous independent variables (e.g., frequency of lifestyle habits), and the chi-square test was used for univariate analysis of categorical variables (e.g., gender, occupation). Variables with p ≤ 0.05 in the univariate analysis were included in a multinomial logistic regression model to analyze independent factors influencing knowledge level. Results are presented as odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). A p-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results Regional Disparities in Knowledge Levels This study conducted a comparative analysis of the knowledge scores between participants from Shanxi (N=537) and Shanghai (N=501). Descriptive statistics showed that the total knowledge score of participants from Shanghai was slightly higher than that of participants from Shanxi (Mean ± SD: 24.05 ± 7.881 vs. 22.96 ± 11.893,p<0.001). The distribution in Shanxi exhibited a pattern of "polarization," with relatively high proportions of both high and low knowledge levels. In contrast, Shanghai showed a spindle-shaped distribution, characterized by a large middle proportion and smaller proportions at both ends.Further details can be found in Table 1. Table 1. Knowledge Level Survey Scores in Shanxi and Shanghai Regions Variable Shanxi (N=537) Shanghai (N=501) p-value Knowledge Level <0.001 Low (n, %) 94 (17.5%) 26 (5.2%) Medium (n, %) 186 (34.6%) 288 (57.5%) High (n, %) 257 (47.9%) 187 (37.3%) Comparison of Screening Willingness Survey results regarding the acceptance willingness and past behaviors towards preventive measures for Hp and early gastrointestinal cancer indicated that participants from both regions showed high willingness to accept all four preventive measures (the proportion of "willing" responses ranged from 71.3% to 79.2%). However, this stood in sharp contrast to the very low rates of past screening: only 36.0% of respondents had ever been tested for Hp, and only 28.9% had undergone gastroscopy/colonoscopy. Further details can be found in Table 2. Table 2. Willingness for Screening and Treatment, and Previous Screening History Item Region Unwilling (n, %) Willing (n, %) Uncertain (n, %) P-value Willingness for H. pylori screening <0.001 H. pylori testing Shanxi 25(4.7%) 453(84.4%) 59 (11.0%) Shanghai 21(4.2%) 369(73.7%) 111 (22.2%) Willingness for H. pylori treatment <0.001 H. pylori treatment Shanxi 23(4.3%) 447(83.2%) 67 (12.5%) Shanghai 23(4.6%) 368(73.5%) 110(22.0%) Willingness for early cancer screening <0.001 Gastroscopy/colonoscopy screening Shanxi 35 (6.5%) 423(78.8%) 79 (14.7%) Shanghai 27 (5.4%) 350(69.9%) 124 (24.7%) Willingness for endoscopic treatment <0.001 Endoscopic treatment of early cancer Shanxi 37 (6.9%) 414(77.1%) 86 (16.0%) Shanghai 28 (5.6%) 326(65.1%) 147 (29.3%) Item Region Yes (n, %) No (n, %) Uncertain (n, %) P-value Previous screening history Ever tested for H. pylori Shanxi 181(33.6%) 275(51.2%) 81 (15.1%) <0.001 Shanghai 193(38.5%) 182(36.3%) 126 (25.1%) Ever undergone gastroscopy/colonoscopy Shanxi 146 (27.2%) 339 (63.1%) 52 (9.7%) <0.001 Shanghai 154 (30.7%) 226 (45.1%) 121 (24.2%) Availability of local medical services H. pylori testing available locally Shanxi 271(50.5%) 196(36.5%) 70 (13.0%) <0.001 Shanghai 274(54.7%) 102(20.4%) 125 (24.9%) Gastroscopy/colonoscopy available locally Shanxi 266(49.5%) 207(38.5%) 64 (11.9%) <0.001 Shanghai 261(52.1%) 119(23.8%) 121 (24.2%) Current and Preferred Health Information Channels Regarding the channels for acquiring knowledge about Hp and early gastrointestinal cancer, materials from doctors/medical institutions are currently the primary source of information for residents in both regions; the current utilization rate of community health lectures is relatively low. However, regarding future preferences, the demand for community health lectures shows the most substantial growth potential, with the desired rate increasing significantly to over 50% in both regions.Further details can be found in Table 3. Table 3. Current Usage and Future Demand for Channels of Acquiring Knowledge Information Channel Category Region Current Usage n(%) Future Demand n (%) Difference (Δ%) Doctors/Medical Institutions Shanxi 409 (76.2 % ) 442 (82.3 % ) 6.1 % Shanghai 356 (71.1 % ) 361 (72.1 % ) 1 % P-value (Region Comparison) *0.059* <0.001 Online Short-form Videos Shanxi 300 (55.9 % ) 360 (67.0 % ) 11.1 % Shanghai 272 (54.3 % ) 318 (63.5 % ) 9.2 % P-value (Region Comparison) *0.598* *0.228* Friends/Family Recommendations Shanxi 281 (52.3 % ) 278 (51.8 % ) -0.5 % Shanghai 267 (53.3 % ) 199 (39.7 % ) -13.6 % P-value (Region Comparison) *0.749* <0.001 Community Health Lectures Shanxi 178 (33.1 % ) 288 (53.6 % ) 20.5 % Shanghai 143 (28.5 % ) 276 (55.1 % ) 26.6 % P-value (Region Comparison) *0.107* *0.619* Univariate and Multivariate Analysis of Factors Associated with Knowledge Levels among Shanghai Univariate analysis revealed that factors including gender, age, educational level, occupation, monthly income, living situation, family structure, health behaviors, and past medical history were significantly associated with knowledge scores (P < 0.05). Multinomial logistic regression analysis further identified that a low monthly income (<3,000 RMB) was a significant risk factor, substantially increasing the likelihood of being in the low knowledge level (OR = 9.95, P = 0.023) and medium knowledge level (OR = 4.05, P = 0.02) groups compared to the high knowledge level group. Smoking behavior also demonstrated a strong negative association: compared to regular smokers, never smokers (Low vs. High: OR = 0.04, P = 0.018; Medium vs. High: OR = 0.11, P = 0.022) and occasional smokers (Low vs. High: OR = 0.04, P = 0.046) were significantly less likely to attain a high knowledge level. The practice of separate meal servings at home (family divided dining) showed a consistent protective trend: never practicing separate servings significantly increased the risk of being in the low knowledge level group compared to regularly practicing it (OR = 6.18, P = 0.029). Conversely, the consumption of scalding hot foods as a risk factor showed that occasional consumption significantly reduced the likelihood of having a high knowledge level in the medium vs. high knowledge level comparison (OR = 0.51, P = 0.044). The influences of gender and using serving chopsticks were significant only in the medium vs. high knowledge level comparison: males were more likely to be in the medium knowledge level group (OR = 1.86, P = 0.046), and occasional use of serving chopsticks also increased the likelihood of being in the medium knowledge level group (OR = 1.80, P = 0.028).Refer to Table 4. Table 4. Multivariable Logistic Regression Analysis of Factors Associated with Knowledge Levels among Shanghai Residents Variable Comparison Group vs. Reference Group Knowledge Level (vs. High) B SE Wald P -value OR (95% CI) Age Group <25 years vs. ≥60 years Low -4.262 2.89 2.174 0.14 0.014 (0.000–4.070) Medium -4.812 2.12 5.151 0.023 0.008 (0.000–0.519) 26–45 years vs. ≥60 years Low -3.749 2.259 2.754 0.097 0.024 (0.000–1.971) Medium -2.967 1.878 2.496 0.114 0.051 (0.001–2.041) 46–60 years vs. ≥60 years Low -3.285 2.275 2.084 0.149 0.037 (0.000–3.237) Medium -2.401 1.877 1.636 0.201 0.091 (0.002–3.590) Gender Male vs. Female Low 0.276 0.633 0.19 0.663 1.318 (0.381–4.563) Medium 0.619 0.31 3.975 0.046 1.857 (1.011–3.412) Monthly Income 10,000 RMB Low 2.298 1.012 5.159 0.023 9.954 (1.370–72.302) Medium 1.399 0.601 5.422 0.02 4.050 (1.248–13.147) 3000–6000 RMB vs. >10,000 RMB Low -0.486 1.503 0.105 0.746 0.615 (0.032–11.706) Medium 0.827 0.467 3.136 0.077 2.287 (0.916–5.711) Family Separate Dining Never vs. Regularly Low 1.821 0.832 4.791 0.029 6.176 (1.210–31.531) Medium 0.641 0.368 3.035 0.081 1.899 (0.923–3.907) Occasionally vs. Regularly Low 0.578 0.846 0.466 0.495 1.782 (0.339–9.354) Medium 0.626 0.336 3.466 0.063 1.870 (0.968–3.614) Smoking Never vs. Regularly Low -3.13 1.321 5.615 0.018 0.044 (0.003–0.582) Medium -2.249 0.979 5.273 0.022 0.106 (0.015–0.719) Occasionally vs. Regularly Low -3.327 1.67 3.97 0.046 0.036 (0.001–0.947) Medium -1.691 1.067 2.512 0.113 0.184 (0.023–1.492) Using Serving Chopsticks Occasionally vs. Regularly Low -0.044 0.605 0.005 0.942 0.957 (0.292–3.130) Medium 0.585 0.267 4.808 0.028 1.795 (1.064–3.027) Hot Diet Occasionally vs. Regularly Low -0.354 0.722 0.241 0.623 0.702 (0.170–2.887) Medium -0.681 0.339 4.044 0.044 0.506 (0.261–0.983) Never vs. Regularly Low -0.379 0.961 0.155 0.693 0.684 (0.104–4.506) Medium -0.753 0.428 3.093 0.079 0.471 (0.203–1.090) Note: The analysis used a multinomial logistic regression model. The dependent variable was knowledge level (Low, Medium, High), with "High" as the reference category. Only variables with a P-value < 0.1 in at least one comparison are shown. OR = odds ratio; CI = confidence interval. Univariate and Multivariate Analysis of Factors Associated with Knowledge Levels among Shanxi Univariate analysis results indicated that gender, age, education level, occupation, dietary regularity, habit of using serving chopsticks, and smoking were associated with knowledge scores, and the differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05). Multinomial logistic regression analysis revealed various factors influencing knowledge levels. Regarding demographic factors, education level was the most significant influencing factor. Compared to the postgraduate group, individuals with an elementary school education or below had a significantly increased risk of being in the low knowledge level group (OR = 4.49×10⁹, 95% CI: 6.27×10⁸–3.20×10¹⁰, P < 0.001). A similar trend was observed for those with a middle school/technical secondary school education (OR = 8.74, 95% CI: 2.04–37.35, P = 0.003). Occupation type also showed significant associations: the student group had higher odds of being in both the low (OR = 2.82, 95% CI: 1.03–7.72, P = 0.044) and medium (OR = 3.20, 95% CI: 1.25–8.18, P = 0.015) knowledge level groups, while healthcare workers were more likely to attain a high knowledge level (OR = 0.09, 95% CI: 0.03–0.27, P < 0.001). Male gender was marginally associated with the low knowledge level group (OR = 1.76, 95% CI: 0.92–3.34, P = 0.086). Among health behavior factors, dietary regularity exhibited a significant influence. Compared to those who regularly maintained a regular diet, never having a regular diet significantly reduced the likelihood of achieving a high knowledge level (OR = 0.39, 95% CI: 0.16–0.93, P = 0.033). Regarding the habit of using serving chopsticks, never using them increased the risk of being in the low knowledge level group (OR = 2.62, 95% CI: 0.96–7.12, P = 0.059). The frequency of spicy food intake also showed some association, with occasional consumers being more likely to be in the medium knowledge level group (OR = 1.88, 95% CI: 1.16–3.06, P = 0.011). Although the relationship between smoking behavior and knowledge level did not reach statistical significance, there was a trend towards reduced risk of being in the low knowledge level group among never smokers (OR = 0.48, 95% CI: 0.20–1.11, P = 0.086). Refer to Table 5. Table 5. Multivariable Logistic Regression Analysis of Factors Associated with Knowledge Levels among Shanxi Residents Variable Comparison Group vs. Reference Group Knowledge Level (vs. High) B SE Wald P -value OR (95% CI) Age Group <25 years vs. ≥60 years Low 0.874 0.705 1.538 0.215 2.40 (0.60–9.54) Medium -0.613 0.581 1.113 0.291 0.54 (0.17–1.69) 26–45 years vs. ≥60 years Low -0.265 0.544 0.238 0.626 0.77 (0.26–2.23) Medium -0.346 0.417 0.69 0.406 0.71 (0.31–1.60) 46–60 years vs. ≥60 years Low 0.119 0.573 0.043 0.835 1.13 (0.37–3.47) Medium -0.112 0.451 0.061 0.805 0.89 (0.37–2.16) Gender Male vs. Female Low 0.562 0.328 2.946 0.086 1.76 (0.92–3.34) Medium 0.085 0.247 0.119 0.73 1.09 (0.67–1.77) Education Level Elementary or below vs. Postgraduate Low 22.222 1.003 490.84 <0.001 4.49×10⁹ (6.27×10⁸–3.20×10¹⁰) Medium 19.459 0 - <0.001 2.83×10⁸ (2.83×10⁸–2.83×10⁸) Middle School/Technical vs. Postgraduate Low 2.168 0.741 8.552 0.003 8.74 (2.04–37.35) Medium -0.019 0.444 0.002 0.967 0.98 (0.41–2.34) College/University vs. Postgraduate Low 1.076 0.666 2.609 0.106 2.93 (0.80–10.83) Medium -0.186 0.324 0.328 0.567 0.83 (0.44–1.57) Occupation Healthcare Worker vs. Other Low -19.64 4545.1 0 0.997 2.96×10⁻⁹ (-) Medium -2.367 0.53 19.976 <0.001 0.09 (0.03–0.27) Civil Servant/Clerk vs. Other Low -0.781 0.404 3.735 0.053 0.46 (0.21–1.01) Medium -0.3 0.282 1.134 0.287 0.74 (0.43–1.29) Professional/Technical vs. Other Low 0.523 0.451 1.349 0.245 1.69 (0.70–4.08) Medium 0.81 0.339 5.696 0.017 2.25 (1.16–4.37) Farmer/Worker vs. Other Low -1.268 0.717 3.13 0.077 0.28 (0.07–1.15) Medium -0.947 0.574 2.722 0.099 0.39 (0.13–1.20) Student vs. Other Low 1.036 0.514 4.054 0.044 2.82 (1.03–7.72) Medium 1.162 0.48 5.874 0.015 3.20 (1.25–8.18) Serving Chopsticks Never vs. Regularly Low 0.962 0.51 3.556 0.059 2.62 (0.96–7.12) Medium 0.636 0.414 2.356 0.125 1.89 (0.84–4.25) Occasionally vs. Regularly Low 0.092 0.408 0.051 0.821 1.10 (0.49–2.44) Medium 0.228 0.289 0.621 0.431 1.26 (0.71–2.21) Dietary Regularity Occasionally Regular vs. Regularly Regular Low 0.66 0.344 3.692 0.055 1.94 (0.99–3.80) Medium 0.007 0.26 0.001 0.978 1.01 (0.61–1.68) Never Regular vs. Regularly Regular Low -0.407 0.514 0.626 0.429 0.67 (0.24–1.82) Medium -0.944 0.444 4.522 0.033 0.39 (0.16–0.93) Smoking Never vs. Regularly Low -0.745 0.434 2.943 0.086 0.48 (0.20–1.11) Medium -0.016 0.383 0.002 0.968 0.98 (0.47–2.09) Occasionally vs. Regularly Low -0.582 0.493 1.394 0.238 0.56 (0.21–1.47) Medium 0.033 0.432 0.006 0.938 1.03 (0.44–2.41) Spicy Food Intake Occasionally vs. Regularly Low 0.396 0.327 1.472 0.225 1.49 (0.78–2.82) Medium 0.632 0.248 6.47 0.011 1.88 (1.16–3.06) Never vs. Regularly Low 0.359 0.593 0.366 0.545 1.43 (0.45–4.57) Medium 0.657 0.47 1.957 0.162 1.93 (0.77–4.85) Note: The analysis used a multinomial logistic regression model. The dependent variable was knowledge level (Low, Medium, High), with "High" as the reference category. Only variables with a P-value < 0.1 in at least one comparison are shown. OR = odds ratio; CI = confidence interval. Discussion Hp infection is a significant risk factor for gastric cancer, and its pathogenic process typically manifests as a slow, multi-stage progression that can persist for decades [ 15 ]. This extended natural history provides a crucial window for the early detection and intervention of Hp infection, making it a key target for the primary prevention of gastric cancer. Concurrently, within the secondary prevention framework for gastrointestinal cancers, early gastroscopy and colonoscopy screening can not only significantly improve the survival rate of gastric cancer patients but also effectively reduce patient suffering and economic burden, thereby alleviating the overall public health pressure on society. Consequently, an in-depth investigation and analysis of the general population's knowledge levels regarding Hp and early gastrointestinal cancer, along with their screening and treatment intentions, provide a vital evidence base and guidance for developing more targeted public health strategies [ 16 ]. Differences in Knowledge Levels about two Regions The total knowledge score of Shanghai was slightly higher than that of Shanxi. Compared with previous studies [ 10 – 12 ], the overall knowledge level of the general population has improved markedly. Furthermore, the internal variation within the Shanxi group was greater. More importantly, there was a significant difference in the knowledge structure between the two regions. The distribution in Shanxi exhibited a pattern of "polarization," with relatively high proportions of both high and low knowledge levels, indicating an uneven distribution and a prominent knowledge gap in this region. In contrast, Shanghai showed a spindle-shaped distribution, characterized by a large middle proportion and smaller proportions at both ends, suggesting a more uniform overall health literacy. These disparities may be associated with factors such as socioeconomic development, regional distribution of healthcare resources, information accessibility, and demographic structure [ 17 ]. Intention-Behavior Gap This study revealed a prevalent phenomenon of "high intention, low action" regarding screening and treatment for Hp and early gastrointestinal cancer among residents in both Shanxi and Shanghai. Residents in both regions demonstrated high acceptance willingness for Hp testing/treatment and gastroscopy/colonoscopy screening/endoscopic treatment, consistent with previous research [ 18 ]. This reflects a general recognition of the importance of early screening and treatment for gastrointestinal cancers among the public, facilitated by the widespread adoption of health education, indicating a significant enhancement of health consciousness [ 19 ]. However, this stands in sharp contrast to the very low rates of past screening, aligning with prior data showing that the opportunistic screening coverage rate for colorectal cancer in China's 40–74 age group was only 3.0% in 2020 [ 20 ]. This "Intention-Behavior Gap" is a common phenomenon in health behavior science, suggesting multiple barriers between intention and actual action [ 21 – 22 ]. Moreover, the two regions exhibited distinct characteristic patterns, potentially linked to health cognition, healthcare accessibility, and psychological factors. Despite the overall high willingness, in-depth analysis reveals significant modal differences: Shanxi presented a "high willingness-high certainty" pattern, whereas Shanghai exhibited a "relatively lower willingness-high uncertainty" pattern. This high certainty in Shanxi might be related to the relatively weaker local healthcare resources. This presents an interesting contrast to the higher perceived healthcare accessibility and knowledge scores among Shanghai respondents, potentially attributable to richer knowledge and more convenient resources leading to greater information weighing and decision-making complexity (e.g., concerns about treatment side effects, discomfort during endoscopy, overdiagnosis), consequently resulting in a higher hesitation rate [ 23 , 24 ]. Therefore, although residents in both regions generally exhibit high acceptance of early screening for Hp and early gastrointestinal cancer, they both face challenges in translating screening intention into actual behavior, with noticeable regional differences. Precise and efficient public health intervention strategies tailored to the distinct characteristics of different regions should be formulated to address the difficulty in intention-behavior translation. Knowledge Acquisition Channels and Needs This study elucidates the health information acquisition patterns among residents in Shanxi and Shanghai: information from doctors/medical institutions remains the most authoritative and consistently high-demand source; online short-form videos show rapidly growing demand; and community health lectures exhibit surging demand due to their interactive nature. The regional difference lies in the fact that Shanxi residents show greater demand for various authoritative channels, whereas Shanghai residents' demands are more rational, concentrated, and focused on professionalism. For knowledge dissemination, it is advisable to strengthen the primary role of medical professionals, regulate content on short-form video platforms, enhance the development of community health lectures, and implement differentiated communication strategies based on regional variations to meet the public's urgent need for authoritative, interactive, and high-quality health information [ 25 , 26 ]. Simultaneously, more precise and in-depth thematic science popularization should be conducted to encourage high-risk groups to undergo screening early [ 27 ]. Factors Associated with Knowledge Level This study conducted an in-depth analysis of factors influencing knowledge levels of Hp and early gastrointestinal cancer among participants in Shanghai and Shanxi using univariate and multinomial logistic regression models. The results revealed both common and region-specific influencing factors, providing important insights for formulating differentiated health intervention strategies. Firstly, socioeconomic factors were core variables affecting knowledge levels. Low income (monthly income < 3000 RMB) and low education level (middle school/technical secondary school and below) significantly increased the risk of having a low knowledge level in both regions [ 10 ], closely related to limited resource accessibility and health information acquisition capacity. Notably, the cognitive barrier associated with low education was particularly pronounced in Shanxi [ 28 ], suggesting that education remains a fundamental pathway for improving health cognition in economically less developed regions. Secondly, significant associations were observed between health behaviors and knowledge levels. Smoking was a strong risk factor, significantly reducing the likelihood of achieving a high knowledge level in both regions, reaffirming the frequent coexistence of unhealthy lifestyles and low health literacy. The practice of separate meal servings at home showed a protective trend in Shanghai, indicating that healthy dietary behaviors may mutually reinforce higher health awareness. Study strengths and limitations This study used of "Questionnaire Star" and "snowball" sampling, while yielding a large sample size, may introduce selection bias, potentially limiting the sample's representativeness (e.g., individuals willing to complete lengthy questionnaires might inherently have higher health awareness). Furthermore, although the self-designed knowledge scale underwent validity and reliability testing, there remains room for optimization. Future research could employ random sampling methods for larger-scale surveys and conduct theory-based interventional studies to verify the findings of this research, providing critical evidence for formulating precise and effective public health intervention strategies. Conclusion This study suggests that future prevention and control efforts for Hp and early gastrointestinal cancer should shift from "knowledge strengthening" towards precise behavioral interventions, paying particular attention to high-risk groups with low income, low education, and unhealthy behaviors such as smoking [ 29 ]. Meanwhile, differentiated education strategies should be designed considering different economic and cultural backgrounds. For instance, Shanxi should focus on strengthening basic health knowledge and resource allocation, while Shanghai could emphasize the translation of higher-level knowledge into behavioral practice, highlighting the importance of action in science popularization and addressing the general population's fear of endoscopic examinations. The future focus of public health work should transition from "improving knowledge" to "promoting behavior change." Strategies such as simplifying appointment procedures, providing screening subsidies, and enhancing service accessibility and comfort can effectively lower the barriers for residents to participate in screening, achieving precise health interventions. Abbreviations Hp:Helicobacter pylori Declarations Acknowledgments We extend our sincere gratitude to all the respondents for their valuable time and effort in completing the questionnaire. Their participation was essential to the success of this research.we are also grateful for the participation of all individuals in this study. Credit authorship contribution statement Fengping Liu and Qing Wang were responsible for the research methodology and questionnaire design. Jingwen Gong，Yiping Fang and Shuni Liu were responsible for data collection. Fengping Liu and Jingwei Liu were responsible for data analysis and interpretation. Fengping Liu drafted the manuscript. Junhui Lu and Xing Chen revised the manuscript critically. All authors contributed to the article and approved the final submitted version. Availability of data and materials Sequence data that support the findings of this study have been deposited in the Science DB with DOI：10.57760/sciencedb.28856 Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. Disclosure statement The authors declare no conflicts of interest. Funding statement This project was no financially supported. Compliance with Ethics Guidelines: Our study was approved by the First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University’s human research ethics committee (ethical vote number KYLL-2025-322). The Declaration of Helsinki principles were followed in the conduct of the study. References de Martel C, Georges D, Bray F, Ferlay J, Clifford GM. Global burden of cancer attributable to infections in 2018: a worldwide incidence analysis. Lancet Glob Health. 2020 Feb;8(2):e180-e190. doi: 10.1016/S2214-109X(19)30488-7. Epub 2019 Dec 17. PMID: 31862245. Li Y, Choi H, Leung K, Jiang F, Graham DY, Leung WK. Global prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection between 1980 and 2022: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2023 Jun;8(6):553-564. doi: 10.1016/S2468-1253(23)00070-5. Epub 2023 Apr 20. PMID: 37086739. Zhou L, Lu H, Song Z, Lyu B, Chen Y, Wang J, Xia J, Zhao Z; on behalf of Helicobacter Pylori Study Group of Chinese Society of Gastroenterology. 2022 Chinese national clinical practice guideline on Helicobacter pylori eradication treatment. Chin Med J (Engl). 2022 Dec 20;135(24):2899-2910. doi: 10.1097/CM9.0000000000002546. Erratum in: Chin Med J (Engl). 2024 May 5;137(9):1068. doi: 10.1097/CM9.0000000000003134. PMID: 36579940; PMCID: PMC10106216. Correa P. 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Population Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice Regarding Helicobacter pylori Transmission and Outcomes: A Literature Review. Front Public Health. 2017 Jun 23;5:144. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2017.00144. PMID: 28691004; PMCID: PMC5481303. Cao, W. D., Jiang, C., Li, H. S., et al. (2020). Analysis of health literacy level and its influencing factors among residents in Haidian District, Beijing. Chinese Journal of Health Statistics, 37(01), 28-32. DOI: CNKI:SUN:ZGWT.0.2020-01-008 Teng TZJ, Sudharsan M, Yau JWK, Tan W, Shelat VG. Helicobacter pylori knowledge and perception among multi-ethnic Asians. Helicobacter. 2021 Jun;26(3):e12794. doi: 10.1111/hel.12794. Epub 2021 Mar 3. PMID: 33656211. Vrebalov Cindro P, Bukić J, Leskur D, Rušić D, Šešelja Perišin A, Božić J, Vuković J, Modun D. Helicobacter pylori Infection in Croatian Population: Knowledge, Attitudes and Factors Influencing Incidence and Recovery. Healthcare (Basel). 2022 Apr 30;10(5):833. doi: 10.3390/healthcare10050833. PMID: 35627971; PMCID: PMC9141647. Li YJ, Wang X, Wu YJ, Zhou XY, Li J, Qin J, Xu W, Lew JB, Chen W, Shi JF. Access to colorectal cancer screening in populations in China, 2020: A coverage-focused synthesis analysis. Int J Cancer. 2024 Aug 1;155(3):558-568. doi: 10.1002/ijc.34938. Epub 2024 Mar 30. PMID: 38554129. Liu R, Li Q, Li Y, Wei W, Ma S, Wang J, Zhang N. Public Preference Heterogeneity and Predicted Uptake Rate of Upper Gastrointestinal Cancer Screening Programs in Rural China: Discrete Choice Experiments and Latent Class Analysis. JMIR Public Health Surveill. 2023 Jul 10;9:e42898. doi: 10.2196/42898. PMID: 37428530; PMCID: PMC10366669. He L, Gao S, Tao S, Li W, Du J, Ji Y, Wang Y. Factors Associated With Colonoscopy Compliance Based on Health Belief Model in a Community-Based Colorectal Cancer Screening Program Shanghai, China. Int Q Community Health Educ. 2020 Oct;41(1):25-33. doi: 10.1177/0272684X19897356. Epub 2019 Dec 26. PMID: 31876256. Jiang H, Zhang P, Gu K, Gong Y, Peng P, Shi Y, Ai D, Chen W, Fu C. Cost-effectiveness analysis of a community-based colorectal cancer screening program in Shanghai, China. Front Public Health. 2022 Oct 7;10:986728. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.986728. PMID: 36276354; PMCID: PMC9586014. Liu Q, Zeng X, Wang W, Huang RL, Huang YJ, Liu S, Huang YH, Wang YX, Fang QH, He G, Zeng Y. Awareness of risk factors and warning symptoms and attitude towards gastric cancer screening among the general public in China: a cross-sectional study. BMJ Open. 2019 Jul 23;9(7):e029638. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-029638. PMID: 31340970; PMCID: PMC6661546. Zhang Y, Xu P, Sun Q, Baral S, Xi L, Wang D. Factors influencing the e-health literacy in cancer patients: a systematic review. J Cancer Surviv. 2023 Apr;17(2):425-440. doi: 10.1007/s11764-022-01260-6. Epub 2022 Oct 3. PMID: 36190672; PMCID: PMC9527376. Shah SC, Nunez H, Chiu S, Hazan A, Chen S, Wang S, Itzkowitz S, Jandorf L. Low baseline awareness of gastric cancer risk factors amongst at-risk multiracial/ethnic populations in New York City: results of a targeted, culturally sensitive pilot gastric cancer community outreach program. Ethn Health. 2020 Feb;25(2):189-205. doi: 10.1080/13557858.2017.1398317. Epub 2017 Nov 8. Erratum in: Ethn Health. 2020 Feb;25(2):i. doi: 10.1080/13557858.2017.1412880. PMID: 29115149. Taha H, Al Jaghbeer M, Al-Sabbagh MQ, Al Omari L, Berggren V. Knowledge and Practices of Colorectal Cancer Early Detection Examinations in Jordan: A Cross Sectional Study. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2019 Mar 26;20(3):831-838. doi: 10.31557/APJCP.2019.20.3.831. PMID: 30912401; PMCID: PMC6825773. Alzahrani MA, AlQahtani SJ, Alqahtani MS, Asiri HM, Abudasir AM, Alshahrani KT, Al Zomia AS. Knowledge, attitudes, and practices of adults in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia regarding Helicobacter pylori-induced gastric ulcers, cancers, and treatment. J Med Life. 2024 May;17(5):523-529. doi: 10.25122/jml-2023-0536. PMID: 39144695; PMCID: PMC11320613. Al Omari SM, Khalifeh AH, Moman R, Sawan HM. Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices Related to Helicobacter pylori and Gastric Disease in Jordan: Implications for Early Detection and Eradication. Infect Drug Resist. 2025 Mar 19;18:1503-1514. doi: 10.2147/IDR.S508330. PMID: 40123709; PMCID: PMC11930260. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Reviewers invited by journal 31 Oct, 2025 Editor invited by journal 06 Oct, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 05 Oct, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 05 Oct, 2025 First submitted to journal 27 Sep, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. 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Populations","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eHelicobacter pylori\u0026nbsp;(Hp) infection is one of the most common chronic bacterial infections worldwide, and its close association with gastric cancer has been widely confirmed\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003e[1]. Epidemiological data indicate that the global Hp infection rate is approximately 43.1%. Although the infection rate is gradually declining in developed countries, it remains high in developing nations, posing a significant public health burden\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003e[2,3]. Hp infection can trigger the Correa cascade (chronic gastritis \u0026rarr; atrophic gastritis \u0026rarr; intestinal metaplasia \u0026rarr; dysplasia \u0026rarr; gastric cancer), ultimately leading to the development of gastric cancer\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003e[4]. Early eradication of Hp can delay or prevent the occurrence and progression of gastric mucosal atrophy and/or intestinal metaplasia, and may even reverse atrophy and metaplasia in some patients, thereby reducing the risk of gastric cancer [5]. Furthermore, increasing evidence suggests that Hp infection is also closely associated with colorectal cancer and its precancerous lesions. Infected individuals have a 59% and 47% increased risk of developing colorectal cancer and precancerous lesions, respectively, while anti-Hp therapy is associated with a 56% reduction in the overall risk of colorectal tumors [6]. Therefore, promoting early screening and treatment of Hp has become a key strategy for the primary prevention of gastrointestinal cancers.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWith significant advancements in digestive endoscopy technology, the early diagnosis rate of gastrointestinal cancers has continuously improved, which can help reduce the disease burden. As a crucial method for early screening, gastroscopy and colonoscopy have become core measures for the secondary prevention of gastrointestinal cancers. The five-year survival rate for patients with early gastric cancer (i.e., T1 tumors confined to the mucosa or submucosa) can exceed 90%, while it drops sharply to approximately 30% for advanced gastric cancer. According to the 2022 global cancer statistics, new gastric cancer cases in China account for 37.04% of the global total. However, the early diagnosis rate remains below 20%, far lower than that in Japan and South Korea (50%\u0026ndash;60%), with a particularly pronounced diagnostic delay in rural areas [7]. Despite the gradual popularization of early screening technologies, public awareness of Hp and early gastrointestinal cancers in China remains inadequate, and compliance with screening and treatment is low [8]. Previous studies have indicated that improving awareness of the Hp-gastric cancer association can promote individual participation in screening and acceptance of treatment, as knowledge levels are significantly correlated with positive health attitudes and behaviors [9]. Therefore, enhancing public awareness and optimizing screening strategies are vital approaches to reducing the incidence and mortality of gastrointestinal cancers.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCurrent research predominantly focuses on the association between Hp infection and risk factors for gastric cancer, or is limited to surveys of awareness in specific regions [10\u0026ndash;14]. There is still a lack of in-depth exploration into the impact of factors such as socioeconomic levels, accessibility to medical resources, and information dissemination environments on awareness. Taking Shanghai and Shanxi as examples: Shanghai is a socioeconomically developed metropolitan area with relatively high health literacy among its residents, yet systematic research on awareness of Hp and early gastrointestinal cancers is lacking. Shanxi, conversely, is a high-risk region for early gastrointestinal cancers, and related awareness research is also scarce. This study, for the first time, employs a multidimensional evaluation framework to compare the awareness levels of Hp and early gastrointestinal cancers among the general populations in Shanghai and Shanxi, and analyzes the influencing factors. It aims to fill the research gap on awareness differences across different regional contexts and provide a scientific basis for developing targeted intervention strategies.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Materials and methods","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStudy Population:\u003c/strong\u003eThis study employed a cross-sectional survey design. Between August and September 2025, online and offline questionnaire surveys were conducted among permanent residents of Shanghai and Shanxi regions using the \u0026quot;Wenjuanxing\u0026quot; platform. The sampling method combined random sampling and \u0026quot;snowball\u0026quot; sampling to expand sample coverage and representativeness. Inclusion criteria were: (1) age 18 years or older; (2) ability to independently read and complete the questionnaire; (3) voluntary participation in the study. The exclusion criterion was: incomplete questionnaire responses. This study was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University\u0026rsquo;s human research ethics committee (ethical vote number KYLL-2025-322). All participants provided informed consent before their involvement.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSample Size Estimation:\u003c/strong\u003eThe sample size was estimated based on the formula for comparing two independent sample proportions. The significance level (\u0026alpha;) was set at 0.05 (two-sided), and the test power (1-\u0026beta;) was set at 90%. According to pre-survey and previous study data [13], the estimated awareness rate of Hp was approximately 75% in Shanghai and 60% in Shanxi. Calculation using SPSS 27.0 software indicated a minimum required sample size of 250 per group. Considering a 20% non-response rate and invalid questionnaires, the sample size was increased to 300 per group. Ultimately, this study included 501 participants from Shanghai and 537 from Shanxi, totaling 1038 respondents, meeting statistical requirements.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eQuestionnaire Design:\u003c/strong\u003eBased on literature review\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003e[9-14]\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003eand expert consultation, a structured questionnaire was self-designed and revised/optimized through a pre-survey. The final questionnaire had a Cronbach\u0026apos;s \u0026alpha; coefficient greater than 0.7 and a KMO (Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin) value of 0.72, indicating good reliability and validity. The questionnaire consisted of the following six sections:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(1) Socio-demographic characteristics: including gender, age, occupation, monthly income, education level, etc.;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(2) Basic knowledge of Hp and early gastrointestinal cancer: covering transmission routes, preventive measures, diagnosis, and treatment methods, using single-choice and multiple-choice questions (correct answer=1 point, incorrect/unknown=0 points);\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(3) Health behavior habits: such as smoking, alcohol consumption, dietary regularity, etc.;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(4) Past medical history and family history;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(5) Screening and treatment willingness and past health check-up behaviors;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(6) Health information acquisition channels and future preferred channels.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe total knowledge score was 38 points. Knowledge levels were categorized into three groups based on scores: low (0\u0026ndash;13 points), medium (14\u0026ndash;25 points), and high (26\u0026ndash;38 points). If respondents answered \u0026quot;Do not know about Hp\u0026quot; or \u0026quot;Do not know about early gastrointestinal cancer,\u0026quot; the corresponding section knowledge score was 0.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStatistical Analysis\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eData analysis was performed using SPSS 27.0 software. Categorical variables were described by frequency and composition ratio (%), and continuous variables were expressed as mean \u0026plusmn; standard deviation. The knowledge levels served as an ordinal dependent variable. The Kruskal-Wallis test was used to analyze the influence of ordinal or continuous independent variables (e.g., frequency of lifestyle habits), and the chi-square test was used for univariate analysis of categorical variables (e.g., gender, occupation). Variables with p \u0026le; 0.05 in the univariate analysis were included in a multinomial logistic regression model to analyze independent factors influencing knowledge level. Results are presented as odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). A p-value \u0026lt; 0.05 was considered statistically significant.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRegional Disparities in Knowledge Levels\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study conducted a comparative analysis of the knowledge scores between participants from Shanxi (N=537) and Shanghai (N=501). Descriptive statistics showed that the total knowledge score of participants from Shanghai was slightly higher than that of participants from Shanxi (Mean \u0026plusmn; SD: 24.05 \u0026plusmn; 7.881 vs. 22.96 \u0026plusmn; 11.893,p\u0026lt;0.001). The distribution in Shanxi exhibited a pattern of \u0026quot;polarization,\u0026quot; with relatively high proportions of both high and low knowledge levels. In contrast, Shanghai showed a spindle-shaped distribution, characterized by a large middle proportion and smaller proportions at both ends.Further details can be found in Table 1.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"556\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" style=\"width: 556px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 1. Knowledge Level Survey Scores in Shanxi and Shanghai Regions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 147px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVariable\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eShanxi (N=537)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 142px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eShanghai (N=501)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 128px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ep-value\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 147px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKnowledge Level\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 142px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 128px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 147px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLow (n, %)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e94 (17.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 142px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26 (5.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 128px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 147px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMedium (n, %)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e186 (34.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 142px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e288 (57.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 128px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 147px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHigh (n, %)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 138px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e257 (47.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 142px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e187 (37.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 128px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eComparison of Screening Willingness\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSurvey results regarding the acceptance willingness and past behaviors towards preventive measures for Hp and early gastrointestinal cancer indicated that participants from both regions showed high willingness to accept all four preventive measures (the proportion of \u0026quot;willing\u0026quot; responses ranged from 71.3% to 79.2%). However, this stood in sharp contrast to the very low rates of past screening: only 36.0% of respondents had ever been tested for Hp, and only 28.9% had undergone gastroscopy/colonoscopy. Further details can be found in Table 2.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"554\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" style=\"width: 554px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 2. Willingness for Screening and Treatment, and Previous Screening History\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 162px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eItem\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRegion\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUnwilling (n, %)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWilling (n, %)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUncertain (n, %)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP-value\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 162px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWillingness for H. pylori screening\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 162px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH. pylori testing\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eShanxi\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25(4.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e453(84.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59 (11.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 162px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eShanghai\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21(4.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e369(73.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e111 (22.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 162px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWillingness for H. pylori treatment\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 162px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH. pylori treatment\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eShanxi\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23(4.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e447(83.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e67 (12.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 162px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eShanghai\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23(4.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e368(73.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e110(22.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 162px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWillingness for early cancer screening\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 162px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGastroscopy/colonoscopy screening\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eShanxi\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35 (6.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e423(78.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e79 (14.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 162px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eShanghai\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27 (5.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e350(69.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e124 (24.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 162px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWillingness for endoscopic treatment\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 162px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEndoscopic treatment of early cancer\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eShanxi\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37 (6.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e414(77.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e86 (16.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 162px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eShanghai\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28 (5.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e326(65.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e147 (29.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 162px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eItem\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRegion\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(n, %)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;(n, %)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUncertain (n, %)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP-value\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 162px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrevious screening history\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 162px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEver tested for H. pylori\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eShanxi\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e181(33.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e275(51.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e81 (15.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 162px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eShanghai\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e193(38.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e182(36.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e126 (25.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 162px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEver undergone gastroscopy/colonoscopy\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eShanxi\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e146 (27.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e339 (63.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52 (9.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 162px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eShanghai\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e154 (30.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e226 (45.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e121 (24.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 162px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAvailability of local medical services\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 162px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eH. pylori testing available locally\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eShanxi\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e271(50.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e196(36.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70 (13.0%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 162px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eShanghai\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e274(54.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e102(20.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e125 (24.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 162px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGastroscopy/colonoscopy available locally\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eShanxi\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e266(49.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e207(38.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e64 (11.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 162px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eShanghai\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e261(52.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e119(23.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e121 (24.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCurrent and Preferred Health Information Channels\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRegarding the channels for acquiring knowledge about Hp and early gastrointestinal cancer, materials from doctors/medical institutions are currently the primary source of information for residents in both regions; the current utilization rate of community health lectures is relatively low. However, regarding future preferences, the demand for community health lectures shows the most substantial growth potential, with the desired rate increasing significantly to over 50% in both regions.Further details can be found in Table 3.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"554\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"5\" style=\"width: 554px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 3. Current Usage and Future Demand for Channels of Acquiring Knowledge\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 128px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eInformation Channel Category\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRegion\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCurrent Usage n(%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 135px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFuture Demand n (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDifference (\u0026Delta;%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 128px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDoctors/Medical Institutions\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eShanxi\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e409 (76.2\u003cstrong\u003e%\u003c/strong\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 135px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e442 (82.3\u003cstrong\u003e%\u003c/strong\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.1\u003cstrong\u003e%\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 128px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eShanghai\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e356 (71.1\u003cstrong\u003e%\u003c/strong\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 135px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e361 (72.1\u003cstrong\u003e%\u003c/strong\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003cstrong\u003e%\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 128px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP-value (Region Comparison)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e*0.059*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 135px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 128px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOnline Short-form Videos\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eShanxi\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e300 (55.9\u003cstrong\u003e%\u003c/strong\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 135px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e360 (67.0\u003cstrong\u003e%\u003c/strong\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.1\u003cstrong\u003e%\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 128px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eShanghai\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e272 (54.3\u003cstrong\u003e%\u003c/strong\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 135px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e318 (63.5\u003cstrong\u003e%\u003c/strong\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.2\u003cstrong\u003e%\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 128px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP-value (Region Comparison)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e*0.598*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 135px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e*0.228*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 128px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Friends/Family Recommendations\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eShanxi\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e281 (52.3\u003cstrong\u003e%\u003c/strong\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 135px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e278 (51.8\u003cstrong\u003e%\u003c/strong\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.5\u003cstrong\u003e%\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 128px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eShanghai\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e267 (53.3\u003cstrong\u003e%\u003c/strong\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 135px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e199 (39.7\u003cstrong\u003e%\u003c/strong\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-13.6\u003cstrong\u003e%\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 128px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP-value (Region Comparison)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e*0.749*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 135px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 128px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCommunity Health Lectures\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eShanxi\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e178 (33.1\u003cstrong\u003e%\u003c/strong\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 135px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e288 (53.6\u003cstrong\u003e%\u003c/strong\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.5\u003cstrong\u003e%\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 128px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eShanghai\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e143 (28.5\u003cstrong\u003e%\u003c/strong\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 135px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e276 (55.1\u003cstrong\u003e%\u003c/strong\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26.6\u003cstrong\u003e%\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 128px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP-value (Region Comparison)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 125px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e*0.107*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 135px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e*0.619*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 99px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eUnivariate and Multivariate Analysis of Factors Associated with Knowledge Levels among Shanghai\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eUnivariate analysis revealed that factors including gender, age, educational level, occupation, monthly income, living situation, family structure, health behaviors, and past medical history were significantly associated with knowledge scores (P \u0026lt; 0.05).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMultinomial logistic regression analysis further identified that a low monthly income (\u0026lt;3,000 RMB) was a significant risk factor, substantially increasing the likelihood of being in the low knowledge level (OR = 9.95, P = 0.023) and medium knowledge level (OR = 4.05, P = 0.02) groups compared to the high knowledge level group. Smoking behavior also demonstrated a strong negative association: compared to regular smokers, never smokers (Low vs. High: OR = 0.04, P = 0.018; Medium vs. High: OR = 0.11, P = 0.022) and occasional smokers (Low vs. High: OR = 0.04, P = 0.046) were significantly less likely to attain a high knowledge level.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe practice of separate meal servings at home (family divided dining) showed a consistent protective trend: never practicing separate servings significantly increased the risk of being in the low knowledge level group compared to regularly practicing it (OR = 6.18, P = 0.029). Conversely, the consumption of scalding hot foods as a risk factor showed that occasional consumption significantly reduced the likelihood of having a high knowledge level in the medium vs. high knowledge level comparison (OR = 0.51, P = 0.044). The influences of gender and using serving chopsticks were significant only in the medium vs. high knowledge level comparison: males were more likely to be in the medium knowledge level group (OR = 1.86, P = 0.046), and occasional use of serving chopsticks also increased the likelihood of being in the medium knowledge level group (OR = 1.80, P = 0.028).Refer to Table 4.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"556\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"8\" style=\"width: 556px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 4. Multivariable Logistic Regression Analysis of Factors Associated with Knowledge Levels\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;among Shanghai Residents\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVariable\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eComparison Group vs. Reference Group\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eKnowledge Level (vs. High)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eB\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 44px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSE\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 44px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWald\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e-value\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 108px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOR (95% CI)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAge Group\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 44px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 44px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 108px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;25 years vs. \u0026ge;60 years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLow\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-4.262\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 44px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 44px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.174\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 108px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.014 (0.000\u0026ndash;4.070)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMedium\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-4.812\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 44px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 44px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.151\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.023\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 108px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.008 (0.000\u0026ndash;0.519)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26\u0026ndash;45 years vs. \u0026ge;60 years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLow\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-3.749\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 44px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.259\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 44px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.754\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.097\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 108px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.024 (0.000\u0026ndash;1.971)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMedium\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-2.967\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 44px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.878\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 44px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.496\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.114\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 108px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.051 (0.001\u0026ndash;2.041)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46\u0026ndash;60 years vs. \u0026ge;60 years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLow\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-3.285\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 44px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.275\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 44px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.084\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.149\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 108px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.037 (0.000\u0026ndash;3.237)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMedium\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-2.401\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 44px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.877\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 44px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.636\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.201\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 108px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.091 (0.002\u0026ndash;3.590)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGender\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMale vs. Female\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLow\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.276\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 44px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.633\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 44px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.663\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 108px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.318 (0.381\u0026ndash;4.563)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMedium\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.619\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 44px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 44px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.975\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.046\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 108px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.857 (1.011\u0026ndash;3.412)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMonthly Income\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;3000 RMB vs. \u0026gt;10,000 RMB\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLow\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.298\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 44px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.012\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 44px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.159\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.023\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 108px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.954 (1.370\u0026ndash;72.302)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMedium\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.399\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 44px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.601\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 44px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.422\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 108px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.050 (1.248\u0026ndash;13.147)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3000\u0026ndash;6000 RMB vs. \u0026gt;10,000 RMB\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLow\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.486\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 44px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.503\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 44px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.105\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.746\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 108px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.615 (0.032\u0026ndash;11.706)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMedium\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.827\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 44px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.467\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 44px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.136\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.077\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 108px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.287 (0.916\u0026ndash;5.711)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFamily Separate Dining\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNever vs. Regularly\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLow\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.821\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 44px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.832\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 44px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.791\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.029\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 108px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.176 (1.210\u0026ndash;31.531)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMedium\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.641\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 44px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.368\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 44px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.035\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.081\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 108px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.899 (0.923\u0026ndash;3.907)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOccasionally vs. Regularly\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLow\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.578\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 44px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.846\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 44px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.466\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.495\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 108px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.782 (0.339\u0026ndash;9.354)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMedium\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.626\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 44px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.336\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 44px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.466\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.063\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 108px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.870 (0.968\u0026ndash;3.614)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSmoking\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNever vs. Regularly\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLow\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-3.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 44px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.321\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 44px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.615\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.018\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 108px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.044 (0.003\u0026ndash;0.582)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMedium\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-2.249\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 44px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.979\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 44px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.273\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.022\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 108px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.106 (0.015\u0026ndash;0.719)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOccasionally vs. Regularly\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLow\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-3.327\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 44px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 44px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.97\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.046\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 108px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.036 (0.001\u0026ndash;0.947)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMedium\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-1.691\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 44px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.067\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 44px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.512\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.113\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 108px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.184 (0.023\u0026ndash;1.492)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUsing Serving Chopsticks\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOccasionally vs. Regularly\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLow\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.044\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 44px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.605\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 44px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.005\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.942\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 108px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.957 (0.292\u0026ndash;3.130)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMedium\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.585\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 44px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.267\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 44px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.808\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.028\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 108px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.795 (1.064\u0026ndash;3.027)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHot Diet\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOccasionally vs. Regularly\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLow\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.354\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 44px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.722\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 44px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.241\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.623\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 108px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.702 (0.170\u0026ndash;2.887)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMedium\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.681\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 44px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.339\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 44px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.044\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.044\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 108px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.506 (0.261\u0026ndash;0.983)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNever vs. Regularly\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLow\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.379\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 44px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.961\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 44px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.155\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.693\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 108px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.684 (0.104\u0026ndash;4.506)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMedium\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.753\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 44px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.428\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 44px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.093\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 58px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.079\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 108px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.471 (0.203\u0026ndash;1.090)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"8\" style=\"width: 556px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNote: The analysis used a multinomial logistic regression model. The dependent variable was knowledge level (Low, Medium, High), with \u0026quot;High\u0026quot; as the reference category. Only variables with a P-value \u0026lt; 0.1 in at least one comparison are shown. OR = odds ratio; CI = confidence interval.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eUnivariate and Multivariate Analysis of Factors Associated with Knowledge Levels among Shanxi\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eUnivariate analysis results indicated that gender, age, education level, occupation, dietary regularity, habit of using serving chopsticks, and smoking were associated with knowledge scores, and the differences were statistically significant (P \u0026lt; 0.05).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMultinomial logistic regression analysis revealed various factors influencing knowledge levels. Regarding demographic factors, education level was the most significant influencing factor. Compared to the postgraduate group, individuals with an elementary school education or below had a significantly increased risk of being in the low knowledge level group (OR = 4.49\u0026times;10⁹, 95% CI: 6.27\u0026times;10⁸\u0026ndash;3.20\u0026times;10\u0026sup1;⁰, P \u0026lt; 0.001). A similar trend was observed for those with a middle school/technical secondary school education (OR = 8.74, 95% CI: 2.04\u0026ndash;37.35, P = 0.003). Occupation type also showed significant associations: the student group had higher odds of being in both the low (OR = 2.82, 95% CI: 1.03\u0026ndash;7.72, P = 0.044) and medium (OR = 3.20, 95% CI: 1.25\u0026ndash;8.18, P = 0.015) knowledge level groups, while healthcare workers were more likely to attain a high knowledge level (OR = 0.09, 95% CI: 0.03\u0026ndash;0.27, P \u0026lt; 0.001). Male gender was marginally associated with the low knowledge level group (OR = 1.76, 95% CI: 0.92\u0026ndash;3.34, P = 0.086).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAmong health behavior factors, dietary regularity exhibited a significant influence. Compared to those who regularly maintained a regular diet, never having a regular diet significantly reduced the likelihood of achieving a high knowledge level (OR = 0.39, 95% CI: 0.16\u0026ndash;0.93, P = 0.033). Regarding the habit of using serving chopsticks, never using them increased the risk of being in the low knowledge level group (OR = 2.62, 95% CI: 0.96\u0026ndash;7.12, P = 0.059). The frequency of spicy food intake also showed some association, with occasional consumers being more likely to be in the medium knowledge level group (OR = 1.88, 95% CI: 1.16\u0026ndash;3.06, P = 0.011). Although the relationship between smoking behavior and knowledge level did not reach statistical significance, there was a trend towards reduced risk of being in the low knowledge level group among never smokers (OR = 0.48, 95% CI: 0.20\u0026ndash;1.11, P = 0.086). Refer to Table 5.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"562\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"8\" style=\"width: 562px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 5. Multivariable Logistic Regression Analysis of Factors Associated with Knowledge Levels among Shanxi Residents\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVariable\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 114px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eComparison Group vs. Reference Group\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eKnowledge Level (vs. High)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eB\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSE\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWald\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e-value\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOR (95% CI)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAge Group\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 114px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 114px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;25 years vs. \u0026ge;60 years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLow\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.874\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.705\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.538\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.215\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.40 (0.60\u0026ndash;9.54)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 114px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMedium\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.613\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.581\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.113\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.291\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.54 (0.17\u0026ndash;1.69)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 114px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26\u0026ndash;45 years vs. \u0026ge;60 years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLow\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.265\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.544\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.238\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.626\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.77 (0.26\u0026ndash;2.23)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 114px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMedium\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.346\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.417\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.69\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.406\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.71 (0.31\u0026ndash;1.60)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 114px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46\u0026ndash;60 years vs. \u0026ge;60 years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLow\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.119\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.573\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.043\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.835\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.13 (0.37\u0026ndash;3.47)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 114px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMedium\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.112\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.451\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.061\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.805\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.89 (0.37\u0026ndash;2.16)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGender\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 114px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMale vs. Female\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLow\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.562\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.328\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.946\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.086\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.76 (0.92\u0026ndash;3.34)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 114px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMedium\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.085\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.247\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.119\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.73\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.09 (0.67\u0026ndash;1.77)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEducation Level\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 114px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eElementary or below vs. Postgraduate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLow\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22.222\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.003\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e490.84\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.49\u0026times;10⁹ (6.27\u0026times;10⁸\u0026ndash;3.20\u0026times;10\u0026sup1;⁰)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 114px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMedium\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.459\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.83\u0026times;10⁸ (2.83\u0026times;10⁸\u0026ndash;2.83\u0026times;10⁸)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 114px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMiddle School/Technical vs. Postgraduate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLow\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.168\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.741\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.552\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.003\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.74 (2.04\u0026ndash;37.35)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 114px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMedium\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.019\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.444\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.002\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.967\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.98 (0.41\u0026ndash;2.34)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 114px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCollege/University vs. Postgraduate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLow\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.076\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.666\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.609\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.106\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.93 (0.80\u0026ndash;10.83)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 114px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMedium\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.186\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.324\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.328\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.567\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.83 (0.44\u0026ndash;1.57)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOccupation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 114px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHealthcare Worker vs. Other\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLow\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-19.64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4545.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.997\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.96\u0026times;10⁻⁹ (-)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 114px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMedium\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-2.367\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.976\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.09 (0.03\u0026ndash;0.27)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 114px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCivil Servant/Clerk vs. Other\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLow\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.781\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.404\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.735\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.053\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.46 (0.21\u0026ndash;1.01)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 114px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMedium\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.282\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.134\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.287\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.74 (0.43\u0026ndash;1.29)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 114px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eProfessional/Technical vs. Other\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLow\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.523\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.451\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.349\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.245\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.69 (0.70\u0026ndash;4.08)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 114px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMedium\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.81\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.339\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.696\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.017\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.25 (1.16\u0026ndash;4.37)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 114px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFarmer/Worker vs. Other\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLow\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-1.268\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.717\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.077\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.28 (0.07\u0026ndash;1.15)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 114px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMedium\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.947\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.574\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.722\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.099\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.39 (0.13\u0026ndash;1.20)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 114px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStudent vs. Other\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLow\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.036\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.514\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.054\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.044\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.82 (1.03\u0026ndash;7.72)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 114px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMedium\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.162\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.874\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.015\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.20 (1.25\u0026ndash;8.18)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eServing Chopsticks\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 114px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNever vs. Regularly\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLow\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.962\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.51\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.556\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.059\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.62 (0.96\u0026ndash;7.12)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 114px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMedium\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.636\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.414\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.356\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.125\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.89 (0.84\u0026ndash;4.25)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 114px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOccasionally vs. Regularly\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLow\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.092\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.408\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.051\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.821\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.10 (0.49\u0026ndash;2.44)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 114px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMedium\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.228\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.289\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.621\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.431\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.26 (0.71\u0026ndash;2.21)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDietary Regularity\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 114px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOccasionally Regular vs. Regularly Regular\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLow\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.344\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.692\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.055\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.94 (0.99\u0026ndash;3.80)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 114px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMedium\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.007\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.978\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.01 (0.61\u0026ndash;1.68)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 114px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNever Regular vs. Regularly Regular\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLow\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.407\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.514\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.626\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.429\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.67 (0.24\u0026ndash;1.82)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 114px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMedium\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.944\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.444\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.522\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.033\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.39 (0.16\u0026ndash;0.93)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSmoking\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 114px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNever vs. Regularly\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLow\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.745\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.434\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.943\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.086\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.48 (0.20\u0026ndash;1.11)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 114px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMedium\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.016\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.383\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.002\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.968\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.98 (0.47\u0026ndash;2.09)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 114px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOccasionally vs. Regularly\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLow\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.582\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.493\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.394\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.238\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.56 (0.21\u0026ndash;1.47)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 114px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMedium\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.033\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.432\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.006\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.938\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.03 (0.44\u0026ndash;2.41)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSpicy Food Intake\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 114px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOccasionally vs. Regularly\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLow\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.396\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.327\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.472\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.225\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.49 (0.78\u0026ndash;2.82)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 114px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMedium\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.632\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.248\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.47\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.011\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.88 (1.16\u0026ndash;3.06)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 114px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNever vs. Regularly\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLow\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.359\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.593\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.366\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.545\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.43 (0.45\u0026ndash;4.57)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 69px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 114px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 68px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMedium\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.657\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.47\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 46px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.957\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 62px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.162\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.93 (0.77\u0026ndash;4.85)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"8\" style=\"width: 562px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNote: The analysis used a multinomial logistic regression model. The dependent variable was knowledge level (Low, Medium, High), with \u0026quot;High\u0026quot; as the reference category. Only variables with a P-value \u0026lt; 0.1 in at least one comparison are shown. OR = odds ratio; CI = confidence interval.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eHp infection is a significant risk factor for gastric cancer, and its pathogenic process typically manifests as a slow, multi-stage progression that can persist for decades [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e]. This extended natural history provides a crucial window for the early detection and intervention of Hp infection, making it a key target for the primary prevention of gastric cancer. Concurrently, within the secondary prevention framework for gastrointestinal cancers, early gastroscopy and colonoscopy screening can not only significantly improve the survival rate of gastric cancer patients but also effectively reduce patient suffering and economic burden, thereby alleviating the overall public health pressure on society. Consequently, an in-depth investigation and analysis of the general population\u0026apos;s knowledge levels regarding Hp and early gastrointestinal cancer, along with their screening and treatment intentions, provide a vital evidence base and guidance for developing more targeted public health strategies [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDifferences in Knowledge Levels about two Regions\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe total knowledge score of Shanghai was slightly higher than that of Shanxi. Compared with previous studies [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e], the overall knowledge level of the general population has improved markedly. Furthermore, the internal variation within the Shanxi group was greater. More importantly, there was a significant difference in the knowledge structure between the two regions. The distribution in Shanxi exhibited a pattern of \u0026quot;polarization,\u0026quot; with relatively high proportions of both high and low knowledge levels, indicating an uneven distribution and a prominent knowledge gap in this region. In contrast, Shanghai showed a spindle-shaped distribution, characterized by a large middle proportion and smaller proportions at both ends, suggesting a more uniform overall health literacy. These disparities may be associated with factors such as socioeconomic development, regional distribution of healthcare resources, information accessibility, and demographic structure [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eIntention-Behavior Gap\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study revealed a prevalent phenomenon of \u0026quot;high intention, low action\u0026quot; regarding screening and treatment for Hp and early gastrointestinal cancer among residents in both Shanxi and Shanghai. Residents in both regions demonstrated high acceptance willingness for Hp testing/treatment and gastroscopy/colonoscopy screening/endoscopic treatment, consistent with previous research [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e]. This reflects a general recognition of the importance of early screening and treatment for gastrointestinal cancers among the public, facilitated by the widespread adoption of health education, indicating a significant enhancement of health consciousness [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e]. However, this stands in sharp contrast to the very low rates of past screening, aligning with prior data showing that the opportunistic screening coverage rate for colorectal cancer in China\u0026apos;s 40\u0026ndash;74 age group was only 3.0% in 2020 [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e]. This \u0026quot;Intention-Behavior Gap\u0026quot; is a common phenomenon in health behavior science, suggesting multiple barriers between intention and actual action [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e]. Moreover, the two regions exhibited distinct characteristic patterns, potentially linked to health cognition, healthcare accessibility, and psychological factors. Despite the overall high willingness, in-depth analysis reveals significant modal differences: Shanxi presented a \u0026quot;high willingness-high certainty\u0026quot; pattern, whereas Shanghai exhibited a \u0026quot;relatively lower willingness-high uncertainty\u0026quot; pattern. This high certainty in Shanxi might be related to the relatively weaker local healthcare resources. This presents an interesting contrast to the higher perceived healthcare accessibility and knowledge scores among Shanghai respondents, potentially attributable to richer knowledge and more convenient resources leading to greater information weighing and decision-making complexity (e.g., concerns about treatment side effects, discomfort during endoscopy, overdiagnosis), consequently resulting in a higher hesitation rate [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e]. Therefore, although residents in both regions generally exhibit high acceptance of early screening for Hp and early gastrointestinal cancer, they both face challenges in translating screening intention into actual behavior, with noticeable regional differences. Precise and efficient public health intervention strategies tailored to the distinct characteristics of different regions should be formulated to address the difficulty in intention-behavior translation.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eKnowledge Acquisition Channels and Needs\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThis study elucidates the health information acquisition patterns among residents in Shanxi and Shanghai: information from doctors/medical institutions remains the most authoritative and consistently high-demand source; online short-form videos show rapidly growing demand; and community health lectures exhibit surging demand due to their interactive nature. The regional difference lies in the fact that Shanxi residents show greater demand for various authoritative channels, whereas Shanghai residents\u0026apos; demands are more rational, concentrated, and focused on professionalism. For knowledge dissemination, it is advisable to strengthen the primary role of medical professionals, regulate content on short-form video platforms, enhance the development of community health lectures, and implement differentiated communication strategies based on regional variations to meet the public\u0026apos;s urgent need for authoritative, interactive, and high-quality health information [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e]. Simultaneously, more precise and in-depth thematic science popularization should be conducted to encourage high-risk groups to undergo screening early [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eFactors Associated with Knowledge Level\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThis study conducted an in-depth analysis of factors influencing knowledge levels of Hp and early gastrointestinal cancer among participants in Shanghai and Shanxi using univariate and multinomial logistic regression models. The results revealed both common and region-specific influencing factors, providing important insights for formulating differentiated health intervention strategies.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFirstly, socioeconomic factors were core variables affecting knowledge levels. Low income (monthly income\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;3000 RMB) and low education level (middle school/technical secondary school and below) significantly increased the risk of having a low knowledge level in both regions [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e], closely related to limited resource accessibility and health information acquisition capacity. Notably, the cognitive barrier associated with low education was particularly pronounced in Shanxi [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e], suggesting that education remains a fundamental pathway for improving health cognition in economically less developed regions.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSecondly, significant associations were observed between health behaviors and knowledge levels. Smoking was a strong risk factor, significantly reducing the likelihood of achieving a high knowledge level in both regions, reaffirming the frequent coexistence of unhealthy lifestyles and low health literacy. The practice of separate meal servings at home showed a protective trend in Shanghai, indicating that healthy dietary behaviors may mutually reinforce higher health awareness.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eStudy strengths and limitations\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThis study used of \u0026quot;Questionnaire Star\u0026quot; and \u0026quot;snowball\u0026quot; sampling, while yielding a large sample size, may introduce selection bias, potentially limiting the sample\u0026apos;s representativeness (e.g., individuals willing to complete lengthy questionnaires might inherently have higher health awareness). Furthermore, although the self-designed knowledge scale underwent validity and reliability testing, there remains room for optimization. Future research could employ random sampling methods for larger-scale surveys and conduct theory-based interventional studies to verify the findings of this research, providing critical evidence for formulating precise and effective public health intervention strategies.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study suggests that future prevention and control efforts for Hp and early gastrointestinal cancer should shift from \"knowledge strengthening\" towards precise behavioral interventions, paying particular attention to high-risk groups with low income, low education, and unhealthy behaviors such as smoking [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e]. Meanwhile, differentiated education strategies should be designed considering different economic and cultural backgrounds. For instance, Shanxi should focus on strengthening basic health knowledge and resource allocation, while Shanghai could emphasize the translation of higher-level knowledge into behavioral practice, highlighting the importance of action in science popularization and addressing the general population's fear of endoscopic examinations. The future focus of public health work should transition from \"improving knowledge\" to \"promoting behavior change.\" Strategies such as simplifying appointment procedures, providing screening subsidies, and enhancing service accessibility and comfort can effectively lower the barriers for residents to participate in screening, achieving precise health interventions.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Abbreviations","content":"\u003cp\u003eHp:Helicobacter pylori\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgments\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe extend our sincere gratitude to all the respondents for their valuable time and effort in completing the questionnaire. Their participation was essential to the success of this research.we are also grateful for the participation of all individuals in this study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCredit authorship contribution statement\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFengping Liu and Qing Wang were responsible for the research methodology and questionnaire design. Jingwen Gong，Yiping Fang and Shuni Liu were responsible for data collection. Fengping Liu and Jingwei Liu were responsible for data analysis and interpretation. Fengping Liu drafted the manuscript. Junhui Lu and Xing Chen revised the manuscript critically. All authors contributed to the article and approved the final submitted version.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of data and materials\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSequence data that support the findings of this study have been deposited in the Science DB with DOI：10.57760/sciencedb.28856\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDeclaration of Competing Interest\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDisclosure statement\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare no conflicts of interest.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding statement\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis project was no financially supported.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompliance with Ethics Guidelines:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOur study was approved by the First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University\u0026rsquo;s human research ethics committee (ethical vote number KYLL-2025-322). The Declaration of Helsinki principles were followed in the conduct of the study.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col class=\"decimal_type\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003ede Martel C, Georges D, Bray F, Ferlay J, Clifford GM. Global burden of cancer attributable to infections in 2018: a worldwide incidence analysis. Lancet Glob Health. 2020 Feb;8(2):e180-e190. doi: 10.1016/S2214-109X(19)30488-7. Epub 2019 Dec 17. PMID: 31862245.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eLi Y, Choi H, Leung K, Jiang F, Graham DY, Leung WK. Global prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection between 1980 and 2022: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2023 Jun;8(6):553-564. doi: 10.1016/S2468-1253(23)00070-5. Epub 2023 Apr 20. 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PMID: 30912401; PMCID: PMC6825773.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAlzahrani MA, AlQahtani SJ, Alqahtani MS, Asiri HM, Abudasir AM, Alshahrani KT, Al Zomia AS. Knowledge, attitudes, and practices of adults in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia regarding Helicobacter pylori-induced gastric ulcers, cancers, and treatment. J Med Life. 2024 May;17(5):523-529. doi: 10.25122/jml-2023-0536. PMID: 39144695; PMCID: PMC11320613.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAl Omari SM, Khalifeh AH, Moman R, Sawan HM. Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices Related to Helicobacter pylori and Gastric Disease in Jordan: Implications for Early Detection and Eradication. Infect Drug Resist. 2025 Mar 19;18:1503-1514. doi: 10.2147/IDR.S508330. PMID: 40123709; PMCID: PMC11930260.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-public-health","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"pubh","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Public Health](http://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/pubh/default.aspx","title":"BMC Public Health","twitterHandle":"@BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Helicobacter pylori, Early cancer screening, Awareness, Screening intention, China","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7728490/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7728490/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003ch2\u003eBackground\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eHelicobacter pylori (Hp) infection, one of the most prevalent chronic bacterial infections globally, has been unequivocally established as a major risk factor for gastric cancer. Advances in digestive endoscopy have significantly enhanced the detection rate of early gastrointestinal cancers, thereby helping to alleviate the associated disease burden. Nevertheless, low public awareness and suboptimal screening adherence continue to pose significant challenges. Thus, a systematic assessment of current public knowledge and the optimization of screening strategies are of critical importance.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMethods\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis study employed a cross-sectional survey design utilizing a combination of random sampling and snowball sampling techniques. A total of 1,038 valid questionnaires were collected. Data were analyzed using SPSS 27.0. Univariate analysis was first performed, and variables showing a significance level of p\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.05 were subsequently entered into a multinomial logistic regression model to identify independent factors associated with levels of awareness and behavior.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResults\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eRespondents from both regions demonstrated moderate to high overall awareness scores; however, a significant difference was observed in the structure of their awareness (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001). Despite a high expressed willingness to undergo screening and treatment for H. pylori and early gastrointestinal cancers (ranging from 71.3% to 84.4%), the actual screening rates were considerably low (36.0% for H. pylori testing and 28.9% for gastroscopy/colonoscopy). In terms of information acquisition, the desire for community health lectures registered the most substantial increase among residents in both areas. Furthermore, multivariate analysis identified low income, low education level, and unhealthy behaviors as common risk factors for lower awareness.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eConclusion\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eResidents in Shanghai and Shanxi possess a certain foundational awareness of H. pylori and early gastrointestinal cancers, but a widespread \"intention-behavior gap\" in screening exists. The current core challenge lies in effectively translating screening intention into actual action.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eTrial registration\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University (Approval No. KYLL2025322) and was performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.Registration Date August 15, 2025\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"The Helicobacter pylori- Early Gastrointestinal Cancer Screening Intention-Behaviour Gap: A Comparative Study of Two Chinese Populations","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-11-12 14:49:47","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7728490/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-10-31T11:12:43+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2025-10-06T06:35:39+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-10-05T23:38:49+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-10-05T23:38:14+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"BMC Public Health","date":"2025-09-27T12:29:46+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-public-health","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"pubh","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Public Health](http://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/pubh/default.aspx","title":"BMC Public Health","twitterHandle":"@BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"8a2da00c-a4c1-41ee-bd0f-b03d9997b510","owner":[],"postedDate":"November 12th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-11-12T14:49:47+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-11-12 14:49:47","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7728490","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7728490","identity":"rs-7728490","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}