No general effects of advancing male age on ejaculates: a meta-analysis across the animal kingdom

Senescence, the deterioration of organismal function with advancing age, is a puzzling biological phenomenon. While actuarial senescence ( i.e. , age-dependent increases in mortality rates) is well described across some taxa, reproductive senescence ( i.e. age- dependent declines in reproduction) is less understood, especially in males, with mixed patterns reported across studies. To examine the evidence for male reproductive senescence, we investigated how advancing male age affects ejaculate traits across non-human animals via a meta-analysis yielding 1814 effect sizes from 379 studies. We found no evidence for a general pattern of reproductive senescence. Instead, we found high heterogeneity for how reproduction changes with male age across animals. Some of this heterogeneity (>10%) was associated with biological factors. For example, there were taxonomical differences for some ejaculate traits — sperm motility declined with male age in lab rodents and fish, whereas ejaculate size improved with male age in bulls, fish, and insects. Some methodological factors were also important in explaining this heterogeneity: studies sampling a larger proportion of a species’ lifespan were more likely to detect senescence in ejaculate traits, emphasising the need to examine the full life cycle of species to document senescence. Contrary to predictions, we reveal that the evidence for senescence in ejaculate traits is sporadic. Our findings will help generate novel hypotheses and identify more effective methodological approaches for studying male reproductive senescence.