Neuroticism and Depression among First-Year College Students Using a Moderated Mediation Model of Perceived Social Support and Perceived Stress

Neuroticism and Depression among First-Year College Students Using a Moderated Mediation Model of Perceived Social Support and Perceived Stress | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article Neuroticism and Depression among First-Year College Students Using a Moderated Mediation Model of Perceived Social Support and Perceived Stress Qiuyi Yang, Penkarn Kanjanarat, Nahathai Wongpakaran, Xiaoshan Li, and 3 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4617838/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background Depression can have various negative impacts on a college student's academic career. While previous studies have indicated a link between neuroticism, perceived stress, and depression, the role of perceived social support in moderating this relationship remains unclear. This study investigated the moderating effect of perceived social support in this context. Methods: 568 first-year student participants were involved in the study, with 74.6% being female and having a mean age of 18.63 (SD = 0.72). Data on depression (PHQ-9), perceived stress (PSS-10), neuroticism (CBF-PI-B), and perceived social support (MSPSS-12) were collected and analyzed. The moderating role of the subscales of perceived social support was examined, utilizing mediation and moderation analyses with the 5000 bootstrapping methods. Results: The findings revealed that perceived social support significantly moderated the association between neuroticism and depression (B = -0.078 (95%CI: -0.173, 0.029)). Notably, support from family emerged as particularly influential in moderating this relationship (B = -0.104 (95%CI: -0.175, -0.023)). Conclusion: The research underscores the significant role of perceived social support, especially from family, in alleviating the impact of neuroticism on depression. Students who perceive strong family support tend to experience lower levels of depression. The study discusses the implications of these findings and suggests potential areas for future research. Neuroticism Depression Perceived Social Support Perceived Stress Moderated Mediation First-year College Students Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Introduction Depression is the most common mental health condition among the general population [ 1 ]. High-intensity studies, tough employment situations, and other pressures have led to frequent occurrences of depression and anxiety among college students [ 2 , 3 ]. A meta-analysis of 113 studies from 1997 to 2020 found that the prevalence of depression among Chinese college students was 28.4% (95%CI: 25.7–31.2%)[ 4 ]. Psychological conditions such as stress and depression can affect their learning engagement and performance, leading to learning difficulties for college students, resulting in negative consequences such as repeating grades and dropping out [ 5 ]. Depression is characterized by mental feelings of sadness, loss of interest, unhappiness, guilt, low self-worth, fatigue, and difficulty concentrating [ 6 ], as well as behavioral disturbances in sleep or appetite [ 7 ]. Chronic depressive states can lead to depression - in the most severe cases, depression can lead to suicidal behavior and an increased risk of death [ 8 ]. Depression is often a chronic process that severely impairs a person's career potential and quality of life [ 9 , 10 ]. One of the risk factors associated with depression is neuroticism, which forms the five personality traits [ 11 ]. The relationship between neuroticism and depression has been thoroughly confirmed, with a risk ratio of 1.25 (95% CI: 1.04–1.45) [ 12 ]. Neuroticism is a tendency to produce relatively stable negative emotional responses to threats, frustrations, or losses; it’s a psychological trait of significant public health significance [ 13 , 14 ]; it is closely associated with different forms of psychopathology and is a predictor of general psychiatric disorders, such as depressive disorders [ 13 – 15 ]. The strong bond between depression and neuroticism has been found in different cultures and regions [ 16 – 19 ]. Clinically, perceived stress resulting from stressful life events often precedes the development of depression [ 20 – 22 ]. Associations between depression and perceived stress have been found across age groups, regions, and cultures [ 20 – 30 ]. Perceived stress is also associated with neuroticism and is considered to be a key characteristic of neuroticism [ 31 ]. Perceived stress is an individual's subjective response or experience to stimuli, threats or events in different situations [ 32 ]. A positive correlation between neuroticism and perceived stress has been found in different cultures and regions [ 33 – 37 ]. Many studies have found significant associations between neuroticism and depression using perceived stress as a mediator [ 21 , 22 , 26 – 28 ]. Perceived social support, on the other hand, an important component of health and a positive impact on health, is associated with lower morbidity and mortality [ 38 , 39 ]. Perceived social support is more important than social support itself; in health-promoting behaviors, support is useless if the individual does not perceive it from others, which refers to how much social support an individual perceives from his/her social network [ 40 ]. Social support protects mental health through indirect ways of interacting with or moderating the effects of stressors in the stress-buffering hypothesis [ 41 ]. In recent years, empirical evidence for the role of social support as a buffering factor between stressors or stress and mental health problems has accumulated rapidly [ 42 ]. Based on this model, social support is a buffering factor for the development of psychopathology and for adaptation difficulties after experiencing stressful events [ 43 ]. Although neuroticism is a personality trait, the above describes its many associations with depression and perceived stress. Research have proved that genetic overlap in susceptibility to depression and neuroticism personality traits may be similar to the genetic effect of perceived psychological stress [ 29 , 44 ]. Therefore, we venture the hypothesis that perceived social support is a moderating variable of neuroticism to depression. In summary, it can be inferred that perceived stress is a mediating variable from neuroticism to depression. We hypothesize that perceived social support is the moderating variable for each path of the simple mediation model described above. Specifically, we hypothesized that perceived social support would buffer the relationship between neuroticism, perceived stress, and depression. In this way, high levels of perceived social support will reduce the effects of neuroticism and perceived stress on depression. The purpose of the present study was also to demonstrate the above hypotheses (Fig. 1 ). Methods Participants The study employed a chance sampling method to recruit 600 first-year participants, aged over 18, from a vocational college located in Jiangxi Province, situated in southern China. During the evening self-study period, all participants answered the paper questionnaire in the classroom. Participants were informed of the voluntary principle of the study: the data collected were used for research purposes only, and all information will remain anonymous and confidential. All participants provided written informed consent. No participants opted out, but 32 were excluded due to missing data related to the main variable. The study was conducted according to the guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Academic Research of the Jiangxi Technology Business Polytechnic College (study code GSXY-2023-XL-002 and date of approval, 21 November 2023). Measurements Patient health questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) The 9-item questionnaire covers the DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for depressive disorder, can both assess the severity of depression and have potential diagnostic efficacy[ 45 ]. Each item is scored on a four-point Likert-type scale, ranging from 3 (nearly every) to 0 (not at all), and a higher score indicates higher depression, and scores range from 0 to 27. The Chinese version was validated with a Cronbach’s alpha of 0.92, excellent goodness-of-fit, and good validity[ 46 ]. Chinese Big Five Personality Inventory brief version (CBF-PI-B) The 40-item inventory is based on the complete version of the Chinese Big Five Personality Inventory (CBF-PI), which was developed with the Big Five model as the theoretical framework[ 47 ]. The neuroticism subscale has 8 items used to measure participants' neuroticism levels. Each item is scored on a six-point Likert-type scale, ranging from 6 (completely agree) to 1 (completely disagree), and a higher score indicates higher neuroticism, and scores range from 8 to 48. The Chinese version validated five factors evenly with a Cronbach’s alpha of 0.79, excellent goodness-of-fit, and good validity[ 48 ]. Perceived Stress Scale-10 (PSS-10) The 10-item scale was developed to measure the extent to which the respondent feels about the stress he/she has perceived over four weeks [ 49 ]. Each item is scored on a five-point Likert-type scale, ranging from 4 (very often) to 0 (never). A higher score indicates higher perceived stress, and scores range from 0 to 40. The Chinese version was validated with a Cronbach’s alpha of 0.91, excellent goodness-of-fit, and good validity[ 49 ]. Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS-12) The 12-item scale is widely used to measure what extent the respondent feels about the external social support he/she has perceived[ 50 ]. Each item is scored on a four-point Likert-type scale, ranging from 4 (Compliant) to 1 (Not compliant), and a higher score indicates higher perceived social support, and scores range from 12 to 48. The scale has three subscales: family, significant others, and friends. An example, such as my teacher, was added to make it easier for students to understand the subscale of significant others. The Chinese version was validated with a Cronbach’s alpha of 0.89, excellent goodness-of-fit, and good validity[ 51 ]. Statistical Analysis The data in this study were derived from self-reports completed by students during their evening self-study session, potentially introducing an issue with common method variance. Harman’s one-factor test used to detect the presence of common method bias[ 52 ]. Results showed that six factors had an eigenvalue greater than 1 of sixteen factors, and the first factor explaining the variance accounted for 23.93%, which was less than the critical value of 40%, indicating that the common method deviation was not obvious. All continuous variables were standardized in the mediation and moderation analyses. Descriptive statistics—frequency, percentage, and mean and standard deviation—were calculated for sociodemographic characteristics, e.g., age, sex, an only child, student origin, emotional state, family state, and Living expenses. Mean, standard deviation and range (min-max) were obtained for continuous data, e.g., PSS scores, PHQ scores, CBF-PI-B scores, and MPSS scores. Pearson’s correlations were analyzed to identify associations between psychological variables. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze psychological variables based on the characteristics of the participants. Data were tested to have a normal distribution of errors, linearity, and homoscedasticity. No evidence of multicollinearity or outliers was detected. All indications showed that the data was valid for conducting mediation analyses. Mediation and moderation analyses were conducted, starting with testing mediation models involving depression, neuroticism, and perceived stress (Model A). By that neuroticism acted as the independent variable (X), depression as the outcome variable (Y), and neuroticism (M) as the mediators, the regression coefficients between X and M, M and Y, and X and Y were a, b, and c's, respectively (Fig. 1 ). For moderation analysis, we used the total score of perceived social support (W) as a moderator to analyze the mediation model (Fig. 2 ), along with three sources of perceived social support: overall perceived social support (Model B), family (Model C), significant others (Model D), and friends (Model E). The results were reported as unstandardized estimates, standard errors, and p-values. Bootstrap confidence intervals for conditional indirect effects were applied. All statistical analyses were used for IBM SPSS Program, 22.0. PROCESS version 3.5, with model numbers 4 and 59, comes with IBM SPSS and was used for all mediation and moderation analyses[ 53 , 54 ]. The significance level was set at p < 0.05 for all the analyses. Mediation and moderation analyses assessed the estimators and 95% confidence intervals for direct and indirect effects with 5,000 bootstrap samples. Results The participants ranged from 18 to 22 (mean age, 18.63 ± 0.72 years). Most of the participants were female, single, from rural or township areas. Over half of the participants earned a moderate level of living expenses. For psychological variables, the average perceived stress, depression, and neuroticism scores were mild to moderate, whereas the perceived social support score was more over the mid-point. The details are shown in Table 1 . Table 1 Socio-demographic characteristics of the participants Variable Value Age (Years) , M ± SD 18.63 ± 0.72 Sex n (%) Male 144 (25.4) Female 424 (74.6) An only child n (%) Yes 44 (7.8) No 524 (92.2) Origin of student n (%) Rural/Township 451 (79.4) County/City 117 (20.6) Marital status n (%) Single 423 (74.5) Non-Single 145 (25.5) Family status n (%) Core family 309 (54.4) Intergenerational family 24 (4.2) Stem family 205 (36.1) Single-parent family 30 (5.3) Living expenses n (%) > 2,000 38 (6.7) (CNY/Per month) 2,000–1,001 414 (72.9) ≤ 1,000 116 (20.4) Psychological measures M ± SD Depression (range 0–27) 6.22 ± 5.44 Neuroticism (range 8–48) 23.27 ± 8.33 Perceived stress (range 0–40) 16.59 ± 5.81 Perceived social support-Total (range 12–48) 36.28 ± 7.55 - Perceived social support from significant others (range 4–16) 11.25 ± 3.33 - Perceived social support from family (range 4–16) 12.38 ± 2.92 - Perceived social support from friends (range 4–16) 12.65 ± 2.88 Non-Single: married/domestic partnership, SD = standard deviation As shown in Table 2 , sex and family status were significantly associated with perceived stress and neuroticism (p < .05). In contrast, sex, an only child, and height were related to perceived social support (p < .05). Table 2 Mean and SD of psychological variables in Participant’s characteristics VARIABLES n Depression Neuroticism Perceived stress Perceived social support Age Mean ± SD P-value Mean ± SD P-value Mean ± SD P-value Mean ± SD P-value 18 273 (48.1) 6.50 ± 5.76 0.264 24.13 ± 8.30 0.054 16.83 ± 5.84 0.605 36.70 ± 7.67 0.538 19 230 (40.5) 6.20 ± 5.27 22.80 ± 8.15 16.35 ± 5.82 35.86 ± 7.39 20 57 (10.0) 5.39 ± 4.64 21.96 ± 8.91 16.47 ± 5.65 36.40 ± 7.56 21 7 (1.2) 2.57 ± 3.15 17.00 ± 7.01 14.86 ± 6.44 32.71 ± 8.79 22 1 (0.2) 7.00 ± 0.00 19.00 ± 0.00 23.00 ± 0.00 36.00 ± 0.00 Sex Male 144 (25.4) 5.51 ± 5.29 0.072 20.58 ± 7.35 < 0.001 14.94 ± 5.13 < 0.001 34.52 ± 7.92 0.001 Female 424 (74.6) 6.46 ± 5.48 24.19 ± 8.45 17.15 ± 5.93 36.87 ± 7.34 An only child Yes 44 (7.8) 7.11 ± 6.30 0.257 24.66 ± 9.12 0.251 16.91 ± 6.81 0.702 33.95 ± 7.32 0.034 No 524 (92.2) 6.15 ± 5.36 23.16 ± 8.26 16.56 ± 5.73 36.47 ± 7.54 Residential area Rural/Township 451 (79.4) 6.26 ± 5.29 0.735 23.34 ± 8.31 0.726 16.70 ± 5.74 0.348 36.24 ± 7.38 0.819 County/City 117 (20.6) 6.07 ± 6.01 23.03 ± 8.42 16.14 ± 6.06 36.42 ± 8.21 Marital status Single 423 (74.5) 6.07 ± 5.22 0.281 23.08 ± 8.11 0.331 16.50 ± 5.65 0.552 36.22 ± 7.52 0.771 Non-Single 145 (25.5) 6.64 ± 6.03 23.86 ± 8.94 16.83 ± 6.26 36.43 ± 7.66 Family structure Nuclear family 309 (54.4) 6.32 ± 5.70 0.183 22.86 ± 8.14 0.008 16.62 ± 6.00 0.016 36.57 ± 7.37 0.282 Intergenerational family 24 (4.2) 6.92 ± 5.09 22.96 ± 7.92 16.92 ± 6.46 33.58 ± 8.63 Stem family 205 (36.1) 5.75 ± 5.05 23.20 ± 8.36 16.05 ± 5.46 36.25 ± 7.61 Single-parent family 30 (5.3) 7.87 ± 5.39 28.33 ± 9.08 19.67 ± 4.85 35.53 ± 7.98 Living expenses (CNY /Per month) > 2,000 38 (6.7) 6.34 ± 5.24 0.708 22.66 ± 7.81 0.861 16.47 ± 6.05 0.048 36.50 ± 7.28 0.082 2,000–1,001 414 (72.9) 6.11 ± 5.36 23.37 ± 8.20 16.27 ± 5.81 36.65 ± 7.66 ≤ 1,000 116 (20.4) 6.58 ± 5.83 23.13 ± 8.96 P-value 17.77 ± 5.61 34.88 ± 7.14 Non-Single: married/domestic partnership. Table 3 shows the correlation coefficients among psychological variables. Significant positive correlation between perceived stress, neuroticism, and depression (all p < .001). Perceived social support and three sources of perceived social support were significantly negative correlations between perceived stress, neuroticism, and depression (all p < .001). Table 3 Pearson’s correlation coefficients among psychological variables VARIABLES 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1. Depress - 2. Neuroticism 0.682*** - 3. Perceived stress 0.563*** 0.624*** - 4. Perceived social support-Total -0.359*** -0.294*** -0.417*** - 5. Perceived social support from family -0.330*** -0.300*** -0.344*** 0.762*** - 6. Perceived social support from significant others -0.287*** -0.206*** -0.354*** 0.858*** 0.433*** - 7. Perceived social support from friends -0.275*** -0.230*** -0.335*** 0.857*** 0.485*** 0.653*** - ***p < .001 Table 4 shows the summary of the mediation analysis of neuroticism and perceived stress predicting depression controlling for sex. Neuroticism, perceived stress and sex predicted depression (t = 14.378, p < .001, t = 6.045, p < .001, and t = -2.194, p = .029, respectively). By adding perceived stress, the model of the variance of depressive symptoms increased from 46.5–50.1%. Perceived stress has a significantly indirect effect via neuroticism to depression (β = 0.142, p < .001). Figure 3 for more details (Model A). Table 4 Summary of mediation analysis of neuroticism and perceived stress predicting depression controlling for sex Model A M (Perceived Stress) Y (Depression) Antecedent Coeff. SE p-value Coeff. SE p-value X (Neuroticism) 0.615 0.033 0.000 0.551 0.038 0.000 M (Perceived Stress) 0.231 0.038 0.000 Sex 0.113 0.077 0.140 -0.153 0.070 0.029 Constant -0.198 0.138 0.152 0.267 0.125 0.033 R 2 = 0.392 R 2 = 0.501 F = 181.876, p < .001 F = 188.496, p < .001 Table 5 shows the summary of moderated mediation analysis of perceived social support, neuroticism, and perceived stress predicting depression controlling for sex. In model B, neuroticism, perceived stress, and total score of perceived social support (being alone) predicted depression (t = 13.933, p < .001, t = 4.609, p < .001, and t = -3.739, p < .001, respectively), the total score of perceived social support showed a moderating effect only on neuroticism to depression (t = -2.161, p = .031) as Fig. 4 . By adding interactions, the model explained the variance of depression more, from 46.6–51.6%. In model C, neuroticism, perceived stress, and perceived social support from family (being alone) predicted depression (t = 13.798, p < .001, t = 5.344, p < .001, and t = -2.952, p = .003, respectively). Perceived social support from family showed a moderating effect only on neuroticism and depression (t = -2.871, p = .004), as shown in Fig. 5 . In model D, neuroticism, perceived stress, and perceived social support from significant others (being alone) predicted depression (t = 14.360, p < .001, t = 4.831, p < .001, and t = -3.116, p = .002, respectively). Perceived social support from significant others did not show a moderating effect on each part of the mediation model, as shown in Fig. 6 . In model E, neuroticism, perceived stress, and perceived social support from a friend (being alone) predicted depression (t = 14.165, p < .001, t = 5.283, p < .001, and t = -2.028, p = .043, respectively). Perceived social support from friends did not show a moderating effect on each part of the mediation model, as shown in Fig. 7 . Table 5 The conditional indirect effect of neuroticism on depression at values of the moderator observance of perceived social support through perceived stress Model B M (Perceived Stress) Y (Depression) Antecedent Coeff. SE p-value Coeff. SE p-value X (Neuroticism) 0.525 0.034 0.000 0.532 0.038 0.000 M (Perceived Stress) 0.184 0.040 0.000 W (Overall Perceived social support) -0.275 0.033 0.000 -0.125 0.034 0.000 X * W 0.025 0.031 0.417 -0.078 0.037 0.031 M * W 0.032 0.037 0.381 Sex 0.237 0.074 0.001 -0.086 0.071 0.224 Constant -0.407 0.134 0.002 0.141 0.128 0.271 R 2 = 0.459 R 2 = 0.516 F = 119.648, p < .001 F = 99.585, p < .001 Model C M2 (Perceived Stress) Y (Depression) Antecedent Coeff. SE p-value Coeff. SE p-value X (Neuroticism) 0.561 0.034 0.000 0.528 0.038 0.000 M (Perceived Stress) 0.206 0.039 0.000 W (Perceived social support from family) -0.179 0.034 0.000 -0.094 0.032 0.003 X * W 0.030 0.031 0.328 -0.104 0.036 0.004 M * W 0.069 0.039 0.074 Sex 0.145 0.075 0.054 -0.133 0.069 0.055 Constant -0.244 0.136 0.072 0.225 0.125 0.072 R 2 = 0.421 R 2 = 0.516 F = 102.288, p < .001 F = 99.684, p < .001 Model D M2 (Perceived Stress) Y (Depression) Antecedent Coeff. SE p-value Coeff. SE p-value X (Neuroticism) 0.554 0.033 0.000 0.548 0.038 0.000 M (Perceived Stress) 0.193 0.04 0.000 W (Perceived social support from significant others) -0.253 0.032 0.000 -0.102 0.033 0.002 X * W 0.044 0.031 0.162 -0.041 0.037 0.269 M * W 0.021 0.036 0.553 Sex 0.224 0.074 0.003 -0.103 0.071 0.149 Constant -0.382 0.134 0.004 0.179 0.128 0.162 R 2 = 0.453 R 2 = 0.510 F = 116.669, p < .001 F = 97.304, p < .001 Model E M2 (Perceived Stress) Y (Depression) Antecedent Coeff. SE p-value Coeff. SE p-value X (Neuroticism) 0.556 0.033 0.000 0.544 0.038 0.000 M (Perceived Stress) 0.210 0.040 0.000 W (Perceived social support from friends) -0.229 0.033 0.000 -0.067 0.033 0.043 X * W 0.058 0.030 0.057 -0.016 0.036 0.656 M * W -0.011 0.037 0.758 Sex 0.223 0.076 0.003 -0.114 0.072 0.112 Constant -0.376 0.136 0.006 0.192 0.129 0.137 R 2 = 0.441 R 2 = 0.506 F = 110.949, p < .001 F = 95.592, p < .001 The simple slope revealed that with the increase in the level of perceived social support from family, neuroticism prediction effect on depression gradually reduced as Fig. 8 (Low: b = 0.633, t = 12.417, p < .001, 95%CI: 0.533, 0.733; High: b = 0.424, t = 7.747, p < .001, 95%CI: 0.316, 0.531). Discussion This study examined the role of perceived stress in the relationship between neuroticism and depression, as well as observed how perceived social support buffers their effects on depression. To our knowledge, no study has tested these hypotheses before. The findings of this study can be explained by the fact that the effect of neuroticism on depression depends on the level of perceived social support. At high levels of perceived social support, the relationship between neuroticism and depression was significantly lower. In other words, perceived social support can significantly alleviate feelings of depression in individuals with levels of neuroticism present. However, not all sources of perceived social support had the same effect; only perceived support from the family had the above effect compared to the other two sources. After analyzing three distinct sources of perceived social support, our study revealed that only support from family significantly alleviated depression among individuals with high levels of neuroticism. This finding underscores the cultural importance of familial ties in Chinese society [ 57 ], where college students in collectivist cultures like China maintain close connections with their parents, relying on them emotionally and financially [ 58 ]. In contrast, while peer support is also valued among Chinese college students [ 58 , 59 ], its impact appears less pronounced among those experiencing insecurity, anxiety, low self-worth, and negative emotional responses—characteristics often associated with neuroticism [ 60 , 61 ]. This could be due to the tendency of neurotic individuals to perceive lower social support, possibly stemming from their heightened negative emotions and reduced social engagement [ 60 , 61 ]. Moreover, neuroticism is influenced by genetic factors, family environment, and parenting styles [ 13 , 14 ]. highlights why perceived family support outweighs support from friends and significant others. Interestingly, perceived family support did not mitigate the impact of perceived stress on depression in our findings. Unlike some previous research, which has identified stress perception as a risk factor for depression [ 62 ], our study suggests that while perceived social support serves as a protective factor against depression [ 62 , 63 ]., its buffering effect against stress-induced depression was not evident in individuals with neuroticism. This lack of buffering effect may stem from the intrinsic relationship between neuroticism and stress, with stress often considered a component of neuroticism itself [ 29 , 65 ]. To date, research has primarily focused on the mediating role of perceived social support in the relationship between neuroticism, perceived stress, and depression [ 66 ], However, understanding why the buffering effect of perceived support on stress and depression was not observed remains a complex question, particularly in populations characterized by neuroticism. Implications of the study Perceived social support, especially from family, can be a crucial buffer. Therefore, it is important for the general population to be socially active and maintain good family relationships for both physical and mental health. In clinical settings, individuals with high levels of neuroticism are at a higher risk for perceived stress and depression. Clinicians should pay close attention to their patients' feelings of being supported by their families. Healthcare teams should promote family support interventions for those at risk to prevent depression. Strengths and limitations This study is one of the first to assess the relationship between perceived social support, neuroticism, perceived stress, and depression among young people in China. However, it has some limitations. Firstly, due to the cross-sectional design, causal relationships could not be confirmed; longitudinal data analysis is needed. Secondly, the study was conducted using a non-probability sample of current university students, so the findings may not be applicable to other age groups. Women participated in larger numbers, making the sample unlikely to be representative of the Chinese college student population. Thirdly, the self-reports used in this study could be subject to response biases. Conclusion The research highlights perceived stress as a mediator in the relationship between neuroticism and depression. Additionally, the mediation model is moderated by the perception of social support, particularly from family, which buffers against depression stemming from perceived stress and neuroticism. These findings suggest possible interventions for individuals at risk of depression and emphasize the crucial role of family support. Future research, including longitudinal studies, is warranted to establish robust causal relationships. Abbreviations PHQ: Patient health questionnaire CBF-PI-B: Chinese Big Five Personality Inventory brief version PSS: Perceived Stress Scale MSPSS: Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support Declarations Acknowledgments We thank our assistants for the data collection and all participants who made this research successful. Author contributions statement Q.Y., T.W., N.A., and P.K. conceived Conceptualization; Q.Y. and X.L. conducted data collection; Y.P. supervised the data collection; Q.Y. and T.W. analyzed the results; Q.Y., P.K., and X.L. wrote original draft; all authors reviewed the manuscript; N.W., T.W., and Q.Y. conducted writing – review & editing. Consent for publication Not applicable. Availability of data and materials The datasets generated and/or analyzed during the current study are not publicly available due to ethics approval but are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. 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Xiaoyue, Reliability and Validity of the Chinese Version of the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support in Primary and Secondary School Students. Chinese Journal of Clinical Psychology, 2021. 29 (5): p. 4. Podsakoff, P.M., et al., Common method biases in behavioral research: a critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of applied psychology, 2003. 88 (5): p. 879. Hayes, A.F. and N.J. Rockwood, Conditional process analysis: Concepts, computation, and advances in the modeling of the contingencies of mechanisms. American Behavioral Scientist, 2020. 64 (1): p. 19-54. Hayes, A.F., Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach . 2017: Guilford publications. Cross, R., A. Parker, and L. Sasson, Networks in the knowledge economy . 2003: Oxford University Press. Duan, H., et al., Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental health in the general Chinese population: Changes, predictors and psychosocial correlates. Psychiatry Res, 2020. 293 : p. 113396. Hsu, J., The Chinese family: Relations, problems, and therapy , in Chinese culture and mental health . 1985, Elsevier. p. 95-112. Awang, M.M., F.M. Kutty, and A.R. Ahmad, Perceived social support and well being: First-year student experience in university. International Education Studies, 2014. 7 (13): p. 261-270. Chen, W., Academic stress, depression, and social support: A comparison of Chinese students in international baccalaureate programs and key schools . 2018: University of South Florida. Eysenck, H.J. and M.W. Eysenck, Personality and individual differences . 1987: Plenum New York, NY. Swickert, R. and T. Owens, The interaction between neuroticism and gender influences the perceived availability of social support. Pers Individ Dif, 2010. 48 (4): p. 385-390. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4617838","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":324948413,"identity":"922cbefb-ad8e-49b4-b12c-a354eb2eb7ad","order_by":0,"name":"Qiuyi Yang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Jiangxi Technology Business Polytechnic","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Qiuyi","middleName":"","lastName":"Yang","suffix":""},{"id":324948414,"identity":"4af5de0b-fae9-4d51-b750-b2d1cbf4efaa","order_by":1,"name":"Penkarn Kanjanarat","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Chiang Mai University","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Penkarn","middleName":"","lastName":"Kanjanarat","suffix":""},{"id":324948415,"identity":"77fad2c1-f31f-4ba5-b474-b8adbdcad4e4","order_by":2,"name":"Nahathai Wongpakaran","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Chiang Mai University","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Nahathai","middleName":"","lastName":"Wongpakaran","suffix":""},{"id":324948416,"identity":"a40bc245-a03e-4626-a35b-ffb50014b506","order_by":3,"name":"Xiaoshan Li","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Jiangxi Technology Business Polytechnic","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Xiaoshan","middleName":"","lastName":"Li","suffix":""},{"id":324948417,"identity":"50aa6600-cacc-4c56-96aa-bc87f7577308","order_by":4,"name":"Lizhu Tian","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Jiangxi Technology Business Polytechnic","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Lizhu","middleName":"","lastName":"Tian","suffix":""},{"id":324948418,"identity":"d6ff3980-f265-436a-bd1b-4edfb66d61ae","order_by":5,"name":"Tinakon Wongpakaran","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA0UlEQVRIiWNgGAWjYDACZgYGxgYQg70BJsSDXwcPXAvPAagQGyEtDDAtEglEarFn5z34cUbFHQaDm4+fbuZhsJNnkO89gFcLDzNfsuSGM88YDG6nmd3mYUg2bGDjSyCghcdA8mHbYQaz2zlsQC3MCUCHGRDSYvwTrOXmGZCWeqK0mEluBGm5wQPScpgILYd5zCxnnDnMY38mzezmHIPjhm1sOfi1sPefMb7ZU3FYTrL98LMbbyqq5fmZz+DXArcNQgEVsxGlfhSMglEwCkYBXgAABNM6atHI/pgAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"Chiang Mai University","correspondingAuthor":true,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Tinakon","middleName":"","lastName":"Wongpakaran","suffix":""},{"id":324948419,"identity":"85470e17-846a-4fd5-a087-9d648dfa3b9e","order_by":6,"name":"Yanping Zhou","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Jiangxi Technology Business Polytechnic","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Yanping","middleName":"","lastName":"Zhou","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-06-21 13:59:18","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4617838/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4617838/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":60625837,"identity":"867c8e8b-1efa-4f32-89fd-4497cb00643f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-07-18 22:27:31","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":140931,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThe hypothesized mediation model.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Figure1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4617838/v1/e0442c228f7804737aadfdba.png"},{"id":60625836,"identity":"666d7d05-b4b3-44a6-966d-34249763d7c9","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-07-18 22:27:31","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":219522,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThe hypothesized moderated mediation model.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e***p \u0026lt; .001.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Figure2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4617838/v1/a490674c5cd0ed818936d6a5.png"},{"id":60626376,"identity":"c527a237-b80c-4f28-81cb-246e8dcfc1e2","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-07-18 22:43:31","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":174436,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThe mediation model (Model A) with coefficients values\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eall coefficients are standardized. ***p \u0026lt; .001.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Figure3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4617838/v1/bf722d4d49c5d5c4a279ac4a.png"},{"id":60625838,"identity":"2a92aaa0-d78d-4aa6-9a19-1b1bf6ddb794","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-07-18 22:27:31","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":247869,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThe moderated mediation model (Model B) of the total score of perceived social support,\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eall coefficients are standardized, *p \u0026lt; .05, ***p \u0026lt; .001.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Figure4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4617838/v1/78bea28fa06ce5dd582bb0dc.png"},{"id":60626375,"identity":"6d69b798-c7fe-4252-b828-3cec457880e6","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-07-18 22:43:31","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":221529,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThe moderated mediation model (Model C) of the score of perceived social support from family\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eall coefficients are standardized, **p \u0026lt; .01, ***p \u0026lt; .001.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Figure5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4617838/v1/9a0cfc04b0ac02168feb135b.png"},{"id":60625841,"identity":"be4070b0-a918-48bd-8054-91684e981f0d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-07-18 22:27:31","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":226160,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThe moderated mediation model (Model D) of the score of perceived social support from significant others\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eall coefficients are standardized, ***p \u0026lt; .001.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Figure6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4617838/v1/41b23ba5fe4ffacb42def151.png"},{"id":60626181,"identity":"265b7342-b582-4e15-8b71-86d3263b075d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-07-18 22:35:31","extension":"png","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":238627,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThe moderated mediation model (Model E) of the score of perceived social support from friends\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eall coefficients are standardized, ***p \u0026lt; .001.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Figure7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4617838/v1/533bdc463f50cd0d77be2600.png"},{"id":60626183,"identity":"2b24c786-708d-42d5-b069-0fd37152362b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-07-18 22:35:31","extension":"png","order_by":8,"title":"Figure 8","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":65695,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003ePlot of the relationship between Neuroticism and depression at two levels of perceived social support from family.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Figure8.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4617838/v1/c09115371912a71dc6cdd79a.png"},{"id":62102057,"identity":"1f0c91c6-e2a2-482d-a04c-0736b65e99b3","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-08-09 09:56:13","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":2657988,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4617838/v1/efd0bf14-75eb-47de-857a-2c38b864fbb0.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Neuroticism and Depression among First-Year College Students Using a Moderated Mediation Model of Perceived Social Support and Perceived Stress","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eDepression is the most common mental health condition among the general population [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]. High-intensity studies, tough employment situations, and other pressures have led to frequent occurrences of depression and anxiety among college students [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e]. A meta-analysis of 113 studies from 1997 to 2020 found that the prevalence of depression among Chinese college students was 28.4% (95%CI: 25.7\u0026ndash;31.2%)[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e]. Psychological conditions such as stress and depression can affect their learning engagement and performance, leading to learning difficulties for college students, resulting in negative consequences such as repeating grades and dropping out [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDepression is characterized by mental feelings of sadness, loss of interest, unhappiness, guilt, low self-worth, fatigue, and difficulty concentrating [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e], as well as behavioral disturbances in sleep or appetite [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e]. Chronic depressive states can lead to depression - in the most severe cases, depression can lead to suicidal behavior and an increased risk of death [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e]. Depression is often a chronic process that severely impairs a person's career potential and quality of life [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOne of the risk factors associated with depression is neuroticism, which forms the five personality traits [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e]. The relationship between neuroticism and depression has been thoroughly confirmed, with a risk ratio of 1.25 (95% CI: 1.04\u0026ndash;1.45) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNeuroticism is a tendency to produce relatively stable negative emotional responses to threats, frustrations, or losses; it\u0026rsquo;s a psychological trait of significant public health significance [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e]; it is closely associated with different forms of psychopathology and is a predictor of general psychiatric disorders, such as depressive disorders [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR14\" citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e]. The strong bond between depression and neuroticism has been found in different cultures and regions [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR17 CR18\" citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e]. Clinically, perceived stress resulting from stressful life events often precedes the development of depression [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR21\" citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e]. Associations between depression and perceived stress have been found across age groups, regions, and cultures [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR21 CR22 CR23 CR24 CR25 CR26 CR27 CR28 CR29\" citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePerceived stress is also associated with neuroticism and is considered to be a key characteristic of neuroticism [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e]. Perceived stress is an individual's subjective response or experience to stimuli, threats or events in different situations [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e]. A positive correlation between neuroticism and perceived stress has been found in different cultures and regions [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR34 CR35 CR36\" citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e]. Many studies have found significant associations between neuroticism and depression using perceived stress as a mediator [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR27\" citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePerceived social support, on the other hand, an important component of health and a positive impact on health, is associated with lower morbidity and mortality [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e38\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e39\u003c/span\u003e]. Perceived social support is more important than social support itself; in health-promoting behaviors, support is useless if the individual does not perceive it from others, which refers to how much social support an individual perceives from his/her social network [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e40\u003c/span\u003e]. Social support protects mental health through indirect ways of interacting with or moderating the effects of stressors in the stress-buffering hypothesis [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e41\u003c/span\u003e]. In recent years, empirical evidence for the role of social support as a buffering factor between stressors or stress and mental health problems has accumulated rapidly [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e42\u003c/span\u003e]. Based on this model, social support is a buffering factor for the development of psychopathology and for adaptation difficulties after experiencing stressful events [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e43\u003c/span\u003e]. Although neuroticism is a personality trait, the above describes its many associations with depression and perceived stress. Research have proved that genetic overlap in susceptibility to depression and neuroticism personality traits may be similar to the genetic effect of perceived psychological stress [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e44\u003c/span\u003e]. Therefore, we venture the hypothesis that perceived social support is a moderating variable of neuroticism to depression. In summary, it can be inferred that perceived stress is a mediating variable from neuroticism to depression. We hypothesize that perceived social support is the moderating variable for each path of the simple mediation model described above. Specifically, we hypothesized that perceived social support would buffer the relationship between neuroticism, perceived stress, and depression. In this way, high levels of perceived social support will reduce the effects of neuroticism and perceived stress on depression. The purpose of the present study was also to demonstrate the above hypotheses (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eParticipants\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe study employed a chance sampling method to recruit 600 first-year participants, aged over 18, from a vocational college located in Jiangxi Province, situated in southern China. During the evening self-study period, all participants answered the paper questionnaire in the classroom. Participants were informed of the voluntary principle of the study: the data collected were used for research purposes only, and all information will remain anonymous and confidential. All participants provided written informed consent. No participants opted out, but 32 were excluded due to missing data related to the main variable. The study was conducted according to the guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Academic Research of the Jiangxi Technology Business Polytechnic College (study code GSXY-2023-XL-002 and date of approval, 21 November 2023).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eMeasurements\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003ePatient health questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9)\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe 9-item questionnaire covers the DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for depressive disorder, can both assess the severity of depression and have potential diagnostic efficacy[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e45\u003c/span\u003e]. Each item is scored on a four-point Likert-type scale, ranging from 3 (nearly every) to 0 (not at all), and a higher score indicates higher depression, and scores range from 0 to 27. The Chinese version was validated with a Cronbach\u0026rsquo;s alpha of 0.92, excellent goodness-of-fit, and good validity[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e46\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eChinese Big Five Personality Inventory brief version (CBF-PI-B)\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe 40-item inventory is based on the complete version of the Chinese Big Five Personality Inventory (CBF-PI), which was developed with the Big Five model as the theoretical framework[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR47\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e47\u003c/span\u003e]. The neuroticism subscale has 8 items used to measure participants' neuroticism levels. Each item is scored on a six-point Likert-type scale, ranging from 6 (completely agree) to 1 (completely disagree), and a higher score indicates higher neuroticism, and scores range from 8 to 48. The Chinese version validated five factors evenly with a Cronbach\u0026rsquo;s alpha of 0.79, excellent goodness-of-fit, and good validity[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR48\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e48\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003ePerceived Stress Scale-10 (PSS-10)\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe 10-item scale was developed to measure the extent to which the respondent feels about the stress he/she has perceived over four weeks [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR49\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e49\u003c/span\u003e]. Each item is scored on a five-point Likert-type scale, ranging from 4 (very often) to 0 (never). A higher score indicates higher perceived stress, and scores range from 0 to 40. The Chinese version was validated with a Cronbach\u0026rsquo;s alpha of 0.91, excellent goodness-of-fit, and good validity[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR49\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e49\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eMultidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS-12)\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe 12-item scale is widely used to measure what extent the respondent feels about the external social support he/she has perceived[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR50\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e50\u003c/span\u003e]. Each item is scored on a four-point Likert-type scale, ranging from 4 (Compliant) to 1 (Not compliant), and a higher score indicates higher perceived social support, and scores range from 12 to 48. The scale has three subscales: family, significant others, and friends. An example, such as my teacher, was added to make it easier for students to understand the subscale of significant others. The Chinese version was validated with a Cronbach\u0026rsquo;s alpha of 0.89, excellent goodness-of-fit, and good validity[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR51\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e51\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eStatistical Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe data in this study were derived from self-reports completed by students during their evening self-study session, potentially introducing an issue with common method variance. Harman\u0026rsquo;s one-factor test used to detect the presence of common method bias[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR52\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e52\u003c/span\u003e]. Results showed that six factors had an eigenvalue greater than 1 of sixteen factors, and the first factor explaining the variance accounted for 23.93%, which was less than the critical value of 40%, indicating that the common method deviation was not obvious. All continuous variables were standardized in the mediation and moderation analyses.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDescriptive statistics\u0026mdash;frequency, percentage, and mean and standard deviation\u0026mdash;were calculated for sociodemographic characteristics, e.g., age, sex, an only child, student origin, emotional state, family state, and Living expenses. Mean, standard deviation and range (min-max) were obtained for continuous data, e.g., PSS scores, PHQ scores, CBF-PI-B scores, and MPSS scores. Pearson\u0026rsquo;s correlations were analyzed to identify associations between psychological variables. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze psychological variables based on the characteristics of the participants.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eData were tested to have a normal distribution of errors, linearity, and homoscedasticity. No evidence of multicollinearity or outliers was detected. All indications showed that the data was valid for conducting mediation analyses. Mediation and moderation analyses were conducted, starting with testing mediation models involving depression, neuroticism, and perceived stress (Model A). By that neuroticism acted as the independent variable (X), depression as the outcome variable (Y), and neuroticism (M) as the mediators, the regression coefficients between X and M, M and Y, and X and Y were a, b, and c's, respectively (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor moderation analysis, we used the total score of perceived social support (W) as a moderator to analyze the mediation model (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e), along with three sources of perceived social support: overall perceived social support (Model B), family (Model C), significant others (Model D), and friends (Model E). The results were reported as unstandardized estimates, standard errors, and p-values. Bootstrap confidence intervals for conditional indirect effects were applied.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAll statistical analyses were used for IBM SPSS Program, 22.0. PROCESS version 3.5, with model numbers 4 and 59, comes with IBM SPSS and was used for all mediation and moderation analyses[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR53\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e53\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR54\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e54\u003c/span\u003e]. The significance level was set at p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05 for all the analyses. Mediation and moderation analyses assessed the estimators and 95% confidence intervals for direct and indirect effects with 5,000 bootstrap samples.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe participants ranged from 18 to 22 (mean age, 18.63\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.72 years). Most of the participants were female, single, from rural or township areas. Over half of the participants earned a moderate level of living expenses. For psychological variables, the average perceived stress, depression, and neuroticism scores were mild to moderate, whereas the perceived social support score was more over the mid-point. The details are shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSocio-demographic characteristics of the participants\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eValue\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAge\u003c/b\u003e \u003cem\u003e(Years)\u003c/em\u003e,\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eM\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.63\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.72\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSex\u003c/b\u003e \u003cem\u003en (%)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e144 (25.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e424 (74.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAn only child\u003c/b\u003e \u003cem\u003en (%)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44 (7.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e524 (92.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eOrigin of student\u003c/b\u003e \u003cem\u003en (%)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRural/Township\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e451 (79.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCounty/City\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e117 (20.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMarital status\u003c/b\u003e \u003cem\u003en (%)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSingle\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e423 (74.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNon-Single\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e145 (25.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFamily status\u003c/b\u003e \u003cem\u003en (%)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCore family\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e309 (54.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntergenerational family\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24 (4.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStem family\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e205 (36.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSingle-parent family\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30 (5.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLiving expenses\u003c/b\u003e \u003cem\u003en (%)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;2,000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38 (6.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(CNY/Per month)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,000\u0026ndash;1,001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e414 (72.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;1,000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e116 (20.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePsychological measures\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eM\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDepression (range 0\u0026ndash;27)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.22\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNeuroticism (range 8\u0026ndash;48)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.27\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePerceived stress (range 0\u0026ndash;40)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.59\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.81\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePerceived social support-Total (range 12\u0026ndash;48)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36.28\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e- Perceived social support from significant others (range 4\u0026ndash;16)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.25\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e- Perceived social support from family (range 4\u0026ndash;16)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.38\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.92\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e- Perceived social support from friends (range 4\u0026ndash;16)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.65\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.88\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"3\"\u003eNon-Single: married/domestic partnership, SD\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;standard deviation\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, sex and family status were significantly associated with perceived stress and neuroticism (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.05). In contrast, sex, an only child, and height were related to perceived social support (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.05).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean and SD of psychological variables in Participant\u0026rsquo;s characteristics\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"10\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVARIABLES\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003en\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eDepression\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eNeuroticism\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePerceived stress\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePerceived social support\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAge\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SD\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e273 (48.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.76\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.264\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.13\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.054\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.83\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.84\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.605\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36.70\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.538\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e230 (40.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.20\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.80\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.35\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.82\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.86\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57 (10.0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.39\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.96\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.91\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.47\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36.40\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.56\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7 (1.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.57\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.86\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.71\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.79\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 (0.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSex\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e144 (25.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.51\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.072\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.58\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.94\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.52\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.92\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e424 (74.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.46\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.19\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.15\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.93\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36.87\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAn only child\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44 (7.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.11\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.257\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.66\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.251\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.91\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.81\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.702\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.95\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.034\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e524 (92.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.15\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.16\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.56\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.73\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36.47\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eResidential area\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRural/Township\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e451 (79.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.26\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.735\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.34\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.726\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.70\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.74\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.348\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36.24\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.819\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCounty/City\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e117 (20.6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.07\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.03\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.14\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36.42\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMarital status\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSingle\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e423 (74.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.07\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.281\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.08\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.331\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.552\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36.22\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.771\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNon-Single\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e145 (25.5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.64\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.86\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.94\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.83\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36.43\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.66\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFamily structure\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNuclear family\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e309 (54.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.32\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.183\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.86\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.008\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.62\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.016\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36.57\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.282\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntergenerational family\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24 (4.2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.92\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.96\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.92\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.92\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.58\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.63\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStem family\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e205 (36.1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.75\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.20\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.05\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36.25\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.61\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSingle-parent family\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30 (5.3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.87\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.67\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.85\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.53\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.98\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLiving expenses\u003c/b\u003e (CNY /Per month)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;2,000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38 (6.7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.34\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.708\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.66\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.81\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.861\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.47\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.048\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36.50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.082\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2,000\u0026ndash;1,001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e414 (72.9)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.11\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.37\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.27\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.81\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36.65\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.66\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;1,000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e116 (20.4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.58\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.83\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.13\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.96\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.77\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.61\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.88\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"10\"\u003eNon-Single: married/domestic partnership.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e shows the correlation coefficients among psychological variables. Significant positive correlation between perceived stress, neuroticism, and depression (all p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001). Perceived social support and three sources of perceived social support were significantly negative correlations between perceived stress, neuroticism, and depression (all p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePearson\u0026rsquo;s correlation coefficients among psychological variables\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"8\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eVARIABLES\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1. Depress\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2. Neuroticism\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.682***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3. Perceived stress\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.563***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.624***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4. Perceived social support-Total\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.359***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.294***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.417***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5. Perceived social support from family\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.330***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.300***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.344***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.762***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6. Perceived social support from significant others\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.287***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.206***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.354***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.858***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.433***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7. Perceived social support from friends\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.275***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.230***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.335***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.857***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.485***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.653***\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"8\"\u003e***p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e shows the summary of the mediation analysis of neuroticism and perceived stress predicting depression controlling for sex. Neuroticism, perceived stress and sex predicted depression (t\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;14.378, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001, t\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;6.045, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001, and t = -2.194, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.029, respectively). By adding perceived stress, the model of the variance of depressive symptoms increased from 46.5\u0026ndash;50.1%. Perceived stress has a significantly indirect effect via neuroticism to depression (β\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.142, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001). Figure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e for more details (Model A).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary of mediation analysis of neuroticism and perceived stress predicting depression controlling for sex\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eModel A\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eM (Perceived Stress)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eY (Depression)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAntecedent\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCoeff.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSE\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCoeff.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSE\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eX (Neuroticism)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.615\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.033\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.551\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.038\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eM (Perceived Stress)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.231\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.038\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSex\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.113\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.077\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.140\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.153\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.070\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.029\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eConstant\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.198\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.138\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.152\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.267\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.125\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.033\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.392\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.501\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eF\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;181.876, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eF\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;188.496, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e shows the summary of moderated mediation analysis of perceived social support, neuroticism, and perceived stress predicting depression controlling for sex. In model B, neuroticism, perceived stress, and total score of perceived social support (being alone) predicted depression (t\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;13.933, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001, t\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;4.609, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001, and t = -3.739, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001, respectively), the total score of perceived social support showed a moderating effect only on neuroticism to depression (t = -2.161, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.031) as Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e. By adding interactions, the model explained the variance of depression more, from 46.6\u0026ndash;51.6%. In model C, neuroticism, perceived stress, and perceived social support from family (being alone) predicted depression (t\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;13.798, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001, t\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;5.344, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001, and t = -2.952, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.003, respectively). Perceived social support from family showed a moderating effect only on neuroticism and depression (t = -2.871, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.004), as shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e. In model D, neuroticism, perceived stress, and perceived social support from significant others (being alone) predicted depression (t\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;14.360, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001, t\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;4.831, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001, and t = -3.116, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.002, respectively). Perceived social support from significant others did not show a moderating effect on each part of the mediation model, as shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e. In model E, neuroticism, perceived stress, and perceived social support from a friend (being alone) predicted depression (t\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;14.165, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001, t\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;5.283, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001, and t = -2.028, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;.043, respectively). Perceived social support from friends did not show a moderating effect on each part of the mediation model, as shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe conditional indirect effect of neuroticism on depression at values of the moderator observance of perceived social support through perceived stress\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eModel B\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eM (Perceived Stress)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eY (Depression)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAntecedent\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCoeff.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSE\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCoeff.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSE\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eX (Neuroticism)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.525\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.034\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.532\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.038\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eM (Perceived Stress)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.184\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.040\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eW (Overall Perceived social support)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.275\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.033\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.125\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.034\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eX * W\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.025\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.031\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.417\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.078\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.037\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.031\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eM * W\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.032\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.037\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.381\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSex\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.237\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.074\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.086\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.071\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.224\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eConstant\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.407\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.134\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.002\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.141\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.128\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.271\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.459\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.516\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eF\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;119.648, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eF\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;99.585, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eModel C\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eM2 (Perceived Stress)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eY (Depression)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAntecedent\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCoeff.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSE\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCoeff.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSE\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eX (Neuroticism)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.561\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.034\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.528\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.038\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eM (Perceived Stress)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.206\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.039\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eW (Perceived social support from family)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.179\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.034\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.094\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.032\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.003\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eX * W\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.030\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.031\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.328\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.104\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.036\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.004\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eM * W\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.069\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.039\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.074\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSex\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.145\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.075\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.054\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.133\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.069\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.055\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eConstant\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.244\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.136\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.072\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.225\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.125\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.072\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.421\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.516\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eF\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;102.288, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eF\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;99.684, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eModel D\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eM2 (Perceived Stress)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eY (Depression)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAntecedent\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCoeff.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSE\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCoeff.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSE\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eX (Neuroticism)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.554\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.033\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.548\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.038\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eM (Perceived Stress)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.193\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eW (Perceived social support from significant others)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.253\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.032\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.102\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.033\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.002\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eX * W\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.044\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.031\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.162\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.041\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.037\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.269\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eM * W\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.021\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.036\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.553\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSex\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.224\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.074\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.003\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.103\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.071\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.149\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eConstant\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.382\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.134\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.004\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.179\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.128\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.162\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.453\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.510\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eF\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;116.669, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eF\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;97.304, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eModel E\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eM2 (Perceived Stress)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eY (Depression)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAntecedent\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCoeff.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSE\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCoeff.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSE\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep-value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eX (Neuroticism)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.556\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.033\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.544\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.038\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eM (Perceived Stress)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.210\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.040\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eW (Perceived social support from friends)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.229\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.033\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.067\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.033\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.043\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eX * W\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.058\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.030\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.057\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.016\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.036\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.656\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eM * W\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.011\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.037\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.758\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSex\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.223\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.076\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.003\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.114\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.072\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.112\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eConstant\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.376\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.136\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.006\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.192\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.129\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.137\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.441\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eR\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.506\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eF\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;110.949, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eF\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;95.592, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe simple slope revealed that with the increase in the level of perceived social support from family, neuroticism prediction effect on depression gradually reduced as Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig8\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e (Low: b\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.633, t\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;12.417, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001, 95%CI: 0.533, 0.733; High: b\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.424, t\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;7.747, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;.001, 95%CI: 0.316, 0.531).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study examined the role of perceived stress in the relationship between neuroticism and depression, as well as observed how perceived social support buffers their effects on depression. To our knowledge, no study has tested these hypotheses before. The findings of this study can be explained by the fact that the effect of neuroticism on depression depends on the level of perceived social support. At high levels of perceived social support, the relationship between neuroticism and depression was significantly lower. In other words, perceived social support can significantly alleviate feelings of depression in individuals with levels of neuroticism present. However, not all sources of perceived social support had the same effect; only perceived support from the family had the above effect compared to the other two sources.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAfter analyzing three distinct sources of perceived social support, our study revealed that only support from family significantly alleviated depression among individuals with high levels of neuroticism. This finding underscores the cultural importance of familial ties in Chinese society [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR57\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e57\u003c/span\u003e], where college students in collectivist cultures like China maintain close connections with their parents, relying on them emotionally and financially [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR58\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e58\u003c/span\u003e]. In contrast, while peer support is also valued among Chinese college students [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR58\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e58\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR59\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e59\u003c/span\u003e], its impact appears less pronounced among those experiencing insecurity, anxiety, low self-worth, and negative emotional responses\u0026mdash;characteristics often associated with neuroticism [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR60\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e60\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR61\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e61\u003c/span\u003e]. This could be due to the tendency of neurotic individuals to perceive lower social support, possibly stemming from their heightened negative emotions and reduced social engagement [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR60\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e60\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR61\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e61\u003c/span\u003e]. Moreover, neuroticism is influenced by genetic factors, family environment, and parenting styles [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e]. highlights why perceived family support outweighs support from friends and significant others. Interestingly, perceived family support did not mitigate the impact of perceived stress on depression in our findings. Unlike some previous research, which has identified stress perception as a risk factor for depression [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR62\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e62\u003c/span\u003e], our study suggests that while perceived social support serves as a protective factor against depression [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR62\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e62\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR63\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e63\u003c/span\u003e]., its buffering effect against stress-induced depression was not evident in individuals with neuroticism. This lack of buffering effect may stem from the intrinsic relationship between neuroticism and stress, with stress often considered a component of neuroticism itself [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR65\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e65\u003c/span\u003e]. To date, research has primarily focused on the mediating role of perceived social support in the relationship between neuroticism, perceived stress, and depression [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR66\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e66\u003c/span\u003e], However, understanding why the buffering effect of perceived support on stress and depression was not observed remains a complex question, particularly in populations characterized by neuroticism.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eImplications of the study\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003ePerceived social support, especially from family, can be a crucial buffer. Therefore, it is important for the general population to be socially active and maintain good family relationships for both physical and mental health. In clinical settings, individuals with high levels of neuroticism are at a higher risk for perceived stress and depression. Clinicians should pay close attention to their patients' feelings of being supported by their families. Healthcare teams should promote family support interventions for those at risk to prevent depression.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eStrengths and limitations\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study is one of the first to assess the relationship between perceived social support, neuroticism, perceived stress, and depression among young people in China. However, it has some limitations. Firstly, due to the cross-sectional design, causal relationships could not be confirmed; longitudinal data analysis is needed. Secondly, the study was conducted using a non-probability sample of current university students, so the findings may not be applicable to other age groups. Women participated in larger numbers, making the sample unlikely to be representative of the Chinese college student population. Thirdly, the self-reports used in this study could be subject to response biases.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe research highlights perceived stress as a mediator in the relationship between neuroticism and depression. Additionally, the mediation model is moderated by the perception of social support, particularly from family, which buffers against depression stemming from perceived stress and neuroticism. These findings suggest possible interventions for individuals at risk of depression and emphasize the crucial role of family support. Future research, including longitudinal studies, is warranted to establish robust causal relationships.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Abbreviations","content":"\u003cp\u003ePHQ: \u0026nbsp;Patient health questionnaire\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCBF-PI-B: Chinese Big Five Personality Inventory brief version\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePSS: Perceived Stress Scale\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMSPSS: Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe thank our assistants for the data collection and all participants who made this research successful.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAuthor contributions statement\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eQ.Y.,\u0026nbsp;T.W., N.A., and P.K. conceived Conceptualization; Q.Y. and X.L. conducted data collection; Y.P. supervised the data collection; Q.Y. and T.W. analyzed the results; Q.Y., P.K., and X.L. wrote original draft; all authors reviewed the manuscript; N.W., T.W., and Q.Y.\u0026nbsp;conducted writing \u0026ndash; review \u0026amp; editing.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of data and materials\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe datasets generated and/or analyzed during the current study are not publicly available due to ethics approval but are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTinakon Wongpakaran is an editorial board member of Science Reports; the rest of the authors declare that they have no competing interests.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKessler, R.C., et al., \u003cem\u003eLifetime and 12-month prevalence of DSM-III-R psychiatric disorders in the United States: results from the National Comorbidity Survey.\u003c/em\u003e Archives of general psychiatry, 1994. \u003cstrong\u003e51\u003c/strong\u003e(1): p. 8-19.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCuijpers, P., et al., \u003cem\u003ePsychological treatment of depression in college students: a metaanalysis.\u003c/em\u003e Depression and anxiety, 2016. \u003cstrong\u003e33\u003c/strong\u003e(5): p. 400-414.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLun, K.W., et al., \u003cem\u003eDepression and anxiety among university students in Hong Kong.\u003c/em\u003e Hong Kong Med J, 2018. \u003cstrong\u003e24\u003c/strong\u003e(5): p. 466-472.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGao, L., et al., \u003cem\u003ePrevalence of depression among Chinese university students: a systematic review and meta-analysis.\u003c/em\u003e Scientific reports, 2020. \u003cstrong\u003e10\u003c/strong\u003e(1): p. 15897.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKalkbrenner, M.T., A.L. 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While previous studies have indicated a link between neuroticism, perceived stress, and depression, the role of perceived social support in moderating this relationship remains unclear. This study investigated the moderating effect of perceived social support in this context.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMethods: 568 first-year student participants were involved in the study, with 74.6% being female and having a mean age of 18.63 (SD = 0.72). Data on depression (PHQ-9), perceived stress (PSS-10), neuroticism (CBF-PI-B), and perceived social support (MSPSS-12) were collected and analyzed. The moderating role of the subscales of perceived social support was examined, utilizing mediation and moderation analyses with the 5000 bootstrapping methods.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eResults: The findings revealed that perceived social support significantly moderated the association between neuroticism and depression (B = -0.078 (95%CI: -0.173, 0.029)). Notably, support from family emerged as particularly influential in moderating this relationship (B = -0.104 (95%CI: -0.175, -0.023)).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eConclusion: The research underscores the significant role of perceived social support, especially from family, in alleviating the impact of neuroticism on depression. Students who perceive strong family support tend to experience lower levels of depression. The study discusses the implications of these findings and suggests potential areas for future research.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Neuroticism and Depression among First-Year College Students Using a Moderated Mediation Model of Perceived Social Support and Perceived Stress","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-07-18 22:27:26","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4617838/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"229cecf2-227f-4ad9-8dc6-849c13840dca","owner":[],"postedDate":"July 18th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-08-09T09:48:05+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-07-18 22:27:26","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4617838","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4617838","identity":"rs-4617838","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"7rjqhiLT3MXkJMwkYKINL","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}